1. G.R. No. L-16749 January 31, 1963
I hereby give, devise and bequeath, unto my well-beloved daughter,
IN THE MATTER OF THE TESTATE ESTATE OF EDWARD E. CHRISTENSEN,
DECEASED.
ADOLFO C. AZNAR, Executor and LUCY CHRISTENSEN, Heir of the
deceased, Executor and Heir-appellees,
vs.
HELEN CHRISTENSEN GARCIA, oppositor-appellant.
M. R. Sotelo for executor and heir-appellees.
Leopoldo M. Abellera and Jovito Salonga for oppositor-appellant.
LABRADOR, J.:
This is an appeal from a decision of the Court of First Instance of Davao, Hon.
Vicente N. Cusi, Jr., presiding, in Special Proceeding No. 622 of said court, dated
September 14, 1949, approving among things the final accounts of the executor,
directing the executor to reimburse Maria Lucy Christensen the amount of P3,600
paid by her to Helen Christensen Garcia as her legacy, and declaring Maria Lucy
Christensen entitled to the residue of the property to be enjoyed during her lifetime,
and in case of death without issue, one-half of said residue to be payable to Mrs.
Carrie Louise C. Borton, etc., in accordance with the provisions of the will of the
testator Edward E. Christensen. The will was executed in Manila on March 5, 1951
and contains the following provisions:
3. I declare ... that I have but ONE (1) child, named MARIA LUCY
CHRISTENSEN (now Mrs. Bernard Daney), who was born in the
Philippines about twenty-eight years ago, and who is now residing at No.
665 Rodger Young Village, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A.
4. I further declare that I now have no living ascendants, and no
descendants except my above named daughter, MARIA LUCY
CHRISTENSEN DANEY.
xxx xxx xxx
7. I give, devise and bequeath unto MARIA HELEN CHRISTENSEN, now
married to Eduardo Garcia, about eighteen years of age and who,
notwithstanding the fact that she was baptized Christensen, is not in any
way related to me, nor has she been at any time adopted by me, and who,
from all information I have now resides in Egpit, Digos, Davao, Philippines,
the sum of THREE THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED PESOS (P3,600.00),
Philippine Currency the same to be deposited in trust for the said Maria
Helen Christensen with the Davao Branch of the Philippine National Bank,
and paid to her at the rate of One Hundred Pesos (P100.00), Philippine
Currency per month until the principal thereof as well as any interest which
may have accrued thereon, is exhausted..
xxx xxx xxx
12.
the said MARIA LUCY CHRISTENSEN DANEY (Mrs. Bernard Daney),
now residing as aforesaid at No. 665 Rodger Young Village, Los Angeles,
California, U.S.A., all the income from the rest, remainder, and residue of
my property and estate, real, personal and/or mixed, of whatsoever kind or
character, and wheresoever situated, of which I may be possessed at my
death and which may have come to me from any source whatsoever,
during her lifetime: ....
It is in accordance with the above-quoted provisions that the executor in his final
account and project of partition ratified the payment of only P3,600 to Helen
Christensen Garcia and proposed that the residue of the estate be transferred to
his daughter, Maria Lucy Christensen.
Opposition to the approval of the project of partition was filed by Helen Christensen
Garcia, insofar as it deprives her (Helen) of her legitime as an acknowledged
natural child, she having been declared by Us in G.R. Nos. L-11483-84 an
acknowledged natural child of the deceased Edward E. Christensen. The legal
grounds of opposition are (a) that the distribution should be governed by the laws
of the Philippines, and (b) that said order of distribution is contrary thereto insofar
as it denies to Helen Christensen, one of two acknowledged natural children, one-
half of the estate in full ownership. In amplification of the above grounds it was
alleged that the law that should govern the estate of the deceased Christensen
should not be the internal law of California alone, but the entire law thereof
because several foreign elements are involved, that the forum is the Philippines
and even if the case were decided in California, Section 946 of the California Civil
Code, which requires that the domicile of the decedent should apply, should be
applicable. It was also alleged that Maria Helen Christensen having been declared
an acknowledged natural child of the decedent, she is deemed for all purposes
legitimate from the time of her birth.
The court below ruled that as Edward E. Christensen was a citizen of the United
States and of the State of California at the time of his death, the successional
rights and intrinsic validity of the provisions in his will are to be governed by the law
of California, in accordance with which a testator has the right to dispose of his
property in the way he desires, because the right of absolute dominion over his
property is sacred and inviolable (In re McDaniel's Estate, 77 Cal. Appl. 2d 877,
176 P. 2d 952, and In re Kaufman, 117 Cal. 286, 49 Pac. 192, cited in page 179,
Record on Appeal). Oppositor Maria Helen Christensen, through counsel, filed
various motions for reconsideration, but these were denied. Hence, this appeal.
The most important assignments of error are as follows:
I
THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN IGNORING THE DECISION OF THE
HONORABLE SUPREME COURT THAT HELEN IS THE ACKNOWLEDGED
NATURAL CHILD OF EDWARD E. CHRISTENSEN AND, CONSEQUENTLY, IN
DEPRIVING HER OF HER JUST SHARE IN THE INHERITANCE.
II
THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN ENTIRELY IGNORING AND/OR FAILING TO
RECOGNIZE THE EXISTENCE OF SEVERAL FACTORS, ELEMENTS AND
CIRCUMSTANCES CALLING FOR THE APPLICATION OF INTERNAL LAW.
III
THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN FAILING TO RECOGNIZE THAT UNDER
INTERNATIONAL LAW, PARTICULARLY UNDER THE RENVOI DOCTRINE,
THE INTRINSIC VALIDITY OF THE TESTAMENTARY DISPOSITION OF THE
DISTRIBUTION OF THE ESTATE OF THE DECEASED EDWARD E.
CHRISTENSEN SHOULD BE GOVERNED BY THE LAWS OF THE
PHILIPPINES.
IV
THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN NOT DECLARING THAT THE SCHEDULE OF
DISTRIBUTION SUBMITTED BY THE EXECUTOR IS CONTRARY TO THE
PHILIPPINE LAWS.
V
THE LOWER COURT ERRED IN NOT DECLARING THAT UNDER THE
PHILIPPINE LAWS HELEN CHRISTENSEN GARCIA IS ENTITLED TO ONE-
HALF (1/2) OF THE ESTATE IN FULL OWNERSHIP.
There is no question that Edward E. Christensen was a citizen of the United States
and of the State of California at the time of his death. But there is also no question
that at the time of his death he was domiciled in the Philippines, as witness the
following facts admitted by the executor himself in appellee's brief:
In the proceedings for admission of the will to probate, the facts of record
show that the deceased Edward E. Christensen was born on November
29, 1875 in New York City, N.Y., U.S.A.; his first arrival in the Philippines,
as an appointed school teacher, was on July 1, 1901, on board the U.S.
Army Transport "Sheridan" with Port of Embarkation as the City of San
Francisco, in the State of California, U.S.A. He stayed in the Philippines
until 1904.
In December, 1904, Mr. Christensen returned to the United States and
stayed there for the following nine years until 1913, during which time he
resided in, and was teaching school in Sacramento, California.
Mr. Christensen's next arrival in the Philippines was in July of the year
1913. However, in 1928, he again departed the Philippines for the United
States and came back here the following year, 1929. Some nine years
later, in 1938, he again returned to his own country, and came back to the
Philippines the following year, 1939.
Wherefore, the parties respectfully pray that the foregoing stipulation of
facts be admitted and approved by this Honorable Court, without prejudice
to the parties adducing other evidence to prove their case not covered by
this stipulation of facts. 1äwphï1.ñët
Being an American citizen, Mr. Christensen was interned by the Japanese
Military Forces in the Philippines during World War II. Upon liberation, in
April 1945, he left for the United States but returned to the Philippines in
December, 1945. Appellees Collective Exhibits "6", CFI Davao, Sp. Proc.
622, as Exhibits "AA", "BB" and "CC-Daney"; Exhs. "MM", "MM-l", "MM-2-
Daney" and p. 473, t.s.n., July 21, 1953.)
In April, 1951, Edward E. Christensen returned once more to California
shortly after the making of his last will and testament (now in question
herein) which he executed at his lawyers' offices in Manila on March 5,
1951. He died at the St. Luke's Hospital in the City of Manila on April 30,
1953. (pp. 2-3)
In arriving at the conclusion that the domicile of the deceased is the Philippines, we
are persuaded by the fact that he was born in New York, migrated to California and
resided there for nine years, and since he came to the Philippines in 1913 he
returned to California very rarely and only for short visits (perhaps to relatives), and
considering that he appears never to have owned or acquired a home or properties
in that state, which would indicate that he would ultimately abandon the Philippines
and make home in the State of California.
Sec. 16. Residence is a term used with many shades of meaning from
mere temporary presence to the most permanent abode. Generally,
however, it is used to denote something more than mere physical
presence. (Goodrich on Conflict of Laws, p. 29)
As to his citizenship, however, We find that the citizenship that he acquired in
California when he resided in Sacramento, California from 1904 to 1913, was
never lost by his stay in the Philippines, for the latter was a territory of the United
States (not a state) until 1946 and the deceased appears to have considered
himself as a citizen of California by the fact that when he executed his will in 1951
he declared that he was a citizen of that State; so that he appears never to have
intended to abandon his California citizenship by acquiring another. This
conclusion is in accordance with the following principle expounded by Goodrich in
his Conflict of Laws.
The terms "'residence" and "domicile" might well be taken to mean the
same thing, a place of permanent abode. But domicile, as has been
shown, has acquired a technical meaning. Thus one may be domiciled in a
place where he has never been. And he may reside in a place where he
has no domicile. The man with two homes, between which he divides his
time, certainly resides in each one, while living in it. But if he went on
business which would require his presence for several weeks or months,
he might properly be said to have sufficient connection with the place to be
called a resident. It is clear, however, that, if he treated his settlement as
continuing only for the particular business in hand, not giving up his former
"home," he could not be a domiciled New Yorker. Acquisition of a domicile
of choice requires the exercise of intention as well as physical presence.
 "Residence simply requires bodily presence of an inhabitant in a given
place, while domicile requires bodily presence in that place and also an
intention to make it one's domicile." Residence, however, is a term used
with many shades of meaning, from the merest temporary presence to the
most permanent abode, and it is not safe to insist that any one use et the
only proper one. (Goodrich, p. 29)
The law that governs the validity of his testamentary dispositions is defined in
Article 16 of the Civil Code of the Philippines, which is as follows:
ART. 16. Real property as well as personal property is subject to the law
of the country where it is situated.
However, intestate and testamentary successions, both with respect to the
order of succession and to the amount of successional rights and to the
intrinsic validity of testamentary provisions, shall be regulated by the
national law of the person whose succession is under consideration,
whatever may be the nature of the property and regardless of the country
where said property may be found.
The application of this article in the case at bar requires the determination of the
meaning of the term "national law"is used therein.
There is no single American law governing the validity of testamentary provisions
in the United States, each state of the Union having its own private law applicable
to its citizens only and in force only within the state. The "national law" indicated in
Article 16 of the Civil Code above quoted can not, therefore, possibly mean or
apply to any general American law. So it can refer to no other than the private law
of the State of California.
The next question is: What is the law in California governing the disposition of
personal property? The decision of the court below, sustains the contention of the
executor-appellee that under the California Probate Code, a testator may dispose
of his property by will in the form and manner he desires, citing the case of Estate
of McDaniel, 77 Cal. Appl. 2d 877, 176 P. 2d 952. But appellant invokes the
provisions of Article 946 of the Civil Code of California, which is as follows:
If there is no law to the contrary, in the place where personal property is
situated, it is deemed to follow the person of its owner, and is governed by
the law of his domicile.
The existence of this provision is alleged in appellant's opposition and is not
denied. We have checked it in the California Civil Code and it is there. Appellee, on
the other hand, relies on the case cited in the decision and testified to by a witness.
(Only the case of Kaufman is correctly cited.) It is argued on executor's behalf that
as the deceased Christensen was a citizen of the State of California, the internal
law thereof, which is that given in the abovecited case, should govern the
determination of the validity of the testamentary provisions of Christensen's will,
such law being in force in the State of California of which Christensen was a
citizen. Appellant, on the other hand, insists that Article 946 should be applicable,
and in accordance therewith and following the doctrine of the renvoi, the question
of the validity of the testamentary provision in question should be referred back to
the law of the decedent's domicile, which is the Philippines.
The theory of doctrine of renvoi has been defined by various authors, thus:
The problem has been stated in this way: "When the Conflict of Laws rule
of the forum refers a jural matter to a foreign law for decision, is the
reference to the purely internal rules of law of the foreign system; i.e., to
the totality of the foreign law minus its Conflict of Laws rules?"
On logic, the solution is not an easy one. The Michigan court chose to
accept the renvoi, that is, applied the Conflict of Laws rule of Illinois which
referred the matter back to Michigan law. But once having determined the
the Conflict of Laws principle is the rule looked to, it is difficult to see why
the reference back should not have been to Michigan Conflict of Laws.
This would have resulted in the "endless chain of references" which has
so often been criticized be legal writers. The opponents of the renvoi
would have looked merely to the internal law of Illinois, thus rejecting the
renvoi or the reference back. Yet there seems no compelling logical
reason why the original reference should be the internal law rather than to
the Conflict of Laws rule. It is true that such a solution avoids going on a
merry-go-round, but those who have accepted the renvoi theory avoid
this inextricabilis circulas by getting off at the second reference and at that
point applying internal law. Perhaps the opponents of the renvoi are a bit
more consistent for they look always to internal law as the rule of
reference.
Strangely enough, both the advocates for and the objectors to
the renvoi plead that greater uniformity will result from adoption of their
respective views. And still more strange is the fact that the only way to
achieve uniformity in this choice-of-law problem is if in the dispute the two
states whose laws form the legal basis of the litigation disagree as to
whether the renvoi should be accepted. If both reject, or both accept the
doctrine, the result of the litigation will vary with the choice of the forum. In
the case stated above, had the Michigan court rejected the renvoi,
judgment would have been against the woman; if the suit had been
brought in the Illinois courts, and they too rejected the renvoi, judgment
would be for the woman. The same result would happen, though the
courts would switch with respect to which would hold liability, if both courts
accepted the renvoi.
The Restatement accepts the renvoi theory in two instances: where the
title to land is in question, and where the validity of a decree of divorce is
challenged. In these cases the Conflict of Laws rule of the situs of the
land, or the domicile of the parties in the divorce case, is applied by the
forum, but any further reference goes only to the internal law. Thus, a
person's title to land, recognized by the situs, will be recognized by every
court; and every divorce, valid by the domicile of the parties, will be valid
everywhere. (Goodrich, Conflict of Laws, Sec. 7, pp. 13-14.)
 X, a citizen of Massachusetts, dies intestate, domiciled in France, leaving
movable property in Massachusetts, England, and France. The question
arises as to how this property is to be distributed among X's next of kin.
Assume (1) that this question arises in a Massachusetts court. There the
rule of the conflict of laws as to intestate succession to movables calls for
an application of the law of the deceased's last domicile. Since by
hypothesis X's last domicile was France, the natural thing for the
Massachusetts court to do would be to turn to French statute of
distributions, or whatever corresponds thereto in French law, and decree a
distribution accordingly. An examination of French law, however, would
show that if a French court were called upon to determine how this
property should be distributed, it would refer the distribution to the national
law of the deceased, thus applying the Massachusetts statute of
distributions. So on the surface of things the Massachusetts court has
open to it alternative course of action: (a) either to apply the French law is
to intestate succession, or (b) to resolve itself into a French court and
apply the Massachusetts statute of distributions, on the assumption that
this is what a French court would do. If it accepts the so-
called renvoidoctrine, it will follow the latter course, thus applying its own
law.
This is one type of renvoi. A jural matter is presented which the conflict-of-
laws rule of the forum refers to a foreign law, the conflict-of-laws rule of
which, in turn, refers the matter back again to the law of the forum. This is
renvoi in the narrower sense. The German term for this judicial process is
'Ruckverweisung.'" (Harvard Law Review, Vol. 31, pp. 523-571.)
After a decision has been arrived at that a foreign law is to be resorted to
as governing a particular case, the further question may arise: Are the
rules as to the conflict of laws contained in such foreign law also to be
resorted to? This is a question which, while it has been considered by the
courts in but a few instances, has been the subject of frequent discussion
by textwriters and essayists; and the doctrine involved has been
descriptively designated by them as the "Renvoyer" to send back, or the
"Ruchversweisung", or the "Weiterverweisung", since an affirmative
answer to the question postulated and the operation of the adoption of the
foreign law in toto would in many cases result in returning the main
controversy to be decided according to the law of the forum. ... (16 C.J.S.
872.)
Another theory, known as the "doctrine of renvoi", has been advanced.
The theory of the doctrine of renvoi is that the court of the forum, in
determining the question before it, must take into account the whole law of
the other jurisdiction, but also its rules as to conflict of laws, and then
apply the law to the actual question which the rules of the other jurisdiction
prescribe. This may be the law of the forum. The doctrine of the renvoi has
generally been repudiated by the American authorities. (2 Am. Jur. 296)
The scope of the theory of renvoi has also been defined and the reasons for its
application in a country explained by Prof. Lorenzen in an article in the Yale Law
Journal, Vol. 27, 1917-1918, pp. 529-531. The pertinent parts of the article are
quoted herein below:
The recognition of the renvoi theory implies that the rules of the conflict of
laws are to be understood as incorporating not only the ordinary or internal
law of the foreign state or country, but its rules of the conflict of laws as
well. According to this theory 'the law of a country' means the whole of its
law.
xxx xxx xxx
Von Bar presented his views at the meeting of the Institute of International
Law, at Neuchatel, in 1900, in the form of the following theses:
(1) Every court shall observe the law of its country as regards the
application of foreign laws.
(2) Provided that no express provision to the contrary exists, the court
shall respect:
(a) The provisions of a foreign law which disclaims the right to
bind its nationals abroad as regards their personal statute, and
desires that said personal statute shall be determined by the law
of the domicile, or even by the law of the place where the act in
question occurred.
(b) The decision of two or more foreign systems of law, provided it
be certain that one of them is necessarily competent, which agree
in attributing the determination of a question to the same system
of law.
xxx xxx xxx
If, for example, the English law directs its judge to distribute the personal
estate of an Englishman who has died domiciled in Belgium in accordance
with the law of his domicile, he must first inquire whether the law of
Belgium would distribute personal property upon death in accordance with
the law of domicile, and if he finds that the Belgian law would make the
distribution in accordance with the law of nationality — that is the English
law — he must accept this reference back to his own law.
We note that Article 946 of the California Civil Code is its conflict of laws rule, while
the rule applied in In re Kaufman, Supra, its internal law. If the law on succession
and the conflict of laws rules of California are to be enforced jointly, each in its own
intended and appropriate sphere, the principle cited In re Kaufman should apply to
citizens living in the State, but Article 946 should apply to such of its citizens as are
not domiciled in California but in other jurisdictions. The rule laid down of resorting
to the law of the domicile in the determination of matters with foreign element
involved is in accord with the general principle of American law that the domiciliary
law should govern in most matters or rights which follow the person of the owner.
 When a man dies leaving personal property in one or more states, and and 894, Civil Code of the Philippines, makes natural children legally
leaves a will directing the manner of distribution of the property, the law of acknowledged forced heirs of the parent recognizing them.
the state where he was domiciled at the time of his death will be looked to
in deciding legal questions about the will, almost as completely as the law The Philippine cases (In re Estate of Johnson, 39 Phil. 156; Riera vs. Palmaroli, 40
of situs is consulted in questions about the devise of land. It is logical that, Phil. 105; Miciano vs. Brimo, 50 Phil. 867; Babcock Templeton vs. Rider Babcock,
since the domiciliary rules control devolution of the personal estate in case 52 Phil. 130; and Gibbs vs. Government, 59 Phil. 293.) cited by appellees to
of intestate succession, the same rules should determine the validity of an support the decision can not possibly apply in the case at bar, for two important
attempted testamentary dispostion of the property. Here, also, it is not that reasons, i.e., the subject in each case does not appear to be a citizen of a state in
the domiciliary has effect beyond the borders of the domiciliary state. The the United States but with domicile in the Philippines, and it does not appear in
rules of the domicile are recognized as controlling by the Conflict of Laws each case that there exists in the state of which the subject is a citizen, a law
rules at the situs property, and the reason for the recognition as in the similar to or identical with Art. 946 of the California Civil Code.
case of intestate succession, is the general convenience of the doctrine.
The New York court has said on the point: 'The general principle that a
dispostiton of a personal property, valid at the domicile of the owner, is We therefore find that as the domicile of the deceased Christensen, a citizen of
valid anywhere, is one of the universal application. It had its origin in that California, is the Philippines, the validity of the provisions of his will depriving his
acknowledged natural child, the appellant, should be governed by the Philippine
international comity which was one of the first fruits of civilization, and it
Law, the domicile, pursuant to Art. 946 of the Civil Code of California, not by the
this age, when business intercourse and the process of accumulating
internal law of California..
property take but little notice of boundary lines, the practical wisdom and
justice of the rule is more apparent than ever. (Goodrich, Conflict of Laws,
Sec. 164, pp. 442-443.) WHEREFORE, the decision appealed from is hereby reversed and the case
returned to the lower court with instructions that the partition be made as the
Appellees argue that what Article 16 of the Civil Code of the Philippines pointed out Philippine law on succession provides. Judgment reversed, with costs against
appellees.
as the national law is the internal law of California. But as above explained the laws
of California have prescribed two sets of laws for its citizens, one for residents
therein and another for those domiciled in other jurisdictions. Reason demands that
We should enforce the California internal law prescribed for its citizens residing
therein, and enforce the conflict of laws rules for the citizens domiciled abroad. If
we must enforce the law of California as in comity we are bound to go, as so
declared in Article 16 of our Civil Code, then we must enforce the law of California
in accordance with the express mandate thereof and as above explained, i.e.,
apply the internal law for residents therein, and its conflict-of-laws rule for those
domiciled abroad.

It is argued on appellees' behalf that the clause "if there is no law to the contrary in
the place where the property is situated" in Sec. 946 of the California Civil Code
refers to Article 16 of the Civil Code of the Philippines and that the law to the
contrary in the Philippines is the provision in said Article 16 that the national law of
the deceased should govern. This contention can not be sustained. As explained in
the various authorities cited above the national law mentioned in Article 16 of our
Civil Code is the law on conflict of laws in the California Civil Code, i.e., Article 946,
which authorizes the reference or return of the question to the law of the testator's
domicile. The conflict of laws rule in California, Article 946, Civil Code, precisely
refers back the case, when a decedent is not domiciled in California, to the law of
his domicile, the Philippines in the case at bar. The court of the domicile can not
and should not refer the case back to California; such action would leave the issue
incapable of determination because the case will then be like a football, tossed
back and forth between the two states, between the country of which the decedent
was a citizen and the country of his domicile. The Philippine court must apply its
own law as directed in the conflict of laws rule of the state of the decedent, if the
question has to be decided, especially as the application of the internal law of
California provides no legitime for children while the Philippine law, Arts. 887(4)
 2. G.R. No. L-23678 June 6, 1967
TESTATE ESTATE OF AMOS G. BELLIS, deceased.
PEOPLE'S BANK and TRUST COMPANY, executor.
MARIA CRISTINA BELLIS and MIRIAM PALMA BELLIS, oppositors-appellants,
vs.
EDWARD A. BELLIS, ET AL., heirs-appellees.
Vicente R. Macasaet and Jose D. Villena for oppositors appellants.
Paredes, Poblador, Cruz and Nazareno for heirs-appellees E. A. Bellis, et al.
Quijano and Arroyo for heirs-appellees W. S. Bellis, et al.
J. R. Balonkita for appellee People's Bank & Trust Company.
Ozaeta, Gibbs and Ozaeta for appellee A. B. Allsman.
BENGZON, J.P., J.:
This is a direct appeal to Us, upon a question purely of law, from an order of the
Court of First Instance of Manila dated April 30, 1964, approving the project of
partition filed by the executor in Civil Case No. 37089 therein.1äwphï1.ñët
The facts of the case are as follows:
Amos G. Bellis, born in Texas, was "a citizen of the State of Texas and of the
United States." By his first wife, Mary E. Mallen, whom he divorced, he had five
legitimate children: Edward A. Bellis, George Bellis (who pre-deceased him in
infancy), Henry A. Bellis, Alexander Bellis and Anna Bellis Allsman; by his second
wife, Violet Kennedy, who survived him, he had three legitimate children: Edwin G.
Bellis, Walter S. Bellis and Dorothy Bellis; and finally, he had three illegitimate
children: Amos Bellis, Jr., Maria Cristina Bellis and Miriam Palma Bellis.
On August 5, 1952, Amos G. Bellis executed a will in the Philippines, in which he
directed that after all taxes, obligations, and expenses of administration are paid
for, his distributable estate should be divided, in trust, in the following order and
manner: (a) $240,000.00 to his first wife, Mary E. Mallen; (b) P120,000.00 to his
three illegitimate children, Amos Bellis, Jr., Maria Cristina Bellis, Miriam Palma
Bellis, or P40,000.00 each and (c) after the foregoing two items have been
satisfied, the remainder shall go to his seven surviving children by his first and
second wives, namely: Edward A. Bellis, Henry A. Bellis, Alexander Bellis and
Anna Bellis Allsman, Edwin G. Bellis, Walter S. Bellis, and Dorothy E. Bellis, in
equal shares.1äwphï1.ñët
Subsequently, or on July 8, 1958, Amos G. Bellis died a resident of San Antonio,
Texas, U.S.A. His will was admitted to probate in the Court of First Instance of
Manila on September 15, 1958.
The People's Bank and Trust Company, as executor of the will, paid all the
bequests therein including the amount of $240,000.00 in the form of shares of
stock to Mary E. Mallen and to the three (3) illegitimate children, Amos Bellis, Jr.,
Maria Cristina Bellis and Miriam Palma Bellis, various amounts totalling
P40,000.00 each in satisfaction of their respective legacies, or a total of
P120,000.00, which it released from time to time according as the lower court
approved and allowed the various motions or petitions filed by the latter three
requesting partial advances on account of their respective legacies.
On January 8, 1964, preparatory to closing its administration, the executor
submitted and filed its "Executor's Final Account, Report of Administration and
Project of Partition" wherein it reported, inter alia, the satisfaction of the legacy of
Mary E. Mallen by the delivery to her of shares of stock amounting to $240,000.00,
and the legacies of Amos Bellis, Jr., Maria Cristina Bellis and Miriam Palma Bellis
in the amount of P40,000.00 each or a total of P120,000.00. In the project of
partition, the executor — pursuant to the "Twelfth" clause of the testator's Last Will
and Testament — divided the residuary estate into seven equal portions for the
benefit of the testator's seven legitimate children by his first and second marriages.
On January 17, 1964, Maria Cristina Bellis and Miriam Palma Bellis filed their
respective oppositions to the project of partition on the ground that they were
deprived of their legitimes as illegitimate children and, therefore, compulsory heirs
of the deceased.
Amos Bellis, Jr. interposed no opposition despite notice to him, proof of service of
which is evidenced by the registry receipt submitted on April 27, 1964 by the
executor.1
After the parties filed their respective memoranda and other pertinent pleadings,
the lower court, on April 30, 1964, issued an order overruling the oppositions and
approving the executor's final account, report and administration and project of
partition. Relying upon Art. 16 of the Civil Code, it applied the national law of the
decedent, which in this case is Texas law, which did not provide for legitimes.
Their respective motions for reconsideration having been denied by the lower court
on June 11, 1964, oppositors-appellants appealed to this Court to raise the issue of
which law must apply — Texas law or Philippine law.
In this regard, the parties do not submit the case on, nor even discuss, the doctrine
of renvoi, applied by this Court in Aznar v. Christensen Garcia, L-16749, January
31, 1963. Said doctrine is usually pertinent where the decedent is a national of one
country, and a domicile of another. In the present case, it is not disputed that the
decedent was both a national of Texas and a domicile thereof at the time of his
death.2 So that even assuming Texas has a conflict of law rule providing that the
domiciliary system (law of the domicile) should govern, the same would not result
in a reference back (renvoi) to Philippine law, but would still refer to Texas law.
Nonetheless, if Texas has a conflicts rule adopting the situs theory (lex rei sitae)
calling for the application of the law of the place where the properties are situated,
renvoi would arise, since the properties here involved are found in the Philippines.
In the absence, however, of proof as to the conflict of law rule of Texas, it should
not be presumed different from ours.3 Appellants' position is therefore not rested on
the doctrine of renvoi. As stated, they never invoked nor even mentioned it in their
arguments. Rather, they argue that their case falls under the circumstances
mentioned in the third paragraph of Article 17 in relation to Article 16 of the Civil
Code.
Article 16, par. 2, and Art. 1039 of the Civil Code, render applicable the national
law of the decedent, in intestate or testamentary successions, with regard to four
items: (a) the order of succession; (b) the amount of successional rights; (e) the
intrinsic validity of the provisions of the will; and (d) the capacity to succeed. They
provide that —
ART. 16. Real property as well as personal property is subject to the law
of the country where it is situated.
his national law cannot be ignored in regard to those matters that Article 10 — now
Article 16 — of the Civil Code states said national law should govern.
The parties admit that the decedent, Amos G. Bellis, was a citizen of the State of
Texas, U.S.A., and that under the laws of Texas, there are no forced heirs or
legitimes. Accordingly, since the intrinsic validity of the provision of the will and the
amount of successional rights are to be determined under Texas law, the
Philippine law on legitimes cannot be applied to the testacy of Amos G. Bellis.

However, intestate and testamentary successions, both with respect to the Wherefore, the order of the probate court is hereby affirmed in toto, with costs
order of succession and to the amount of successional rights and to the against appellants. So ordered.
intrinsic validity of testamentary provisions, shall be regulated by the
national law of the person whose succession is under consideration,
whatever may he the nature of the property and regardless of the country
wherein said property may be found.

ART. 1039. Capacity to succeed is governed by the law of the nation of

the decedent.

Appellants would however counter that Art. 17, paragraph three, of the Civil Code,
stating that —

Prohibitive laws concerning persons, their acts or property, and those

which have for their object public order, public policy and good customs
shall not be rendered ineffective by laws or judgments promulgated, or by
determinations or conventions agreed upon in a foreign country.

prevails as the exception to Art. 16, par. 2 of the Civil Code afore-quoted. This is
not correct. Precisely, Congress deleted the phrase, "notwithstanding the
provisions of this and the next preceding article" when they incorporated Art. 11 of
the old Civil Code as Art. 17 of the new Civil Code, while reproducing without
substantial change the second paragraph of Art. 10 of the old Civil Code as Art. 16
in the new. It must have been their purpose to make the second paragraph of Art.
16 a specific provision in itself which must be applied in testate and intestate
succession. As further indication of this legislative intent, Congress added a new
provision, under Art. 1039, which decrees that capacity to succeed is to be
governed by the national law of the decedent.

It is therefore evident that whatever public policy or good customs may be involved
in our System of legitimes, Congress has not intended to extend the same to the
succession of foreign nationals. For it has specifically chosen to leave, inter alia,
the amount of successional rights, to the decedent's national law. Specific
provisions must prevail over general ones.

Appellants would also point out that the decedent executed two wills — one to
govern his Texas estate and the other his Philippine estate — arguing from this
that he intended Philippine law to govern his Philippine estate. Assuming that such
was the decedent's intention in executing a separate Philippine will, it would not
alter the law, for as this Court ruled in Miciano v. Brimo, 50 Phil. 867, 870, a
provision in a foreigner's will to the effect that his properties shall be distributed in
accordance with Philippine law and not with his national law, is illegal and void, for
 3. G.R. No. L-35694 December 23, 1933
ALLISON G. GIBBS, petitioner-appelle,
vs.
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, oppositor-appellant.
THE REGISTER OF DEEDS OF THE CITY OF MANILA, respondent-appellant.
Office of the Solicitor-General Hilado for appellants.
Allison D. Gibbs in his own behalf.
BUTTE, J.:
This is an appeal from a final order of the Court of First Instance of Manila,
requiring the register of deeds of the City of Manila to cancel certificates of title
Nos. 20880, 28336 and 28331, covering lands located in the City of Manila,
Philippine Islands, and issue in lieu thereof new certificates of transfer of title in
favor of Allison D. Gibbs without requiring him to present any document showing
that the succession tax due under Article XI of Chapter 40 of the Administrative
Code has been paid.
The said order of the court of March 10, 1931, recites that the parcels of land
covered by said certificates of title formerly belonged to the conjugal partnership of
Allison D. Gibbs and Eva Johnson Gibbs; that the latter died intestate in Palo Alto,
California, on November 28, 1929; that at the time of her death she and her
husband were citizens of the State of California and domiciled therein.
It appears further from said order that Allison D. Gibbs was appointed administrator
of the state of his said deceased wife in case No. 36795 in the same court, entitled
"In the Matter of the Intestate Estate of Eva Johnson Gibbs, Deceased"; that in
said intestate proceedings, the said Allison D. Gibbs, on September 22,1930, filed
an ex partepetition in which he alleged "that the parcels of land hereunder
described belong to the conjugal partnership of your petitioner and his wife, Eva
Johnson Gibbs", describing in detail the three facts here involved; and further
alleging that his said wife, a citizen and resident of California, died on November
28,1929; that in accordance with the law of California, the community property of
spouses who are citizens of California, upon the death of the wife previous to that
of the husband, belongs absolutely to the surviving husband without administration;
that the conjugal partnership of Allison D. Gibbs and Eva Johnson Gibbs,
deceased, has no obligations or debts and no one will be prejudiced by adjucating
said parcels of land (and seventeen others not here involved) to be the absolute
property of the said Allison D. Gibbs as sole owner. The court granted said petition
and on September 22, 1930, entered a decree adjucating the said Allison D. Gibbs
to be the sole and absolute owner of said lands, applying section 1401 of the Civil
Code of California. Gibbs presented this decree to the register of deeds of Manila
and demanded that the latter issue to him a "transfer certificate of title".
Section 1547 of Article XI of Chapter 40 of the Administrative Code provides in part
that:
Registers of deeds shall not register in the registry of property any
document transferring real property or real rights therein or any chattel
mortgage, by way of gifts mortis causa, legacy or inheritance, unless the
payment of the tax fixed in this article and actually due thereon shall be
shown. And they shall immediately notify the Collector of Internal Revenue
or the corresponding provincial treasurer of the non payment of the tax
discovered by them. . . .
Acting upon the authority of said section, the register of deeds of the City of Manila,
declined to accept as binding said decree of court of September 22,1930, and
refused to register the transfer of title of the said conjugal property to Allison D.
Gibbs, on the ground that the corresponding inheritance tax had not been paid.
Thereupon, under date of December 26, 1930, Allison D. Gibbs filed in the said
court a petition for an order requiring the said register of deeds "to issue the
corresponding titles" to the petitioner without requiring previous payment of any
inheritance tax. After due hearing of the parties, the court reaffirmed said order of
September 22, 1930, and entered the order of March 10, 1931, which is under
review on this appeal.
On January 3, 1933, this court remanded the case to the court of origin for new trial
upon additional evidence in regard to the pertinent law of California in force at the
time of the death of Mrs. Gibbs, also authorizing the introduction of evidence with
reference to the dates of the acquisition of the property involved in this suit and
with reference to the California law in force at the time of such acquisition. The
case is now before us with the supplementary evidence.
For the purposes of this case, we shall consider the following facts as established
by the evidence or the admissions of the parties: Allison D. Gibbs has been
continuously, since the year 1902, a citizen of the State of California and domiciled
therein; that he and Eva Johnson Gibbs were married at Columbus, Ohio, in July
1906; that there was no antenuptial marriage contract between the parties; that
during the existence of said marriage the spouses acquired the following lands,
among others, in the Philippine Islands, as conjugal property:lawphil.net
1. A parcel of land in the City of Manila represented by transfer certificate of title
No. 20880, dated March 16, 1920, and registered in the name of "Allison D. Gibbs
casado con Eva Johnson Gibbs".
2. A parcel of land in the City of Manila, represented by transfer certificate of title
No. 28336, dated May 14, 1927, in which it is certified "that spouses Allison D.
Gibbs and Eva Johnson Gibbs are the owners in fee simple" of the land therein
described.
3. A parcel of land in the City of Manila, represented by transfer certificate of title
No. 28331, dated April 6, 1927, which it states "that Allison D. Gibbs married to
Eva Johnson Gibbs" is the owner of the land described therein; that said Eva
Johnson Gibbs died intestate on November 28, 1929, living surviving her her
husband, the appellee, and two sons, Allison J. Gibbs , now age 25 and Finley J.
Gibbs, now aged 22, as her sole heirs of law.
Article XI of Chapter 40 of the Administrative Code entitled "Tax on inheritances,
legacies and other acquisitions mortis causa" provides in section 1536 that "Every
transmission by virtue of inheritance ... of real property ... shall be subject to the
following tax." It results that the question for determination in this case is as
follows: Was Eva Johnson Gibbs at the time of her death the owner of a
descendible interest in the Philippine lands above-mentioned?
The appellee contends that the law of California should determine the nature and
extent of the title, if any, that vested in Eva Johnson Gibbs under the three
certificates of title Nos. 20880, 28336 and 28331 above referred to, citing article 9
of the Civil Code. But that, even if the nature and extent of her title under said
certificates be governed by the law of the Philippine Islands, the laws of California
govern the succession to such title, citing the second paragraph of article 10 of the
Civil Code.
Article 9 of the Civil Code is as follows:
The laws relating to family rights and duties, or to the status, condition,
and legal capacity of persons, are binding upon Spaniards even though
they reside in a foreign country." It is argued that the conjugal right of the
California wife in community real estate in the Philippine Islands is a
personal right and must, therefore, be settled by the law governing her
personal status, that is, the law of California. But our attention has not
been called to any law of California that incapacitates a married woman
from acquiring or holding land in a foreign jurisdiction in accordance with
the lex rei sitae. There is not the slightest doubt that a California married
woman can acquire title to land in a common law jurisdiction like the State
of Illinois or the District of Columbia, subject to the common-law estate by
the courtesy which would vest in her husband. Nor is there any doubt that
if a California husband acquired land in such a jurisdiction his wife would
be vested with the common law right of dower, the prerequisite conditions
obtaining. Article 9 of the Civil Code treats of purely personal relations and
status and capacity for juristic acts, the rules relating to property, both
personal and real, being governed by article 10 of the Civil Code.
Furthermore, article 9, by its very terms, is applicable only to "Spaniards"
(now, by construction, to citizens of the Philippine Islands).
The Organic Act of the Philippine Islands (Act of Congress, August 29,
1916, known as the "Jones Law") as regards the determination of private
rights, grants practical autonomy to the Government of the Philippine
Islands. This Government, therefore, may apply the principles and rules of
private international law (conflicts of laws) on the same footing as an
organized territory or state of the United States. We should, therefore,
resort to the law of California, the nationality and domicile of Mrs. Gibbs, to
ascertain the norm which would be applied here as law were there any
question as to her status.
But the appellant's chief argument and the sole basis of the lower court's decision
rests upon the second paragraph of article 10 of the Civil Code which is as follows:
Nevertheless, legal and testamentary successions, in respect to the order
of succession as well as to the amount of the successional rights and the
intrinsic validity of their provisions, shall be regulated by the national law of
the person whose succession is in question, whatever may be the nature
of the property or the country in which it may be situated.
In construing the above language we are met at the outset with some difficulty by
the expression "the national law of the person whose succession is in question", by
reason of the rather anomalous political status of the Philippine Islands. (Cf.
Manresa, vol. 1, Codigo Civil, pp. 103, 104.) We encountered no difficulty in
applying article 10 in the case of a citizen of Turkey. (Miciano vs. Brimo, 50 Phil.,
867.) Having regard to the practical autonomy of the Philippine Islands, as above
stated, we have concluded that if article 10 is applicable and the estate in question
is that of a deceased American citizen, the succession shall be regulated in
accordance with the norms of the State of his domicile in the United States. (Cf.
Babcock Templeton vs. Rider Babcock, 52 Phil., 130, 137; In re Estate of Johnson,
39 Phil., 156, 166.)
The trial court found that under the law of California, upon the death of the wife, the
entire community property without administration belongs to the surviving husband;
that he is the absolute owner of all the community property from the moment of the
death of his wife, not by virtue of succession or by virtue of her death, but by virtue
of the fact that when the death of the wife precedes that of the husband he
acquires the community property, not as an heir or as the beneficiary of his
deceased wife, but because she never had more than an inchoate interest or
expentancy which is extinguished upon her death. Quoting the case of Estate of
Klumpke (167 Cal., 415, 419), the court said: "The decisions under this section
(1401 Civil Code of California) are uniform to the effect that the husband does not
take the community property upon the death of the wife by succession, but that he
holds it all from the moment of her death as though required by himself. ... It never
belonged to the estate of the deceased wife."
The argument of the appellee apparently leads to this dilemma: If he takes nothing
by succession from his deceased wife, how can the second paragraph of article 10
be invoked? Can the appellee be heard to say that there is a legal succession
under the law of the Philippine Islands and no legal succession under the law of
California? It seems clear that the second paragraph of article 10 applies only
when a legal or testamentary succession has taken place in the Philippines and in
accordance with the law of the Philippine Islands; and the foreign law is consulted
only in regard to the order of succession or the extent of the successional rights; in
other words, the second paragraph of article 10 can be invoked only when the
deceased was vested with a descendible interest in property within the jurisdiction
of the Philippine Islands.
In the case of Clarke vs. Clarke (178 U. S., 186, 191; 44 Law ed., 1028, 1031), the
court said:
It is principle firmly established that to the law of the state in which the land
is situated we must look for the rules which govern its descent, alienation,
and transfer, and for the effect and construction of wills and other
conveyances. (United States vs. Crosby, 7 Cranch, 115; 3 L. ed., 287;
 Clark vs. Graham, 6 Wheat., 577; 5 L. ed., 334; McGoon vs. Scales, 9
Wall., 23; 19 L. ed., 545; Brine vs. Hartford F. Ins. Co., 96 U. S., 627; 24 L.
ed., 858.)" (See also Estate of Lloyd, 175 Cal., 704, 705.) This
fundamental principle is stated in the first paragraph of article 10 of our
Civil Code as follows: "Personal property is subject to the laws of the
nation of the owner thereof; real property to the laws of the country in
which it is situated.
It is stated in 5 Cal. Jur., 478:
In accord with the rule that real property is subject to the lex rei sitae, the
respective rights of husband and wife in such property, in the absence of
an antenuptial contract, are determined by the law of the place where the
property is situated, irrespective of the domicile of the parties or to the
place where the marriage was celebrated. (See also Saul vs. His
Creditors, 5 Martin [N. S.], 569; 16 Am. Dec., 212 [La.]; Heidenheimer vs.
Loring, 26 S. W., 99 [Texas].)
Under this broad principle, the nature and extent of the title which vested in Mrs.
Gibbs at the time of the acquisition of the community lands here in question must
be determined in accordance with the lex rei sitae.
It is admitted that the Philippine lands here in question were acquired as
community property of the conjugal partnership of the appellee and his wife. Under
the law of the Philippine Islands, she was vested of a title equal to that of her
husband. Article 1407 of the Civil Code provides:
certificates, No. 28336, dated May 14, 1927, introduced by him in evidence, in
which it is certified that "the spouses Allison D. Gibbs and Eva Johnson Gibbs are
the owners in fee simple of the conjugal lands therein described."
The descendible interest of Eva Johnson Gibbs in the lands aforesaid was
transmitted to her heirs by virtue of inheritance and this transmission plainly falls
within the language of section 1536 of Article XI of Chapter 40 of the Administrative
Code which levies a tax on inheritances. (Cf. Re Estate of Majot, 199 N. Y., 29; 92
N. E., 402; 29 L. R. A. [N. S.], 780.) It is unnecessary in this proceeding to
determine the "order of succession" or the "extent of the successional rights"
(article 10, Civil Code, supra) which would be regulated by section 1386 of the Civil
Code of California which was in effect at the time of the death of Mrs. Gibbs.
The record does not show what the proper amount of the inheritance tax in this
case would be nor that the appellee (petitioner below) in any way challenged the
power of the Government to levy an inheritance tax or the validity of the statute
under which the register of deeds refused to issue a certificate of transfer reciting
that the appellee is the exclusive owner of the Philippine lands included in the three
certificates of title here involved.
The judgment of the court below of March 10, 1931, is reversed with directions to
dismiss the petition, without special pronouncement as to the costs.

All the property of the spouses shall be deemed partnership property in

the absence of proof that it belongs exclusively to the husband or to the
wife. Article 1395 provides:

"The conjugal partnership shall be governed by the rules of law applicable to the
contract of partnership in all matters in which such rules do not conflict with the
express provisions of this chapter." Article 1414 provides that "the husband may
dispose by will of his half only of the property of the conjugal partnership." Article
1426 provides that upon dissolution of the conjugal partnership and after inventory
and liquidation, "the net remainder of the partnership property shall be divided
share and share alike between the husband and wife, or their respective heirs."
Under the provisions of the Civil Code and the jurisprudence prevailing here, the
wife, upon the acquisition of any conjugal property, becomes immediately vested
with an interest and title therein equal to that of her husband, subject to the power
of management and disposition which the law vests in the husband. Immediately
upon her death, if there are no obligations of the decedent, as is true in the present
case, her share in the conjugal property is transmitted to her heirs by succession.
(Articles 657, 659, 661, Civil Code; cf. also Coronel vs. Ona, 33 Phil., 456, 469.)

It results that the wife of the appellee was, by the law of the Philippine Islands,
vested of a descendible interest, equal to that of her husband, in the Philippine
lands covered by certificates of title Nos. 20880, 28336 and 28331, from the date
of their acquisition to the date of her death. That appellee himself believed that his
wife was vested of such a title and interest in manifest from the second of said