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Haṭha Yoga - entry in Vol. 3 of the Brill Encyclopedia
of Hinduism
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James Mallinson 2.4 1 of 2 ! 6,184
Hatha
̣ Yoga
T& w*rd hatḥ a (2!t. 3*rc&) d&"*t&7 ' 7y7t&. *3
phy7!c'2 t&ch"!qu&7 7upp2&.&"t'ry t* yoga .*r&
br*'d2y c*"c&!v&d; H'th' ̣ <*0' !7 yoga th't u7&7
th& t&ch"!qu&7 *3 hatḥ a. H'th' ̣ <*0' !7 fr7t
r&3&rr&d t* by "'.& !" S'"7kr!t t&xt7 d't!"0 t*
'r*u"d th& 11th c&"tury CE, but 7*.& *3 !t7 t&ch-
"!qu&7 c'" b& tr'c&d b'ck 't 2&'7t ' th*u7'"d y&'r7
&'r2!&r, t* th& &p!c7 '"d th& P'2! c'"*". Why th&7&
t&ch"!qu&7 w&r& c'22&d hatḥ a !7 "*t 7t't&d !" th&
t&xt7 th't t&'ch th&., but !t 7&&.7 2!k&2y th't, *r!0-
!"'22y 't 2&'7t, th&y w&r& c'22&d thu7 b&c'u7&, 2!k&
→ tapas ('7c&t!c!7.), w!th wh!ch th&y w&r& '77*c!-
't&d, th&y w&r& d!fcu2t '"d 3*rc&d th&!r r&7u2t7 t*
h'pp&".
I" th!7 'rt!c2&, *"2y th*7& '7p&ct7 *3 H't h'
̣ <*0'
th't 7&t !t 'p'rt 3r*. *th&r t&ch"!qu&7 *3 yoga
7h'22 b& d!7cu77&d !" d&t'!2. I.p*rt'"t pr!"c!p2&7
'"d pr'ct!c&7 th't 'r& 7h'r&d w!th *th&r .&th*d7
*3 yoga, 7uch '7 7ubt2& phy7!*2*0y, dhāraṇā (fx'-
t!*" [*3 th& &2&.&"t7]), '"d nādānusandhāna
(c*"c&"tr't!*" *" th& [!"t&r"'2] 7*u"d), 'r& "*t
'"'2yz&d. Furth&r.*r&, '2th*u0h &th"*0r'ph!c
d't' !7 'dduc&d t* 7h&d 2!0ht *" 7*.& *3 th& pr'c-
t!c&7 *3 H'th'̣ <*0' '"d t* tr'c& !t7 d&v&2*p.&"t,
th&7& h'v& !" th& .'!" b&&" dr'w" 3r*. f&2dw*rk
'.*"0 '7c&t!c pr'ct!t!*"&r7 *3 tr'd!t!*"'2 3*r.7
*3 H'th'̣ <*0'; !t7 .*d&r" .'"!3&7t't!*"7, b*th
I"d!'" '"d tr'"7"'t!*"'2, h'v& "*t b&&" c*"7!d-
&r&d (*" th&7&, 7&& A2t&r, 2004; M!ch&2!7, 2004;
S!"02&t*", 2010; 7&& '27* b&2*w). It 7h*u2d '27*
b& "*t&d th't th& .*d&r" “H'th' <*0'” t'u0ht
by B.K.S. Iy&"0'r !7 "*t th& 7'.& '7 tr'd!t!*"'2
H'th'̣ <*0'.
I" !t7 &'r2!&7t 3*r.u2't!*"7, hatḥ a w'7 u7&d t*
r'!7& '"d c*"7&rv& th& phy7!c'2 &77&"c& *3 2!3&,
!d&"t!f&d !" .&" '7 bindu (7&.&"), wh!ch !7 *th-
&rw!7& c*"7t'"t2y dr!pp!"0 d*w"w'rd 3r*. '
7t*r& !" th& h&'d '"d b&!"0 &xp&"d&d. (T& 3&.'2&
&qu!v'2&"t, .&"t!*"&d *"2y *cc'7!*"'22y !" *ur
7*urc&7, !7 rajas, .&"7tru'2 Ku!d.) T& pr&7&rv'-
t!*" '"d 7ub2!.'t!*" *3 7&.&" w'7 '77*c!'t&d
w!th tapas ('7c&t!c!7.) 3r*. 't 2&'7t th& t!.& *3
th& &p!c7, '"d 7*.& *3 th& t&ch"!qu&7 *3 &'r2y
H'th'̣ <*0' 'r& 2!k&2y t* h'v& d&v&2*p&d '7 p'rt *3
'7c&t!c pr'ct!c&. T& t&ch"!qu&7 *3 &'r2y H't h' ̣ h'7 b&c*.& w!d&7pr&'d, but !t !7 "*t wh't !t .&'"7
<*0' w*rk !" tw* w'y7: .&ch'"!c'22y, !" pr'ct!c&7
7uch '7 viparītakaraṇī, “th& r&v&r7&r,” !" wh!ch by
7t'"d!"0 *" *"&’7 h&'d *"& u7&7 0r'v!ty t* k&&p
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3*r.u2't!*"7 *3 yoga, !" p'rt!cu2'r K'u2' *"&7,
th& t&ch"!qu&7 *3 H'th' ̣ <*0' c'" b& u7&d t* &I&ct * Search
kālavañcana (ch&'t!"0 d&'th), utkrānti (y*0!c
7u!c!d&), *r parakāyapraveśa (&"t&r!"0 '"*th&r’7 John Krummel
SHARE
b*dy). A7 !" P't'ñj'2!’7 Yogasūtra, siddhi7 'r& Hobart & William …
u7u'22y 7'!d t* b& ' h!"dr'"c& t* *r d!7tr'ct!*"
3r*. H'th' ̣ <*0'’7 u2t!.'t& '!. – 2!b&r't!*" – but
!" 7*.& K'u2'-!"Ku&"c&d t&xt7, th& pur7u!t *3
7p&c!fc siddhi7 thr*u0h 7p&c!fc t&ch"!qu&7 !7
t'u0ht (M'22!"7*", 2011').
H'th'
̣ <*0' !7 7*.&t!.&7 d!7t!"0u!7h&d 3r*.
*th&r typ&7 *3 yoga, !" p'rt!cu2'r mantrayoga,
layayoga, '"d rājayoga. Sw'.! → V!v&k'"'"d'
(1863–1902) !d&"t!f&d Rāj' <*0' w!th th&
“.&"t'2” yoga t'u0ht !" P't'ñj'2!’7 Yogasūtra '"d
7'!d th't *th&r yoga7, !" p'rt!cu2'r H't h', ̣ *r
“phy7!c'2,” <*0', w&r& !"3&r!*r t* !t (M!ch&2!7,
2004, 178–180). T!7 u"d&r7t'"d!"0 *3 Rāj' <*0'
!" S'"7kr!t t&xt7, wh&r&!" !t !7 7!.p2y th& u2t!.'t&
'!. *3 yoga (wh!ch !7 u7u'22y samādhi) '"d "*t '
.&'"7 *3 'tt'!"!"0 !t. T&r& !7 "* *pp*7!t!*"
 Yoga
b&tw&&" P't'ñj'2!’7 yoga '"d th& t&ch"!qu&7 *3
H'th' ̣ <*0' !" &'r2y H't h' ̣ <*0' t&xt7; th& pr'c-
t!c&7 *3 H'th' ̣ <*0' 'r& 7upp2&.&"t'ry t* th*7& *3
asṭ ạ̄ ngayoga
̇ (&!0ht3*2d y*0', !.&. Pāt'ñj'2' <*0').
(T& Vivekamārtaṇḍa, !" k&&p!"0 w!th !t7 Ś'!v'
M'"tr'.ār0' tr'd!t!*", t&'ch&7 ' 7!x3*2d yoga
w!th*ut P't'ñj'2!’7 yama '"d niyama [&th!c'2 '"d
b&h'v!*r'2 *b7&rv'"c&7] but d*&7 "*t c'22 !t
H'th'.) ̣ By th& 17th c&"tury, H't h' ̣ <*0' h'd
b&c*.& '" !"t&0r'2 p'rt *3 .*7t 3*r.u2't!*"7
*3 yoga, !"c2ud!"0 th*7& b'7&d *" P't'ñj'2!’7
Yogasūtra, '7 &v!"c&d by th& cr&'t!*" *3 ' c*rpu7
*3 <*0' Up'"!7'̣ d7, wh*7& t&xt7 b*rr*w&d w!d&2y
3r*. w*rk7 th't t&'ch H'th' ̣ <*0' (B*uy, 1994).
T& 18th-c&"tury Guj'r't! 7ch*2'r H'.̣ 7'.!tṭ hu ̣ → rṣ ị K'p!2' '"d *th&r rṣ ị 7 !" 'dd!t!*" t* th*7& *3
&qu't&d Pāt'ñj'2' <*0' w!th H't h' ̣ <*0' ('"d 3*r
h!., Rāj' <*0' c'.& 'b*ut thr*u0h th& 7&xu'2
pr'ct!c&7 *3 ' Śākt' !"t&rpr&t't!*" *3 th& rāsalīlā
[→ līlā]; 7&& V'7ud&v', 2011). T& .*d&r" yoga
w!d&2y pr'ct!c&d 'r*u"d th& w*r2d t*d'y !7
d&r!v't!v& *3 H'th' ̣ <*0', '2th*u0h !t p2'c&7 '
0r&'t&r &.ph'7!7 *" → āsana (phy7!c'2 p*7tur&7)
th'" !7 3*u"d !" tr'd!t!*"'2 H't h' ̣ <*0' '"d
!"c2ud&7 u"d&r th& āsana rubr!c !""*v't!*"7 3r*.
I"d!'" '"d 3*r&!0" 7*urc&7 (S!"02&t*", 2010)
th't 'r& "*t t* b& 3*u"d !" tr'd!t!*"'2 t&'ch!"07
*" H'th' ̣ <*0'.
-exts
F*r th& &'r2y p&r!*d *3 H't h' ̣ <*0' pr!*r t* th&
c*.p*7!t!*" *3 th& Hatḥ apradīpikā (wh!ch !7
*N&" c'22&d th& Hatḥ ayogapradīpikā !" 7&c*"d'ry
2!t&r'tur&; c. 1450 CE), S'"7kr!t t&xt7 'r& *ur *"2y
7*urc&7 3*r th& pr'ct!c& *3 H'th' ̣ <*0'. (?w* v&r-
"'cu2'r 7*urc&7 th't 'r& 7'!d t* pr&d't& th&
Hatḥ apradīpikā, th& M'r'th! Jñāneśvarī '"d th&
?'.!2 Hirumantiram, d* d&7cr!b& H'th' ̣ <*0'
t&ch"!qu&7, but w!th*ut 3urth&r t&xt-cr!t!c'2 7tud-
!&7 *3 th&7& w*rk7, w& c'""*t b& 7ur& *3 th& '0& *3
th& p'77'0&7 th't !"c2ud& th*7& t&'ch!"07.) A
h'"d3u2 *3 tr'v&2&r7’ d&7cr!pt!*"7 *3 yoga pr'ct!c&
3r*. th!7 p&r!*d d* 7urv!v&, but th&y d* "*t pr*-
v!d& '"y d&t'!27 *3 7p&c!fc H'th'̣ <*0' t&ch"!qu&7.
T& 7'.& !7 tru& *3 2't&r tr'v&2&r7’ r&p*rt7, wh!ch,
wh!2& u7&3u2 3*r d&t&r.!"!"0 th& 7*c!'2 h!7t*ry *3
yoga '"d yogī7, 'dd 2!tt2& t* *ur u"d&r7t'"d!"0 *3
H'th'̣ <*0'. Eth"*0r'phy !7 v&ry u7&3u2 3*r u"d&r-
7t'"d!"0 th& .&ch'"!c7 '"d pr'ct!c'2 d&t'!27 *3
H'th'̣ <*0' t&ch"!qu&7 but 2&77 7* 3*r u"d&r7t'"d-
!"0 th&!r h!7t*ry *r th't *3 th& pr!"c!p2&7 u"d&r2y-
772
'"d Śārngadharapaddhati
̇ . E'ch *3 th&7& t&xt7,
wh!ch 'r& 2!k&2y t* p*7td't& '22 th*7& d&7cr!b&d
'b*v&, .&"t!*"7 H'th' ̣ <*0' by "'.&. T&
771
!"0 th&., b&c'u7& pr'ct!t!*"&r7’ r&p*rt7 *3 b*th
.'y b& 7k&w&d by 7&ct'r!'" !"t&rpr&t't!*"7 '"d
*th&r v!c!77!tud&7.
Early Hatha
̣ Yoga
T& &'r2!&7t t&xt t* t&'ch ' 7y7t&.'t!z&d H't h'
̣
Yoga and call it such is the (*)Dattātreyayogaśāstra,
wh!ch w'7 pr*b'b2y c*.p*7&d !" th& 13th c&"-
tury CE. I" !t7 7&ct!*" *" H't h' ̣ <*0', 'N&r t&'ch-
!"0 ' tr'd!t!*"'2 &!0ht3*2d yoga th't !t 'ttr!but&7 t*
<ājñ'v'2ky' '"d *th&r7, !t d&7cr!b&7 t&" H't h' ̣
<*0' pr'ct!c&7 th't !t 7'y7 w&r& u"d&rt'k&" by th&
<ājñ'v'2ky' (DYŚa. 52–61). T&7& pr'ct!c&7,
wh!ch w!22 b& &x'.!"&d !" .*r& d&t'!2 b&2*w, 'r&
*3 th& v'r!&ty th't c'.& t* b& k"*w" c*22&ct!v&2y
'7 mudrā7 (2!t. 7&'27, ' v'r!&ty *3 phy7!c'2 t&ch-
"!qu&7 3*r c*"tr*22!"0 v!t'2 &"&r0!&7, !"c2ud!"0
kuṇḍalinī, br&'th, '"d bindu) !" 2't&r H't h' ̣ <*0'
t&xt7 '"d th't c*"7t!tut& th& t&ch"!qu&7 *3
&'r2y H'th' ̣ <*0'. T& (*) Dattātreyayogaśāstra
t&'ch&7 th& 3*22*w!"0 7uch mudrā7: mahāmudrā,
mahābandha, khecarīmudrā, th& thr&& bandha7
(2!t. 2*ck7; jālandharabandha, uḍḍiyāṇabandha,
'"d mūlabandha), viparītakaraṇī, vajrolī, amarolī,
'"d sahajolī. Oth&r t&xt7 th't pr&d't& th&
Hatḥ apradīpikā '"d d&7cr!b& H'th' ̣ <*0' mudrā7
(w!th*ut t&'ch!"0 H'th' ̣ <*0' '7 7uch) !"c2ud&
th& *Amrṭ asiddhi, wh!ch d't&7 t* th& 11th c&"tury
CE '"d t&'ch&7 mahābandha, mahāmudrā, '"d
mahāvedha; th& Vivekamārtaṇḍa, wh!ch !7 c*"-
t&.p*r'"&*u7 w!th th& (*)Dattātreyayogaśāstra
'"d t&'ch&7 mahāmudrā, nabhomudrā (!.&. khecarī-
mudrā), th& thr&& bandha7, '"d viparītakaraṇī;
th& (*)Goraksạ śataka, wh!ch !7 '27* c*"t&.p*r'-
"&*u7 w!th th& (*) Dattātreyayogaśāstra, t&'ch&7
th& thr&& bandha7 '"d śakticālanīmudrā; '"d th&
Khecarīvidyā, wh!ch t&'ch&7 *"2y khecarīmudrā.
N*"& *3 th&7& t&xt7 c'227 !t7 t&ch"!qu&7 H't h' ̣
<*0'. T& pr'ct!c&7 *3 th& * Amrṭ asiddhi '"d
(*)Dattātreyayogaśāstra 'r& u7&d t* r'!7& bindu
*r pr&v&"t !t 3r*. 3'22!"0; th& mudrā7 *3 th&
(*)Vivekamārtaṇḍa w*rk *" bindu, "*t kuṇḍalinī,
&v&" th*u0h r'!7!"0 !t !7 '" !.p*rt'"t p'rt *3 th&
yoga !t t&'ch&7; '"d th*7& *3 th& (*) Goraksạ śataka
'"d Khecarīvidyā 'r& u7&d t* r'!7& kuṇḍalinī (th&y
.&"t!*" bindu *"2y !" p'77!"0).
T& *"2y *th&r t&xt7 *2d&r th'" th&
Hatḥ apradīpikā t* t&'ch H'th' ̣ <*0' mudrā7 'r&
th& Śivasaṃ hitā, Yogabīja, Amaraughaprabodha,
Yoga
Te Hath
̣ apradīpikā and Classical
Hatha
̣ Yoga
'b*v&, .&"t!*"7 H'th' ̣ <*0' by "'.&. T&
Śārngadharapaddhati
̇ !7 '" '"th*2*0y *3 v&r7&7 *"
' w!d& r'"0& *3 7ubj&ct7 c*.p!2&d !" 1363 CE,
wh!ch !" !t7 d&7cr!pt!*" *3 H'th' ̣ <*0' !"c2ud&7
th& (*)Dattātreyayogaśāstra’7 t&'ch!"07 *" fv&
mudrā7. I" h!7 7*.&wh't c*"3u7&d '"'2y7!7 *3
H'th' ̣ <*0' '"d Rāj' <*0', Śār" 0 ̇ 'dh'r' 7'y7 th't
H'th' ̣ <*0' !7 *3 tw* 7*rt7, *"& pr'ct!c&d by
G*r'k7'̣ ('27* k"*w" '7 G*r'kh"āth; → Nāth
S'.pr'dāy') '"d *th&r7, '"d *"& by th& rṣ ị
Mārk'"ḍ ̣&y' '"d *th&r7. H& th&" &qu't&7 !t w!th
th& 7!x 2!.b7 *3 yoga t'u0ht !" G*r'k7'̣ ’7
(*)Vivekamārtanḍ ạ (āsana, prānạ̄ yāma, pratyāhāra,
dhāraṇā, dhyāna, '"d samādhi), wh!ch h& &xp2'!"7
u7!"0 v&r7&7 3r*. th& (*) Dattātreyayogaśāstra,
!"c2ud!"0 th*7& *" mudrā. T& 7&c*"d v'r!&ty *3
H'th' ̣ <*0', th't *3 Mārk'" d ̣ ̣&y', !7 ' Pāt'ñj'2'
asṭ ạ̄ ngayoga
̇ ('dd!"0 yama '"d niyama t* th&
2!.b7 *3 G*r'k7'̣ ’7 yoga) t'u0ht !" v&r7&7 .'!"2y
t'k&" 3r*. th& Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa. I" !t7 &xt&"-
7!v& tr&'t.&"t *3 yoga, th& Śivasaṃ hitā t&'ch&7
th& t&" mudrā7 3*u"d !" th& (*)Dattātreyayogaśāstra
'"d thr&& .*r& ( mahāvedha, yonimudrā, '"d
śakticālanī), but, d&7p!t& .&"t!*"!"0 !t !" thr&&
p2'c&7, d*&7 "*t &xp2!c!t2y d&f"& H't h' ̣ <*0'.
S*.& *3 !t7 mudrā7 w*rk *" bindu, 7*.& *"
kuṇḍalinī, '"d 7*.& *" b*th. T& Yogabīja (148–
149) 0!v&7 '" &7*t&r!c d&f"!t!*" *3 th& w*rd
hatḥ a th't !7 .uch r&p&'t&d !" 2't&r t&xt7, c*.-
.&"t'r!&7, '"d 7&c*"d'ry 2!t&r'tur&: ha .&'"7
th& 7u", tḥ a .&'"7 th& .**", '"d H'th' ̣ <*0' !7
th&!r u"!*" (yoga). I" th!7 c*"t&xt, th& 7u" '"d
.**" c'" b& v'r!*u72y !"t&rpr&t&d '7 .&'"!"0
th& upp&r '"d 2*w&r br&'th7 ( prāṇa '"d apāna;
*Amrṭ asiddhi 6.11–13), th& pingalā ̇ '"d iḍā nāḍī7
(ViM. 32), Ś'kt! '"d Ś!v' '7 .&"7tru'2 b2**d '"d
7&.&" (ViM. 74–76), *r th& t!p *3 th& t*"0u& '"d
th& 3*r&h&'d ( KhVid. 2.72–74). T& Yogabīja
t&'ch&7 th& r'!7!"0 *3 Ku" ḍ ̣'2!"ī by .&'"7 *3
br&'th r&t&"t!*" '"d th& mudrā7 t'u0ht !" th&
(*)Goraksạ śataka: th& thr&& bandha7 ( jālandhara-
bandha, mūlabandha, '"d uḍḍīyānabandha) '"d
śakticālanī mudrā. T& Amaraughaprabodha (4–5)
7'y7 th't H'th' ̣ <*0' !"v*2v&7 t&ch"!qu&7 th't
u7& th& br&'th '"d bindu '"d th&", u7!"0
v&r7&7 th't !t 7h'r&7 w!th th& * Amrṭ asiddhi, &qu't&7
H'th' ̣ <*0' w!th th& tr!'d *3 pr'ct!c&7 th't
3*r.7 th& b'7!7 *3 th& yoga !" th& *Amrṭ asiddhi:
th& mahāmudrā, mahābandha, '"d mahāvedha
(AmPrab. 29–43).
Te Hath ̣ apradīpikā
T& Hatḥ apradīpikā w'7 c*.p*7&d by Svāt.ārā.'
!" th& 15th c&"tury CE (B*uy, 1994, 85). It !7 3*r
th& .*7t p'rt ' c*.p!2't!*": !t !"c2ud&7 v&r7&7
3r*. '22 &!0ht t&xt7 .&"t!*"&d 'b*v& '"d 't
2&'7t tw&2v& .*r&. N*t&w*rthy '.*"0 th& 2'tt&r
'r& th& Amanaskayoga, Vasisṭ ḥ asaṃ hitā, '"d
Candrāvalokana. T& Hatḥ apradīpikā !7 th& fr7t
t&xt th't &xp2!c!t2y 7&t7 *ut t* t&'ch H't h' ̣ <*0'
'b*v& *th&r .&th*d7 *3 yoga. I" 'dd!t!*" t* '22 th&
mudrā7 t'u0ht !" &'r2!&r w*rk7, !t "'.&7 āsana
(p*7tur&), kumbhaka (br&'th r&t&"t!*"), '"d
nādānusandhāna (c*"c&"tr't!*" *" th& !"t&r"'2
7*u"d) '7 H'th' ̣ <*0'’7 c*"7t!tu&"t7 (HP. 1.56).
T&7& 3*ur typ&7 *3 pr'ct!c& 'r& 3*u"d !" .*7t
7ub7&qu&"t d&7cr!pt!*"7 *3 H'th' ̣ <*0'. ?*0&th&r
w!th th& c2&'"7!"0 pr'ct!c&7 th't '27* b&c'.&
&.b2&.'t!c *3 H'th' ̣ <*0' '"d th't 'r& t'u0ht !"
th& Hatḥ apradīpikā w!th*ut 7p&c!fc'22y b&!"0
7'!d t* c*"7t!tut& p'rt *3 H't h' ̣ <*0', th&y c*"7t!-
tut& wh't !7 t&r.&d h&r&!" “c2'77!c'2 H't h' ̣ <*0'.”
T& Hatḥ apradīpikā b&c'.& th& r**t t&xt *3 H'th' ̣
<*0': '22 7ub7&qu&"t S'"7kr!t H'th' ̣ <*0' '"th*2-
*0!&7 '"d c*..&"t'r!&7 r&3&r t* !t, '"d .*7t t'k&
!t7 d&f"!t!*" *3 th& pr'ct!c&7 *3 H'th' ̣ <*0' t*
b& 'uth*r!t't!v&.
T& Hatḥ apradīpikā !7 th& fr7t t&xt *" yoga t*
!"c2ud& āsana '.*"0 th& t&ch"!qu&7 *3 H't h' ̣
<*0'. It t&'ch&7 15 āsana7. E!0ht 'r& v'r!&t!&7 *3
7!tt!"0 (*r 2y!"0) p*7!t!*"7 7u!t'b2& 3*r .&d!t't!*",
'"d 7&v&" 'r& "*"7&'t&d p*7!t!*"7. T& v&r7&7
d&7cr!b!"0 7&'t&d āsana7 'r& t'k&" 3r*. ' v'r!&ty
*3 &'r2!&r t&xt7, !"c2ud!"0 th& (*)Dattātreyayogaśāstra,
Vivekamārtanḍ ạ , Vasisṭ ḥ asaṃ hitā,Yogayājñavalkya,
'"d Śivasaṃ hitā. T& d&7cr!pt!*"7 *3 thr&& *3 th&
"*"7&'t&d āsana7 (mayūrāsana, kūrmāsana, '"d
kukkutạ̄ sana; 7&& b&2*w) 'r& t'k&" (w!th .&tr!c'2
.*d!fc't!*"7) 3r*. th& Vasisṭ ḥ asaṃ hitā but
c'" '27* b& 3*u"d !" &'r2!&r → Pāñc'rātr' '"d
→ V'!khā"'7' S'.̣ h!tā7, !"c2ud!"0 th& c!rc' 10th-
c&"tury Vimānārcanākalpa, th& Pādmasaṃ hitā,
'"d th& Ahirbudhnyāsaṃ hitā (7&& '27* → V'!7"̣ '̣ v'
S'.̣ h!tā7). T& v&r7&7 t&'ch!"0 paścimatānāsana
(b'ck 7tr&tch p*7tur&) 'r& t'k&" ('0'!" w!th
.&tr!c'2 .*d!fc't!*"7) 3r*. th& Śivasaṃ hitā.
N* 7*urc& t&xt h'7 y&t b&&" !d&"t!f&d 3*r
thr&& *3 th& Hatḥ apradīpikā’7 "*"7&'t&d āsana7:
uttānakurmāsana (up7!d&-d*w" t*rt*!7&), dhanu-
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