Professional Documents
Culture Documents
PRESENTADO POR
GROUP: 203058_1.
TUTOR:
ING. WILMER HERNANDEZ GUTIERREZ
In the second part of this work, the development and solution given to 5
exercises proposed in the activity guide that provide some mathematical
bases that define the behavior of electromagnetic waves are shown.
1. Explain the practical application of the loss tangent with an
example.
By means of the tangent of, the quality of an insulation can be
determined, between the sea and the conduction current compared with
the displacement current better than the quality of the electrical
insulation. The distribution of the means can be taken into account that
between the mayor of the country the priority angle is the driving
current component versus the displacement current, that is, the
conductor is the medium.
Example: the loss per kilometer in a flat sling that propagates on dry
land.
When two waves are at a point, the resulting displacement at that point
is the sum of the individual displacements produced by each of the waves.
If the displacements go in the same direction, both waves are reinforced;
if they go in the opposite direction, they weaken each other. This
phenomenon is known as interference.
Visible light: Visible light is one of the ways energy moves. The light
waves are the result of vibrations of electric and magnetic fields, and
that is why they are a form of electromagnetic radiation (EM). Visible
light is just one of the many types of EM radiation, and occupies a small
range of the entire electromagnetic spectrum. However, we can perceive
light directly with our eyes, and because of the great importance it has
for us, we raise the importance of this small window in the spectrum of
EM rays.
The light waves have wavelengths between 400 and 700 nanometers
(4,000 and 7,000 Å). As the rainbow fills with shades, our eyes perceive
different lengths from light waves. The red light has relatively long
wavelengths, approximately 700 nm (10-9 meters) long. Blue light and
purple light have short waves, approximately 400 nm. The shorter
waves vibrate at higher frequencies, and have higher energies. The red
light has a frequency of approximately 430 terahertz, while the
frequency of the blue light is approximately 750 terahertz. Red photons
have approximately 1.8 electron-Volt (eV) of energy, while each blue
photon transmits approximately 3.1 eV.
The human eye has developed the ability to see better in the type of
light offered by the Sun. Our eyes are more sensitive to the colors of
yellow to green.
Refraction of light
The relationship between the sine of the angle of incidence and the sine
of the refractive angle is equal to the ratio between the velocity of the
wave in the first medium and the velocity of the wave in the second
medium, or it can be understood as the product of the The refractive index
of the first medium by the sine of the angle of incidence is equal to the
product of the refractive index of the second
Where:
Non-plane wave: It is a wave for which its frequency and amplitude are
not constant. Where its phase velocity depends not on the medium but
also on the local geometry of the wave field, especially in the
distribution of amplitudes around the observation point.
The uses of the different bands of the spectrum are determined by the
fact that, the higher the frequency of the wave, the greater the amount
of information it is capable of transporting. This is why higher
frequencies are used in the television that sends image and sound
signals, than in the radio that only sends sound signals.
Magnetic Medium: It is the one that uses electromagnetic waves for its
propagation in space and allows it to travel in a vacuum at a constant
speed. They are used in most of our communications.
- First, the farfield radiation from any transmitting antenna has the
characteristics of a plane wave sufficiently far from the antenna.
The incoming wave field impinging on a receiving antenna can
therefore usually be approximated as a plane wave.
- Second, the exact field radiated by any source in a region of space
can be constructed in terms of a continuous spectrum of plane
waves via the Fourier transform. Understanding the nature of
plane waves is thus important for understanding both the farfield
and the exact radiation from sources.
Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the
solution in the forum. Perform a critical analysis on the group
members’ contributions and reply this in the forum.
𝜀𝑟 = 6
𝜇𝑟 = 1.25
𝑆
𝜎 = 1.5
𝑚
𝜆 =?
𝑣̅ =?
𝑓 = 9.6𝑀ℎ𝑧
𝑉𝑝 1 1
𝜆= 𝑣̅ = 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0 𝜀 = 𝜀𝑟 𝜀0 𝑣̅ =
𝑓 √𝜇𝜀 𝜆
𝜀0 = 8,85𝑥10−12 𝑐 2 /𝑁𝑚2 𝜇0 = 4𝜋𝑥10−7 𝑁𝐴−2 𝜋 = 3,1416
𝜇 = (1,25)(4.3,1416𝑥10−7 ) = 3,927𝑥10−7
𝜀 = (6)(8,85𝑥10−12 ) = 5,31𝑥10−11
1
𝑉𝑝 = = 2,19𝑥108
√(3,927𝑥10−7 )(5,31𝑥10−11 )
2,19𝑥108
𝜆= = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟖𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑
9,6𝑥106
1
𝑣̅ = = 𝟒, 𝟑𝟖𝟔𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟏𝟒
2,28𝑥1013
2. In a medium with the following characteristics, 𝜺𝒓 = 𝟒, 𝝁𝒓 =
𝟏. 𝟔 and 𝝈 = 𝟐. 𝟑𝒙𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝑺/𝒎 find these parameters for a 90MHz
signal:
a. Loss tangent.
b. Propagation constant.
c. Phase velocity.
d. Wavelength.
e. Index of refraction.
Explain the meaning of each found value.
We have to:
𝜀𝑟 = 4 𝜇𝑟 = 1,6 𝜎 = 2,3𝑥10−4 𝑆⁄𝑚 → 𝑓 = 90𝑀ℎ𝑧 =
9,6𝑥106 ℎ𝑧
1
𝜀 =4∗ ∗ 10−9 𝐹/𝑚 = 3,537𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚
36 ∗ 3,1416
2,3𝑥10−4 𝑠/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = 0,0115
5,655𝑥108 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 3,537𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚
b) 𝑟 =? → 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
1
𝑉𝑝 = = 1,186𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
√2,01𝑥10−6 𝐻/𝑚 ∗ 3,537𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚
d) 𝜆 =? → 𝑊𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
1,186𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑉𝑝 = = 1,318𝑚
90𝑥106 𝐻𝑧
e) 𝑛 =? → 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐶0
𝑛= 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 → 𝐶0 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝐶0
𝑉𝑝
= 3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
3𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
𝑛= = 2,53
1,185𝑥108 𝑚/𝑠
= 200𝑉 ⁄𝑚 𝛿𝑝 =?
|𝐸𝑥𝑜 2 | 𝐸𝑥𝑝 1
𝑃𝑜 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝜃𝜂 𝐸𝑥𝑜 = = 𝐸𝑥𝑝 ∗ 0,707 𝛿𝑝 =
2|𝜂| √2 𝛼
𝜎
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 𝜀 = 𝜀𝑟 𝜀0
𝜔𝜀
1
𝜀 =9∗ ∗ 10−9 𝐹/𝑚 = 7,96𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚
36 ∗ 3,1416
1,2𝑥10−5 𝑠/𝑚
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) = = 7,998𝑥10−5
1,885𝑥109 𝐻𝑧 ∗ 7,96𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚
𝜇 𝜎𝜂
𝑇𝑎𝑛(𝛿) ≤ 0,1 → 𝜂=√ 𝛼= 𝜃𝜂 = 00 𝜇 = 𝜇𝑟 𝜇0
𝜀 2
2,01𝑥10−6 𝐻/𝑚
𝜂=√ = 158,91
7,96𝑥10−11 𝐹/𝑚
200𝑉/𝑚
𝐸𝑥𝑜 = = 141,42𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑚
√2
|(141,42𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑚)2 |
𝑃𝑜 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠00 = 62,93 𝑤
2 ∗ |158,91|
𝐻
(1.6) ∗ (4𝝅) ∗ 10−7
Ƞ=√ 𝑚 = 158.9534122527376𝛺
1 𝐹
(36𝝅) ∗ 10−9 ∗ (9) 𝑚
𝜎Ƞ
𝛼=
2
(158.9534) ∗ 1.2 ∗ 10−5 𝑆/𝑚
𝛼= = 0.0009537204
2
% 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 1 − 𝑒 (−2∗𝛼𝑥)
% 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 1 − 𝑒 (−2∗(0.0009537204)
% 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 0.1905%
% 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 1 − 𝑒 (−2∗10∗(0.0009537204)
% 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑠 = 1.89%
|120𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠/𝑚|2 90.59𝑊
𝑃0 = =
|158.9534|𝛺 𝑚2
90.59𝑊
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = ∗ 0.01889
𝑚2
𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑠 = 1.7116𝑊/𝑚2
∝= 0.0173√𝑓 ∗ 𝜎; 𝑡 = 1/𝑓
𝜎 = 4 𝑆/𝑚; 𝛼 = 𝑑𝐵/𝑚; 𝑓 = 2.5𝐺ℎ𝑧
𝑆
∝= 0.0173√2.5 𝐺ℎ𝑧 ∗ 4 → ∝= 1.73 𝑑𝐵/𝑚
𝑚
How long does the signal have to travel, in order to have an attenuation
greater than 3dB?
∝ (∝)2 2
∝= 0.0173√𝑓 ∗ 𝜎 → = √𝑓 ∗ 𝜎 → = (√𝑓 ∗ 𝜎) →
0.0173 (0.0173)2
(∝)2 (∝)2 (3 𝑑𝐵)2
=𝑓∗ 𝜎 → =𝑓 →𝑓=
(0.0173)2 (0.0173)2 ∗ 𝜎 𝑆
(0.0173)2 ∗ 4
𝑚
𝑓 = 7517.79 𝐻𝑧
let's find the time based on the frequency
1
𝑡= → 𝑡 = 133 𝜇𝑠
7517.79 𝐻𝑧
In group solve the following practical exercise
LOSS TANG
MEDIUM 𝝈 (S/m) 𝜺𝒓 𝜺𝟎
Suelo vegetal 0.01 14 8.84643E-12
During the realization of this work, you can reach conclusions such as: