CHAPTER 6

COMPLEX
STRESS
• The most general state of stress at a point may be
represented by 6 components,
 x , y , z normal stresses
 xy ,  yz ,  zx shearing stresses
(Note :  xy   yx ,  yz   zy ,  zx   xz )

142
 y
unsur

P P

y
y Satah y
P P
z Satah z x  x 
Satah x A A
x
x
y z
z

P P
x  x 
A A
x
 y
y
P
My My
x  x 
I I
1 x
Unsur 1
3 y
z
2
My My
x  x 
I I
x
x Unsur 2
y

x
Unsur 3
 y
y

1
3 z
z T
2

x
x
Tr zx
zx  Tr
J  xz 
xz xz x
J
zx zx
zx  xz z
y
xz xz x

yx YX zx

xy XY XY z

x
YX
 y y

A
a A a P
1
1
2 P 2
z b z
B T=Pb
B
C

y x

y x yx
 xz 
Tr (Pb)r
 x
My J d 4 xy
x 
I 32
x
x z x
z
z zx x yx
xz xy
x x
x x x=0 x
xz xy
zx yx
z
z
y

y
F
A
yx
T xy

x
x
x

xy

A x

yx
• Value of stress and angle, θ
(i) Normal stress
+ve  tension stress
-ve  compress stress
(ii) Shear stress
+ve  counterclockwise
-ve  clockwise
(iii) Inclined angle
+ve  counterclockwise rotation
from vertical axis
-ve  clockwise rotation from
vertical axis

144
 Transformation of Plane Stress
• consider the stress element has rotated through an
angle θ as shown.

• As linear equations, the transformed stresses are given by

145
 Principal Stresses
• Principal stresses,1/2 - the maximum and minimum normal
stresses.
• Principal planes - the planes on which the principal
stresses act.
• the principal stresses will occur on mutually perpendicular
planes.
• the shear stresses are zero on the principal planes.
• There are two way to determine the principal stresses
(a) Calculation method
(b) Mohr’s Circle method

148
• Principal angles, θP - the angles the principal planes are
rotated through relative to the original coordinate
system,

• θP denotes the value of θ corresponding to the

maximum stresses.

149
• Principal stresses occur on the principal planes of
stress with zero shearing stresses.

where 1,2 is the max,min

Maximum Shear Stress

• Maximum shearing stress occurs for

150
   x  y 
2
   2 
 max  R      xy2   1 
 2   2 
 x  y
tan 2 s  
2 xy
 x  y 1   2
    ave  
2 2

Mohr's Circle for Plane Stress

• a graphical representation of the stress transformation
equations
• all stresses on Mohr's circle are in-plane stresses

151
• Steps in constructing Mohr's circle:
1. Draw axes. ( positive to the right and
xy positive down)
2. Plot first point on circle. (x , xy )
3. Plot second point on circle. (y , - xy)
4. Draw a line between the two points. This
line is the diameter of the circle, and it
passes through the center of the circle.
5. Draw a circle through the two points.

152
 Stress Transformations

Principal Stresses and Maximum Shear Stresses

153
 2
 x  y  x  y 
 ave  R      xy
2
2  2 

• The principal stresses are obtained at A and B.

 max, min   ave  R
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y

The direction of rotation of Ox to Oa is

the same as CX to CA.
Example:

A 13 kN force is applied as shown to the 60 mm diameter

post ABD. Determine the state of stress at point H, and
sketch it on the element provided below
 13kN sin 22.62 = 5 kN

13kN cos 22.62 = 12 kN

Example:

Determine the state of stress at point B of the 1 inch diameter

rod, and show the results on the provided element.
 Example:
SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy
tan 2 p 
 x  y
• Determine the principal stresses from
2
x  y  x  y 
 max,min       xy
2
For the state of plane stress shown, 2  2 
determine (a) the principal panes, • Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
(b) the principal stresses, (c) the 2
maximum shearing stress and the   x   y 
 max      xy
2
corresponding normal stress.  2 
x  y

 
2
 SOLUTION:
• Find the element orientation for the principal
stresses from
2 xy 2 40 
tan 2 p    1.333
 x   y 50   10 
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa 2 p  53.1, 233.1

 x  10 MPa  p  26.6, 116.6

• Determine the principal stresses from

2
x  y  x  y 
 max,min       xy
2
2  2 
 20  302  402
 max  70 MPa
 min  30 MPa
 • Calculate the maximum shearing stress with
2
 x   y 
 max      xy
2
 2 
 302  402
 max  50 MPa
 x  50 MPa  xy  40 MPa  s   p  45
 x  10 MPa  s  18.4, 71.6

• The corresponding normal stress is

 x   y 50  10
    ave  
2 2
   20 MPa
 Example:

SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
• Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses
at H.
• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
A single horizontal force P of 150 lb
magnitude is applied to end D of lever
ABD. Determine (a) the normal and
shearing stresses on an element at point
H having sides parallel to the x and y
axes, (b) the principal planes and
principal stresses at the point H.
 SOLUTION:
• Determine an equivalent force-couple
system at the center of the transverse
section passing through H.
P  150 lb
T  150 lb18 in   2.7 kip  in
M x  150 lb10 in   1.5 kip  in

• Evaluate the normal and shearing stresses

at H.
y 
Mc

1.5 kip  in 0.6 in 
I 1  0.6 in 4
4

 xy  
Tc

2.7 kip  in 0.6 in 
J 1  0.6 in 4
2

 x  0  y  8.84 ksi  y  7.96 ksi

• Determine the principal planes and
calculate the principal stresses.
2 xy 27.96 
tan 2 p    1.8
 x   y 0  8.84
2 p  61.0,119
 p  30.5, 59.5

2
x  y  x  y 
 max,min       xy
2
2  2 
2
0  8.84  0  8.84 
  7.96
2
  
2  2 
 max  13.52 ksi
 min  4.68 ksi
 Example:

For the state of plane stress shown,

(a) construct Mohr’s circle, determine
(b) the principal planes, (c) the SOLUTION:
principal stresses, (d) the maximum • Construction of Mohr’s circle
shearing stress and the corresponding
 ave 
x  y

50   10  20 MPa
normal stress.
2 2
CF  50  20  30 MPa FX  40 MPa
R  CX  302  402  50 MPa
• Principal planes and stresses
 max  OA  OC  CA  20  50
 max  70 MPa
 max  OB  OC  BC  20  50
 max  30 MPa

FX 40
tan 2 p  
CP 30
2 p  53.1
 p  26.6
• Maximum shear stress

 s   p  45  max  R     ave

 s  71.6  max  50 MPa    20 MPa
 Example:

For the state of stress shown,

determine (a) the principal planes
and the principal stresses, (b) the
stress components exerted on the
element obtained by rotating the SOLUTION:
given element counterclockwise • Construct Mohr’s circle
through 30 degrees.  x   y 100  60
 ave    80 MPa
2 2
R CF 2  FX 2  202  482  52 MPa
• Principal planes and stresses
XF 48  max  OA  OC  CA  max  OA  OC  BC
tan 2 p    2.4
CF 20  80  52  80  52
2 p  67.4
 max  132 MPa  min  28 MPa
 p  33.7 clockwise

• Stress components after rotation by 30o
Points X’ and Y’ on Mohr’s circle that
correspond to stress components on the
rotated element are obtained by rotating
XY counterclockwise through 2  60
  180  60  67.4  52.6
 x  OK  OC  KC  80  52 cos 52.6
 y  OL  OC  CL  80  52 cos 52.6
 xy  KX   52 sin 52.6
 x  48.4 MPa
 y  111.6 MPa
 xy  41.3 MPa