Professional Documents
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DISORDERS
TOWARD EUROPEAN GUIDELINES FOR PKU: HOW TO SPEAK A COMMON
LANGUAGE?
Annemiek van Wegberg, Msc,1 François Maillot, MD, PhD,2 and Francjan van Spronsen, MD, PhD1
1
Beatrix Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; and
2
CHRU de Tours, Université François Rabelais, INSERM U1069, Tours, France
ABSTRACT
Background: Because phenylketonuria (PKU; OMIM 261600) is a rare disease, interna onal collabora on is needed to
collect enough pa ent data to determine outcome and prognosis, and to establish interna onal guidelines, which are
currently being developed. This necessitates the use of a common language.
Objec ve: The aim of this study was to examine whether consensus exists about the concepts of “compliance,” “off
diet,” and “lost to follow‐up.”
Methods: A survey of 10 mul ple‐choice ques ons was conducted among 68 professionals a ending a workshop on
the development of European guidelines for PKU management during the 5th European Phenylketonuria Group
Symposium in 2013. Consensus was considered to exist if an answer was given by the majority (>50%) of responders.
Conclusions: Consensus was clearly lacking regarding the surveyed concepts, with only 4 of the 10 ques ons achieving
consensus. A score table is proposed for the defini on of poor, fair, and good compliance, independent of age and
sex. Other concepts, such as the defini on of the severity of phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency, need to be
determined.
DISCUSSION
RESULTS
The aim of this study was to determine whether
A total of 84 professionals par cipated in the workshop. consensus exists on defini ons of some commonly used
Of these, 54 were physicians (64%), 14 were die cians concepts in the day‐to‐day care of pa ents with PKU.
(17%), 8 were industry related (10%), and 8 had another Using a common language will facilitate the quality of
profession (researcher, pa ent organiza on) or their pa ent care and collabora on with regard both to
profession was unknown. The 16 par cipants of the last research and to defining interna onal guidelines. This
groups men oned were excluded from the analysis. applies to all health care areas, not just PKU.3‐8 To
Par cipa ng and trea ng professionals originated from achieve our goal, we developed a mul ple‐choice survey
centers in Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Estonia, that was conducted during 1 of the 4 workshops having a
France, Israel, Italy, Latvia, Kazakhstan, Poland, Portugal, representa ve number of par cipants.
Romania, Saudi Arabia, Slovakia, Spain, the Netherlands, Consensus was achieved on only 4 of the 10 ques ons,
Turkey, and United Kingdom, with about 80% hailing which means there was a lack of consensus on 6
from European countries. The PKU experience of the ques ons. On 2 ques ons, consensus was almost
par cipants ranged from <5 to >20 years. reached, with 47% of the par cipants in agreement
The present survey showed consensus for 4 of the 10 (Figure 1, E and H). No clear consensus exists with regard
ques ons. Figure 1 presents the 8 ques ons on to metabolic control, perhaps because there was no
compliance, along with the corresponding responses. simple choice. An addi onal reason for lack of consensus
Fi y‐three percent of responders considered ‟>75% of might be the different use of classifica on (mean of Phe
requested number of blood samples” as op mal concentra ons and a percentage of target range) in
compliance. Sixty percent reported ‟<50% of requested different centers. For the use of protein subs tutes, the
number of blood samples” as poor compliance. Fi y‐six difference between the 2 largest groups was 10% (Figure
percent of the par cipants considered ‟>75% of 1F). Par cipants had to choose between 100% or >80%
requested number of outpa ents visits” as op mal as op mal use. Although op mal should be close to
compliance. For the other 5 ques ons regarding 100%, this might have been viewed as unrealis c.
compliance, no consensus was realized. Another reason for lack of consensus on this issue might
be that it is difficult to control. On the one hand,
Forty‐four percent of the responders reported ‟>75% of
everyone agrees about the importance of taking protein
phenylalanine concentra ons in target range” as op mal
subs tutes at the right amount and at the right me, but
compliance. Thirty‐one percent considered ‟<25% of the
we also know that this is very hard to monitor, requiring
phenylalanine concentra ons in target range” to be poor
new biochemical measures for more op mal oversight.
compliance, followed by 29% of par cipants repor ng
‟<50% of phenylalanine in target range” and 28% of It should be stressed that we did not discuss the given
par cipants repor ng ‟mean of Phe concentra ons answers by par cipants to achieve consensus. It is very
clearly out of target range.” Forty‐seven percent of possible that consensus could have been reached by real
responders reported ‟100% of requested amounts” as discussion.
op mal compliance. Forty‐three percent considered To further simplify the use of the defini on of
‟<66% of requested amounts” to be poor compliance. compliance, we developed a simple structured score,
Journal of Rare Disorders Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2013 33
The Journal of Rare
DISORDERS
A B
1) Mean of Phe concentrations in target range; 2) 100% of Phe 1) Mean of Phe concentrations clearly out of target range; 2) none of
concentrations in target range; 3) >75% of Phe concentrations in target Phe concentrations in target range; 3) <50% of Phe concentrations in
range; 4) >66% of Phe concentrations in target range; >50% of Phe target range; 4) <25% of Phe concentrations in target range; or 5) no
concentrations in target range; or 6) no answer. answer.
C D
1) 100% of requested number of blood samples; 2) >75% of requested 1) <50% of requested number of blood samples; 2) <66% of requested
number of blood samples; 3) >66% of requested number of blood number of blood samples; 3) <100% of requested number of blood
samples; 4) >50% of requested number of blood samples; or 5) no samples; 4) no samples at all; or 5) no answer.
answer.
E F
1) >66% of requested amounts; 2) >80% of requested amounts; 3) 1) <66% of requested amounts; 2) <50% of requested amounts; 3)
100% of requested amounts; 4) should not be taken into account for <33% of requested amounts; 4) <25% of requested amounts; 5) should
measurement of compliance; or 5) no answer. not be taken into account for measurement of compliance; 6) no
G H
1) 100% of requested number of outpatient visits; 2) >75% of 1) <75% of requested number of outpatient visits; 2) <50% of requested
requested number of outpatient visits; 3) >66% of requested number of number of outpatient visits; 3) <25% of requested number of outpatient
outpatient visits; or 4) no answer. visits; or 4) no answer.
Figure 1. Summary of responses to ques ons on compliance (Phe = phenylalanine).
Journal of Rare Disorders Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2013 34
The Journal of Rare
DISORDERS
A B
a) No outpatient visits for 2 times the normal period; b) no outpatient 1) Patient does not take a protein substitute notwithstanding (s)he is in
visits for 3 times the normal period; c) no blood samples received for a good control; 2) patient is not in good control notwithstanding (s)he is
period of 4 times the normal frequency; or d) no blood samples using a protein substitute adequately; 3) patient does not take a protein
received for a period of 10 times the normal frequency. substitute and is not in good control; or 4) no answer.
Figure 2. Summary of responses to ques ons about “lost to follow‐up” and “off diet.”
Table. Compliance Score in Pa ents With Phenylketonuria, Independent of Age and Sex
Parameter Poor Fair Good
Metabolic control <25% of Phe levels in 25%‐75% of Phe levels in target >75% of Phe levels in target range
target range range
Score 0 2 4
Frequency of blood <50% of requested 50%‐75% of requested number >75% of requested number of
sampling number of blood samples of blood samples blood samples
Score 0 1 2
Protein subs tute <67% of requested 67%‐100% of requested 100% of requested amounts at
amounts at requested amounts at requested mes requested mes
mes
Score 0 1 2
Frequency of outpa ent <50% of requested num‐ 50%‐75% of requested number >75% of requested number of
visits ber of outpa ent visits of outpa ent visits outpa ent visits
Score 0 1 2
Total compliance score
<5 5‐7 7‐10
Phe, phenylalanine.
Journal of Rare Disorders Vol. 1, Issue 2, 2013 35
The Journal of Rare
DISORDERS
follow‐up.” Most of the group did not answer this 6. Taylor DR, Bateman ED, Boulet LP, et al. A new
ques on, perhaps because it was too complicated or perspec ve on concepts of asthma severity and control.
unclear. The same applied to 2 ques ons on compliance Eur Respir J. 2008;32:545‐554.
that >10% of the par cipants did not answer (Figure 1, A 7. An nori A, Coenen T, Costagiola D, et al; European
and F). Late Presenter Consensus Working Group. Late
This is a first proposal toward defini ons of the concepts presenta on of HIV infec on: a consensus defini on. HIV
of “compliance,” “off diet,” and “lost to follow‐up” that Med. 2011;12:61‐64.
are used in the rou ne care of pa ents with PKU. 8. Glad SB, Aarseth JH, Nyland H, et al. Benign mul ple
Defining other concepts might be helpful, considering for sclerosis: a need for a consensus. Acta Neurol Scand
example the defini on of the severity of PAH deficiency. Suppl. 2010;190:44‐50.
Blau et al showed that the defini ons reported for 9. Blau N, Bélanger‐Quintana A, Demirkol M, et al;
moderate and mild PKU and mild hyperphenylalaninemia European PKU centers. Management of phenylketonuria
(HPA) varied considerably not only between countries, in Europe: survey results from 19 countries. Mol Genet
but also between centers within a country, so there Metab. 2010;99:109‐115.
appears to be a need for a common defini on for
classifica on.9 This is important, as the decision on Address Correspondence To:
treatment also depends on the defini on of mild HPA AMJ van Wegberg
and mild PKU. Van Spronsen added that untreated Phe Sec on of Metabolic Diseases, Beatrix Children’s Hospital
concentra ons in blood have lost their power to University Medical Center of Groningen, PO Box 30.001
successfully define various severi es of phenylalanine 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
hydroxylase deficiency―because of neonatal screening, Telephone: +31 50 361 61 61
pa ents now begin treatment before untreated Phe E‐mail: a.m.j.van.wegberg@umcg.nl
concentra ons have achieved their full poten al Acknowledgments
concentra on.2 The development of guidelines will need The authors thank M. Almeida, A. Al‐Awaji, B. Al‐Charbji,
at least some consensus on such issues so that good K. Anjema, Y. A k Al nok, V. Aus n, M. Bal, M. Balci, A.
clinical prac ce, sound (interna onal) research, and Blumberga, A. Bosch, P. Campos Mar n, E. Canda, M.
interna onal guidelines can be realized. Therefore, one Carbone, R. Cerone, M. Coker, T. Coskun, A. Dan, M. de
of the aims of future mee ngs on guidelines should also Groot, A. de Meyer, L. de Parscau du Plessix, S. de Smet,
be to achieve consensus about concepts like these. S. Demirdas, M. Demirkol, B. Didycr, C. Dumesnil de
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