Professional Documents
Culture Documents
08/09/2015
AIM:
To generate the following curves for various initial parameters by use of a hydraulic circuit which
is actuated by an electrical circuit. The pneumatic circuit has a solenoid actuated cylinder
actuated by components from the electrical circuit.
COMPONENTS USED:
i. 4/3-way Control Valve
ii. Double Acting Cylinder
iii. Displacement Encoder
iv. Function Generator
v. Voltmeter
vi. Power Supply
vii. Analog Pressure Sensor
viii. Flowmeter
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:
PROCEDURE:
The diagram was analyzed.
The components in the diagram were identified.
The circuit was made using Fluid-Sim software.
It was simulated to get the desired output.
The function is varied through the function generator to get the outputs for different wave
forms, and the corresponding output is captured.
Individual Function parameters and gains, etc. were varied to get outputs as well.
Circuit:
SIMULATION:
Case 1: Rechteck forming with Instantaneous Flow – Sine Wave
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 2.94
V B 4.87
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.67 0V
B
q
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Function Function
W 0 W 0
generator V generator V
-2 -2
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
6 6
Voltage 4 Voltage 4
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V V
2 2
Voltage 4 Voltage 4
Voltmeter B Voltmeter B
V 2 V 2
0 0
Flow -0.50 Flow -0.50
Flow meter q Flow meter q
l/min -1 l/min -1
-1.50 -1.50
Constant
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 1.87
V B 3.07
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.02 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Function Function
W W
generator V generator V
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
3 3
Voltage Voltage
2 2
Voltmeter B Voltmeter B
V V
1 1
0.2 0.2
Flow 0 0
Flow
Flow meter q Flow meter q
l/min -0.2 l/min -0.2
-0.4 -0.4
Rectangular Wave
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 1.16
V B 1.84
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-1.79 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
6 6
Voltage 4 Voltage 4
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V V
2 2
6 6
Voltage 4 Voltage
B 4
Voltmeter V Voltmeter B
V
2 2
0 0
Flow -0.50 Flow -0.50
Flow meter q Flow meter q
l/min -1 l/min -1
-1.50 -1.50
Triangular Wave
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 2.61
V B 4.28
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.19 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
3 3
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V V
1 1
Voltage 4 Voltage 4
Voltmeter B Voltmeter B
V 2 V 2
0 0
Flow -0.50 Flow -0.50
Flow meter q Flow meter q
l/min -1 l/min -1
-1.50 -1.50
Voltage Profile - Custom
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 1.16
V B 1.88
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.86 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V 1 V 1
6 6
Voltage 4 Voltage
B 4
Voltmeter V Voltmeter B
V
2 2
0 0
Flow Flow
Flow meter q -1 -1
l/min Flow meter q
l/min
-2 -2
Case 2: Rechtek Forming with Cumulative Flow – Custom Voltage Profile
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 1.16
V B 1.88
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.04 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V 1 V 1
6 6
Voltage 4 Voltage
B 4
Voltmeter V Voltmeter B
V
2 2
0 0
Flow Flow
Flow meter q -1 -1
l/min Flow meter q
l/min
-2 -2
Triangle Wave
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 1.18
V B 1.88
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.06 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
3 3
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V V
1 1
Voltage 4 Voltage 4
Voltmeter B Voltmeter B
V 2 V 2
0 0
Flow -0.50 Flow -0.50
Flow meter q Flow meter q
l/min -1 l/min -1
-1.50 -1.50
Sine Wave
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 1.18
V B 1.88
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.07 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
6 6
Voltage 4 Voltage 4
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V V
2 2
Voltage 4 Voltage 4
Voltmeter B Voltmeter B
V 2 V 2
0 0
Flow -0.50 Flow -0.50
Flow meter q Flow meter q
l/min -1 l/min -1
-1.50 -1.50
Rectangular Wave
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 1.16
V B 1.84
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.08 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
6 6
Voltage 4 Voltage 4
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V V
2 2
6 6
Voltage 4 Voltage
B 4
Voltmeter V Voltmeter B
V
2 2
0 0
Flow -0.50 Flow -0.50
Flow meter q Flow meter q
l/min -1 l/min -1
-1.50 -1.50
Constant
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 1.78
V B 2.92
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
0.00 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Function Function
W W
generator V generator V
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
1.60 1.60
Voltage Voltage 1.20
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V 0.80 V 0.80
0.40
3 3
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter B Voltmeter B
V V
1 1
0.2 0.2
Flow 0 0
Flow
Flow meter q Flow meter q
l/min -0.2 l/min -0.2
-0.4 -0.4
Case 3: Dreieck Forming with Cumulative Flow – Constant
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 1.78
V B 2.92
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
0.00 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Function Function
W W
generator V generator V
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
1.60 1.60
Voltage Voltage 1.20
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V 0.80 V 0.80
0.40
3 3
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter B Voltmeter B
V V
1 1
0.2 0.2
Flow 0 0
Flow
Flow meter q Flow meter q
l/min -0.2 l/min -0.2
-0.4 -0.4
Rectangular
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 2.62
V B 4.28
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.04 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
3 3
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V V
1 1
Voltage 4 Voltage 4
Voltmeter B Voltmeter B
V 2 V 2
0 0
Flow Flow
Flow meter q -0.40 Flow meter q -0.40
l/min l/min
-0.80 -0.80
Sine Wave
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 2.56
V B 4.19
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.02 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
3 3
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V V
1 1
Voltage 4 Voltage 4
Voltmeter B Voltmeter B
V 2 V 2
0.2 0.2
Flow 0 0
Flow
Flow meter q -0.2 Flow meter q
l/min l/min -0.2
-0.4 -0.4
Traingular Wave
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 1.23
V B 2.01
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.02 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
3 3
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V V
1 1
Voltage 4 4
Voltage
Voltmeter B Voltmeter B
V 2 V 2
0.2 0.2
Flow 0 0
Flow
Flow meter q -0.2 Flow meter q
l/min l/min -0.2
-0.4 -0.4
Custom Voltage Profile
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 0.71
V B 1.05
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.02 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
3 3
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V V
1 1
6 6
Voltage 4 Voltage
B 4
Voltmeter V Voltmeter B
V
2 2
0 0
Flow -1 Flow
q -1
Flow meter l/min Flow meter q
l/min
-2 -2
Case 4: Dreieck Forming with Instantaneous Flow – Custom Voltage Profile
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 0.00
V B 6.00
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.03 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
3 3
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V V
1 1
6 6
Voltage 4 Voltage
B 4
Voltmeter V Voltmeter B
V
2 2
0 0
Flow -1 Flow -1
Flow meter q Flow meter q
l/min l/min
-2 -2
-3 -3
Triangular Wave
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 2.71
V B 4.45
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.02 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
3 3
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V V
1 1
Voltage 4 4
Voltage
Voltmeter B Voltmeter B
V 2 V 2
0.2 0.2
Flow 0 0
Flow
Flow meter q -0.2 Flow meter q
l/min l/min -0.2
-0.4 -0.4
Sine Wave
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 2.70
V B 4.43
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.05 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
3 3
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V V
1 1
Voltage 4 Voltage 4
Voltmeter B Voltmeter B
V 2 V 2
0.2 0.2
Flow 0 0
Flow
Flow meter q -0.2 Flow meter q
l/min l/min -0.2
-0.4 -0.4
Rectangular Wave
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 1.30
V B 2.11
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.54 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
3 3
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V V
1 1
Voltage 4 Voltage 4
Voltmeter B Voltmeter B
V 2 V 2
0 0
Flow Flow
Flow meter q -0.40 Flow meter q -0.40
l/min l/min
-0.80 -0.80
Constant
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6
1A
X
W
1Y
PA PB
PA PB
10V
X
A B
A 1.81
V B 2.98
V
1Y
X 0.00
V
P T
A
-0.02 0V
B
q
Voltage Voltage
Function Function
W W
generator V generator V
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter X Voltmeter X
V V
1.60 1.60
Voltage Voltage
Voltmeter A Voltmeter A
V 0.80 V 0.80
3 3
Voltage 2 Voltage 2
Voltmeter B Voltmeter B
V V
1 1
0.2 0.2
Flow 0 0
Flow
Flow meter q Flow meter q
l/min -0.2 l/min -0.2
-0.4 -0.4
Case 5: Variation of Hydraulic resistance
Case 6: Flow simulation under a constant force of 1000N
RESULT:
The cylinder is actuated by a solenoid valve connected to an electrical circuit. The desired
curves were generated using electrical components and the variations in graphs were observed
for different input parameters.
EXP: 11B MEASUREMENT OF VELOCITY
08/09/2015
AIM:
To generate the following curves for various initial parameters by use of a hydraulic circuit which
is actuated by an electrical circuit. The pneumatic circuit has a solenoid actuated cylinder
actuated by components from the electrical circuit.
COMPONENTS USED:
i. Configure 4/n Way Valve
ii. Double Acting Cylinder
iii. Functional Diagram
iv. Electrical Diagram
v. Power Supply
vi. Pressure Relief Valve
vii. Configure Way Valve
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:
PROCEDURE:
The diagram was analyzed.
The components in the diagram were identified.
The circuit was made using Fluid-Sim software.
It was simulated to get the desired output.
The function is varied through the function generator to get the outputs for different wave
forms, and the corresponding output is captured.
Individual Function parameters and gains, etc. were varied to get outputs as well.
CIRCUIT:
SIMULATIONS:
BEFORE ACTUATION
AFTER ACTUATION:
Description Designation Quantity v alue 1 2 3 4 5 Designation Description
1 A1 1 A2 200 0V Pressure relief v alv e
0Z1 Pump unit (simplif ied representation)
F=0 F=10 150
Double Position 0Z2 Tank
acting 1A1 100 0Z3 Tank
mm
cy linder
Electrical connection 24V
50
Electrical connection 0V
K1 Make switch
0.2
+24V 1 2 1Y Valv e solenoid
0 K1 Relay
X1-1 X1-2 Double Velocity
1A1 S Detent switch (make)
1 V acting m/s -0.2
A B 1V 4/2-way solenoid v alv e
cy linder
X1-5 1A2 Double acting cy linder
3 3 -0.4
1Y 1A1 Double acting cy linder
S K1
P T
4 4 200
X1-6
150
Double Position
0 V
acting 1A2 100 Terminal assignment diagram
P mm
cy linder
X1-7 50 X1
A1
+24V 1 X1 5
T K1 1Y 2 K1 3
0.2
0 Z1 0 Z3 0V 3 K1 A2
A2 X1-8 0
Double 4 X1 8
Velocity
acting 1A2 -0.2 S 3 5 X1 1
m/s
0V X1-3 X1-4 cy linder S 4 6 K1 A1
0 Z2 -0.4
1Y 7 K1 4
-0.6 1Y 8 X1 4
Component
Identifier Function State
Designation 10
Schritt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1
S
a
1V 4/2 way valve Control element
b
4
3
1A1 Cylinder Actuator
2
1
4
3
1A2 Cylinder Actuator
2
1
RESULT:
The cylinder is actuated by a solenoid valve connected to an electrical circuit. The desired
curves were generated using electrical components and the variations in graphs were observed
for different input parameters.
EXP: 12 MEASUREMENT OF PRESSURE
08/09/2015
AIM:
To generate the following curves for various initial parameters by use of a hydraulic circuit which
is actuated by an electrical circuit. The pneumatic circuit has a solenoid actuated cylinder
actuated by components from the electrical circuit.
COMPONENTS USED:
i. Pilot Operated Proportional Pressure Relief Valve
ii. Manometer
iii. Proportional Amplifier, 1-Channel
iv. Power Supply
v. Function Generator
vi. Voltmeter
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:
PROCEDURE:
The diagram was analyzed.
The components in the diagram were identified.
The circuit was made using Fluid-Sim software.
It was simulated to get the desired output.
The function is varied through the function generator to get the outputs for different wave
forms, and the corresponding output is captured.
Individual Function parameters and gains, etc. were varied to get outputs as well.
CIRCUIT:
SIMULATIONS:
Sine Wave
\Rectangular Wave
+24V 0.29
P
S
1
S Y
T
2.00
V
0V
0.8
Pressure 0.6
Manometer MPa 0.4
0.2
6
Voltage
Voltmeter V 4
0.8
Pressure 0.6
Manometer MPa 0.4
0.2
Triangular Wave
+24V 0.58
P
S
1
S Y
T
5.00
V
0V
0.8
Pressure 0.6
Manometer MPa 0.4
0.2
6
Voltage
Voltmeter V 4
0.8
Pressure 0.6
Manometer MPa 0.4
0.2
RESULT:
The cylinder is actuated by a solenoid valve connected to an electrical circuit. The desired
curves were generated using electrical components and the variations in graphs were observed
for different input parameters.
EXP: 13 DIGITAL MODULE CIRCUIT USING PROXIMITY SWITCH
15/09/2015
AIM:
To generate the following curves for various initial parameters by use of a pneumatic circuit
which is actuated by an electrical circuit. The pneumatic circuit has a solenoid actuated cylinder
actuated by components from the electrical circuit.
COMPONENTS USED:
i. One-Way Flow Control Valve
ii. Double Acting Cylinder
iii. Configure Way Valve
iv. Magnetic Proximity Switch
v. Valve Solenoid
vi. Switches
vii. Logic Module
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:
PROCEDURE:
The diagram was analyzed.
The components in the diagram were identified.
The circuit was made using Fluid-Sim software.
It was simulated to get the desired output.
The function is varied through the function generator to get the outputs for different wave
forms, and the corresponding output is captured.
Individual Function parameters and gains, etc. were varied to get outputs as well.
CIRCUIT:
+24V 1 2 3
BN BN
1 A1 13 1 1
1B1 1B2 S1 S2 BK BK
1B1 1B2
14 2 (START) S1
BU BU
0V
2
+24V
(STOP) S2
1 V2 1 V3
24V I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8
(RS-FlipFlop) X2
0V Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 1B1
1 V1 4 2
4 1M1
1M1 1M2
5 3 0V
1B2
1 1B2
5 1M2
1M1
1M2
0V 1B1
SIMULATIONS:
+24V 1 2 3
BN BN
1 A1 13 1 1
1B1 1B2 S1 S2 BK BK
1B1 1B2
14 2 (START) S1
BU BU
0V
2
+24V
(STOP) S2
1 V2 1 V3
24V I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8
(RS-FlipFlop) X2
0V Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 1B1
1 V1 4 2
4 1M1 (0)
1M1 1M2
5 3 0V
1B2
1 1B2
5 1M2 (0)
1M1
1M2
0V 1B1
+24V 1 2 3
BN BN
1 A1 13 1 1
1B1 1B2 S1 S2 BK BK
1B1 1B2
14 2 (START) S1
BU BU
0V
2
+24V
(STOP) S2
1 V2 1 V3
24V I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8
(RS-FlipFlop) X2
0V Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 1B1
1 V1 4 2
4 1M1 (0)
1M1 1M2
5 3 0V
1B2
1 1B2
5 1M2 (0)
1M1
1M2
0V 1B1
+24V 1 2 3
BN BN
1 A1 13 1 1
1B1 1B2 S1 S2 BK BK
1B1 1B2
14 2 (START) S1
BU BU
0V
2
+24V
(STOP) S2
1 V2 1 V3
24V I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8
(RS-FlipFlop) X2
0V Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 1B1
1 V1 4 2
4 1M1 (0)
1M1 1M2
5 3 0V
1B2
1 1B2
5 1M2 (0)
1M1
1M2
0V 1B1
RESULT:
The cylinder is actuated by a solenoid valve connected to an electrical circuit. The desired
curves were generated using electrical components and the variations in graphs were observed
for different input parameters.
EXP: 14 DIGITAL MODULE CIRCUIT USING PROXIMITY SWITCH
15/09/2015
AIM:
To generate the following curves for various initial parameters by use of a pneumatic circuit
which is actuated by an electrical circuit. The pneumatic circuit has a solenoid actuated cylinder
actuated by components from the electrical circuit.
COMPONENTS USED:
i. One-Way Flow Control Valve
ii. Double Acting Cylinder
iii. Proportional Configure Way Valve
iv. Magnetic Proximity Switch
v. Valve Solenoid
vi. Switches
vii. Logic Module
viii. Indicator Light
COMPONENTS DESCRIPTION:
PROCEDURE:
The diagram was analyzed.
The components in the diagram were identified.
The circuit was made using Fluid-Sim software.
It was simulated to get the desired output.
The function is varied through the function generator to get the outputs for different wave
forms, and the corresponding output is captured.
Individual Function parameters and gains, etc. were varied to get outputs as well.
CIRCUIT:
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
emergency
stop
continuous stop at end of
1B1 1B2 auto
reset start 1B1 1B2
on sequence cy cle
on
1 A1
0V
1 V2 1 V3
+24V
1 V1 4 2
24V I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8
1M1 1M2
5 3
1
0V Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8
0V
1M1 1M2 P 1 P 2 P 3
0V
SIMULATIONS:
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
emergency
stop
continuous stop at end of
1B1 1B2 auto
reset start 1B1 1B2
on sequence cy cle
on
1 A1
0V
1 V2 1 V3
+24V
1 V1 4 2
24V I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8
1M1 1M2
5 3
1
0V Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8
0V
1M1 1M2 P 1 P 2 P 3
0V
emergency
stop
continuous stop at end of
1B1 1B2 auto
reset start 1B1 1B2
on sequence cy cle
on
1 A1
0V
1 V2 1 V3
+24V
1 V1 4 2
24V I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8
1M1 1M2
5 3
1
0V Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8
0V
1M1 1M2 P 1 P 2 P 3
0V
+24V 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
emergency
stop
continuous stop at end of
1B1 1B2 auto
reset start 1B1 1B2
on sequence cy cle
on
1 A1
0V
1 V2 1 V3
+24V
1 V1 4 2
24V I1 I2 I3 I4 I5 I6 I7 I8
1M1 1M2
5 3
1
0V Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8
0V
1M1 1M2 P 1 P 2 P 3
0V
RESULT:
The cylinder is actuated by a solenoid valve connected to an electrical circuit. The desired
curves were generated using electrical components and the variations in graphs were observed
for different input parameters.