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Suresh Angadi Education Foundation’s

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY& MANAGEMENT


Savagaon Road, Belgaum-590 009

10MEL57

Name _________________ USN _________________

Semester &
_________________ Roll No _________________
Division

Water is the driving force of all Nature.


FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

CONTENTS
Subject Code: 10MEL57 IA Marks: 25
Hours/Week: 03 Exam Hours: 03
Total Hours: 42 Exam Marks: 50

PART- A
1. Determination of Co-efficient of friction of flow in a pipe.
2. Determination of minor losses in flow through the pipes.
3. Determination of the force developed by impact of jets on vanes.
4. Calibration of flow measuring devices:
a.) Orifice plate meter
b.) Nozzle
c.) Venturimeter
5. Determination of co-efficient of discharge through V- notches.

PART- B
1 Performance testing on a Pelton Wheel
2 Performance test on a Francis Turbine
3 Performance test on a Kaplan Turbine
4 Performance test on a Single Stage Centrifugal Pump
5 Performance test on a Multi Stage Centrifugal Pump
6 Performance test on a Reciprocating Pumps
7 Performance testing on a two stage Reciprocating Air compressor
8 Performance test on an air blower.
Scheme for Examination:
One Question from Part A - 15 Marks (05 Writeup + 10)
One Question from Part B - 25 Marks (05 Writeup + 20)
Viva-Voce - 10 Marks
Total 50 Marks
ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

Introduction
The problems, man encountered in the fields of water supply, irrigation, navigation and
waterpower resulted in the development of Fluid Mechanics. Some two hundred years ago man
kind’s centuries of experience with the flow of water began to crystallize in scientific form.
Experiments in this field are intended to make the students understand the different methods of
flow rates in pipe flow and open channel flows, conversion of hydraulic energy possessed by the
water in running turbines and how pumps are used to increase the hydraulic energy of the water
etc.
The Laboratory for FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABORATORY complements
the learning experience of the lecture. Laboratory exercises provide opportunities for direct study
of fluid behavior. All of the laboratory experiments reinforce material presented during lecture.
Some of the experiments will also expose material that is not presented during lecture. A student
is responsible for the union of the laboratory and lecture experience, not their intersection. The
laboratory must be used as a chance to enhance understanding of FLUID STATICS and
DYNAMICS. The following Learning Objectives for the laboratory give guidance in taking an
active role in education.
1. Gain familiarity with physical manifestations of FLUID MECHANICS.

The Experiments deal with the basic fluid properties: Viscosity and Pressure.
i. Static Fluid Forces.
ii. Dynamic Fluid Forces.
iii. The relation between pressure and velocity in a flowing fluid.
These experiments give a firsthand experience with fluid behavior. As a result of Performing
these experiments one should be able to recognize the effects of fluid pressure and to relate
measurements of pressure to velocity in a moving fluid. In addition to learning about fluid
behavior, one should be able to recognize the Physical Equipment in the laboratory and explain
the basic Operating Principles of the Equipment. One should learn how to operate the equipment
properly and safely.

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

2. Develop and reinforce measurements skills.


The student should know how to read Gauges, Manometers, Flow Meters, Spring Scales, and
Balance Scales. He should be able to time events with a Stopwatch. He should strive to measure
quantities with the maximum precision of the instruments provided in the laboratory.

3. Developing and reinforcing skills in documenting observations.


The student should develop good habits in the organization and recording of raw data in a
notebook, and take care to document the data such that it can be analyzed at a later time. He
should sketch the physical apparatus used in the experiment. In doing so, he must pay special
attention to the specific mechanical and operational details that enable the apparatus to achieve
the purpose for which it was designed. He should be able to list and describe the steps used to
obtain the desired measurements. He should be able to identify whether any actions were taken
to improve the outcome of the experiment. Likewise, he should be able to identify any actions
that may have contributed to undesirable outcomes.

4. Developing skills at writing laboratory reports.


The student will create reports to document his measurements in the laboratory. He will use a
writing style and format that is common to technical documentation used in Civil and
Mechanical Engineering. The reports should be complete, yet concise. By writing the report, he
should develop a clear understanding of the laboratory exercise, and communicate that
understanding in his written words.

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

EXP NO: 01
FRICTION IN PIPE APPARATUS

AIM:
To determine the head loss due to friction in the pipe length and hence to determine co-efficient of
friction in pipe.
APPARATUS:
1.Apparatus consists of 4 different pipe lines of 1” GI Pipe, 1” PVC pipe, ¾ ” GI pipe and ½ “ G I pipe.
2. U-Tube manometer connected across each pipeline with change-over valves.
3. A constant steady supply of water using the centrifugal pump with valve for varying the flow rate.
4. Measuring tank with stop clock for measuring the flow rate.
5. The sump tank mounted below the collecting tank.
6. The butterfly valve for instantaneous dumping of collected water in to the sump tank and overflow
pipe.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Pump Capacity : 1HP, single Phase
Collecting (Measuring) Tank Area : 0.125 m2
Nominal Diameter of the pipe : 1 “GI Pipe, 1 “PVC Pipe, 1/2 “GI Pipe.
THEORY:
The major loss of energy, as a fluid flows through the pipe, is caused by friction. It may be
computed by Darcy-Weisbach Equation as indicated earlier. The loss of energy due to friction is
classified as a major loss because in case of long pipelines it is usually much more than the loss of
energy incurred by other causes.

The straight pipes produce the friction to the flow of fluid due to it’s inside roughness and
also offers resistance /friction to the flow of fluid. The head loss due to friction in straight pipes is
expressed by the standard formulae

hf =
Where,
hf – Drop of head ( from the manometer difference).
f – Coefficient of Friction
L – Length of pipe (1 meter)
V – Velocity of flow,

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

g – Acceleration due to gravity, 9.8 m/s2


d – Diameter of the pipe

PROCEDURE:
All the necessary instrumentation along with its accessories is readily connected. The following
procedure is followed to carry out the experiment:
1. Fill in the sump tank with clean water.
2. Keep the delivery valve closed.
3. Connect the power cable to 1 Ph, 220 V, and 10 Amps with earth connection.
4. Switch on the pump and open the delivery valve.
5. Open the corresponding ball valve of the pipeline, to be tested.
6. Adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump.
7. Note down the differential head reading in the manometer.
8. Open the butterfly valve of the collecting tank for the rise of water level and note down the time
and keep it open when the readings are not taken.
9. Change the flow rate and repeat the experiment for the different diameter of the pipes.

RESULTS:
1. Loss of Head due to Friction in all pipes (hf) = ………
2. Co-efficient of Friction in all pipes (f) = ………………

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Length of pipe = L = 1m
2. Nominal Diameter of the pipes= 1 “GI Pipe, 1 “PVC Pipe, 1/2 “GI Pipe
3. Area of water collecting tank = A =………..m2
TABULAR COLUMNS:
Discharge of Water Collected Differential Head ‘H’ in
Time in ‘t’ Sec
Type of pipe Rise in water level ‘R’ in mm mm Of Hg
IR FR R=IR-FR

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

Difference In Raise Of Time Loss Of Additional


Discharge Velocity
Type Mercury ‘H’ Water In Taken ‘T’ Head Hf In Frictional
In m3/Sec V = Q/A
Mm Of Hg Mtrs In Seconds Mtrs Loss ’K’

CALCULATION:
1.) Actual Discharge

Q= = …….. m3 / sec

2.) Loss of Head due to Friction

h f = (13.6-1)×(h1-h2) =…..m of water


Where,
h1, h2 = be the Difference in mercury column in mm of Hg in double column manometer.
3.) Velocity

V= = ……….m/s

Where,
‘A’ = Area of the pipe = d2 / 4.
‘d’ = Diameter of the pipe
4.) Co-efficient of Friction

hf =

f=………
5.) Additional frictional Loss “K”

K= =

h f = 12.6d Where, d= is the diameter of the pipe.

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

EXP NO: 02
MINOR LOSSES IN THE PIPE FITTINGS
AIM:
To determine the minor losses in the flow through the pipe
APPARATUS:
Pipes with bends, contractions, expansions, pump.
THEORY:
When a fluid flows through a pipe, certain resistance is offered to the flowing fluid, which results in
causing a loss of energy. The various energy losses in pipes may be classified as follows:
i. Minor Losses.
The minor losses of energy are those which are caused on account of the change in velocity of
flowing fluid (either in magnitude or direction). In case of long pipes these are usually quite small as
compared with the loss of energy due to friction and hence these are called as the minor losses which
may be neglected without serious error. However in short pipes these losses may sometimes out weight
the friction losses. Some of the losses of energy which may be caused due to change of velocity are
indicated as below:
a.) Loss of energy due to sudden enlargement:

hL =

b.) Loss of energy due to sudden contraction,

hL =

c.) Loss of energy in bends,

hL =

d.) Loss of energy in various pipe fittings ( Bends, Elbows, Valves, Collars)

hL=

The values of ‘k’ for different types of valves and for different ratios of the height of opening to
the diameter can be determined experimentally.

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

SPECIFICATIONS:
 Pump capacity : 1HP, 1Ph
 Collecting (Measuring) Tank Area : 0.12 m2
 Pipe fittings : Contraction, Expansion, 900 bend, 900 elbows, Wheel valve, gate valve, non-
return valve. `

PROCEDURE:
1. Fill in the sump tank with clean water.
2. Keep the delivery valve closed.
3. Connect the power cable t0 1 Ph, 220V, 10 Amps with earth connection.
4. Make sure that the Manometer is ON.
5. Switch on the pump and open the delivery valve.
6. Open the corresponding ball valves of pipe fittings.
7. Adjust the flow through the Control valve of the pump.
8. Open the corresponding ball valves.
9. Note down the differential head reading in the digital manometer.( Expel if any air is there)
10. Open the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading against the known time and
keep it open when the readings are not taken.
11. Change the flow rate and repeat the experiment for different pipe fittings.
RESULTS:

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS:
1. Area of water collecting tank =A=………..m2

TABULAR COLUMNS:

Discharge of Water Collected


Differential Head ‘H’
Type Time Taken In Seconds
Rise in water level ‘R’ in mm In Mm Of Hg

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

Discharge Q Velocity Additional


Time Taken
Sl No Type Rise of Water In Mtrs in V=Q/A In Frictional
‘t’ In Sec 3
m /Sec m/Sec Loss ‘K’

CALCULATION:
1. Actual Discharge

Q= = …….. m3 / sec

2. Loss of Head due to contraction


h c = (13.6-1)×(h1-h2) =……..m of water
3. Velocity in the pipe

V= ……m/s where ‘A’ area of the pipe

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

EXP NO: 03
IMPACT OF JET ON VANES APPARATUS
AIM:
To determine the Co-efficient of impact Jet –Vane combination by preparing the actual force with
the theoretical force for stationary vanes of different shapes i.e. Hemi-Spherical, Flat, Inclined plate.
THEORY:
When the jet of water is directed to hit the vane of any particular shape, the force is exerted
on it by the fluid in opposite direction. The amount of force exerted depends on the diameter of the
jet, shape of the vane, fluid density, and flow rate of water. More importantly, it also depends on
whether the vane is moving or stationery. In our case, we deal with the stationery vanes. The
following are the theoretical formulae for different shapes of the vane, based on the flow rate
1. Hemi- Spherical:- Ft = (2 ×ρ ×A × V2)
2. Flat Plate:- Ft = (ρ ×A ×V2)
3. Inclined Plate:- Ft = (ρ × A ×V2) sin
Where,
g = 9.81 meter/Sec2
A = Area of the jet in m2
ρ = Density of the water = 1000 Kg/m3
V = Velocity of jet in meter /Sec

 = Angle the deflected jet makes with the axis of the striking jet, in degree, 600
F t = the theoretical force acting parallel to the direction of the jet.
Ft = Actual force developed as indicated by the force indicator (mechanical type) in Kg.

It is a closed circuit water re-circulation system consisting of sump tank monoblock pump-
set, jet vane chamber, rotameter for flow rate measurement, direct reading, and digital force
indicator. The water is drawn from the sump tank by the centrifugal pump and delivers it vertical to
the nozzle through the rotameter. The rotameter is a direct indicating flow rate instrument which
gives the discharge in LPM which is determined by the top position of the float. The flow control
valve is also provided for controlling the water into the nozzle. The water is issued out of the nozzle
as a jet. The jet is made to strike the vane, the force of which is transferred directly to the force
indicator (mechanical). The force is read in kgf. The provision is made to change the size of the
nozzle /jet and the vane of different shapes.

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

SPECIFICATIONS:
 Vane shapes : Flat, Hemispherical, Inclined (standard)
 Jet’s Diameter : 6 ,8mm ( interchangeable)
 Max. Jet force : Flow rate of water by direct reading rotameter
 Pump : 1 HP, 1 Ph, 230 V with starter,
Pressure of jet by pressure gauge.
Type : Re-circulating with sump and jet chamber made of stainless steel.
Jet chamber : Fixed with toughened glass with rubber gaskets as leak proof.
PROCEDURE:
1 Fix the required diameter of jet and the vane of required shape in position. And balance the force
mechanism by operating the counter weight (make mechanism horizontal by operating the front
screw/ bolt).
2 Connect the power cable to 1 Ph, 220V, 10 Amps with earth connections.
3 Make sure that the force indicator is showing zero.
4 Keep the delivery valve closed and switch ON the pump.
5 Close the front transport cover tightly.
6 Open the delivery valve and adjust the flow rate as read on the rotameter.
7 Make the force mechanism horizontal by operating the front bolt provided on the top of the
mechanical force indicator.
8 Note down the water flow rate (LPM), Actual force, Head at nozzle and tabulate the readings,
and repeat the experiment for different flow rate of water.
9 Switch off the pump after the experiment is over and close the delivery valve

RESULTS

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

DIAGRAM:

CALCULATION:

1. Velocity of jet V = m/sec

2. Theoretical Forces (Fth)

a. For Flat Vane


Fth =
b. For Inclined Vane
Fth =
c. For Hemispherical Vane
Fth =

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

TABULAR COLUMN

Pressure read Actual Force


Diameter of the Jet Discharge in
Sl No Vane Type on the Gauge reading ‘F’ in
in mm LPM ‘Q’ LPM
‘P’ in Kg/Cm2 Kgf

Dia of Vane Flow rate ‘Q’ Area of the jet Velocity = Force Theoretical Co-
the Jet Type 3
in m /sec in m 2
Q/A m/sec (Actual) Force ‘Ft’ efficient
in mm ’Fa’ in Kgf in Kgf of
discharge
= Fa /Ft

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

EXP NO: 04
EXPERIMENTATION ON ORIFICEMETER
AIM:
Calibration of Orifice meter at different flow rate and to determine the co-efficient of discharge.
APPARATUS:
Measuring tank , Pipelines for orifice meter and venturimeter, tappings with ball valves at inlet and
outlet , manometer, monoblock pump, valves.
THEORY:
The orifice meter consists of a flat orifice plate with a circular hole drilled in it. The
construction is very simple and so cost is low compared to other obstruction meters. There is a
pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and another just downstream. Reduction of cross-section
of the flowing stream in passing through orifice increases the velocity head at the expense of
pressure head. This reduction of pressure between taps is measured using a differential manometer
and it gives a measure of the discharge. The pressure recovery is poor compared to the Venturi
meter.The expression for discharge through any obstruction flow meter can be theoretically obtained
using the continuity and Bernoulli’s equations together. The Bernoulli’s equation is defined for
steady, incompressible and in viscid regions of flow. Since the Bernoulli’s equation is a simplified
form of energy equation, the
Assumptions used for simplification must be satisfied when using it for practical

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

PROCEDURE:
1. Fill in the sump tank with the clean water and keep the delivery valve closed.
2. Connect the power cable to 1Ph, 220 V, 10Amps with earth connection.
3. Switch on the pump and open the delivery valve.
4. Open the ball valve and adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump.
5. Open the ball valve fitted to the Orifice meter tapping and note down the differential head
reading in the manometer.
6. Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading against the known time and
Keep it open when the readings are not taken.
7. Change the flow rate and repeat the experiment’s
RESULTS:
The co-efficient of discharge for a given orifice meter is = ………….

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

DIAGRAMS:

OBSERVATIONS
1. Area of the measuring tank : A = 0.12 m2
2. Acceleration due to gravity : g = 9.81 m/sec2
3. Diameter of the orifice meter : d = 12.5 mm
4. Diameter of the inlet pipe of the orifice meter : D = 25 mm

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

TABULAR COLUMNS:

Differential Manometer
hv=X×12. Collecting Tank Reading
Reading Qact Qth
Trial 6 Cd
LR RR meter of Tim m 3 / m3 / Cd
No. X= LR + RR FR IR R =FR- avg
meter meter water e ‘t’ s s
meter of Hg m m IR
of Hg of Hg sec
1

CALCULATION:
1. Theoretical Discharge:

QTH= -------------- m3/sec

Where,
= Area of the inlet section of the orifice meter = πD2 / 4 m2
= Area of the out section of orifice meter = πd2 / 4 m2
Loss of head, h= Mtrs of water Column for digital manometer.
2. Actual Discharge :

QA = ------------ m3 / sec

Where, A = Area of the measuring tank in m2


R = Rise of water level for time ‘t’ in mtrs.
3. Co-Efficient Of Discharge :

Cd =

4. Nature of Graph
1. Actual discharge v/s co-efficient of discharge

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

EXP NO: 05
NOTCH APPARATUS

AIM
To calculate the coefficient of discharge of the given V- Notch.

APPARATUS
1. An approach channel with Baffle plates in it and fitted with notch.
2. A surface level gauge (HOOK GAUGE) to measure the head over notches
3. A constant steady supply of water with a means of varying the flow rate using centrifugal pump.

THEORY
A Notch may be defined as a sharp edged obstruction over which flow of fluid occurs. The sheet of
water discharged by a notch is called Nappe or Vein. Notches are used for measuring the flow of water
from reservoir and are generally rectangular, trapezoidal or triangular in shape.

PROCEDURE:

1. Place the notch under test at the end of the approach channel, in a vertical plane with the sharp
edge on the upper stream side as shown in the figure.
2. Fill the channel with water up to the crest level, and adjust the hook gauge reading to zero.
3. Adjust the flow control valve to give the maximum discharge without holding the notch.
4. Note the final hook gauge reading. This gives the final head ‘H’ over the notch.
5. Collect the water discharging from the notch in the measuring tank of known dimension and
measure the rise of water level ‘ R ‘ in the measuring tank for a known time of ‘t’ seconds.
6. Steady conditions are allowed before the head and the rise of the water level are recorded.
7. Lower the water level in the approach channel in stages by adjusting the flow control valve and
record the series of readings ‘H’, ‘R’ and ‘t’ each stage.

RESULTS:

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

DIAGRAMS:

OBESVATIONS:

1. Area of the measuring tank, A = 0.16 m2


2. Acceleration due to gravity, g = 9.81 m/sec2
3. V-Notch θ = 600

TABULAR COLUMNS:

Head over the v-notch in cm Collecting Tank Reading


Qact Qth
Trial Cd
Time m3/ m3 / Cd
No. FR R =FR- avg
IR FR H= FR - IR IR m ‘t’ s s
m IR
sec

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

CALCULATION:

1. Theoretical Discharge:
5/2
Q th = (8 /15) … m3/sec
2. Actual discharge through the V-Notch

Q act = ……m3/sec
3. Co-efficient of Discharge:

Cd =

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

EXP NO: 06
EXPERIMENTATION ON VENTURIMETER
AIM:
Calibration of Venturimeter at different flow rate and to determine the co-efficient of discharge.
APPARATUS:
Measuring tank, Pipelines for Venturimeter and orifice meter, tapings with ball valves at inlet and
outlet, manometer, monoblock pump, valves.
THEORY:
Venturimeter have been used for many years to measure the pipe discharge. The fluid flowing
through a pipe is led through a contraction section to a throat with a smaller cross section, Figure 1.
Thus, the velocity in the throat is higher, leading to a reduction in pressure. The discharge from the
pipe can be determined based on the pressure drop between the inlet and throat sections of the
Venturimeter.
VENTURIMETER:
A Venturimeter consists of an inlet section followed by a convergent cone, a cylindrical throat and a
gradually divergent cone. The inlet section of the Venturimeter is of the same diameter as that of the
pipe which is followed by a convergent cone. A convergent cone is a short pipe which tapers from
the original size of the pipe to that of throat of the Venturimeter. The throat of the Venturimeter is a
short parallel side tube having its c/s area smaller than that of the pipe. The divergent cone of the
Venturimeter is gradually diverging pipe with its c/s area increasing from that of the throat to the
original size of the pipe. At the inlet section and the throat of the Venturimeter pressure taps are
provided through pressure rings.

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

A Venturimeter consists of
1. An Inlet Section followed by a Convergent Cone,
2. A Cylindrical Throat and
3. A gradually Divergent Cone.

PROCEDURE:
8. Fill in the sump tank with the clean water
9. Keep the delivery valve closed and manometer valve at open position.
10. Connect the power cable to 1Ph, 220 V, 10Amps with earth connection.
11. Switch on the pump and open the delivery valve.
12. Open the corresponding ball valve and adjust the flow through the control valve of the pump.
13. Open the ball valve fitted to the Venturimeter tapping and note down the differential head
reading in the manometer.
14. Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading against the known time and
keep it open when the readings are not taken.
15. Change the flow rate and repeat the experiments
RESULTS
The co-efficient of discharge for a given Venturimeter is ………….

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

DIAGRAMS

OBSERVATIONS:
5. Area of the measuring tank A = 0.0625m2
6. Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m/sec2
7. Diameter of the inlet pipe of the Venturimeter d1=25mm
8. Diameter of the Venturimeter throat d2 = 12.5 mm
9. Cross sectional area at the inlet of Venturimeter A1=
10. Cross sectional area at the Venturimeter throat A2=
11. Specific gravity of fluid flowing through pipe Sp=1
12. Specific gravity of manometric fluid Sp= 13.6

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

TABULAR COLUMNS:

Differential Manometer Reading Collecting Tank Reading

Qact m3/s

Qth m3/s
hv=x12.6

Cd avg
Trial
LR RR meter of Time Cd
No. x = LR + RR FR IR R =FR-
meter meter water ‘t’
meter of Hg m m IR
of Hg of Hg sec
1

FORMULA USED
5. Theoretical Discharge

QTH= -------------- m3/sec

Where,
A1 = Cross sectional area at the inlet of Venturimeter = m2

A2 = Cross sectional area at the Venturimeter throat = m2

Loss of head, h = Mtrs of water Column for digital manometer.


6. Actual Discharge

QA = ------------ m3 / sec

Where,
A = Area of the measuring tank in m2
R = Rise of water level for time‘t ‘ secs in mtrs.
7. Co-Efficient Of Discharge

Cd =

8. Nature of Graph
2. Actual discharge v/s co-efficient of discharge

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

EXP NO: 07
FLOW THROUGH THE NOZZLE METER
AIM:
To demonstrate the use of Flow Nozzle Meter and to determine the Co-efficient of Discharge.
APPARATUS:
Measuring tank, pipeline with nozzle meter, tapping at inlet and throat of nozzle meter Monoblock Pump
for supply of water.

THEORY
The Flow Nozzle is nothing but a Venturimeter without its diverging cone. It differs from an
orifice meter in the sense that it is made curved so that the jet contraction is not as large as in orifice
meter. Therefore, it is sometimes called as Long Radius Nozzle. In a nozzle the fluid is guided smoothly
to the section of minimum area of stream and also it has no sharp edges and hence the nozzle has a
considerably higher discharge co-efficient than the orifice plate. The nominal values of the discharge co-
efficient for orifice plate and the nozzle are 0.67 and 0.95 respectively. Nozzle is better suited for flow
measurements when the fluid is likely to contain the dust particles. The expression for discharge
computation in a nozzle is derived on the same pattern as explained in orifice meter and Venturimeter.

PROCEDURE:
All the necessary instrumentations along with the accessories are readily connected. The below
instructions need to be followed:
1. Fill the sump tank with clean water.
2. Keep the delivery valve closed.
3. Connect the power cable to 1 Ph, 220 V and 10 amps with earth connection.
4. Switch on the pump and open the delivery valve.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

5. Adjust the flow through the delivery valve of the pump.


6. Note down the differential head reading in the manometer.
7. Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading.
8. Change the flow rate and repeat the experiment.

RESULTS:
The co-efficient of discharge for a given Nozzle meter is ………….

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

DIAGRAM:

OBSERVATIONS
1. Area of the measuring tank A = 0.0625 m2
2. Acceleration due to gravity g = 9.81 m/sec2
3. Diameter at inlet of flow nozzle d1 = 12.5 mm
4. Diameter at outlet of flow nozzle d2 = 25 mm
TABULAR COLUMN

Differential Manometer
hv=X×12. Collecting Tank Reading
Reading Qact Qth
Trial 6 Cd
LR RR meter of Tim m3 / m3 / Cd
No. X= LR + RR FR IR R =FR- avg
meter meter water e ‘t’ s s
meter of Hg m m IR
of Hg of Hg sec
1

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

FORMULA USED
1. Theoretical Discharge

QTH= = -------------- m3/sec

Where,
A1 = Cross sectional area at the inlet of Venturimeter = m2

A2 = Cross sectional area at the Venturimeter throat = m2

Loss of head, h = Mtrs of water Column for digital manometer.


2. Actual Discharge

QA = = ------------ m3 / sec

Where,
A = Area of the measuring tank in m2
R = Rise of water level for time ‘t’ secs in mtrs.
3. Co-Efficient Of Discharge

Cd =

4. Nature of Graph
Actual discharge v/s co-efficient of discharge

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

EXP NO: 08
PELTON WHEEL TURBINE TEST RIG

AIM:
To determine the performance characteristics of Pelton wheel turbine under constant head
and constant speed.
APPARATUS:
Pelton Wheel test ring, Stopwatch

SPECIFICATIONS:
Supply pump/motor capacity: 10 HP, 3ph, 440V, 50 Hz AC
Turbine: Mean dia: 250 mm
No of buckets: 20
Diameter of jet: 18 mm
Runaway speed: 2000 rpm
Head: 60 mtrs (max)
Loading: Brake drum dynamometer (Brake drum radius = 0.11 m)
Measurement of flow: V – Notch 900, Cd = 0.6

Supply of water: Butterfly Valve

Measurement of Speed: Digital

Electrical Supply: 3phase, 440V, 30A with neutral and Earthing.

THEORY:
Hydro-Power is one of major cheap source of power available on earth, and hence it is widely used
for generation of electric power worldwide. Water stored in the Dam contains potential energy. This
is utilized to run turbine, which then drives a generator. The output from the generator can be
transmitted to the areas of electric power requirement.
Turbines are basically of two types, viz. Impulse turbines and Reaction turbines. In impulse turbines,
water coming from high head acquires high velocity. The high velocity water jet strikes the buckets
of the turbine runner and makes it to rotate by impact force.
In reaction turbine, total head of water is partly converted into velocity head as it approaches turbine
runner and it fills the runner and pressure of water gradually changes as it flows through runner.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

In impulse turbine, the only turbine used now-a-days is Pelton Wheel Turbine. In reaction turbines,
Francis Turbine and Kaplan Turbine are the examples.
The Pelton wheel turbine consists of a runner mounted over the main shaft. Runner consists of
buckets fitted to the disc. The buckets have a shape of double ellipsoidal cups. The runner is encased
in a casing provided with Perspex window for viewing the turbine. A nozzle fitted in the side of
casing directs the water jet over the 'Splitter' or center ridge of the buckets. A spear operates inside
the nozzle to control the water flow. On the other side of the shaft, a rope brake is mounted for
loading the turbine. Impulse turbines convert all the energy of Water into Kinetic Energy at the
nozzle. The jet impinges on the turbine's curved blades and gets diverted (by about 160o). The
resulting change in momentum (impulse) causes a force on the turbine blades. All the
Pressure/Potential Energy is converted to kinetic energy by the nozzle and focused on the turbine.
No pressure change occurs at the turbine blades, and the turbine doesn't require housing for
operation. Newton's second law lets us calculate transfer of energy for impulse turbines. Impulse
turbines are most often used in very high head applications, but the discharge used is less.

DESCRIPTION:

The actual experimental set-up consists of a centrifugal pump set, turbine unit, sump tank arranged in
such a way that the whole unit works on recirculating water system. The centrifugal pump set supplies the
water from the sump tank to the turbine through Gate Valve and notch tank with 900 V-Notch. The water
after passing through the turbine unit enters the notch tank and then to the Sump tank.

The loading of the turbine is achieved by Rope Brake Drum connected to Spring Balance.
The provision for measurements of Brake Force (Spring Balance), Turbine Speed (Digital RPM
Indicator), Head on Turbine (Pressure Gauge), and Head over the Notch measured by Hook Gauge are
provided.

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PROCEDURE:

a) At constant head:
1) Keep the spear rod setting and the butterfly valve setting at maximum.
2) For different brake drum loads, note down the speed, head over the notch and tabulate the
readings.
3) Plot the graphs of
Efficiency Vs Discharge
Power Output Vs Discharge
Percentage Efficiency Vs Full load Efficiency

b) At constant speed:
1) Keep the butterfly valve opening at maximum.
2) For different brake drum loads on the turbine, change the spear rod setting between
maximum and minimum so that the speed is held constant.
3) Plot the graphs of
Efficiency Vs Discharge
Power Output Vs Discharge
Percentage Efficiency Vs Full load Efficiency
Percentage Efficiency Vs Unit speed
Percentage Efficiency Vs Unit Discharge

RESULTS:

The efficiency of the Pelton wheel for the different loads

a) At constant Head, H = ---------------- kg/cm2 is ----------------%


b) At constant Speed, N = -------------- rpm is ------------------%

GRAPHS:
1) Efficiency v/s discharge,
2) Output power v/s discharge

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DIAGRAM:-

OBSERVATION:-

1. Radius of rope (r) = 0.02 m


2. Brake drum radius (R) = 0.11 m
3. Density of water (ρ) = 1000 kg/m3
4. Overall efficiency ( ) = 90 %
TABULAR COLUMN
For Constant Head
Delivery Pressure, Orifice meter Load applied (kg)
Sl.No Turbine Speed, N (rpm)
P (kg/cm2) head F1 F2 F = F1-F2

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For Constant Speed

Discharge, Input power, Output power Turbine


Sl.No Total head, H (m)
Q (m3/s) (kW) in (kW) Efficiency

CALCULATION:
1) Input Power (Pi) = (kW)

2) Output Power (Po) = (kW)

Where, N is the speed in rpm.

3) Discharge (Q) = m3/s

4) Torque = Force (Radius of Brake Drum + Radius of Rope)

= (F1 – F2) × g × (R+ r) N-m

5) Head on the turbine H = 10 × P

Where, P = Head on the turbine in kg/cm2

6) Unit speed , Nu =

7) Unit Power, Pu =

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8) Unit Discharge Qu =

9) Specific speed , Ns =

10)Percentage full load = × 100 at any particular speed

11)Efficiency (ƞ) = × 100

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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EXPT NO: 09
FRANCIS TURBINE
AIM:
To study the performance characteristics of the Francis turbine and determine the efficiency at constant
head and constant speed.

APPARATUS:
Francis Turbine test rig connected with centrifugal pump and alternating current generator, electrical
loading arrangement, sump tank, energy meter, stop watch etc.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Supply Pump/Motor capacity: 10 HP, 3ph, 440V, 50 Hz, AC

Turbine: 150 mm Diameter Impeller

Guide vanes angles adjustable from maximum to minimum

Run – away speed – 1500 rpm (approx.)

Maximum Flow of water: 2200 LPM (approx.)

Maximum Head – 20 mts (approx.)

Loading: AC Generator

Provisions: a) Flow rate by Venturimeter Cd = 0.80

Inlet diameter = 150 mm

Throat diameter = 90 mm

b) Head on the turbine by Pressure Gauge of Range : 0 – 2 kg/cm2 and

Vacuum Gauge: 760 mm of Hg.

c) Electrical load change Toggle Switch (Maximum Connected Load : 2000 Watts)

d) Voltage and current of generator by Analogue meters

e) Turbine speed by digital RPM Indicator

f) Supply water control by Butterfly Valve.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

Electrical Supply: 3ph, 440V, AC, 30A, with Neutral and Earth.

THEORY:
Description of Francis Turbine.

PROCEDURE:
1. Constant Head

1. Keep the gate opening at maximum


2. Maintain a constant head by operating the guide vane angle position
3. Take the readings of speed, voltage, ammeter, energy meter and venturimeter
4. For different electrical loads on the turbine/ generator change the guide vane position so that
head is held constant. See that the voltage does not exceed 250 V to avoid excess voltage to
bulbs.
5. Using the above reading draw constant head characteristics.

2. Constant Speed

1. Keep the delivery valve ½ open select the guide vane angle position.
2. Maintain constant speed and take reading
3. For different electrical loads open the delivery valve and maintain constant speed and
tabulate the results.
4. Using the above reading draw constant speed curves.

RESULTS: The efficiency of the Francis turbine for the different loads
a) At constant Head, H = ---------------- kg/cm2 is ----------------%
b) At constant Speed, N = ---------------rpm is ------------------%

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

DIAGARAM:

OBSERVATIONS
1. Venturimeter Inlet Dia D = 150 m
2. Throat Dia d = 90 mm
3. Density of water ρ =1000 kg/m3
4. Energy meter constant EMC = 750 Rev/kWh
5. Efficiency of Alternator ηalt = 75%
6. Coefficient of discharge of Venturimeter, Cd = 0.80

FORMULA
1. Head on the turbine H in m of water

H = 10 (Delivery Pressure + Vacuum Pressure)

= 10 (P + Pv/760)

Where P = Delivery Pressure in kg/cm2 or Delivery Head

Pv = Vacuum Pressure in mm of hg or Vacuum Or Suction Head

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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2. Discharge

(Flow rate of water through the turbine) = Flow rate by venturimeter

m3/s

Where,
Cd = 0.80,
a1 = Area of Inlet Section = πD/4 m2
a2 = Area of Throat Section = πd/4 m2

Loss of Head h = 12.6 (Pi – Pt) × 0.760 mts

Where (Pi – Pt) = Differential head across Venturimeter ( kg/cm2)

3) Input Power (Pi) = (kW)

4) Output Power (Po) = (kW)

Where,
n = no of revolutions of energy meter
t = Time taken for n no of revolutions of energy meter
k = energy meter constant

5) Unit speed, Nu =

6) Unit Power, Pu =

7) Unit Discharge Qu =

8) Specific speed , Ns =

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FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

9) Percentage Full load = at any particular speed

10) Efficiency η = (%)

Tabular column

Venturimeter Time for n


Deliver Vacuum
Turbine reading Load pulses of
Sl.no pressure p pressure pv
speed N rpm P1 P2 applied energy meter t
kg/cm2 mm of Hg 2
kg/cm kg/cm2 sec

Total head H Discharge Q Turbine


Sl.no IP in kW OP in kW
m m3/sec efficiency

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

EXPT NO: 10
KAPLAN TURBINE
AIM:
To study the performance characteristics of the Francis turbine and determine the efficiency at constant
head and constant speed.

APPARATUS:
Francis Turbine test rig connected with centrifugal pump and alternating current generator, electrical
loading arrangement, sump tank, energy meter, stop watch etc.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Supply Pump/Motor capacity : 10 HP, 3ph, 440V, 50 Hz, AC

Turbine: 150 mm diameter Impeller

Guide vanes angles adjustable from maximum to minimum

Run – away speed – 1500 rpm (approx.)

Maximum Flow of water : 2200 LPM (approx.)

Maximum Head – 20 mts (approx.)

Loading: AC Generator

Provisions: a) Flow rate by Venturimeter Cd = 0.80

Inlet diameter = 150 mm

Throat diameter = 90 mm

b) Head on the turbine by Pressure Gauge of Range : 0 – 2 kg/cm2 and

Vacuum Gauge: 760 mm of Hg.

c) Electrical load change Toggle Switch (Maximum Connected Load : 2000 Watts)

d) Voltage and current of generator by Analogue meters

e) Turbine speed by digital RPM Indicator

f) Supply water control by Butterfly Valve.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

Electrical Supply: 3ph, 440V, AC, 30A, with Neutral and Earth.

THEORY:
Description of Francis Turbine.

PROCEDURE:
1. Constant Head

1. Keep the gate opening at maximum


2. Maintain a constant head by operating the guide vane angle position
3. Take the readings of speed, voltage, ammeter, energy meter and venturimeter
4. For different electrical loads on the turbine/ generator change the guide vane position so that
head is held constant. See that the voltage does not exceed 250 V to avoid excess voltage to
bulbs.
5. Using the above reading draw constant head characteristics.

2. Constant Speed

1. Keep the delivery valve ½ open select the guide vane angle position.
2. Maintain constant speed and take reading
3. For different electrical loads open the delivery valve and maintain constant speed and
tabulate the results.
4. Using the above reading draw constant speed curves.

RESULTS: The efficiency of the Francis turbine for the different loads
c) At constant Head, H = ---------------- kg/cm2 is ----------------%
d) At constant Speed, N = ---------------rpm is ------------------%

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

DIAGARAM

OBSERVATIONS
7. Venturimeter Inlet diameter D = 150 m
8. Throat diameter, d = 90 mm
9. Density of water ρ =1000 kg/m3
10. Energy meter constant EMC = 750 Rev/kWh
11. Efficiency of Alternator ηalt = 75%
12. Coefficient of discharge of Venturimeter, Cd = 0.80

FORMULA
1. Head on the turbine H in m of water

H = 10 (Delivery Pressure + Vacuum Pressure)

= 10 (P + Pv/760)

Where P = Delivery Pressure in kg/cm2 or Delivery Head

Pv = Vacuum Pressure in mm of Hg or Vacuum Or Suction Head

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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2. Discharge

(Flow rate of water through the turbine) = Flow rate by Venturimeter

m3/s

Where,

Cd = 0.80,

a1 = Area of Inlet Section = πD/4 m2

a2 = Area of Throat Section = πd/4 m2

Loss of Head h = 12.6 (Pi – Pt) X 0.760 mts

Where (Pi – Pt) = Differential head across Venturimeter ( kg/cm2)

3) Input Power (Pi) = (kW)

4) Output Power (Po) = (kW)

Where,
n = no of revolutions of energy meter
t = Time taken for n no of revolutions of energy meter
k = energy meter constant

5) Unit speed, Nu =

6) Unit Power, Pu =

7) Unit Discharge Qu =

8) Specific speed , Ns =

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

9) Percentage Full load = at any particular speed

10) Efficiency η = (%)

TABULAR COLUMN

Venturimeter Time for n


Deliver Vacuum
Turbine reading Load pulses of
Sl.No pressure p pressure Pv
speed N rpm P1 P2 applied energy meter
kg/cm2 mm of Hg 2
kg/cm kg/cm2 ‘t’ sec

Total head H Discharge Q Turbine


Sl.No IP in kW OP in kW
m m3/sec efficiency

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

EXP NO: 11
SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP TEST RIG

AIM:
To find the overall efficiency of a Centrifugal Pump and plot the following characteristics.

a. Hydraulic Efficiency (ηh) Vs Discharge

b. Overall Efficiency (ηo) Vs Discharge

APPARATUS
Stop Watch, Centrifugal pump test rig, which is a self – contained unit operated on Recirculation
Basis. The Centrifugal Pump, AC Motor, Sump Tank, Collecting Tank, Control Panel are mounted
on rigid frame work with anti-vibration mounts and arranged with the following provisions.
1. Energy Meter to measure Electrical Input Power to the AC motor using.
2. Pressure Gauges for recording the Discharge and Suction Pressures.
3. A discharge pipe fitted with a Valve to Control the Rate of Flow.
4. A Collecting Tank with Piezometer for measuring the Rate of Discharge.
5. A Sump flow Pipe with Valve to allow water flow back into the Sump Tank.

SPECIFICATIONS
 Pump: Kirloskar make centrifugal pump (1HP).
 Impeller diameter: 180 mm.
 Maximum speed: 1440 rpm.
 Head :10 m
 Medium of flow: Clean water.
 Motor:
1. D. C.Shunt 1kw, 0-1500 rpm
2. Powered by Thyristor controller
3. Maximum Current: 7Amps (armature)
4. Stator trunnian mounted, and connected to torque weighing dial spring balance capacity: 10
5. Torque arm distance: 0.1 meter.
CONTROL PANEL
1. Thyristor controller –knob to change the speed of DC motor from zero to maximum.
2. M.C.B &Mains as indicator
3. DC Ammeter DC Voltmeter
4. Energy meter 750 rev/ k W-hr

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

5. Pressure gauge 0-2 kg/cm2


6. Vacuum gauge 0-760 mm of Hg
7. Digital RPM Indicator
Collecting tank

1. Area: 0.25m2
2. Over flow provision in case of excessive collection of water
3. Butterfly valve for closing and opening of water instantaneously to the sump tank.
THEORY:
In general, a pump may be defined as a Mechanical Device which, when interposed in a pipe
line, converts the Mechanical Energy supplied to it from some External Source into Hydraulic
Energy, thus resulting in the flow of liquid from Lower Potential to Higher Potential. The Pumps are
of major concern to most Engineers and Technicians. The Types of Pump vary in Principle and
Design. The selection of the pump for any particular application is to be done by Understanding their
Characteristics. The most commonly used Pump for Domestic, Agricultural and Industrial Purposes
are : Centrifugal Pumps, Reciprocating/Piston Pumps, Axial Flow (Stage Pumps), Air Jet,
Diaphragm and Turbine Pumps. These Pumps fall into classes of rotodynamic, Reciprocating
(Positive Displacement), Fluid (Air) Operated Pumps. In Centrifugal Pump the liquid is made to
rotate in a Closed Chamber (Volute Casing), thus resulting in the Continuous Flow. These Pumps
compared to Reciprocating Pumps are Simple in Construction, more suitable for handling Viscous,
Turbid (muddy) Liquids. But, their Hydraulic Heads per stage at low flow rates is limited, and hence
not suitable for very high heads compared to Reciprocating Pumps of same Capacity. But, still in
most cases, this is the only type of Pump which is being widely used for Agricultural Purposes.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

PROCEDURE
All the necessary instrumentation along with its accessories are readily connected.
1. Fill in the tank with clean water.
2. Keep the delivery and suction valves open.
3. Connect the power cable to 1ph, 220 V, 15Amps.
4. Keep the speed control knob at zero.
5. Switch ON the mains, so that the mains – On indicator glows. Now, switch –ON the controller.
6. Set the desired speed using controller Knob & digital rpm indicator.
7. Note down the pressure gauge, vacuum gauge and time for number of revolutions of energy meter
disc at full opening of delivery and suction valve.
8. Operate the butterfly valve to note down the collecting tank reading against the known time and keep
it open when the readings are note taken.
9. Repeat the experiment for different openings of the delivery valve (pressure & flow rate), note down
the readings as indicated in tabular column.
10. Tabulate the readings.
11. After the experiment is over, keep the delivery valve open and switch off the mains.
12. Results are tabulated.

RESULT

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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DIAGRAM

FORMULA

1. Total Head ‘H’ in mm


H =10 (delivery pressure + vacuum head) = 10 (P+ Pv/760)
Where,
P = is the pressure in Kg/Cm2
Pv = is the vacuum in mm of Hg

2. Discharge rate ‘Q’ in m3/sec.

Q=
Where,
A = area of collecting of tank
R =height of water collected in mm,
T= time taken in seconds for collecting water

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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3. Input power ( Electrical power as indicated by Energy Meter):

IP=
Where,
T =is the time taken by energy meter for 5 revolutions, in seconds
K= no. of revolutions of energy meter
EMC= Energy meter constant =750 rev/kW-hr
4. Shaft power as indicated by swinging field Dynamometer in KW

Pshaft=

Where,
0.1 m is the radius of swinging field Arm
F is the force in spring balance, in Newton

N is the RPM of D.C motor or pumps

5. Hydraulic power

ρ
=

6. Pump efficiency

7. Overall efficiency

Basic data / constants:-

1. 1hp = 736 W
2. 1Kg/cm2 = 760 mm of Hg
3. Density of water, ’W’ = 10 m of water
4. Energy meter constant = 750 rev/k W-hr.
5. Area of collecting tank, ’A’= 0.25m2

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

TABULAR COLUMN

SL. NO QUANTITY UNITS TRIALS

1 Speed rpm

2 Delivery pressure Kg/Cm2

3 Vacuum mm of Hg

Time In Seconds for 5


4
revolution

5 Swinging force N (newton)

Discharge time of
6 seconds
collection

7 Head M (mtrs)

8 Discharge m3/sec

P pump
9 KW

Pelec
10 KW

11 Pshaft KW

12 %η pump

13 %η overall

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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EXP NO: 12
RECIPROCATING AIR COMPRESSOR TEST RIG

AIM:

To study and determine the working of double stage reciprocating air compressor and to determine
volumetric efficiency, mechanical efficiency.

INTRODUCTION:

Compressed air is a form of energy used extensively for such operations as automatic
machines, tools, material handling, food processing, construction, mining, painting, oil well drilling,
blowing, etc. Compressor is a device used to compress air to a pressure higher than the surroundings.
Compressor can be classified into falling categories.

i). Reciprocating machines in which gas is moved by the thrust of a positive displacement piston
within a confined cylinder, increasing the pressure and density.

ii). Turbo machinery in which dynamic head is imparted to the gas by means of high speed
impellers rotating in a confined case .The classification includes axial flow ,centrifugal and
fan blower type of gas compressors.

iii). Rotary Machines in which gas is moved by the positive displacement of two rotating lobes or
by oscillating vanes confined in a eccentric cylinder.

iv). Ejector machines in which gas is moved by kinetic energy induced through high velocity
nozzles.

COMPONENTS OF THE COMPRESSOR SYSTEM

The test rig consists of the following

a) Inlet air filter.


b) Orifice plate, 15mm dia.
c) Low pressure cylinder.
d) Inter cooler with safety valve.
e) High pressure cylinder.
f) After cooler.

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DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
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g) Air receiver with non-return valve, pressure gauge, shut-off valve ,safety valve , pressure switch
with valve.
h) AC motor, swing type dynamometer with provision to measure torque.(torque arm =0.2m).
i) Safety valves, pressure switches. At appropriate places.
j) Control unit.

IMPORTANT SPECIFICATIONS:

 Type: two stage double cylinder with intermediate cooler.


 Motor: 3HP AC motor.
 Max. Working pressure: 10 Kg/cm2
 Cylinder Bore:
 LP cylinder: 70 mm dia.
 HP cylinder: 50 mm dia.
 Stroke: 85 mm.
 Electrical input to console: 3 Phase, 440V, 20A, with neutral & earth connections.

INSTRUMENTATION AND CONTROL SYSTEMS:

Torque: by torque arm of length 0.2 m connected to spring balance.

Speed of motor /compressor: by digital RPM indicator.

Pressure rise: At each stage using separate pressure gauge.

Temperature: by digital temperature indicator.

Air flow intake: by orifice connected to double column manometer.

Power input to the motor: by energy meter.

Head / flow control: by delivery valve at tank outlet.

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

DESCRIPTION OF THE COMPRESSOR TEST RIG

When the motor is started, air is sucked from the atmosphere through the inlet air filter and
orifice meter and compressed in the LP cylinder. The hot and compressed air is cooled in the
intercooler and again compressed in the HP cylinder. Finally, high pressure air passes into air
receiver tank through after cooler and non return valve.

PROCEDURE

1. Release the pressure of air fully from the tank.


2. Check zero level in the double column.
3. Switch –on the mains and observe the light indicators are ‘on’.
4. Keep the outlet valve closed.
5. Switch –on the starter and allow motor to run full speed.
6. The pressure in the receiver tank increases, set the pressure by operating the delivery valve to
1, 2, 3 Kg/cm2 as observed from pressure gauge and note the readings.
7. Note down the flow rate manometer readings at different pressures.

RESULT:

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

DIAGRAM

Two cylinder air compressor

OBSERVATION

Density of air at 300 C (δa) =1.293 Kg/m3.

Density of water (δw) =1000 Kg/m3.

Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.81 m/sec2.

Orifice diameter = 15mm.

Coefficient of discharge of orifice= 0.64

Torque Arm distance (r) = 0.2m.

TABULAR COLUMNS:

Temperature
Time for 5 rev
Sl Pressure gauge Manometer reading Speed of
of energy meter
no reading across orifice in mm compressor
reading T1 T2 T3 T4

Stage 1 Stage 2 H1 H2 H= H2- H2

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

FORMULA USED:

1. Electrical input to motor

Pelec =

t = is time taken for ‘n’ revolutions of energy meter in seconds

Energy Meter Constant = 200 revolutions/Kw-hr.

2. Compressor output

Pcomp =

Where,

ρa = 1.293 Kg/m3 = 12.68 N/m3

3. Head (head)

H = (P/ Wa) x104

‘P’ is read on after HP cylinder pressure in Kg/cm2

4. Discharge

Q (flow) = Cd A √ 2 g Ha m3/sec.

Where,
A = area of orifice = (π/d2)/ 4
D = diameter of orifice =15 mm

Ha = [ ]

Ha = 0.722 hw

Where,

hw = head measured in mm of water across orifice plate.

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
FLUID MECHANICS AND MACHINES LABOROTARY

5. Percentage efficiency of compressor (mechanical)

% ƞcompressor = × 100

6. Swept volume of piston (LP)


Vs1 = area of piston x stroke

Vs1 = × stroke in m3

7. Swept volume of piston (HP)

Vs2 = × stroke in m3
Therefore,

Vs = Vsl + Vs2

8. Actual air swept ,

Va = =…….. m3 /sec

9.Percentage volumetric efficiency

ƞvol = × 100

Sl no Electrical input to Compressor Discharge Mechanical Volumetric


motor in kw output in kw Qm3 /sec efficiency efficiency

ANGADI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, BELGAUM


DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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