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-The second lawof thermodynamics states that the disorder in the universe always
increases. As the disorder in the universe increases, the energy is transformed into
less usable forms. Thus, the efficiency of any process will always be less than 100%.
- The third law of thermodynamics tells us that all molecular movement stops at a
temperature we call absolute zero, or 0 Kelvin (-273oC). Since temperature is a
measure of molecular movement, there can be no temperature lower than absolute
zero. At this temperature, a perfect crystal has no disorder.
ENTROPY
Entropy a measure of the disorder of a
system.The concept of entropy addresses
the transformation of energy, and tells us
how much energy can be converted from
one form into another, and in particular,
how much energy is available for doing
useful work.
REVERSIBLE PROCESS - The process in which the system and surroundings can be
restored to the initial state from the final state without producing any changes in
the thermodynamics properties.
IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS–
•the initial state of the system and surroundings cannot be restored from the
final state
•the various states of the system on the path of change from initial state to final
state are not in equilibrium with each other.
•the entropy of the system increases decisively and it cannot be reduced back to
its initial value.
ENTROPY
In a reversible process, ΔS remains constant
ΔS = ΔQ/T
ΔS - positive when disorder increases or order decreases
ΔQ - heat exchange between system and surroundings (=0 in adiabatic process)
The Gasoline Engine
A gas engine means an engine running on a gas (any type of gas: bio fuel,
petroleum, natural gas, etc.).
Otto Cycle - Gasoline Engine
The process for a four-stroke gasoline engine is modeled using the Otto cycle.
Engines using the Diesel cycle are usually more efficient, although the Diesel cycle
itself is less efficient at equal compression ratios. Diesel engines use much
higher compression ratios because the heat of compression is used to ignite the
slow-burning diesel fuel. The most efficient type, direct injection Diesels, are
able to reach an efficiency of about 40% in the engine speed range of idle to
about 1,800 rpm.
All processes in the cycle are either adiabatic or isothermal and operate
in a reversible cycle (cycle where system & surroundings return to initial
state)
Carnot Efficiency
(Temp in Kelvins!)
Effc = 1 – Tc/Th
Example 13.29
In each cycle, a heat engine absorbs 375 J of heat and performs 25 J of
work.