• 1837: dc Motor (Davenport)

• 1882: New York City dc Distribution System (Edison)

• 1885: Rotating Magnetic Field by Polyphase Stator Winding (Ferraris)
• 1888: Commercial Wound-Rotor Induction Motor (Tesla)
• 1889: Cage Induction Motor (Debrovolsky)
• 1891: Polyphase Alternator (Tesla)
: Ward Leonard dc Motor Speed Control (Leonard)
• 1897: Three-Phase Diode Bridge Rectifier (Graetz)
• 1929: Synchronous Machine d-q Model in Synchronous Reference Frame (Park)
• 1930: New York Subway Grid-Controlled Mercury Arc Rectifier for dc Drive
• 1934: Cycloconverter Synchronous Motor Drive for Induced-Draft (ID)
Fan (Alexanderson)
• 1938: Induction Motor d-q Model in Stationary Reference Frame (Stanley)
• 1948: Invention of Point Contact Bipolar Transistor (Bardeen and Brattain)
: Invention of Junction Bipolar Transistor (Schockley)
• 1956: Invention of Thyristor (Moll, Tanenbaum, Goldey, and Holonyak)
: Silicon High-Power Diode
• 1958: Introduction of Commercial Thyristor [General Electric (GE)]
: Invention of the Triode for Alternating Current (TRIAC) (GE)
: Invention of gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) (GE)
• 1961: Force-Commutated Thyristor Voltage-Fed Inverter (McMurray)
• 1963: Selected Harmonic Elimination Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) (Turnbull)
• 1964: Sinusoidal PWM (Schonung and Stemmler)
• 1969: Static Kramer Drive (Shepherd and Stanway)
: Indirect Vector Control (Hasse)
• 1971: Microprocessor 8-b (Intel)
• 1972: Direct Vector Control (Blaschke)
• 1973: Transistor ac Switch for Matrix Converter (Bose)
• 1977: Static Scherbius Drive (Smith)
• 1979: Hysteresis Band (HB) PWM for ac Motor Drive (Plunkett)
• 1980: Matrix Converter (Venturini)
• 1981: Diode-Clamped Three-Level Converter (Nabae, Takahashi, and Akagi)
• 1982: Space Vector PWM (Pfaff, Weschta, and Wick)
• 1983: Invention of the Insulated-Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) (GE–Baliga)
• 1985: Commercial Introduction of IGBT (GE)
: Direct Torque and Flux Control (DTC) (Takahashi)
• 1990s–2000s: Fuzzy Logic and Neural Network Applications in Power
Electronics (Bose et al.)
• 1997: Introduction of the Integrated Gate-Commutated Thyristor (IGCT) (ABB)

1) Power Semiconductor Devices:

A) Materials (Silicon, Silicon Carbide, Gallium Nitride, Diamond, Etc.)
B) Present Devices [Diode, Thyristor, GTO, Triac, Power Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Field-Effect
Transistor (MOSFET), IGBT, IGCT, Intelligent Power Module (IPM), or Power Integrated Circuit
(PIC)] with Incremental Change
or
Development of a New Device
[Voltage and Current Ratings, Leakage Current, Safe Operating Area (SOA), Conduction Drop, Junction
Temperature, Turn-On and Turn-Off Times, Minority Carrier Storage, Rate of Current Change (di/dt),
Rate of Voltage Change (dv/dt), Switching Frequency, Series and Parallel Operation, Power Loss,
Thermal Impedance, Cooling, Snubber or Snubberless, Gate Drive, Fault Diagnosis and Protection, and
Applications] Design, Fabrication, Packaging, Analysis, Modeling, Simulation Studies, Performance
Prediction,and Experimental Evaluation

2) Peripheral Devices:
Present Devices (Capacitor, Inductor, Resistor, Transformer, Battery, Fuel Cell, PV Cell,
Light-Emitting Diode, SMES, DSP,Application-Specific Integrated Circuit, Field-Programmable Gate
Array, Etc.) with Incremental Change
Or
Development of a New Device
Design, Fabrication, Packaging, Analysis, Modeling, Simulation Studies, Performance Prediction,
and Experimental Evaluation

1) Converters:
Present Converters (Voltage-Fed, Current-Fed, Hybrid, HF Link, Etc.) with Incremental Change
Or
Development of a New Topology
[Control Strategy, Response, Loss and Efficiency, Line and Load Harmonics, Power Quality,
Filtering, Soft Switching, Dead-Time Compensation, Power (P), Reactive Power (Q), Total Harmonic
Distortion (THD), Power Factor (PF), Displacement Power Factor (DPF), Electromagnetic Interference
(EMI), Line/Converter/Load Faults, Fault Diagnostics and Fault-Tolerant Control, Hardware/Software
Implementation, Etc.]

2) PWM Techniques:
Present PWM Techniques [Sinusoidal Pulsewidth Modulation (SPWM), Selected Harmonic Elimination
(SHE), Static Volt Ampere Reactive (Var) Compensator Hysteresis Band (SVC.HB)] with Incremental
Change
or
Development of a New Technique
Design, Analysis, Modeling, Simulation Studies, Performance Prediction, and Experimental Evaluation

1) Machines
Present Machines [Induction Motor (IM), Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM),
Wound-Field Synchronous Motor (WFSM), Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM)
With Radial, Axial, or Linear Geometry] with Incremental Change
Design, Fabrications, Analysis, Modeling, Simulation, Performance Prediction, and Experimental
Evaluation
Or
2) Control Strategy
Present Control Strategies [Vector Control, DTC Control, Model Referencing Adaptive Control (MRAC),
Self-Tuning Regulator (STR),Variable Structure Control (SMC), Model Predictive Control, Fuzzy and
Neural Controls,Genetic Algorithm (GA) Control, Sensorless Control, DisturbanceCompensation, Fault-
Tolerant Control and Other Scalar, Optimal, and Adaptive Controls,Hardware/Software Implementation]
with Incremental Change
Or
Development of New Machine
(Volume, Weight, Power/Torque Density, Parameters, Losses and Efficiency, Cooling, Pulsating Torque,
Acoustic Noise, Faults, Etc.)
Development of a New Strategy
Analysis, Design, Modeling, Simulation Studies, Performance Prediction, and Experimental Evaluation
3) Estimation and Measurements
Present Techniques [Torque, Slip, Flux, Speed, Position, Acceleration, Disturbance (Line and Load),
Response, Accuracy, Harmonic Effects, Machine Parameters (Stator and Rotor Resistances, and Stator
and Rotor Inductances), dv/dt Effect on Insulation, Bearing Current, Acoustic Noise, Machine Voltage
Boost for Long Cable, Fault Diagnosis (Online and Offline), Hardware/Software
Implementation, Etc.] With Incremental Change
Or
Development of a New Strategy
Design, Analysis, Modeling, Simulation Studies, Performance Prediction, and Experimental Evaluation

Examples:
• Fuel Cell Uninterruptible Power System (UPS) with Supercapacitor
(Or Battery) Storage Operating with Wind Generation System to Supply
Intermittent Loads in an Autonomous System
• Micro Grid with PV, Wind, and Distributed Energy Storage
• Magnetically Levitated Vehicle (MAGLEV) Transportation System with
Weak Utility Supplies
• Transmission System Integrated with FACTS
• PV and Off-Shore Wind Generation Systems Integrated with Utility Grid Through
Voltage-Fed (HVDC PLUS or HVDC LIGHT) HVDC Transmission
• Smart Grid System Integrated with Fossil, Nuclear, and Renewable Energy
Systems and Bulk Energy Storage
(Bus voltage and frequency, p, q, harmonics, power quality, reliability, stability,estimation,
measurement, control, efficiency, security, fault diagnosis,fault-tolerant control, optimum load flow,
etc.)Conceptual studies, design, analysis, modeling, simulation, performanceprediction, and
experimental evaluation

• Have a dream in life, and try to translate it into reality with hard work.
• Have a long-term ambition and short-term career goal—never leave obstacles without giving your best
effort.
• Have a simple and unsophisticated lifestyle with some spiritual bend.
• Have a guru in your life whom you can emulate.
• Maintain a private diary describing your aspirations, problems, and progresses in life.
• Document what you learned after attending a conference or reading a paper in your ―knowledge
book‖—formulate ideas for research.
• To solve a research problem, let it linger in your mind all the time—while walking, while taking a bath,
and even in the midst of your sleep.
• Analyze technical and life’s problems from all angles. Never make an impulsive decision.
• Before giving any presentation, look into the broad perspective and solve possible questions in your
mind.
• Finally, always keep the ―fire burning‖ in your mind.