Research Methodology

Social Research
search implies through investigating and the term research which
has been derived from the French word recherché re and churche means
to critical examination of a topic or subject to discover new facts for
increasing the sum total of human knowledge which argument to the
exiting body of organized facts, ideals and aspiration, research is
considered to be the more formal, systematical, intensive process of
carrying on the scientific method of analysis. it is the manipulation of
things concepts or symbolic for the purpose of generalizing to extend,
correct or verity knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in
construction of theory or in the practice of an art" thus research is a
systemized effort to gain new knowledge we call research.

Social research implies discovered of some facts concealed in a

social phonomenon or some laws governing it. it is mainly concerned
with the cause and effect relationship of human behavior and the
discovery of facts as well as the verification of old facts.

Meaning And Definition

Not only in the filed of physical science but also in the realm ofr
social science, the researches are taking place. the youngest of the social
science that is sociological research is highly interesting and exciting
research in sociology is really a kind of systematic detective work. it
factsa innumerable puzzles and suspicious. withstands disappointed
and discouragements, challenges blind faith and hearsays an finally
becomes successfully in unraveling the my story that clouds the truth.

Methodology is the systematic , theoretical analysis of the methods

applied to a field of study. it comprises the theoretical analysis of the
body of and principals also cited with a branch of knowledge.

Today's research has become a part of sociology. research in sociology

is where the real action takes place. In fact, there are two sides to the
sociological enterprise, that are theory and research. both are essential
and each depends on the other. Facts Without theory are utterly
meaningless. Theories without facts are unproved speculations of little
use to anybody because there is no way to tell whether they are correct
theory and research thus go toyether.

Definition

1. According to redman and mory (1923) defined research is a

“systematized effort to gain new knowledge.” It is an academic
activity and therefore the term should be used in a technical sense.
2. According tpo dauline v. Young, “social research is a systematic
method of exploring analysing and conceptualising social life in
order to extend correct or verify knowledge; whether that knowledge
aids in the construction of a theory or in the practise of an act.”
3. according to shelly m. Harrison “social research is a cooperative
undertaking which applies scientific method to the study and
treatmwent of current related social problems & conditions having
definite geographical limits and bearing plus such a spreading of its
facts, conxlusion and recommendation as well make them as far as
possible the common knowledge of the community ands a force for
intelligent coordinate action ”
4. According to e.w.burgees considers social research as “the scientific
styudy of community conditions and needs for the purpose of
presenting a constructive program of social advance a method of
social introspection checked by statistical meausrement and the
comperative standards of the social expert”

Steps in social research

The researcher should always bear it in mind that the different steps
involved the process of research are neither mutually exclusive nor
separate amd distinct. Social research involves a series of steps
starting from the formulation of research problems and going
through the major steps to find the conclusion . The major steps of
social research are-
1. Formulation of research problem
2. Review of literature
3. Formulation of hypotheses.
4. Working out the research design.
 5. Defining the universe of study.
6. Determining the sample design.
7. Administering the tools of dataa collection.
8. Analysis of dataa.
9. Testing of hypothesis.
10. Generalisation and interpretation
11. Reporting the research.

1) Formulation of research problems→

The prime steps of the social research to decide the area and the
subject matter of reasearch . Without selecting the area , the
research cant go forward this goal. P.v.young has outlined certain
rules regarding the area selection.

2) Review of literatures→
Review of related literature implies the analysis of the summary of
the writings of recognised authorities and the earlier researches in
the particular area. According to j.w.best ”practically all human
knowledge can be found in books and libraries. Unlike other
aniomals ….man builds upon the accumulated and recorded
knowledge of the past. In the words of c.v.good ” the keys to the
vast store house of published literature bmay open doors to sources
of significant problems and explanatory hypothesis and provide
heplful orientation for definite of the problem, background for the
 selection of procedure and comperative data for interpretation of
results.
The main sources of literature which are of immense use for the
research are books and task books, periodical encyclopaedicals;
hand books, newspapers etc.

3) Formulation of hypothesis→
The structure of hypothesis is formed taking 2 terms ‘hypo’ means
under and ‘thesis’ means reasoned theory. Some are hypothesis
testing studies and some others are hypothesis formulating studies.
The exploratory studies are called hypothesis formulating studies
because such research end up with formulation of hypothesis. On
the contrary, the hypothesis testing research begin with clearly
formulated hypothesis.

4) Working out the research design→

Research design refers to design of research which is prepared by
the research as how the research work would be conducted. It is
the structure of research project which contains a master plan of
research work. The researcher reaches the stage of embarking upon
working out a design of study as he is guided by the maxim that
“work must be planned, if is to lead to discoveries ” a research
design is the general blueprint for the collection, measurement and
analysis of data incorporating what the research will have to
 perform from the formulating the tentative generalisation and their
operational definition to final analysis of data.

5) Defining universe of study→

The universe of study comprises all the items or individuals under
consideration in any field of inquiry. In statistical terms, a
‘universe’ or ‘population’ refers to the aggregate of individuals or
units from which a ‘sample’ is drawn to which the results and
analysis are to apply.

6) Determining sampling desing →

As in practise a complete enumeration of all the items in the
‘universe’ is not possible under many circumstances, due to the
requirement of a great deal of time, money and energy. The
researcher embarks upon deciding the way of a selecting a
representative sample which is popularly known as the sample
design.

7) Administering the tools of data collection→

The research while collecting data takes into consideration the
naature of investigation objective and scope of the inquiry,
financial resources,
Available time and the desired degree of accuracy.
 Secondary data are collected from books, journals,newspaper ,
reports of the earlier studies etc. Whereas primary daataa are to be
collected either through experiment or survey.

But for the purpose of survey dataa may be gathered by

observation , personal interview, telephonic interview, mailing of
questionairs and through schedules.

8) Analysis of data→
After completion of the collection of data the researcher embarks
upon the analysis of those data . This involves a no of operation
such as establishment of catagories, the application of those
categories to raw data through coding , tabulation.

while analysing data , the researcher applies various well defined

statistical formulae for the computation of significance so as to
determine with what validity data can indicate any conclusion.

9) Testing of hypothesis →
Sociological studies don’t always generate data the confirm the
original hypothesis. In many instances a hypothesis is reported and
researcher must reformulate their conclusion. In behavioral
sciences, it is not possible to test several hypothesis directly. An
 indirect test of the proposed hypothesis directly. An indirect test6
of the proposed hypothesis can only be made.

10) Generation and interpretation →

After the hypothesis is tested and found valid it becomes possible
on the part of researchers to reach the stage of generalisation ,
which may be constructed to be the real value of research . This is
only possible in case of hypothesis –testing studies. But in the
hypothesis- formulating studies where the researcher has no
hypothesis to begin with.

11) Reporting the research→

Research report is the end product of a research activity which
gives an account of a long journey on the path of finding a new
knowledge or modified knowledge.
 SAMPLING
INTRODUCTION
sampling is the process of obtaining information regarding the
entire research population or aggregate or totality by examining
only a part of it. It is a picture in miniature to represent the larger
whole , to enable the researcher to make a judgement or inference
about the whole with the presumption that the sample data will
mprovide valid and reliable conclusion sapling is not only typical
to the field of science, rather in our day-to-day life , we take to
such method , for example, a cook presses a few puds of boiled
rich in the cooking pot to be able to know that it is ready to be
served

Definition of sampling
According to j. Simond “sample is a collection of observation for
which one has data to work with ”

Universe of study
The universe of study comprises all the items or individuals under
consideration in any field of inquiry. In statistical term a ‘universe’
or ‘population’ refers to the aggregate of individuals or units from
which the results and analysis are to apply. The researchers may
distinguish between the target population and survey population
so as to clearly define the universe of study.
Methods and tools of data collection
The first step in the statistical approach to a problem is the
collection of numerical facts of data. These data are the raw
material for the final statistical conclusion and the quality of data
will greatly affect the conclusion. Thus, almost importance must be
given to this process and every possible precaution should be taken
while assembling the facts. Various forms of data and the
necessary stems to be followed for collection of data.

There are 2 types of statistical datas:

1.primary data
2. Secondary data

The primary data are those which the investigator originates for the
purpose of specific enquiry in hand. Thus it is desired to study the
response of the students to the new methods of teaching and if the
relevant facts are collected by the investigator or his research work
or , such data would be termed as primary data. On the contrary,
secondary data are those which are not originated by the
investigator himself, but he obtains these from the records of
someone else . Thus if one desires to analyse the weather
condition of different regions one can get the required information
from the records of meteorology department.
 1. Observation

observation method has occupied an important place in descriptive

sociology research. It is the most significant and common technique of
data collection. Analysis of questionnare response is concerned with
what people think and do as revealed by what they put on paper. The
response in interview is revealed by what people express in conversation
with the interview. Observation seeks to ascertain what people think and
do by watching them in action as they express themselves in various
situations and activities.

observation is the process in which one or more persons observe

what is occuring in some real life situations and they classify and record
pertinent happenings according to some planned schemes. It is used to
evaluate the over behaviour of individuals in controlled or uncontrolled
situation. It is a method of research which deals with the external
behaviour of persons in appropriate situations.

accordings to p.v. young “observation is a systematic and deliberate

study through eye, of spontaneous occurance at the time they occur .
The purpose of observation to perceive the nature and extent of
significant interrelated elements within complex social phenomena ,
culture pattern or human conduct.”
 2. Interview

interview as a technique of data collection is very popular and

extensively used in every field of social research . It is otherwise called
as oral questionnaire. Instead of writing the response, the interview or
subject gives the needed information verbally in a face –to – face
relationship. In this method a researcher or an interviewer can interact
with his respondent and know thjeir inner feeling and reaction . G.w.
allport in his classic statement seems this up beautifully by saying that
“if you want to know how people feel, what they experience and what
they remember, what their emotions and motives are like and the reason
for acting as they do , why not ask them”.

Interview is a direct method of inquiry. It is simply stated as a social

process in which a person known as the interviewer asks question
usually in a face to face contact to the other person or persons known as
interviewee or interviewees. In similar fashion w.j. goode and d.k. hatt
have observed that”interviewing is a fundamental process of social
interaction”. In the interview 2 persons are not merely present at the
same place but also influence each other emotionally and intellectually.
 3. Interview schedule david hardiman reports

This is one of the very commonly used tools of data collection in

scientific investigation. P.v. young says”the schedule has been used for
collection of personal preference, social attitudes, beliefs, opinions,
behaviour, pattern, group practices and habits and much other data ”.

schedule is very much similar to questionnaire and there is very little

difference between the 2 so far as their construction is concerned.

according to goode and hatt says ,”schedule is the name usually

applied to a set of questions which are asked and filled by an interviewer
in a face to face situation with other person.”
 Review of literature

The present chapter deals with review of literature. It tries to tooks into
the different studies conducted by sociologiest, economist economist and
other scholar on the tribers living in different parts of india.

1. David hardiman reports-

david hardiman reports that he brils were rules in panchamahals ,

dungarpur and banswara, dungria and bansla were the rulers in south
rajasthan. Those brils rulers provided protection to the weaker tribal
groups. They charged some protection many and thus worked as
warriors.

2. Dev nathan: dev nathan inform that the condition of indigrenous

peoples is not precious to india. Reviews of indigenous people across
asia (ifad2003) and latin america (von-geneougten and perez –
bustillo 2001) both show that the incidence of poverty among
indigenous people is much higher than among the rest of the
population.
3. Verrier elwing : brought out his aboriginal in 1943 there was a stir in
the field of social anthropology. He had propounded that the tribals
should not be integrated in the hindu society. He made a proposition
for the assimilation of tribals and said that tribals are not caste hindus
but are close to nature.
4. 73rd constitutional ammendment :
 The 73rd constitutional amendment gives reservation of seats to
women in the panchayat .this has in fact , discriminated the women
against men.
5. S.h.m. rizvi: s.h.m. rizvi was worked among the mina with the
respective of the anthroplogy. He also confirms the statement given
by tool . He says that even today folk tales are present among the
minas which related that dhola rais mother who was distressed with
hunger and fatigue placed the basket on the ground and while
plucking some wild berries . She observed that a hoodedsnake was
quarding the basket when she saw this she cried out.
6. S.l. doshi: s.l. doshi informs that the brils did not clean their anus
after defecation. Even today there is a saying among them that the
anus first cleaned after defecation is like that of baniya whereas the
defecation cleaned by store pebble is like that of a king. Doshi
informs that the tribal women didd not use shoes at all.
7. K.s.singh : k.s.singh has elaborately described the tribals of central
india. In his project’people of india’ (poi), he has identified 4.635
communities inhibiting the country. The anthropological survey of
india (asi) has brought out in 11 volumes in the national series and
more than forty-two volumes on the states of india.
8. According to scheduled caste:
the scheduled caste and scheduled tribes (amendment) act ,
1976 the following are the scheduled tribes at the state.
9. V.s.bhatnagar: v.s.bhatnagar has brought out the history of
relationship between mina and rasbut during mediaval period.
10. Dr. Purushattam sahu : he was preseuted the development of
tribal women by examining their problem at macro level based on
secondary source of data.