Professional Documents
Culture Documents
How are growth charts used to gauge nutrition status?
Peso y estatura en una gráfica (internacional) para comparar con media
What are the most important micronutrient deficiencies and what health
problems do they cause?
En embarazadas son: vitamina A, hierro, yodo, zinc y calcio.
Falta de yodo se relaciona con crecimiento de la tiroides (goiter) con falla de
alcanzar crecimiento intelectual potencial.
What are some of the most important cost-effective interventions that could be
made to address undernutrition in under-5 children?
· Promover lactancia maternal
· Introducir comida complementaria adecuada
· Comida rica en micronutrientes
· Suplementos de ácido fólico y hierro
· Sal con yodo
· Suplementos
What are some of the most important cost-effective interventions that could be
made to address overweight and obesity?
· Impuestos para bebidas endulzadas y comida alta en grasa
· Menos sal y reemplazar grasa trans con polinsaturadas
· Hacer obligatorio etiquetas de alimentos
· Aumentar conciencia pública a través medios con campañas para dieta y
actividad física
· Aconsejar y dar terapia para personas con alto riesgo de desarrollar ataques del
corazón y ACV
Aspirina para ataques del corazón
Women’s Health
What are some of the key diff erences in the burden of disease between males
and females?
- Mujeres viven más que hombres → Alzheimer, osteoarthritis, ECV,
alteraciones en vista.
- En estudio, salio que mujeres tienen una elevada incidencia a
enfermedades. Algunas propias de la mujer (ej. Algunos Ca).
- Mayor tendencia a padecer depresión y migraña.
South Asia is the region of the world in which females are the least healthy compared
to males.
What are the three delays and why are they important?
+ Delay in deciding to seek care
+ Delay in identifying and reaching medical facility.
+ Delay in receiving appropriate care at health facilities.
They are important because they determine the quaility, timing and success of medical
interventions.
What steps do countries need to take to deal with the complications of unsafe
abortions?
- Provide hygienic and appropriate post- abortion care at the lowest level of
the health system.
Be able to provide: Antibiotics, anesthesia, transfuse blood.
Vacuum aspiration is a more cost- effective way to deal w/ incomplete abortion.
- Prevención de aborto: Universal access to family planning services,
including after abortion.
- Women also need to know that legal abortion is available.
How do causes of death diff er for neonates, infants, and children younger than
5 years?
Neonatal deaths are due to:
Preterm birth complications
Birth asphyxia and birth trauma
Sepsis & other infections of the newborn
Why are there diff erent levels of child illness and death in diff erent parts of the
same country?
Because it depends on the income group, the access to healthcare facilities, the access to
vaccination and other factors that differ between different regions of the same country.
How does the health of young children in low-income countries vary with the
income of the family?
The higher income of the family, the healthier the child because he is more likely to receive
care.
How does the health of young children in low-income countries vary with the
mother’s level of education?
The more educated the mother is, the more likely the child is to live.
What are some of the most cost-eff ective interventions for saving the lives of
newborns?
-Early and exclusive breastfeeding
-Postpartum Vitamin A provided to mothers
-neonatal resuscitation if not breathing at birth
What are some of the most cost-eff ective interventions for saving the lives of
children younger than 5 years?
- breastfeeding for 6 months
- introduction of complementary foods
- immunizations
- bed nets for malaria
- oral rehydration for malaria
What measures can families take, even in the absence of additional income or
health services, to keep their children healthy?
-vaccines
-learn to diagnose pneumonia so that it can be treated
-use Oral Rehydration Therapy
-sleep under a bednet
-use antiretroviral therapy to prevent mother-to-child HIV
Communicable Diseases
● Case→ An individual with a particular disease.
● Case fatality rate→ % proportion of persons with a particular condition (cases) who
die from that condition.
● Control (disease control) →Reducing the incidence and prevalence of a disease to
an acceptable level
● Elimination (of disease) →Reducing the incidence of a disease in a specific area to
zero.
● Emerging infectious disease→ A newly discovered disease.
○ Ej: SARS (2002)
○ Middle East Respiratory Syndrome: MERS (2012)
● Eradication (of disease) →Termination of all cases of a disease and its transmission
globally.
● Parasite→ An organism that lives in or on another organism and takes its
nourishment from that organism.
● Reemerging infectious disease→ An existing disease that has increased in
incidence or has taken on new forms.
○ Ej: Dengue (2009)
○ Ebola (2014)
The following list, which includes examples of diseases spread in each manner:
● Foodborne: Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Entamoeba histolytica
● Waterborne: Cholera, rotavirus
● Sexual or bloodborne: Hepatitis, HIV
● Vector-borne: Malaria, onchocerciasis
● Inhalation: Tuberculosis, influenza, meningitis
● Nontraumatic contact: Anthrax
● Traumatic contact: Rabies In addition, it is critical to understand
● Control vectorial: Malaria, dengue, fiebre amarilla, oncocercosis, virus del Nilo
Occidental
VIH/SIDA
HIV is a virus that can be spread through:
● Unprotected sex—primarily vaginal and anal intercourse
● Mother-to-child transmission, during birth or through breastfeeding
● Blood, including by transfusion, needle sharing, or accidental needle stick
● Transplantation of infected tissue or organs
In China→ People who received transfusions from blood that had been infected with the
blood of HIV-positive people.
- Sex between men and women
- Injecting drug use.
TB
Tuberculosis is caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Active TB = characterized by a persistent cough for more than 3 weeks, decreased
appetite, general weakness, and profuse night sweats.
Untreated person with active pulmonary TB can infect 10 to 15 people annually.
TB remains latent in the bodies of about 90 % of those infected and they will not
develop TB disease.
- People with latent TB do not spread TB
TB was the 10th most important cause of death worldwide for all age groups
and both sexes.
There has been an increase in TB infections that are resistant to one or more TB drugs =
Drug-resistant TB
- Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) = resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin, with or
without resistance to other first-line drugs.
- Extensively drug- resistant TB (XDR-TB) = resistance to at least isoniazid and
rifampicin, and to any fluoroquinolone, and to any of the three second-line injectables
(amikacin, capreomycin, and kanamycin).
WHO recommendations to prevent and manage TB and HIV co-infection → “scaling up the
three Is”:
1. Intensified case finding to ensure that all of those who are HIV-positive are tested
for TB and all of those with TB are tested for HIV
2. Giving isoniazid, an antibiotic, to people with HIV to help prevent their getting TB
3. Enhancing infection control in healthcare settings so that TB does not spread
among those who are infected with HIV.
Malaria
Malaria is caused by parasites in the genus Plasmodium, five species of which infect
humans:
- P. falciparum → dominates in Africa
- P. vivax → occurs in temperate zones
- P. ovale → South Asia and tropical Africa
- P. malariae
- P. knowlesi → is the least common form and primarily affects macaques however, it
can also infect humans, especially in forested areas of Southeast Asia.
Malaria is spread by the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. Essentially, the mosquito
carries the parasite from an infected person to an uninfected person..
Diarrhea is a major cause of death and sickness for children younger than 5 years.
Noncommunicable diseases
What are the most important cancers that aff ect low-income countries?
· Cancer pulmonar
· Mundial: pulmonar, mama y colorrectal.
· Países de bajo y medio ingreso: primera causa de muerte es cáncer de mama
What factors are causing the epidemic of diabetes that is occurring worldwide?
Diabetes I - se asocia a una historia familiar de diabetes, factores ambientales, peso alto,
edad materna avanzada, exposición a infecciones virales
Diabetes II - historia familiar, dieta, sedentarismo, obesidad, resistencia a la insulina, raza y
edad avanzada.
Why would the burden of disease from household air pollution in low- and
middle-income countries be larger than that from ambient air pollution?
Contaminación de aire ambiente = contaminación de materia particulada.
Contaminación en el hogar por combustibles sólidos (combustible de carbón,
combustible de biomasa, estiércol de vaca, madera, sobras de cultivo). Esto es más
utilizado en segmentos más pobres de la sociedad
In what regions of the world would the burden from household air pollution be
the
Países de bajo y medio ingreso
Sureste de Asia (India y China) y Pacifico (oeste)
What are the diff erent ways in which unsafe water is related to the spread of
disease?
Give some examples of specific diseases that are spread in various water-related
ways.
Transmisión fecal-oral
Ejemplos: tracoma (moscas como vector), parásitos (lombrices), áscaris y
What are some of the health problems associated with ambient air pollution?
· ACV
· Enf cardiovascular (isquemia)
· Infecciones agudas del tracto respiratorio inferior
· Cáncer de pulmón
· EPOC
· Alguna evidencia de relación con cataratas y tuberculosis
· Por confirmar: mal resultado de embarazo (bajo peso) y dos tipos de cáncer de
pulmón
Why is it important to promote handwashing?
Disminuir transmisión de patógeno por agua por falta de higiene. Se relaciona el lavado de
manos en varios estudios con la disminución de infecciones agudas respiratorias
What approach would you take in a low-income African country to enhance the
access of the poor to better water supplies? Why?
Mejorar la calidad del agua no tanto la cantidad, se ha visto en estudios que invertir en
saneamiento o higiene ayuda a disminuir aprox. 30% la morbilidad por diarrea
· Primero se debe promover la higiene. Esto es necesario para aumentar el valor que va
adquirir el invertir en el saneamiento del agua y mejor suministro de agua.
· Gobierno debe promover esquemas de saneamiento de bajo costo.
How would you try to expand access to low-cost sanitation in Nepal? Why?
What would constrain poor people in Nepal from investing their own resources
in improved low-cost sanitation? How could those constraints be overcome?
Una forma de mejorar se bajo costo, es la creación de chimeneas para que haya una salida
del humo que generan al cocinar. Esto tendría impacto positivo sobre su salud, aunque para
el medio ambiente seguirá siendo negativo