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PERKHIDMATAN UTAMA
SISWAZAH

PEJABAT TIMBALAN NAIB CANSELOR

(AKADEMIK & ANTARABANGSA)
THESIS PROPOSAL

RESEARCH PROPOSAL
THESIS

NAME : ADE MILA HARYANTI

ADDRESS : BULAN STREET NO. 33 RT 06 RW 06

KECAMATAN BUKIT BESTARI
KELURAHAN SEI-JANG
TANJUNGPINANG-KEPULAUAN RIAU

TELEPHONE : 082120009896
NUMBER
EMAIL : ademilah49@gmail.com

: MASTER
DEGREE

PROGRAM : INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING

Title:
Improvement Work And Design Systems Working Facilities
Ergonomics Approach In Pt. Indricipta Aditama
ABSTRACT
In running a job that uses the facility of manual labor, worker role is crucial course of
production.
Workers are an important asset for ensuring the survival of the company, but the company is often
less attention to the needs and interests of workers, as one of the factors that support the
advancement of the industry. The company does not know how the workers should be able to use
the equipment and facilities that have been provided by either the running job so as to improve
the quality of work .. In addition there are many companies whose production process is not
supported by the standard method and ergonomic working facilities, so as to reduces efficiency
and productivity.
If the system design and facilities such as machinery, equipment, facilities and other
support has an ergonomic design that it will be able to avoid things that are not desirable as a
complaint on the feet, hands, arms, shoulders and others that cause discomfort in the works.
Ergonomics is itself an interdisciplinary scientific approach of the application of the principles
of human behavior for the design of human-machine systems directed at the adjustment of the
machine, operating procedures, and operational environment with a human element to achieve
human performance machine that is safe, reliable, and efficient. At the end of ergonomics

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programs aimed at increasing productivity, reducing costs of non-productive time, and improve
the quality of work
PT. Indricipta Aditama (Grutty Shoes and Bags) located at Jl. Cibaduyut Bandung Raya
No. 52,60,66. This company is a company which produces shoes, handbags, and wallets. Where
the whole production process is done by a human (hand made). For companies whose production
with a manual system, labor became an important capital that must be considered. The problem
is that the facilities available have not been able to support the activities of the workers. Such as
tables, chairs and supporting tools used in the production workers are still not ergonomic posture
and in accordance with the workers, causing workers feel less comfortable. This sparked
complaints in works such as stiff neck muscles, back and forth. And it definitely will reduce the
ability of the operator to work. To overcome this problem, the necessary improvements in methods
and facilities, to make improvements, there are several methods used is the measurement of
anthropometric data, static biomechanical measurement, analysis removal of the maximum load
by using the Recommended Weight Limit, posture analysis using the Rapid Upper Limb
Assessment .
From the analysis that has been done, it has put forward some proposals on the
improvement of working methods and facilities which premises the proposed improvements will
be able to reduce the complaints of the members of the worker's body, thus increasing comfort
and productivity.

Keywords: Ergonomic, anthropometric, biomechanical, Recommended Weight Limit,

Rapid Upper Limb Assessment

PART I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the problem

A working system consists of elements of human, material, machinery, working methods,
and the environment. The system will work well when the whole of the components of an
integrated, synergy, and can support each other. The components of the work system will
affect each other, so as to affect the performance of the system, and will ultimately affect the
final result (product) of the system itself.
In running a job that uses the facility of manual labor, worker role is crucial course of
production. Workers are an important asset for ensuring the survival of the company, but the
company is often less attention to the needs and interests of workers, as one of the factors that
support the advancement of the industry. The company does not know how the workers
should be able to use the equipment and facilities that have been provided by either the
running job so as to improve the quality of work .. In addition there are many companies
whose production process is not supported by the standard method and ergonomic working
facilities, so as to reduces efficiency and productivity.
If the system design and facilities such as machinery, equipment, facilities and other
support has an ergonomic design that it will be able to avoid things that are not desirable as a
complaint on the feet, hands, arms, shoulders and others that cause discomfort in the works.
Ergonomics is an interdisciplinary scientific approach of the application of the principles
of human behavior for the design of human-machine systems directed at the adjustment of
the machine, operating procedures, and operational environment with a human element to
achieve human performance
machines are safe, reliable, and efficient. At the end of ergonomics programs aimed at
increasing productivity, reducing costs of non-productive time, and improve the quality of
work.
The problem in workshops at PT. Indricipta Aditama, Cibaduyut-Bandung, is not applied
ergonomic method of working. The existence of working tools and methods that have not
been ergonomically .menyebabkan be impaired worker productivity.

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1.2 Formulation of the problem

The problems that exist in this study are as follows:
"Improving the working system and facility design ergonomics approach in working with PT.
Indricipta Aditama Bandung "

1.3 Research Objectives

The objectives of this research are as follows:
1. Propose a method and facility repair work in the workshop production of footwear PT.
Indricipta Aditama (Grutty Shoes and Bags).
2. To design methods and facilities ergonomic work.
3. Creating a work station that can improve comfort in work, thereby increasing labor
productivity and reduce worker fatigue limb.

1.4 Benefits Research

The benefits obtained in this study are as follows:
1. Can provide information to companies about the factors that may affect workplace
accidents and lower labor productivity.
2. Can the prevention and reduction of the risk of workplace accidents
3. Can create work stations that can improve comfort in work, thereby increasing labor
productivity and reduce worker fatigue limb.

1.5 Scope
In order to be more focused discussion, it needs to make the scope of the discussion. As for
the scope of the discussion and the assumption of restrictions are as follows:
1. The study was conducted in the production of leather shoes women in PT. Indricipta
Aditama
2. The research was carried out during normal working hours.
3. This study only discusses the anthropometric measurements, analysis using RWL work
attitude, and Rula, static biomechanics, and design workstations.

PART II
THEORETICAL BASIS
2.1 Ergonomic
Understanding Ergonomics in Wignjosoebroto Sritomo book is ergonomics, actually
comes from the Greek word that means Ergo Nomos meaningful employment and law.
Thus ergonomics intended as a scientific discipline that studies human beings in relation
to the work. Ergonomics discipline in particular will learn the limitations of human ability to
interact with technology and homemade products. This discipline comes from the fact that
human beings have limits on the ability of both short and long term when dealing with the
state of the environment in the form of his system hardware / hard-ware (machinery,
equipment, etc.) and / or software / soft-ware (working methods, systems and procedures,
etc.).
Thus it is clear that ergonomics is a multi-disciplinary scientific, because here will learn
the knowledge-knowledge of science kehayatan (medicine, biology), psychological science
(psychology) and social (sociology).
In a further development, the ergonomics are grouped into four areas of investigation,
according to Iftikar Sutalaksana in his book, namely:
a. Investigations on the display (display).
Display (display) is a device between (interface) that provides information about the state
of the environment, and communicate it to humans in the form of signs, numbers, symbols
and so on.
b. The investigation of human physical strength
In this case the investigation of human activities while working, and then learn how to
measure these activities.
c. Investigations on the size of the workplace.

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This investigation aimed to get a draft workplace in accordance with the size (dimension)
of the human body, in order to obtain a good job, in accordance with the capabilities and
limitations of human beings.
d. The investigation of the work environment.
These investigations include the physical condition of the workplace environment and
working facilities such as setting light, noise, temperature, vibration etc. Which is considered
to affect human behavior.
With regard to areas of investigation mentioned above, it is seen a number of disciplines
in ergonomics, namely:
a. Anatomy and physiology, which studies the structure and function of the human body.
b. Anthropometry, the science of the size / dimensions of the human body.
c. Physiological psychology, which studies human nervous system and brain.
d. Experimental psychology, which studies human behavior

2.2 Anthropometric
Anthropometry is knowledge concerning the measurement of the dimensions of the
human body and other special characteristics of the body that are relevant to the design of
tools / objects that are used by humans.
Anthropometry is divided into two main parts, namely:
a) Anthropometric Static (structural)
Human measurements at rest, and linear on the body surface.
b) Dynamic Anthropometry (functional)
What is meant by dynamic anthropometric measurements and the state of the physical
characteristics of the human in motion or notice movements that may occur when the worker
is carrying out its activities. Which is often referred to as anthropometric engineering is the
application of two main sections above for designing workspaces and equipment.
Problems anthropometric dimensions of variation is often a factor in generating system
design work that "fit" to the user. Dimensions of the human body itself is affected by several
factors that must be considered in determining the sample data to be retrieved. These factors
are:
1. Age
The size of the human body will grow from birth to about 20 years for men
and 17 years for women. There is a tendency to decrease after 60 years.
2. Gender
Men generally have a larger body dimensions except the chest and hips.
3. clumps and Ethnicity
4. Socio-economic and nutritional intake were obtained.
5. The work, daily activities also affect
6. Conditions of measurement time
According Sritomo Wignjosoebroto in his anthropometric term derived from "anthro"
which means human and "metri" which means size. Anthropometric definitively can be
expressed as a study related to the measurement of the dimensions of the human body. People
are going to have a shape, size (height, width etc.) Weight etc. Which differ from one another.
Anthropometry is widely used as an ergonomic considerations in the design process (design)
products and systems of work that will require human interaction. Anthropometric data thus
obtained will be applied widely, among other things:

quipment, tools (tools) and so on.

It can be concluded that the anthropometric data will determine the shape, size and exact
dimensions associated with products designed and humans who will operate / use the product.
In this regard, the design of the product must be able to accommodate the dimensions of the
body of the largest populations that will use the product design results. In general, at least

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90% - 95% of the target population in a user group of a product should be able to use it
properly.

2.2.1 Application of anthropometry in the design of the product / work facility.

Anthropometric data serving size data from various members of the human body in a
certain percentile would be very beneficial at the time a product or facility design work will
be made. In order for the design of a product will be in accordance with the size of the human
body should operate, then the principles of what should be taken in the application of
anthropometric data should be determined in advance as described below:
a. The principle of designing products for individuals with extreme size.
Here the design of the product is made in order to meet the 2 (two) target product, namely:

of classification is too big or small when compared to the average.

b. Product design principles that can be operated between a certain size range.
Here, the design can be changed-resize flexible enough operated by any person who has
a wide range of body sizes. The most common example is the design of the car seat which in
this location can be moved forward / backward and angle of the back support can be permuted
as desired. In relation to obtain a flexible design, this kind of anthropometric data are
commonly applied is the range of values of 5-th s / d 95-th percentile.
c. The principle of designing a product with an average size.
In connection with the application of anthropometric data necessary in the process of
designing a product or work facility, then there are a couple of suggestions / recommendations
can be given according to the following steps:

the design.
e dimensions of the body that are important in the design process, in this
case also to consider whether to use the structural data of body functional body dimension or
dimension.
d, and the
main target users of the product design. It is commonly known as "market segmentation",
such as toys for children, household appliances for women, etc.

individual size, flexible size range (adjustable) or average size.

-th, 95-th, 99-th
percentile value or another desired.
ect / set the value of
a size appropriate anthropometric data tables. Application data and add looseness factor
(allowance) when needed as well as an additional measure of the thickness factor clothing
must be worn by the operator, the use of gloves (glowes), and others.
Furthermore, to clarify regarding anthropometric data to be applied in a variety of product
design or work facility according to Eko Nurmianto in his book, then in the picture below
will provide information about the various members of the body that need to be measured in
Figure 2.1.

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Figure 2.1. Measured anthropometry human body dimensions (Nurmianto, 1988)

Specification:
1. High Dimensions body in an upright position (from floor s / d end of the head)
2. High-eye in an upright position
3. High-shoulder in an upright position
4. High-elbow in the upright position (elbows perpendicular)
5. High outstretched fist off the upright position (not shown in picture).
6. High body in a sitting position (measured from seat cover / butt up to the head).
7. High-eye in a sitting position.
8. High-shoulder in a sitting position
9. High-elbow in a sitting position (elbows perpendicular)
10. The thickness or width of the thigh.
11. thigh length measured from the butt s / d end of the knee.
12. thigh length measured from the butt s / d the back of the knee / calf.
13. High-knee which can be measured either in a standing or sitting position.
14. High body in a sitting position measured from the floor up to the thigh.
15. The width of the shoulder (can be measured in a standing or sitting position)
16. The width of the hips / buttocks
17. The width of the chest in the swollen state (not shown shown Dlm image).
18. The width of the stomach
19. The elbow length measured from the elbow to the tip of the fingers in the elbow upright
position.
20. The width of the head.
21. The length is measured from the wrist to the hand with fingertips.
22. The width of the palm of the hand.
23. The width of the hand in the hand stretched out wide left-right laterally (not shown in
picture).
24. High-reach hand in an upright position, measured from the floor to the affordable palms
straight up (vertical).

25. High-reach hand in an upright sitting position, measured as well as the No. 24 but in a
sitting position (not shown in picture).
26. The distance range outstretched hand fore measured from shoulder to fingertip

2.3. Biomechanics
Biomechanics is one of four areas of research information on the results of ergonomics.
Namely research on human physical strength which include human physical strength or power
when it works and learn how to work with the equipment must be designed to fit the human
physical abilities when doing the work activities.
In this biomechanical many disciplines related to the underlying and can support the development
of biomechanics.
Disciplines of biomechanics is not independent of the complexity of the problems
addressed by this biomechanics. For more details can be seen in chart (Figure 2.2) below:

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Figure 2.2 Diagram of Science Biomechanics (Contini and Drill, 1966)

2.3.1 The concept of Biomechanics

Biomechanics is classified into two, namely:
1. General biomechanic
Biomechanics is part of the talk about the law - the law and the concept - the basic concepts that
affect human organic body either in a stationary position or moving.
Divided into two, namely:
a) Biostatics is part of the general biomechanics that only analyze the body at rest or moving in a
straight line with uniform velocity (uniform).
b) Biodinamic is part of the general biomechanics related to the image of the movement - the
movement of the body without force that takes into account all happened (kinematic) and
movement caused by forces acting on the body (kinetic) (Tayyari, 1997).
2. Occupational biomechanic.
Defined as part of the study the biomechanics of applied physical interaction between workers
with machines, materials and equipment with the aim to minimize complaints on muscular
skeletal system so that productivity can be increased. After seeing the classification above, in
practice we can we categorize the Occupational Biomechanics biomechanic. For more details,
here we will discuss about the anatomy of the body which becomes the basis for calculating and
analyzing the biomechanics.
In this biomechanical involves many parts of the body that collaborate to produce a motion which
will be conducted by an organ that is a collaboration between the bones, connective tissue
(Connective Tissue) and muscle which can be explained as follows:
1. Bone
Bone is a tool to reduce and distribute the force / voltage available to him. Large and long bone
serves to provide a comparison of the expenses incurred on the bone. Maybe in the application.
biomechanics always associated with human skeletons, therefore below is a picture of the human
skeleton (Eko Nurmianto, 1996).

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Figure 2.3 Framework for humans (Nurmianto, 1988)

Bones also always tied to the muscles, and connective tissue (connective Tissue) the ligaments,
cartilage and tendon. Here muscle function to maintain the position of the body in order to remain
perfect attitude.
2. Connective Tissue or connective tissue
Divided into three, namely:
a) Cartilage
b) ligament
c) Tendon
2.1. connection cartilagenous
The function of cartilagenous connection is for a relatively small movement.
Example: Connection ribs (ribs) and the base of the rib bone (sternum)
Special cartilagenous connection, between vertebrates (sections of the spine) is known as
interveterbratal disc, which consists of wrappers, and surrounded by a core (core puply).
Verterbrae also found in ligaments and muscles. The existence of a relatively small movement in
each jointnya, may result flaksibelitas human body to bend, looked up, and play. While the disc
serves as a shock absorber when people move both translational and rotational (Nurmianto, 1996).
Ligaments connection
Ligament serves as a liaison between the bone with the bone for stability of the connection (joint
stability), or to establish a connection portion and attached to the bone. Ligaments are composed
of fibers are located not parallel. Therefore, tendons and ligaments are inelastic and serves also to
resist deformation. The existence of a constant voltage will be able to extend the ligaments and
make it less effective in stabilizing the connections (joints).

Figure 2.4 Hand Motion (Nurmianto, 1996)

Ligaments are to limit the range of motion. Limitation range can determine the movement or
activities described by the system of joints. Simple joints exist on elbows and knees. With the
excuse that the second is a connection that restrict the movement of flexion (flexion). Connection
elbow gives freedom of movement to the hand bone. The arms and legs are complex connection,
which is able to hold a three-dimensional movement, Example: movement raised his hand, elbow
joint is also aided by the shoulder joint, the movement of the entire hand rotation on its axis and
the movement of the arm at the wrist joint. The human hand has a high flexibility in movement
(Nurmianto, 1996).
tendons
Serves as a liaison between the bone and the muscle is composed of a group of collagen fibers
lying parallel to the length of the tendon. Tendon tissue fibers move in a group in one way or the
area where the force of friction must be minimized. The inside of these tissues secrete synovial
fluid for lubrication (Nurmianto, 1996).
3. Muscle (Muscle)
Discussing issues striatik muscle is voluntary muscles. Muscles are formed on visber (fiber), with
a length of 10-40 mm and a diameter of 0.01-0.1 mm and muscle energy source derived from the
breakdown of energy-rich compounds through aerobic and anaerobic processes.
a. anaerobic
That is the process of changing the energy of ATP to ADP and without oxygen. Muscle glycogen
contained in fragmented into energy, and form lactic acid. In this process the lactic acid will give
an indication of muscle fatigue locally, due to lack of oxygen caused by the lack of supply of

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blood pumped from the heart. For example, if there are movements that are abrupt (sudden), ran
a short distance (sprint), and so forth. Another cause is due to the prevention needs of oxygenated
blood flow in the presence of load ototstatis. Or because of inadequate blood flow to supply
oxygen and glycogen will release lactic acid.
b. aerobic
That is the process of change of ATP into ADP and waterwheel with the help of oxygen. The
lactic acid produced by muscle contraction rapidly oxidized to CO 2 and HO 2 under aerobic
conditions. So the workload is not too tiring to be able to last long enough. In addition, blood flow
will be sufficient supply of fat, carbohydrates and oxygen to the muscles. As a result of working
conditions that are too long will cause glycogen levels in the blood will decrease drastically below
the norm, and the opposite of lactic acid levels will rise, and if it is so then the best way is to stop
the work, then rest and eat nutritious foods to form sugar in the blood. The foregoing is a process
of muscle contraction that has simplified the analysis of energy generation, and also indicates the
importance of blood flow to the muscles. Therefore the ergonom let attention to things like the
following to be avoided wherever possible (Nurmianto, 1996):
a) Load static muscle (muscle static loads).
b) occlusion (blockage of blood flow) due to the pressure, for example in terms of seat pressure
the popliteal (knee fold).
c) Work with the arm above the elbow that caused blood flow to work opposite to the direction
of gravity.
In the working world of concern are:
a. The strength of the muscle work.
Strength of muscular work depends on:
1. The position of the body that works
2. Direction of movement of labor.
3. The difference in strength between the parts of the body.
4. Age.
b. Speed and accuracy.
c. The durability of the body's tissues to load.
One thing that is important to know the type of the corresponding muscles to sustain static loads.
Static loads that occur in all muscles should be minimized. Style which occurred on the same
muscle contraction by proportional to cross-sectional. Muscles only has the ability to contract and
relaksi when moving in the opposite direction of the other muscles, known as the antagonist
movement.

Figure 2.5 Structure of the Human Muscle (Nurmianto, 1996)

Biomechanics can be applied to [CHA91]: redesign of existing work, evaluate the work, manual
materials handling, static loading and determination of system time.
The principles of biomechanics in the removal of the load [CHA91]:
1. Adjust the weight with the establishment of workers by considering the frequency of removal.
2. Take advantage of two or more workers to move heavy items.
3. Change the activity if possible so it is easier, lighter and not
dangerous.
4. Minimize the horizontal distance between the movement began and ended in
removal of goods.

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5. The material is not higher than the shoulders.

6. Reduce the frequency of removal.
7. Give me a break.
8. Apply job rotation to work a little in need of power.
9. Design a container that has a handle that can be held close to the body.
10. heavy objects placed knee so that the removal does not
cause back injuries.

2.3.2 Analysis of Mechanical

1. Maximum permissible limit (MPL)
Is the limit of the amount of compressive force on the segment L5 / S1 of activities in units of
Newton's appointment standardized by NIOSH (National Instiute of Occupational Safety and
Health) in 1981. Large compressive force is below 6500 N at L5 / S1. While the force limits of
normal force (the Action Limit) for 3500 at the L5 / S1. So, if Fc <AL (safe), AL <Fc <MPL
(need careful) and when Fc> MPL (dangerous). Limits the maximum allowable lifting force,
which recommended NIOSH (1991) is based on the compressive force of 6500 N at L5 / S1, but
only 1% of women and 25% of men are expected to go beyond this lift. It should be noted that
the value of the biomechanical analysis of posture or position is a range of work activities, the
size of the load, and the size of the human being evaluated. While the safety criteria are based on
the compressive load (compression load) on intebral disc between the fifth lumbar and sacrum
number one (L5 / S1). To find out more clearly the L5 / S1 can be seen in Figure 2.6 below:

Figure 2.6 Classification and codification of the vertebrae (Nurmianto, 1996)

Analysis of various kinds of work that shows the pain (aching) is closely related to the
compression load (press) which occurs in (L5 / S1), said Chaffin and Park (1973). It was also
discovered that 85 to 95% of the disk hernia occurs with relative frequency in the L4 / L5 and L5
/ S1. Most diseases of the spine is an intervertebral disc hernia in which the release of the
intervertebral nucleus (Pulpy nucleus) which is caused by damage to the intervertebral disc
wrapping layer.
Evan and Lissner (1962) and Sonoda (1962) conducted a study to test tap on the spine (vertebrae).
They found that a healthy spine is less susceptible to hernia, but is more easily damaged / cracked
if it is caused by the load borne by the segments of the spine (spinal) and that occurs with damage
initiated by the top / bottom of spine segments (the castilage end -plates in the vertebrae). Small
cracks that occur in the vertebral will cause discharge from the vertebrae to the disc and further
into intervetrebae result in degeneration (damage) on the disk. From this it can be concluded that
degeneration is a prerequisite for the occurrence of the intervertebral disc hernia, which in turn
will become a common cause of the onset of pain in the lower back (low-back pain). In a
movement in skeletal muscle system, muscle reacts to the bone for
controlling the rotational motion around the joints, some levers to explain it. In this system the
muscle acts as a mechanical system which serves to supply the kinetic energy and angular
movement.

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In Figure 2.7 illustrated that there is a lever system in the human body members who perform
work activities.

Figure 2.7 System Levers (Evan and Lissner, 1962)

Lever system I:
Examples lever system I:
a. Triceps muscle pull to move the elbow ulna
b. Quadriceps muscle pull to move the tibia through the patellar knee
Lever system II:
Examples of levers II:
a. Biceps muscle pull radius to lift the elbow
b. Brachial muscle pull to lift the elbow ulna
c. Deltoid muscle pull the humerus to shrug
To get a simple description of the mechanism of force (force)
the following are examples of the following:
A workpiece weighing 2 kg lifted with one arm, the arm weight of 25 N. In the center of the load
arm to know the distance to the center of the load objects as far as 30 cm, r = 5 cm, R = 13 cm

From the above data we can determine the force F which is subject to object to the sleeve as
follows:

We need to know that the work is not only an operator who issued a power arm, but other parts
of the body such as the back, thighs, calves, etc.. In biomechanical calculations for the moment
and styles can be done by calculating the force and mement partially or calculate each segment
that make up the human body.

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Figure 2.8 Percentage Persegmen body (Tayyari, 1997)

Therefore, below is a calculation (manually) in, which is calculated for each segment of the spine
affecting the appointment activity, except foot segment:

Source: Tayyari, 1997

Source: Tayyari, 1997

By using the technique of calculating the balance of forces on each segment of the human body,
the importance of the resultant moment at L5 / S1. Then to achieve the balance of the body on the
appointment activity, the moment at L5 / S1 is offset force on the spinal erector muscles (FM) is
quite large and also the style of the stomach (FA) as the effect of abdominal pressure (PA) or
abdominal pressure which serves to help the stability of the body because of the influence of the
moment and styles that exist as a model in Figure 2.9 below.

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Figure 2.8
Simple model of the lower back (low back) were investigated by Chaffin for the analysis of
activity Static coplanar figures. (Chaffin, 1984)
The spinal erector muscles style formulated as follows:

FM = Force on Spinal muscular Erector (Newton)

E = Long Arm spinal erector muscles moment of L5 / S1 (estimate 0.05 m source: Nurmianto;
1996)
M (L5 / S1) = MT = resultant moment at L5 / S1
FA = Style Belly (Newton)
D = Distance from the stomach to force the L5 / S1 (0.11 m Source: Nurmianto, 1996)
To search for Stomach Style (FA), it is necessary to look for Abdominal Pressure (PA) with
equation:

2.4 Recommended Weight Limit (RWL)

Recommended Weight Limit is a recommendation that the load limit can be raised by
humans without causing injury even though the work is done in a repetitive and long enough
period of time. RWL is set by NIOSH in 1991 in the United States. NIOSH equation applies
in the circumstances:

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a. Given load is static load, no addition or reduction of the load in the middle - the middle
of the job.
b. The load is lifted with both hands.
c. Appointment or decrease objects made within a maximum of 8 hours.
d. Appointment or decrease objects should not be done while sitting or kneeling.
e. The workplace is not cramped.
Based on the attitudes and conditions of the appointment system work load in the process
of loading of goods made by workers in the experiment, the authors take measurements of
factors - factors that affect the removal of the load with reference to the provisions NIOSH
(1991).

Figure 2.9: Recommended Weight Limit (Effendi, 2002)

The equation to determine the recommended load to be lifted a worker under certain
conditions according to NIOSH is as follows [1]:
RWL = LC x HM x VM x DM x AM x FM x CM
Note: LC: constant load = 23 kg
♦ HM: Horizontal multiplier factor = 25 / H
♦ FM: frequency multiplier factor (Frequency Multiplier) * see table 1
♦ CM: multiplier clutch (handle) * see table 2
VM: vertical multiplication factor 1 to 0.03 | V - 75 |
♦ DM: displacement multiplier factor = 0.82 + 4.5 / D
♦ AM: asymmetric multiplier factor = 1 to 0.0032 A
Note (see picture):
♦ H: distance to the center point of the body burden
♦ V: distance load on the floor
♦ D: distance moved in a vertical load
♦ A: angle of rotation symmetry formed body
For Frequency Multiplier is determined by using the FM table below to determine the
frequency of force per minute and also the value of V in inches.

Table 2.1 Table Frequency Multiplier

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Source: Effendi, 2002

Description: for the removal frequency less or only 1 time in 5 minute set F = 2 Elevator
/ mnt For Multiplier Factor clutch (handle) can be specified in Table 2.2 below:

Table 2.2 Table Coupling Multiplier

Source: Effendi, 2002

From the NIOSH equation set, there is a difference in vertical distance multiplicative
factors for Indonesian workers, so that the necessary adjustments to the estimated value of
the weight recommended for appointment. The existence of these differences because the
vertical multiplication factor is very dependent on the anthropometric knuckle height (the
vertical distance from the floor to the fingertips with a straight downward position).
Formulation vertical multiplication factor produced by NIOSH are:

While the results of research can be that for industrial workers Indonesia
distance multiplier factors:
Description: VM = vertical multiplier factor
V = vertical distance load (units in cm)
After RWL known value, then the calculation of Lifting Index, to know the rapture index
which does not contain the risk of spinal cord injury, with the equation:

If LI ≤ 1, then the activity does not contain the risk of spinal injury. If LI> 1, then the
event is the risk of spinal injury.
In the human body there are three kinds of styles: Winter, 1979)
1. Style gravity, ie the force through the center of mass of each segment of the human
body with a downward direction. Great style is mass times gravitational acceleration (F = mg)
2. Reaction Force is the force caused by the load on the body segment or segments of the
body's own weight.

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3. Style muscles that force which occurs in the joints, either as a result of friction joints
or as a result of the force on the muscle attached to the joints. This style reflects the size and
muscle moments.
The human body is composed of 6 links Chaffin & Anderson (1984), namely:
1. Link forearm, limited joint palms and elbows.
2. Link the upper arm, elbow and shoulder joint is restricted.
3. Go back, shoulder and hip joint is restricted.
4. Link thigh, hip and knee joint is restricted.
5. Link calf, knee joint is restricted and ankles.
6. Link the foot, the ankle joint is restricted and the soles of the feet

2.5 Fatigue
In biomechanics we will deal with one of the events is called fatigue. Fatigue is not separated
from the application of biomechanics as biomechanics see the mechanically, but human nature in
humans can not be ruled out that the human / workers have limitations that one state is called
fatigue. Fatigue is the process of decreasing the efficiency of work performance and reduced
physical strength or endurance of the human body to continue the activities that must be
performed. In another discussion, fatigue is defined as a pattern that arises in a situation that is
common in individuals who have no longer able to carry out its activities. There are several kinds
of fatigue caused by several factors, such as:
1. Tired muscles, which is indicated by the appearance of symptoms of pain when the muscle to
excessive loading.
2. Tired visual, namely fatigue caused by tension in the visual organs (eye) is continuously
concentrated on an object.
3. Mental Fatigue, namely fatigue that comes through mental work as thinking often also referred
to as a tired brain.
4. Tired monotonis, namely fatigue caused by work activities that are routine, monotonous,
tedious or work environment. While the fatigue caused by a number of factors that continues over
time and accumulate, will lead to what is called chronic fatigue. Where symptoms are apparent
as a result of chronic fatigue can be characterized as:
1. Increased emotional and annoyance that people become less tolerant or asocial towards others.
2. The emergence of apathy towards work.
3. severe depression.

2.5.1Fatigue Symptoms
The exact arrival of fatigue that impinge on a person it would be difficult to clearly identified
environmental measure fatigue person is not an easy job. Achievement or performance of work
that can evaluate the level of fatigue. Fatigue can be seen through indikasiindikasi (symptoms) as
follows:
1. Attention workers decreased.
2. Feeling of heaviness on the head, being tired of the whole body, legs feel heavy to evaporate,
the mind feels chaotic, eyes feel heavy, stiff and awkward in motion unbalanced in the stand was
lying.
3. Feeling hard to think being nervous can not concentration can not have the attention to
something less confidence tend to forget worrying about something can not control the attitude
and not diligent in the work.
4. Pain in lumbar pain shoulder stiffness depressed respiratory sounds fiber, thirst, feels dizzy,
spasm of the eyelids, tremors of the limbs feel unwell body.

2.5.2 Efforts to Reduce Fatigue.

Problems of fatigue finally bring management to always try to find a way out. Because if fatigue
is not handled will seriously hamper the productivity of labor and can cause accidents.
The efforts to reduce fatigue are as follows;
1. Provide sufficient calories as an input to the body.

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2. Working with a good working method. Suppose that works by using the principles of motion
economy.
3. Taking into account the ability of the body, it means removing the power does not exceed its
revenue by taking into account their limitations.
4. Noting the regular working time. Means should be arrangements for working hours, rest periods,
and tools. The days of holiday and recreation.
5. Set the physical environment as well as possible, such as temperature, humidity, air circulation,
lighting vibration noise, smell / scent, etc.
6. Trying to reduce the monotony of color and decoration work space, providing music, providing
time-time sports, etc.

2.5.3 Causes of Fatigue

Fatigue that can occur due to various causes of the most important things are:
1. monotony
2. The intensity and duration of action
3. Environment atmosphere, light, and noise.
4. Physiology responsibility.
5. Pain, pain, and symptoms of nutrients.

2.6 Rapid Upper Limb Assessment

Rula (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) is a tool in the form of a survey to identify the job that
cause cumulative injury risk (cumulative trauma disorders / CTD) through the analysis of posture,
style, and use of the muscles. This tool is a detailed screening tool to test the tendency of workers
to the risk of injury to the posture, style, use of muscle, and the movement of workers during
work. The results of the analysis will indicate the degree of the tendency of workers at risk and
provide methods for priority work to assist in the investigation of further work. This tool does not
provide specific recommendations for modification work. This tool is designed to be easy to use
survey and quick to answer the need for more detailed analysis.
Rula is a tool to evaluate the risk factors posture, static muscle contraction, repetitive movements,
and styles that are used for a particular job. Each factor has a respective contribution to a
calculated value. The values are summed and applied to the table to determine the Grand Score.
Grand Score indicates the extent to which workers are exposed to the risk factors above and based
on these values, it can be suggested yan action needs to be taken.
1. APPLICATION
� tool to conduct a preliminary analysis that is able to determine how much risk workers to be
affected by factors that cause injury, namely:
� Posture
� static muscle contraction
� repetitive movement
� Style
� Determine priorities based on risk factors of injury job. This is done by comparing the value of
different tasks are evaluated using Rula.
� Finding the most effective measures for the work that has a relatively high risk. Analysis can
determine the contribution of each factor to the overall work its way through the value of each
risk factor.
� Finding the extent to which penngaruh a modification of the work. Improvements can be
measured quantitatively by comparing the assessment before and after the modification is applied.
2. RESTRICTIONS
� Only selected risk factors yan evaluated. Rula does not take into account factors such as the
risk of injury to keadaans:
o When working without a break
o Individual Variation workers, just as age, experience, size, strength, or health history.
o Factors working environment.
o psychosocial factors.

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� worker posture assessment does not include the analysis of the position of the thumb or fingers
of the other hand, although the force exerted fingers had been included.
� No measurement of time. The time factor is important because it relates to muscle fatigue and
muscle contraction akiibat tissue damage.
� Given the lack of significant weight to the repetitive motion.
3. RISK FACTORS POSTURE
Steps to determine the value of posture risk factors:
� The body is divided into two parts
� joint working position or body segments selected from each section were observed
� Values are given for each joint or body segment was selected based on its position.
� modified value if there are certain conditions.
� value determined posture for each section of the table.
The body is divided into two parts, namely:
GROUP A-arms up, forearm, wrist, and hand,
GROUP B-neck, torso, and lower body.
4. RISK FACTORS STATIC MUSCLE CONTRACTION
The scoring system for these factors associated with research Bjorksten, Jonsonn, and Grandjean
linking static muscle contraction with the degree of risk.
Assessment are:
• Posture relatively static (last in the same position for more than 1 minute) value = 1
• relatively dynamic posture (no a position held for more than 1 minute) value = 0 Posture Group
A and Group B separately evaluated relative to this risk factor.
5. RISK FACTORS repetitive motion
Repetitive motion is defined as motion that is repeated 4 x in 1 minute. These risk factors are not
given its own value but the number of repetitive motions considered in the scoring for style risk
factors.
6. RISK FACTORS STYLE
Based on research Putz-Anderson, Stevenson, and Baidya, assessment is given as follows:
� Load 4.4 lbs (2 kg) or less and sometimes nature, value = 0
� Between 4.4 and 22 lbs (2-10 kg) and its sometimes, value = 1
� Between 4.4 and 22 lbs (2-10 kg) and requires a static posture (held for more than 1 minute) or
require repetitive motion (motion is repeated more than 4 x in 1 minute) value = 2
� More than 22 lbs (10 kg) but is sometimes, value = 2
� More than 22 lbs (10 kg) and requires a static posture / movement repetitive, value = 3
� Expenses and occurs regardless of the imposition of a sudden, the value = 3
7. AGGREGATION VALUE RISK FACTORS
A value posture, muscle A value, and the value of the style A is added to obtain the value of C.
Value posture B, the value of muscle B, and B is added to the value of the force that the value of
D.

2.3 Tabel Grand Score

Score C Score D(neck, trunk, leg)
(UPPER LIMB) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7+
1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5
2 2 2 3 4 4 5 5
3 3 3 3 4 4 5 6
4 3 3 3 4 5 6 6
5 4 4 4 5 6 7 7
6 4 4 5 6 6 7 7
7 5 5 6 6 7 7 7
8+ 5 5 6 7 7 7 7

Source: Effendi, 2002)

Rank 1 to 7 are given for every possible combination of values C and D based on the
degree of exposure to risk factors. Ranking the so-called Grand Score.

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8. INTERPRETATION OF GRAND SCORE

Grand Score indicates the need for more in-depth analysis of the work and provide a
method to prioritize the work that needs to be analyzed further. A value of 1 or 2 = Action
Level 1
For this range of work postures can be worth 2 or less for each group and muscle
contraction rate and force of 0.
Recommendation: risk factors of workers exposed to relatively low risk and is still
considered acceptable, as long as workers are not too long or repeated under these conditions.
A score of 3 or 4 = Action Level 2
Working posture is outside the range of safe, or working posture is still acceptable but
characterized by repetitive motion, static muscle contraction, or spending a significant force.
Recommendation: further analysis and changes may be needed,
A score of 5 or 6 = Action Level 3
Posture is outside the range of work safety. Repetitive movements and / or static muscle
contraction is needed, and it may take a significant force expenditure.
Recommendation: Further analysis and necessary changes immediately.
Value 7 = Action Level 4
Working posture is outside the range of safe, repetitive movements and / or static muscle
contraction is needed, and it may take a significant force expenditure.
Recommendation: Further analysis and required changes very soon.
Computer Workstation Review and Set-Up

2.7 Design Work Stations

Work station is an area of 3 (three) dimensions surrounding a worker (operator) that the
limits will be determined by the spatial dimension of tangency points that can be reached
easily by the body parts (especially the members of the body to perform movements work,
such as leg and arm / hand) and the location for placement machines, working tools, and other
work aids facility to be operated by workers. Work stations designed properly be able to
provide safety and comfort for the operator which further work will be a significant effect in
determining the level of performance. In this case there is a close relationship between
comfort and productivity of work that can be achieved by a worker; although there are still
many people who assume that the productivity and quality of work (quality of work life) is a
linear function of the level of wages and incentives can be given to workers (Barnes, 1980;
Wignjosoebroto, 2000).
Similarly, many people are less aware of the work that discomfort felt by a worker turned
out to be caused by errors in the design of work that must be operated facilities or work station
where the operator will spend most of its time in the work area (work envelope) that is narrow
and limited. Labor discomfort can also be caused by improper working position (eg too long
sitting, squatting or standing) and require additional energy that could ultimately accelerate
the arrival of fatigue, decreased performance and productivity. Work stations must be
designed so that workers will be able to carry out its activities effectively, flexible and
comfortable.
Work station design specifications will be closely related to the physical characteristics
of the human (anthropometric data) were measured either through static and dynamic
measurement methods that will interact with the existing working system. According to
Stevenson (1987, 1989) and Wignjosoebroto (2000, 2001, 2003) is a collection of
anthropometric data are related to the physical characteristics of the human body, the size and
strength as well as the application of these data to the handling of the design (design). In order
for a product or facility design will work in accordance with the human body to operate, so
be aware of the principles in the application of anthropometric data. To achieve these
conditions, then there are two (2) determining factors that must be taken into account in the
process of designing a work station, namely (a) must be kept in mind that the working
population will be very varied and different in both form and size of the body (anthropometry)
- her; and (b) should be understood correctly about the characteristics of the population of
users of the product or work facilities such as education, culture, skills, attitude, physical or

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mental ability, and others. Fundamental mistake that is often made by a designer is putting
the characteristics and specifications of the existing measures on itself into a design that will
be made.
Principle to be applied here is "if I can use it, it must be designed well". The fundamental
error of this kind can only be eliminated by applying appropriate anthropometric data relevant
to the largest population of the wearer.

2.7.1 Approach Ergonomics in Design Station / Facilities

Ergonomics are generally defined as "the study of work" has been able to bring significant
changes in implementing the concept of increased productivity through more efficient use of
labor and the division of labor based on specialization of human labor-skill (Bridger, 1995;
Sanders & McCormick, 1992). The concept of productivity that occurs in the production line
in the industry have shifted the structure of the agrarian economy based on natural resource
wealth and then headed to the economic structure of production (industrial) which emphasizes
the importance of value-added (added value). The focus of what has been researched,
reviewed and recommended by the pioneers of the study of the work in this industry --- which
subsequently recorded as the beginning of the era of "scientific management" --- has provided
a strong foundation for placing "as economist engineer" in the system design production. In
this case revolves around the implementation of industrial ergonomics 2 (two) main theme,
namely (a) the study of the "interfaces" of man and machine in a working system, and (b) the
analysis of production systems (industrial) to refine and improve the performance of existing
work .
Approach to ergonomics in the design of the station and / or work in industrial facilities
has put the design of human-machine systems that work completely rational-mechanistic
initially seem more human. Here, factors associated with physical (physiology / physiology)
and behavior (psychology) both individually humans when interacting with the machine in a
man-machine system design and physical work environment will be a primary consideration.
The issue of the design of working procedures in line production activity seems also will
continue to focus on efforts to implement the concept of "human-centered systems
engineered" in the design of technology products and processes by linking the human factor
in it. Ergonomics approach undertaken in the design of production systems on the production
floor will be able to produce a design of human-machine systems that conform to human
expectations of workers or without cause workload that exceeds the threshold (physical and
psychological) of man to hold it. In this case will be applied to all kinds of information related
to human factors (strengths, weaknesses / limitations) in the system design work includes the
design of products (man-made objects), machinery and work facilities and / or physical work
environment that is more effective, safer , comfortable, healthy and efficient (ENASE).
Engineering human (human engineering) work done on the system is expected to be able
to (a) improve the performance of human labor as work up speed, accuracy, safety, comfort
and reduce energy use excessive work and reduces fatigue; (b) reducing the time wasted for
training and employment facilities to minimize the damage caused by human errors; and (c)
increase the "functional effectiveness" and the productivity of human labor by taking into
account human characteristics in the design of work systems (Suyanto, 1985; Wignjosoebroto,
2001).

2.8 Software Used

2.8.1 Ergo Intelligence MMH (RWL)
The ErgoIntelligence MMH (Manual Materials Handling) focuses on material handling
applications and provide in-depth risk analysis for low injury NIOSH Lifting Equation using,
Biomechanics, Energy Expenditure, Mital Tables and Table Snook and Ciriello. After assessing
the performance of the material removal manually (manual material handling), which includes
activities such didalammnya lifting, lowering, pulling, pushing, carrying, the program also shows
the many generic recommendations to prevent work-related risks also called Low Back Injury.
Equations are calculated to provide the size of the health and safety practitioners with empirical
weight limit for manual removal / reduction. The weight limit is called by NIOSH as the

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Recommended Weight Limit (RWL). In addition to calculating the RWL for a single task, NIOSH
Lifting Equation Module (s) also perform multi-task analysis. Addition ni feature allows a
comprehensive risk analysis for the removal and reduction tasks.

Figure 2.1 The initial view ErgoIntelligence MMH

Figure 2.2 Individual Task Information

Input data required on Individual Task Information, it will get the value Lifting Index, which is
a measure to determine whether removal of the work load is safe to do, if the value of Lifting
Index ≥ 1, then the work is not safe to do so, otherwise, if the value lifting Index ≤ 1, then it is
safe to do the job.

2.8.2 ErgoIntelligence UAE (RULA)

Ergo Upper Extremity Assessment Intelligence. (UAE) is a software that combines various tools
(equipment) that is used to identify the work that led to the risk of bodily injury, which includes
Rula, REBA, Strain Index, Occupational Repetitive Actions Index (ocra) and Cumulative
Trauma Disorders Risk Index.
Rula provide rapid assessment of musculoskeletal burden on workers due to posture, repetition
and force. This helps in evaluating the work or tasks that may expose workers' complaints to
upper limb disorders (neck, shoulder, arm and forearm, and hand). Rula provide an assessment
by providing a "Grand Score" which can be divided into four Action Level.
a. Action level 1
Score 1 or 2 shows the working attitude unacceptable and not in need of repair, if not
maintained or repeated for a long time.
b. Action level 2
A score of 3 or 4 shows that require further investigation and changes that may be required.

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c. Action level 3
A score of 5 or 6 shows the investigation and necessary changes immediately.
d. Action level of 4
Score of 7 indicates that the investigation and the changes that must be made immediately.

Figure 2.3 Observation Sheet Rula

Figure 2.3 Task Information

Figure 2.4 Rula Display Score

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2.8.3 SketchUp (Design Work Station)

SketchUp is software that can be used to create and modify 3D models (3-dimensional). In the
form of a 3D modeling program designed for engineers architectural, civil, and mechanical as
well as filmmakers, game developers, and related professions.
This software is a 3D modeling software that nudah to learn with some simple tools which there
are facilities in to create 3D models of houses, sheds, decks, home addition, woodworking
projects, and even space ships. You can add details, textures, and glass to your models, and
design with dimensional accuracy.

Figure 2.14 Display of Sketch Up Design

PART III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3. Research Methodology
Research Methodology which is also referred to as a problem-solving proposal describes the
steps taken in the research as set model of problem solving and look for problem solving
steps and a series of activities undertaken during the research process.

Problem-solving model is used as a reference to determine the step - step problem solving.
Model solving this problem using the method of anthropometric measurements, analysis using
RWL work attitude, and RULA, static biomechanical measurements, and workstation design.
And the use of supporting software, including ErgoIntelligence MMH, ErgoIntelligence UAE,
and SketchUp

3.1 Step - step of Troubleshooting

To solve the above problem, we need troubleshooting steps, so solving the problem
becomes purposeful and systematic. The steps of troubleshooting are as follows:

3.1.1 Identification of the problem

At this stage the researchers will identify issues to be examined in accordance with the
preliminary studies that have been done before.
The importance of methods and work in a production facility is very influential to the
performance of the workers and also affect the productivity of the workers themselves, the
researchers tried to do repair work as well as the methods and facilities design ergonomic
work stations based approach.

3.2.2 Definition of Work

Definition of the work in question here is how to design methods and facilities, as well
as designing work station with ergonomic approach.

3.2.3 Literature

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At this stage the researchers collected the materials or supporting theories that can help
in solving the problem. These theories about working attitude analysis, biomechanics data
retrieval, analysis of subjective complaints, the initial design of work stations.

3.2.4 Collection and Processing of Data

3.2.4.1 Anthropometric
Before performing anthropometric calculations must be done in advance of data
collection such as:
1. Determine the measurement object
2. Create a table of data collection

Table of collecting data in accordance differentiate the object of measurement and

between men and women.
Tabel 3.1 anthropometric data collection format
Measurement Measurement Results
No.
Object 1 2 3 4

3. Data Processing
1. Uniformity Test Data
a. Calculate the average price of a sub group ( X )

X
 X i ( 3.1 )
K

b. Calculating Standard Deviation (  )

  X iX 2

................................................................................. ( 3.2 )
N

c. Calculate the price of an average standard deviation of subgroups (  x )


x  ............................................................................................. ( 3.3 )
n

d. Calculating upper control limit (BKA) and lower control limits (BKB) for
uniformity of data
α = 4%
β = 96%
  1   
Z t  1    ................................................................................... ( 3.4 )
  2 

Batas Kontrol
BKA  X  Zt . x ............................................................................... ( 3.5 )
BKB  X  Zt . x ............................................................................... ( 3.6 )

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f. Conclusion
Data has been uniform, do not need revision

2. Sufficiency Data Test

2
 Zt / a N X 2   X 2 
 i  i 
N' 
  Xi  ......................................................... ( 3.7 )
 

From the above calculation if the price obtained N 'N, so that the data is assumed to be
sufficient
3. Frequency Distribution
a. Range (R )
Range (R) = Dmax  Dmin ................................................. ( 3.8 )
b. Number of Class (k)
Number of Class (k) = 1 + 3.3 log N ....................................... ( 3.9 )
c. Width of Class (P)
R
Width Of Class (P) = ....................................................... ( 3.10 )
k
4. Central Tendency
a. Mean X
 fi.CM
X .................................................................................... ( 3.11 )
 fi
b. Median
N  F1 
Xˆ  LCBmed P  2
 ........................................................ ( 3.12 )
f
 
c. Modus
~ b1
X  LCB mod P .................................................................. ( 3.13 )
b1b2

5. Percentile Values
a. Layout percentile
 N 1 
Pii  ....................................................................................... ( 3.14 )

 100 
d. Determining the Value Percentile
 iN / 100   F1 
Pi  LCB  p 
 fi  ( 3.15 )

3.2.4.2 Static biomechanics

Before performing biomechanical calculations must be done in advance of data collection
such as:
1. Data collection body dimensions
2. Create a table of data collection
a. Table weight measurements workers
Table 3.2 Format weight measurements workers
Workers Weight Workers Weight
1 6
2 7

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3 8
4 9
5 10
Weight Average

b. Table measuring body dimensions workers

Table 3.3 Format dimensional measurements worker's body
The size of the body dimensions Length (cm)
Workers
No Body segmentation Information 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Average(SL)
1 Palm of Hand Distance wrist to the center mass of the object
2 forearm Distance wrist-elbow
3 Upper Arm Distance elbow-shoulder
4 back Distance shoulder to L5 / S1
5 inclination Stomach - - - - - - - - - - - -
6 inclination Thigh - - - - - - - - - - - -

No Body segmentation Angle(degrees)

1 palm 20
2 forearm 20
3 Upper Arm 80
4 back 45
5 inclination Stomach θH = 45
6 inclination Thigh ΘT = 50

1. Data Processing
Calculate the compressive force on L5 / S1
a. Palm
∑Fy = 0 .......................................................................... ……….( 3.16 )
∑Fx = 0, no horizontal force…….................................................( 3.17 )
∑M = 0..........................................................................................( 3.18 )
WH = 0,6% x Wbody..................................................................( 3.19 )
Fyw = Wo/2 + WH........................................................................( 3.20 )
Mw = (Wo/2 + WH) x SL1 x cos θ1.............................................( 3.21 )

b. forearm
∑Fy = 0.........................................................................................( 3.22 )
∑Fx = 0, no horizontal force........................................................( 3.24 )
∑M = 0.........................................................................................( 3.25 )
λ2 = 43%.......................................................................................( 3.26 )
WLA = 1,7% x Wbody...............................................................( 3.27 )
Fye = Fyw + WLA.......................................................................( 3.28 )
Me = Mw + (WLA x λ2 x SL2 x cos θ2) + (Fyw x SL2 x cos θ2)..( 3.29 )

c. Upper Arm
∑Fy = 0.......................................................................................( 3.30 )
∑Fx = 0, no horizontal force......................................................( 3.31 )
∑M = 0.......................................................................................( 3.32 )
λ3 = 43,6%..................................................................................( 3.33 )
WLA = 2,8% x Wbody.............................................................( 3.34 )
Fys = Fye + WUA......................................................................( 3.35 )
Ms = Me + (WUA x λ3 x SL3 x cos θ3) + (Fye x SL3 x cos θ3)...( 3.36 )

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d. Back
∑Fy = 0.......................................................................................( 3.37 )
∑Fx = 0, no horizontal force......................................................( 3.38 )
∑M = 0........................................................................................( 3.39)
λ4 = 67%.....................................................................................( 3.40 )
WT = 50% x Wbody.................................................................( 3.41 )
Fyt = 2Fys + WT........................................................................( 3.42 )
MT = 2Ms + (WT x λ4 x SL4 x cos θ4) + (2Fys x SL4 x cos θ4)...( 3.43 )

e. Style Muscles in Spinal Erector

FM * E = M(L5/S1) – FA * D (newton).........................( 3.44 )

f. Style belly (PA) and Abdominal Pressure (FA)

........( 3.45 )

g. Style Press / compression at L5 / S1

Fc = Wtot * Cos θ4 – FA + FM (newton).......................( 3.46 )

3.2.4.3 Analysis Work Attitude

1. Recommended Weight Limit using software ErgoIntelligence MMH
a. The initial view ErgoIntelligence MMH

Figure 3.1 The initial view ErgoIntelligence MMH

b. Charging data / information needed for Individual Task Information

Figure 3.2 Individual Task Information

2. Rapid Upper Limb Assessment dengan menggunakan software ErgoIntelligence
UEA
a. The Initial view ErgoIntelligence UEA

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Figure 3.3 Repetitive Upper Limb Assessment

b. Charging data / information needed for Individual Task Information

Gambar 3.4 Task Information

c. RULA Score

Figure 3.5 View of RULA Score

3.2.4.4 Design WorkStation using SketchUp software

Design WorkStation
After performing data processing to create an ergonomic workstation design, the last stage is done
is to design the work station design. Design below includes chairs, tables and shelves, which all
follow the rules of ergonomic design and is based on anthropometric measurements, such as
provisions for width, length and height of each chair, table or shelf is measured using
anthropometric measurements and then applied in the design. In addition to the design of
ergonomic chairs also follow the rules recommended by Rodney K. Lefler, DC from Spine-
health.com. For more details, take a look below:
a. The initial view SketchUp software

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Figure 3.6 The Initial View of SketchUp

b. Choosing template.

Gambar 3.7 Pilihan Template

c.Design View of SketchUp

Figure 3.8 Design SketchUp

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BIBLIOGRAPHY SOURCE

1. Mulyaningrum, Rina Asri (2009), Analysis Weightlifting activity in terms of aspects of

Biomechanics and Physiology (Case Study: CV Prima, Purwodadi), Thesis thesis, University of
Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
2. Nurmianto, Eko., (2008), Ergonomics Basic Concepts and Applications, Second Edition,
Industrial Engineering Ten November Institute of Technology, Surabaya.
3. Modules Team (2009) Analysis Module Design, Work APK and Ergonomics Laboratory,
Islamic University of Indonesia.
4. Modules Team (2010) Analysis Module Design, APK and Ergonomics Laboratory Work,
University of Sundanese.
5. Wignjosoebroto, Sritomo., (2003), Ergonomics Motion and Time Study, First Edition,
Industrial Engineering Ten November Institute of Technology, Surabaya.
6. Building Maker with 3D Warehouse (http://sketchup.google.com/3dwarehouse/)
7. Cakpii (2007), crispy SketchUp 3D Software
(http://ziegrusak.wordpress.com/2007/07/26/sketchup-software-3d-yang-renyah/)
8. ErgoIntelligence Manual Materials Handling, NIOSH Lifting Equation Module
(http://www.nexgenergo.com/ergonomics/ergointelmmh.html)
9. ErgoIntelligence For Product Series
(http://www.nexgenergo.com/ergonomics/ergointel.html)
10. McCall & Associates, 3D Modeling for Everyone (http://sketchup.google.com/)
11. ^ abc "SketchUp Hardware and software requirements". Google. September 2, 2010.
Retrieved 2010-09-07.
^ "What makes SketchUp great". Google SketchUp website. Google. March 25, 2010. Retrieved
May 22, 2010.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SketchUp)
12. Spine Center Directory (20110, Trusted Resource for Back and Neck Pain
(http://spine-health.com/)
13. Tripujadi., Harisno., Erik Sugiarto (2009), Information Systems Applications K3 with Rula
and NIOSH method, Yogyakarta.
(http://journal.uii.ac.id/index.php/Snati/article/view/1250/1049)
14. Wignjosoebroto, Sritomo., Sri Gunani A.Panenwari, terhadapa Ergonomics Analysis
Working Draft Staiun Skiving section with anthropometric People Indonesia (Case Study on
Tire Retreading Plant), Surabaya.
(http://www.its.ac.id/personal/files/pub/2850-m_sritomo-ie paper 20Vulkanisir%%%
20Rancangan 20Ban% 20% 20A.Pawennari.pdf)

SIGNATURE

DATE: 05/01/2015

Thesis Proposal –Ade Mila Haryanti