LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.

Introduction
 Motion of an object-A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position
with respect to its surrounding and at rest.

 Distance- distance is the length of the actual path followed by a body

between the points under consideration .It is a scalar quantity

 Displacement-It is the shortest distance from the initial point to the final
point of movement of a body .It has same unit as distance. It is a vector
quantity as it has magnitude as well as direction.

 Speed- Speed is the distance covered by a body in unit time.

Its SI unit is metre/second and CGS unit is centimetre/second. It is a scalar
quantity. Speed has magnitude, but not direction.

 Velocity- It is the distance covered by a body in a given direction in unit

time. Its unit are same as speed .It has both magnitude as well as direction.
It is vector quantity.

 Uniform motion- It is the motion in which a body covers equal distance in

very small equal intervals of time.

 Non-uniform motion- It is the motion in which a body covers unequal

distance in equal intervals of time.

 Acceleration- It is the rate of change of velocity with respect to time.

Acceleration=Change in velocity/time
𝑣−𝑢
That is a= where, ’u’ is the initial velocity of the body and ‘v’ is the
𝑡
final velocity of the body after time t.

If velocity changes by equal amount in equal time intervals, the object is

said to be uniform acceleration .Its SI unit is m/s2 and CGS unit is cm/m2 .It is a
vector quantity .It has both magnitude and direction.
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.
 Two types of acceleration are-
i) If velocity changes by equal amount in equal time intervals, the
object is said to be uniform acceleration.

ii) If velocity changes by unequal amount in equal time intervals, the

object is said to be non- uniform acceleration.

 When the velocity of a body increases with time, its acceleration is

positive .When the velocity of a body decreases with time, its
acceleration is negative and is called deceleration or retardation. If the
velocity is uniform, acceleration is zero.

 Equation of motion-For a body moving along a straight line with uniform

acceleration ‘a’ the equation of motion relating ‘u’ and ‘v’ , ‘a’ , & ‘t’ are-

1) V= u + at (velocity-time relation)
1 2
2) S= ut + at (displacement- time relation)
2
3) V2 = u2 + 2as (displacement- velocity relation)

 Uniform circular motion- When a body moves in a circular path with

uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular motion.
2𝜋𝑟
In this case, speed, V= , where ‘r’ is radius of the circular path and t is the
𝑡
time taken by the body to complete one revolution.

 Newton’s law of motion-

1) Newton’s first law – An object continues to remain at rest or in a
state of uniform motion along a straight line unless an external
unbalanced force acts on it.
2) Newton’s second law- The rate of change of momentum is
proportional to the applied force and the change of momentum
occurs in the direction of the force.
3) Newton’s third law- Every action force has an equal and opposite
reaction force which acts simultaneously.

 Momentum-It is the product of mass and velocity (P= mv) .It is a vector
quantity. Its SI unit is kg m/s and CGS unit is g cm/s.
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.
 Force- Force= mass x acceleration. It is a vector quantity.SI unit is Newton
and CGS unit is dyne.

 Law of conservation of momentum- When no external force acts on two

interacting objects, their total momentum remains constant. It does not
change.
This law is corollary to newton’s third law of motion.

Q1) Fill in the blanks.

1. The SI unit of force is the Newton.
2. 1 newton = 105 dynes.
3. The minimum distance between the start and finish points of the object
is called the displacement of the object.
4. Deceleration is negative acceleration.
5. When an object is in uniform circular motion, its velocity changes at
every point.
6. During collision total momentum remains constant.
7. The working of a rocket depends on Newton’ third law of motion.
8. When the velocity of an object increases the acceleration is positive.
9. Mass and velocity combine to form a property called momentum.
Q2) Match the column-
Sr.no Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
1 Negative The velocity of A car, initially at
acceleration the object rest reaches a
remains constant velocity of 50
Km/hr in 10 sec.
2. Positive The velocity of A vehicle is
acceleration the object moving with a
decreases. velocity of 25 m/s
3. Zero acceleration The velocity of A vehicle moving
the object with the velocity
increases. of 10 m/s, stops
after 5 sec.
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.
Rewrite the answer-
Sr.no Column 1 Column 2 Column 3
1 Negative The velocity of A vehicle moving
acceleration the object with the velocity
decreases. of 10 m/s, stops
after 5 sec.
2. Positive The velocity of A car, initially at
acceleration the object rest reaches a
increases. velocity of 50
Km/hr in 10 sec.
3. Zero acceleration The velocity of A vehicle is
the object moving with a
remains constant velocity of 25 m/s

Q3) State true or false.

1. Force = mass x velocity – false.
2. Change in momentum occurs in the direction of force – True.
3. Momentum is a scalar quantity – False.
QII) Answer the following.
Q1) Give scientific reasons-
i) When an object falls freely to the ground its acceleration is uniform.
Ans- When an object falls freely, the only force acting on the object is
that due to the earth’s gravity. Near the earth’s surface, this force on a
given object is practically uniform. Hence, an object falling freely to the
ground has almost a uniform acceleration.
ii) Even though the magnitudes of action force and reaction force are
equal and their directions are opposite, their effects do not get
cancelled.
Ans- Action and reaction force act on different bodies. Hence, though
their magnitudes are equal and directions are opposite, their effect do
not get cancelled.
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.
iii) It is easier to stop a tennis ball as compared to a cricket ball, when
both are travelling with the same velocity.
Ans- The momentum of a body is the product of its mass and velocity.
The mass of a cricket ball is greater than that of a tennis ball. Hence, if
the two balls have the same velocity, the momentum of the cricket ball
will be greater than that of the tennis ball .Also a cricket ball is harder
than a tennis ball. Therefore, it is easy to stop a tennis ball as compared
to a cricket ball, when both are moving with the same velocity.
iv) The velocity of an object at rest is considered to be uniform.
Ans- The velocity of an object at rest is always zero. Thus, it does not
change with time. Hence, it is considered to be uniform.
Q2) Define the terms-
i. Acceleration-It is the rate of change of velocity with respect to
time.
ii. Inertia- The tendency of a body to resist a change in its state of
rest or state of motion is called inertia.
iii. Speed- It is the distance covered by a body in unit time.
iv. 1 newton- A force which causes a mass of 1 kg to move with an
acceleration of 1 m/s2 is called 1 newton.
v. 1 dyne- A force which causes a mass of 1 g to move with an
acceleration of 1 cm/s2 is called 1 dyne.
Q3) Difference between-
1. Distance and displacement.

DISTANCE
1. Distance is the length of the
actual path followed by a body
between the points under
consideration.
DISPLACEMENT
1. Displacement is the shortest
distance from the initial point to
the final point of movement of a
body.

2. It does not have a direction. 2. It has direction.

3. Its magnitude is less than or

equal to that of distance.
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.
3. Its magnitude is greater
than or equal to that of
displacement.
4. Displacement may be negative,
positive or zero.
4. Distance travelled is always
positive.

2. Uniform motion and non- uniform motion.

UNIFORM MOTION NON UNIFORM MOTION

1. A body is said to have uniform 1. A body is said to have non

motion when it covers equal uniform motion when it covers
distances in very small equal unequal distances in equal
intervals of time. intervals of time.

2. In this case, the speed of the 2. In this case, the speed of the
body is constant. body is not constant.

3. The distance-time graph for 3. The distance-time graph for

uniform motion is a straight line. non- uniform motion is a curved
line.

4. Eg- Soldiers marching in a 4. Eg- Motion of a vehicle in a

parade. crowded street.

2. Force and Momentum

FORCE MOMENTUM
1.Force is a physical quantity that 1. It is the quantity of motion
changes or tends to change the possessed by a moving body.
state of rest or uniform motion of
a body in a straight line.
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.

2. It is given by the product of 2. It is given by the product of

mass and acceleration of a body. mass and velocity of a body.

3. It is measured in Kg m/s or g
3. It is measured in newton (N) or
cm/s.
dyne.

3. Balanced force and unbalanced force.

BALANCED FORCE UNBALANCED FORCE
1. These forces do not change the 1. These forces change the state of
state of rest or motion of a body. rest or motion of a body.

2. The net force acting on the 2. The net force acting on the
body is always zero. body is always non-zero.

3. Eg- Pulling a wooden block 3. Eg- Pulling a wooden block in

from two opposite sides with the forward direction from one
equal force is a balanced force. side is an unbalanced force.

Q4) Solve the following Numericals.

1. An object moves 18m in the first 3s, 22m in the next 3s and 14m in the last
3s, what is its average speed?
Ans- S1 = 18m, t1 = 3s, S2 = 22m, t2 = 3s, S3 = 14m, t3 = 3s .average speed =?
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
Average speed =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑆1+𝑆2+𝑆3
=
𝑡1+𝑡2+𝑡3
18+22+14𝑚
=
3+3+3𝑠
54
= m/s
9

= 6 m/s.
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.
2. An object of mass 16kg moving with an acceleration of 3 m/s2. Calculate
the applied force. If the same force is applied on an object of mass 24kg, how
much will be the acceleration?
Ans- Given data,
m1 = 16kg, a1= 3m/s2, m2= 24kg, a2=? F =?
i) F = m1a1= 16kg x 3m/s2=48N
The force acting on the object = 48N
ii) F = m2a2
a2 = F/m2= 48N/24Kg= 2 m/s2
The acceleration of the object = 2 m/s2
3. An object having momentum of 20 kg m/s moves with a velocity of 10 m/s.
What will be the mass of the object?
Ans- V= 10m/s, p= 20kg m/s, m=?
P=mv
֒m= p/v
֒ m= 20/10
֒ m = 2kg
֒ The mass of the object is 2kg.
Q3) Answer in brief-
1 .Define uniform and non-uniform motion? Give one example of each?
Ans- Uniform motion- . It is the motion in which the body covers equal
distances in very small equal intervals of time.
Eg- The rotational motion of the blades of a fan at a constant speed.
Non-uniform motion- It is the motion in which the body covers unequal
distances in equal intervals of time.
Eg- The motion of a body falling under gravity.
2. State any five examples of uniform circular motion.
i) The motion of the earth around the sun.
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.
ii) The motion of the moon around the earth.
iii) The motion of the electron around the nucleus of the hydrogen atom.
iv) The motion of the blades of a fan.
v) The motion of a communication satellite around the earth.
3. A car moving with a speed of 15m/s is of 5m/s and covers a distance of 10
m. calculate the braking force on the car if the mass of the car is 2000kg.
Ans- Initial velocity u= 15m/s
Final velocity v= 5m/s
Distance covered, s=10m
Mass, m=2000kg
Braking force, F=?
Solution-Equation of motion=v2= u2+2as
52=152+2xax10
25 =225+20a
225-25=-20a
200=-20a
a = -200/20
a =-10m/s2 (deceleration)
֒ Magnitude of acceleration is 10m/s2.
F=ma
= 2000x10
= 2000N
֒ The braking force applied on the car is 2000N.
4. A person travels a distance of 72km in 4 hr .Calculate the average speed in
m/s.
Ans- Total distance= 72km=72000m
Time= 4 hrs= 4x60x60s
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑
Average speed=
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛
72 𝑥 1000
=
4 𝑥 60 𝑥 60

= 5m/s.
֒ Average speed of the person is 5m/s.
5.A bullet having a mass of 10g and moving with a speed of 1.5m/s,
penetrates a thick wooden plank of mass 90g.The plank was initially at rest.
The bullet gets embedded in the plank and both move together. Determine
their velocity.
Ans- m1=10g=10x10-3kg, u1=1.5m/s
m2= 90g=90x10-3kg, u2=0m/s
V1=v2=v=?
By law of conservation of momentum,
m1u1 + m2u2 = m1v1 + m2v2
As u1= 0m/s, v1 = v2 = v
m1u1= (m1+m2) v
𝑚1𝑢1
֒ v=
𝑚1+𝑚2
10𝑥10−3𝑘𝑔𝑥1.5𝑚/𝑠
֒ v=
10𝑥10−3𝑘𝑔+90𝑥10−3𝑘𝑔
10𝑥1.5 𝑚/𝑠
֒ v=
100

֒ v= 0.15m/s
֒ The speed with which the plank containing the bullet moves=0.15m/s.
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.

Q4) Complete the chart.

FORCE

TYPES

BALANCED FORCE
UNBALANCED FORCE

NEWTON’ 3RD
NEWTON’ 1ST NEWTON’ 2ND LAW OF LAW OF
LAW OF MOTION MOTION MOTION

DESCRIBES EXPLAINS
ACTION &
RATE OF CHANGE OF
INERTIA REACTION
MOMENTUM
FORCE

Q4) Answer in brief

1) State and explain the principle of conservation of momentum.
Ans- When no external force acts on two objects in collision, the total
momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the
collision.
Consider two small spheres A and B with masses m1 and m2 respectively
moving in the same straight line in the same direction with the initial velocities
u1 and u2 respectively.
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.

a) Before the collision

u1 u2
A B

b) During the collision

F1 F2
A B

c) After the collision

v1 v2
A B
Let the magnitude of u1 be greater than that of u2. After some time the spheres
will collide with each other. According to Newton’s third law of motion, at the
time of impact spheres exert equal and opposite forces on each other. Let the
force exerted by sphere B on sphere A be F1. Therefore the force exerted by
sphere A on sphere B will be F2= -F1.
Let the velocities of the sphere after the collision be v1 and v2 respectively. Let
us assume that no external forces act on the spheres during the collision.

Let t be the time for which the spheres remain in contact during this period,
the acceleration of sphere A,
a1 = v1- u1/t
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.
The acceleration of sphere B = a2 = v2-u2/t
The force acting on sphere A,
F1= m1a1= m1 (v1-u1)/t …………… (1)
The force acting on sphere B,
F2= m2a2= m2 (v2-u2)/t ………… (2)
Now, F2= -F1
֒ From (1) and (2) equation we get,
m2 (v2-u2)/t = -m1 (v1-u1)/t
m2v2 – m2u2 = -m1v1 + m1u1
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1u1 + m2u2 ……….. (3)
This means that the total momentum of the sphere after the collision is equal
to their total momentum before the collision.
From this, we can conclude, that when two bodies collide with each other,
their total momentum after the collision is equal to their total momentum
before the collision, provided that no external forces act upon them.
Hence, total momentum in a collision is always conserved.

2) In case of a body moving along a straight line with a uniform

acceleration, obtain the kinematical equations of motion by graphical
method.
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.
Ans- Consider a body moving along a straight line with uniform
acceleration a. Let ‘u’ be the initial velocity of the body and ‘v’ be the
final velocity and s’ be the displacement of the body in time t.
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.

3. Obtain the force equation.

Ans- Let a constant force F act on a body of mass m. Let ‘a’ be the acceleration
produced by the force. Let ‘u’ be the initial velocity of the body and v, be its
velocity in time t, (final velocity) Let us assume that the motion of the body is
along a straight line.
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.
That is Force= mass x acceleration.
This equation is known as the force equation or the equation of motion.

4) Complete the table-

u (m/s) a (m/s2) t (sec) v= u + at (m/s)
2 4 3 -
- 5 2 20

Ans-
u (m/s) a (m/s2) t (sec) v= u + at (m/s)
2 4 3 14
10 5 2 20

2.
u (m/s) a (m/s2) t (sec) 𝟏
S=ut + at2
𝟐
5 12 3 -
7 - 4 92

Ans-
u (m/s) a (m/s2) t (sec) 𝟏
S=ut + at2
𝟐
5 12 3 8
7 69 4 92

3.
u (m/s) a (m/s2) s (m) v2=u2 + 2as
(m/s)2
4 3 - 8
- 5 8.4 10

Ans-
LESSON NO 1- LAWS OF MOTION.
u (m/s) a (m/s2) s (m) v2=u2 + 2as
(m/s)2
4 3 8 8
4 5 8.4 10