EXPERIMENT 1B:

HEATING BY REFLUX AND FILTERING USING BUCHNER

FUNNEL

NAME:

RAWAIDA BINTI RAZALI (2017257856)

GROUP MEMBERS:

MUHAMMAD AIDAN BIN MOHD HALMY (2017258226)

MUHAMMAD AZIM BIN SUHAIMI (2017258148)

MUHAMMAD HAKIMI BIN ABDULLAH ZAWAWI (2017258102)

NIK NUR FARA SYAHIRA BINTI NIK BAHARIM (2017628082)

LECTURER:

MUHAMMAD HAFIZ BIN YAAKOB

 DATE OF EXPERIMENT:

28th SEPTEMBER 2017

DATE OF SUBMIT:

12th OCTOBER 2017

OBJECTIVE:

To learn the techniques of distillation and boiling point determination

INTRODUCTION:

Distillation is a process that can be used to separate a pure liquid from a mixture of
liquids. A liquid has a specific boiling point at standard pressure conditions. When
there are two different liquids in a solution, the liquid with the lowest boiling point
can be boiled out of the solution without removing a significant amount of the other
liquid. By vaporizing the liquid and condensing it in another container, one can obtain
a pure sample of the liquid. Any impurities and liquids with higher boiling points
remain in the original container.

Another part of this experiment is to find a boiling point. When the thermometer is
added to the distillation apparatus, the vapor of a boiling liquid will condense on the
thermometer bulb. Since a substance condenses at the same temperature that it boils,
the temperature at which the vapor condenses on the thermometer will be the boiling
point. The boiling point is useful in the identification of liquids, much like the melting
point is useful in identification of solids.
 Figure 1: The arrangement of distillation

CHEMICALS:

30% of ethanol in water

5 pieces of boiling chips

APPARATUS:

3 retort stands and clamps

2 100ml round bottom flask

1 condenser

2 still head

1 thermometer

2 rubber hoses

1 adapter
1 pocket thermometer

1 heating mantle

PROCEDURE:

1. The round bottom flask was filled with 25ml solution of 30% ethanol and a few
of boiling chips were added.

2. The apparatus was set up as shown in Figure 1. The thermometer was putted
into thermometer pocket.

3. The liquid was heated at constant rate when boiling which is until the distillation
rate is about 2-3 drops per second.

4. A stable temperature as the boiling point of the liquid to be distilled was recorded.
The boiling chips was cleaned and putted back into appropriate container.

5. The ethanol collected after distillation was measured. The the percentage yield of
recovery was calculated.

DISCUSSION:

We need to use boiling chips in the distillation process is because the rapid boiling
can be extremely violent and cause reagents to splatter. Boiling chips provide
nucleation sites so that the liquid boils smoothly without becoming super heated. On
the other hand they will eliminating the possibility that the liquid in the distillation
flask bump into the condenser.

Ethanol have higher boiling point than propane is because there are strong bonds that
hold the atoms of ethanol together that is hydrogen bonds. The energy it takes to
overcome the hydrogen forces and allow the molecules to move away from each other
are high. In addition, the hydroxyl group in ethanol forms a strong intermolecular
force that takes a lot of energy to overcome. In propane, there are no polar groups.
The bonds between propane are the weakest intermolecular force that is Van der
Waals forces. Then, it doesn’t take as much energy to reach the boiling point of
propane. That is why ethanol have higher boiling point than propane.

Usually the experimental data are not exactly same as the theoretical calculation. This
is because there are errors or mistakes that we made during the experiment process.
That is why we need to be more careful when running the experiment and most
important;y we need to apply proper techniques while handling the apparatus.

The theoretical value of ethanol’s boiling point is 78°C while the experimental value
of ethanol’s boiling point is 81-82℃. The experimental value is different from the
theoretical. This is because there are some errors happened during the experiment.
One of the errors is when measuring the 30% of ethanol in water using the measuring
cylinder, our eyes are not perpendicular to the scale. Then the volume become more
or less than the actual volume that need to be used. On the other hand, the
arrangement of the distillation process are a bit incorrect. For example, our condenser
was not lean enough so it takes a while for the first drop of ethanol to fall into the
collecting flask because its flocked in the condenser. To prevent this to happen, we
have to make sure that the arrangement of the apparatus are correct.
CONCLUSION:

The objective of this experiment is successfully accomplished. The techniques of

distillation have been learned. For example, adding a few boiling chips into the liquid
could help the liquid boil more calm so that it would not splatter. Also we got to
determine the boiling point of ethanol from the distillation process.

REFERENCES:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiling_chip

https://www.google.com/search?q=why+does+ethanol+have+higher+boiling+point+t
han+propane&oq=why+does+ethanot+have+higher+&aqs=chrome.3.69i57j0l5.10320
j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8

https://www.upb.pitt.edu/uploadedFiles/About/Sponsored_Programs/Science_In_Mot
ion/Chemistry_Labs/chem032_Simple%20Distillation%20and%20Boiling%20Point
%20Determination.doc