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M. A. Golkar
Electrical Engineering Department
Curtin University of Technology
CDT 250 , Miri 98000 ,Sarawak
Malaysia
Email: masoud.g@curtin.edu.my , Web: www.curtin.edu.my
Abstract: Electric power quality is an aspect of power engineering that has been with us since the inception of power
systems; however, topics in power quality have risen to the forefront since the advent of high power
semiconductor switches and networking of transmission and subtransmission systems. Also, the trends in
modern power engineering have been to extract the most from the existing installed system, and this too has
placed stress on issues of sinusoidal waveform fidelity, absence of high and low voltage conditions, and other
ac waveform distortion.
In this paper first, types of power quality variations are described and the methods of characterizing
each type with measurements are presented. Then , advances in power quality monitoring equipment
and tools for analyzing power quality measurement results are described. The increased amount of data
being collected requires more advanced analysis tools.
2.3 Transients
The term transients is normally used to refer to fast
changes in the system voltage or current.
Transients are disturbances, rather than steady-
state variations such as harmonic distortion or
voltage unbalance. Disturbances can be measured
by triggering on the abnormality involved . For
transients, this could be the peak magnitude. the
rate of rise, or just the change in the waveform
from one cycle to the next. Transients can be
Fig 1 Daily voltage deviations in a supply feeder divided into two subcategories, impulsive
transients and oscillatory transients, depending on
2.2 Harmonic Distortion the characteristics.
Harmonic distortion of the voltage and current Transients are normally characterized by the actual
results from the operation of nonlinear loads and waveform, although summary descriptors can also
devices on the power system. The nonlinear loads be developed (peak magnitude, primary frequency,
that cause harmonics can often be represented as rate-of-rise, etc.) Fig.2 gives a capacitor switching
current sources of harmonics. The system voltage transient waveform. This is one of the most
appears stiff to individual loads and the loads draw important transients that is initiated on the utility
distorted current waveforms. equipment.
Transient problems are solved by controlling the
transient at the source, changing the characteristics
Harmonic voltage distortion results from the of the system affecting the transient, or by
interaction of these harmonic currents with the protecting equipment so that it is not impacted. For
system impedance. The harmonic standard, IEEE instance, capacitor switching transients can be
519-1992 [2], has proposed two way responsibility controlled at the source by closing the breaker
for controlling harmonic levels on the power contacts close be avoided by not using low-voltage
system. capacitors within the end user facilities. The actual
* End users must limit the harmonic currents equipment can be protected with filters of surge
injected onto the power system. arresters.
fault condition can cause a momentary voltage sag
over a wide portion of the system even though no
end users may experience and interruption. This is
true for most transmission faults. Fig 3 , 4 ,and 5
shows examples of this kind of events
a)Equivalent circuit
Fig 3. Instantaneous voltage swell caused by a
SLG fault
b)Waveform
References:
[1] IEEE Working Group P1159, "Recommended
practice for monitoring electric power quality
--Draft 7,"Dec. 1994.