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117781
Abstract
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Table of Contents
Abstract ...................................................................................................................1
Introduction .............................................................................................................4
A.Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride solution........... ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
B.Electro deposition of copper through the electrolysis of Copper(II) solution............ Error!
Bookmark not defined.
B.Faraday's Second Law of Electrolysis........ ...................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Experimental Method and Procedure ..........................................................................5
Experimental results ..................................................................................................6
Discussion ................................................................................................................8
Sources of error ........................................................................................................9
Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 10
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Introduction
In the chemical/operation engineering firm there are usually large set of heat exchanger
which there existance is important. These heat exchangers mainly aims to change a
tempreture of a particular flow by flowing another fluid close to the required tempreture.
This simple and efficient device is called concentric tube heat exchanger, which includes a
relatively small tube (inner tube) encompassed by a larger tube (outer tube) with an
expected different diameters. The internal structure of the concentric tube heat exchanger
gives the chance for a rapid heat exchange between both fluids while they are separated by
a specific thin tube, also to ensure that they will never mix as the aim of this device is to
transfer heat either to hot or cold fluid. The heat exchangers are globally used in several
applications such as: air conditioning, chemical plants, petrleum refineries, refrigeration,
power plants and others. A more relaiable demonstrative application for such a process is
the car radiator, the transfer of heat occurs between the following hot water inside tubes of
the radiator and the flowing air inside the near spaced thin plates from the other side linked
to the tubes. The following Figure represents the construction of the car's radiator.
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Experimental Method and Procedure
You are provided with 1M NaCl solution, a U-shaped tube, two graphite electrodes, a
power supply, an ammeter, and a universal indicator
1- Add the salt solution in the U-tube.
3- Once the ammeter shows reading you will notice that bubbles commenced to form
at one of the electrodes, then after some time they will begin to form at the other.
4- Around one of the electrodes the color of the indicator will change into deep blue,
while at the other one the color of the indicator will be bleached.
5- Record all of your observations in the following table, completing it with the
necessary equations.
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Experimental results
A. For Electrolysis
During the experiment of electrolysis, on switching the curcit on, there were changes
in color and bubbles formation was observed, these observations conclude and
demonstrates information and reasons. The table below includes the observations and
reasons supported with equation:
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B. For Electro deposition of copper
In order to be able to calculate the thickness (x) of the plate, there are several
Q=I*t
W =I * t * e/ F
W = ρ * A* x
Where
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Discussion
A. For Electrolysis
the brine solution (sodium chloride), there were changes observed in the experiment
which was deduced previously in the Experimental results. The reason behind
showing bubbles at the Cathode part is because the ions of hydrogen are reduced by
the electron (e–) gain to be able to form hydrogen molecules at the (-ve) electrode
which attract positive ions. As for the other part, Ions of chloride are oxidized by the
electron loss to outcome chlorine molecules at the (+) electrode which attracts (-ve)
ions.
To conclude it all without any exaggerations, this experiment object to present the
previously, the movements of ions between the anode and the cathode electrodes.
Moreover, Faraday's law of claims that the mass of the copper produced at an
electrode during the process is directly proportional to the number of moles (n) of
electrons the quantity of electricity allocated at that electrode, which was proofed by
the experimental calculations. Also, the number of Faradays of the electric charge
excess primary charges on that ion. Both hypothesis are Oftenly considered as
different laws, but still support each other to demonstrate the correct process of the
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Sources of error
1. The devices used to take readings such as voltmeter are more likely needed to
2. The apparatus/ device used in the experiment like the Hoffman Voltammeter
could be unclean and not washed well, which leads to create an error.
experiment one of the students used stop watch to obtain the time (t) taken,
this incident will mostly have error on estimating the accurate value of time.
4. The copper plates used for the Electro deposition experiment could be rusty
due to storing them for a long period. Consequently, this surely will show a
5. In the laboratory, a commonly mistakes run across for example pereparing the
concentration of the solution with wrong values, which does not match the
experimental numbers.
6. The instruments used in the electrolysis experiment wasnt prepared well, there
7. There are devices such as the device used to balance the plate could be out to
date and need to be replaced with brand new devices, to avoid error in the
experimental results.
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Bibliography
Ramesh, D. S. (2013). Engineering Chemistry. New Delhi: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Vairam, D. S. (2013). Engineering Chemistry. New Delhi : John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
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