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REACTION ENGINEERING II
TOPIC 1
Chemical Catalytic
Reaction
1.3 1.4
Rate Limiting Temperature Dependence
Steps of Catalytic Reaction
Rates
1.5 1.6
Langmuir- 1.7
Designing
Hinshelwood Deactivation
Catalytic
Kinetic of Catalyst
Reactors
In practice a catalyst
has its lifespan - it
deactivates gradually
during use.
Source: http://www.arabianoilandgas.com/article-9496-top-10-catalysts-companies/
Also…
Acid-base catalysts
Enzymatic
Photocatalysis
Electrocatalysis, etc.
Catalyst development
Material synthesis, structure properties, catalyst stability,
compatibility…
Analysis techniques
Detection limits in terms of dimension of time & size and under
extreme conditions (T, P) and accuracy of measurements,
microscopic techniques, sample preparation techniques…
Reaction modelling
Elementary reactions and rates, quantum mechanics/chemistry,
physical chemistry …
Reactor modelling
Mathematical interpretation and representation, the numerical
method, micro-kinetics, structure and efficiency of heat and
mass transfer in relation to reactor design …
Catalytic process
Heat and mass transfers, energy balance and efficiency of process
Some Developments in Industrial Catalysis-1
1900- 1920s
Industrial Process Catalyst
1900s: CO + 3H2 CH4 + H2O Ni
Vegetable Oil + H2 butter/margarine Ni
1910s: Coal Liquefaction Ni
1920s: CO + 2H2 CH3OH (HP) (ZnCr)oxide
Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis Co,Fe
C2H4 Polyethylene(Z‐N) Ti
C2H4 Polyethylene(Phillips) Cr‐SiO2
Polyprop &Polybutadiene(Z‐N) Ti
Steam reforming Ni‐K‐ Al2O3
HDS, HDT of naphtha (Co‐Mo)/Al2O3
C10H8 Phthalic anhydride (V,Mo)oxide
C6H6 C6H12 (Ni)
C6H11OH C6H10O (Cu)
C7H8+ H2 C6H6 +CH4 (Ni‐SiAl)
Xylene Isom( for p‐xylene) H‐ZSM‐5
Methanol (low press) Cu‐Zn/Al2O3
Toluene to benzene and xylenes H‐ZSM‐5
Catalytic dewaxing H‐ZSM‐5
Autoexhaust catalyst Pt‐Pd‐Rh on oxide
Hydroisomerisation Pt‐zeolite
SCR of NO(NH3) V/ Ti
MTBE acidic ion exchange resin
C7H8+C9H12 C6H6 +C8H10 Pt‐Mordenite
Fe + H2S FeS + H2
Examples of autocatalysis:
Hydrolysis of an ester.
A negative catalyst is
used to slow down or
stop altogether an
unwanted reaction.
Homogeneous catalysis
Heterogeneous catalysis
HOMOGENEOUS HETEROGENEOUS
4.Supported 5.Unsupported
catalyst catalyst
• Consists of • Mainly
minute particles promoters that
of an active increase activity
material
dispersed over
a less active
substance.
SOLID CATALYST
Catalyst composition
Active phase
Where the reaction occurs (mostly
metal/metal oxide)
Promoter
Textual promoter (e.g. Al - Fe for NH3 production)
Catalyst composition
Support / carrier
Increase mechanical strength
Zeolite
mixture of alumina and silica
often exchanged metal ion present
shape selective
Acidic
What are the criteria of
the catalyst…..