Ch07 PPT Mankiw Macro7Ce

PowerPoint Presentations for
Principles of Macroeconomics
Seventh Canadian Edition
by Mankiw/Kneebone/McKenzie
Adapted for the
Seventh Canadian Edition by
Marc Prud’homme
University of Ottawa
PRODUCTION
AND GROWTH
Chapter 7
Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.
2
PRODUCTION AND GROWTH
▪ The average person in a rich country, such as Canada,
the United States, or Germany, has an income more
than ten times as high as the average person in a poor
country.
3
▪ Even within a country, there are large changes in the
standard of living over time.
▪ In Canada over the past century, average income as
measured by real GDP per person has grown by
about 2% per year.
▪ This rate of growth implies that average income
doubles every 35 years.
▪ Average income today is about eight times as high as
average income a century ago.
4
▪ What explains the diversity in living standards and
growth rates around the world?
▪ How can the rich countries ensure that they maintain
their high standard of living?
▪ What policies should the poor countries pursue to
promote more rapid growth in order to join the
developed world?
5
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AROUND THE WORLD
▪ Data on real GDP per person show that living standards
vary widely from country to country.
▪ Income per person in Canada is about:
▪ 6 times higher than that of China
▪ 12 times higher than that of India
6
TABLE 7.1
The Variety of Growth Experiences
7
Quick
Quiz
✓ What is the approximate growth rate of real GDP per
person in Canada?
✓ Name a country that has had faster growth.
✓ Name a country that has had slower growth.
8
PRODUCTIVITY:
ITS ROLE AND DETERMINANTS
▪ Explaining the large variation in living standards around
the world is, in one sense, very easy.
A single word: PRODUCTIVITY
▪ Productivity: The quantity of goods and services
produced from each hour of a worker’s time.
9
PRODUCTIVITY:
WHY PRODUCTIVITY IS SO IMPORTANT
▪ Productivity is the key determinant of
living standards.
Olegro/Shutterstock
▪ Growth in productivity is the key

determinant of growth in living
standards.
▪ For a country to enjoy a high standard
of living, it must produce a large
quantity of goods and services.
10
PRODUCTIVITY:
HOW PRODUCTIVITY IS DETERMINED
▪Determinants of productivity
▪ Physical capital per worker
▪ Human capital per worker
▪ Natural resources
▪ Technological knowledge
11
PRODUCTIVITY:
HOW PRODUCTIVITY IS DETERMINED (CONTINUED)
▪ Physical capital: The stock of equipment and structures
that are used to produce goods and services.
▪ Human capital: The knowledge and skills that
workers acquire through education, training, and
experience.
12
PRODUCTIVITY:
HOW PRODUCTIVITY IS DETERMINED (CONTINUED)
▪ Natural resources: The inputs into the production
of goods and services that are produced by nature,
such as land, rivers, and mineral deposits.
▪ Technological knowledge: Society’s understanding of
the best ways to produce goods and services.
13
Quick
Quiz
✓ List and describe four determinants of a country’s
productivity.
14
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
▪ The importance of saving and investment
▪ Diminishing returns and the catch-up effect
▪ Investment from abroad
▪ Education
▪ Health and nutrition
▪ Property rights and political stability
▪ Free trade
▪ Research and development
▪ Population growth
15
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
THE IMPORTANCE OF SAVING, INVESTMENT,
AND STABLE FINANCIAL MARKETS
▪ Because resources are scarce, devoting more resources
to producing capital requires devoting fewer resources
to producing goods and services for current
consumption.
▪ Consequently, the accumulation of capital involves a
tradeoff.
16
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
THE IMPORTANCE OF SAVING, INVESTMENT,
AND STABLE FINANCIAL MARKETS (CONTINUED)
▪ When governments encourage saving and investment,
they also encourage growth and in the long run this
raises the standard of living.
▪ A well-functioning and carefully regulated financial
market, one that quickly and efficiently brings savings
and investment together with minimal risk and in a
transparent way, is a critical ingredient in the recipe for
economic growth.
17
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
DIMINISHING RETURNS AND THE CATCH-UP EFFECT
▪ Successful government policies that raise the saving rate
mean that fewer resources are needed to make
consumption goods and more resources are now
available to make capital goods.
▪ The capital stock increases, which raises productivity
thus leading to a higher rate of growth of GDP.
18
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
(CONTINUED)
▪ However, the benefits from additional capital become smaller

over time, so growth slows down.
▪ In the long run, the higher saving rate leads to a higher level
of productivity and income but not too higher growth in these
variables. This phenomenon is known as diminishing returns.
▪ Diminishing returns: The benefit from an extra unit of an input
declines as the quantity of the input increases.
19
FIGURE 7.1
Illustrating the Production Function
20
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
(CONTINUED)
▪ The diminishing returns to capital has another important

implication:
▪ Other things equal, it is easier for a country to grow if
it starts out relatively poor.
▪ Catch-up effect: Countries that start off poor tend to
grow more rapidly than countries that start off rich.
21
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
INVESTMENT FROM ABROAD
▪ Another way to acquire new capital.
▪ Foreign direct investment: a capital investment that
is owned and operated by a foreign entity.
▪ Foreign indirect investment: an investment that is financed
with foreign money operated by domestic residents.
▪ Foreign portfolio investment: an investment that is
financed with foreign money but operated by domestic
residents.
22
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
INVESTMENT FROM ABROAD (CONTINUED)
▪ Investment from abroad does not have the same effect on all
measures of economic activity.
▪ Foreign investment in Canada raises the income of Canadians
(this is captured in GNP) by less than it raises production in
Canada (this is captured by GDP).
▪ GDP increases because the investment increases Canada’s
capital stock.
▪ GNP increases by less because the profits generated
from the foreign investment return to the country of
the investors.
23
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
INVESTMENT FROM ABROAD (CONTINUED)
▪ Investment from abroad can help a country grow.
▪ The World Bank tries to encourage the flow of capital to
poor countries.
▪ Economic distress often leads to political turmoil,
international tensions, and military conflict.
▪ The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
were created after World War II to promote economic
prosperity around the world.
24
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
EDUCATION
▪ Investment in human capital (education) is at least as
important as investment in physical capital for long-run
economic success.
▪ It is well known that more education leads to higher
wages and salaries.
▪ One way government policy can improve the standard
of living is to provide good schools.
25
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
EDUCATION (CONTINUED)
Digital Vision/Thinkstock
▪ Education
▪ Human capital is also
important for economic
growth because it conveys
positive externalities.
▪ Externalities: The effect of one
person’s actions on the wellbeing of a bystander.
26
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
EDUCATION (CONTINUED)
▪ Some poor countries face a brain drain.
▪ Brain drain: The immigration of many of the most highly
educated workers to rich countries, where they can
enjoy a higher standard of living.
27
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
HEALTH AND NUTRITION
▪ Other things equal, healthier workers are more
productive.
▪ The causal link between health and wealth runs in both
directions:
▪ Poor countries are poor in part because the populations
are not healthy. Their populations are not healthy in part
because they are poor.
▪ It is a vicious cycle.
28
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
HEALTH AND NUTRITION (CONTINUED)
▪ This fact opens the possibility of a virtuous cycle,
however.
▪ Policies that lead to more rapid economic growth would
naturally improve health outcomes.
▪ In turn, this would further promote economic growth.
29
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
PROPERTY RIGHTS AND POLITICAL STABILITY
▪ In a free-market economy, it is the invisible hand that
brings supply and demand into balance in the many
thousands of markets.
▪ For the price system to work, property rights must be
respected.
▪ Property rights: the ability of people to exercise authority
over the resources they own
30
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
PROPERTY RIGHTS AND POLITICAL STABILITY (CONTINUED)
▪ Political instability is a threat to property rights.
▪ When revolutions are common, doubt exists that property rights
will be respected in the future.
▪ There is less incentive to save by nationals, and foreigners have
less incentive to invest.
▪ Countries with an efficient court system, honest government
officials, and a stable constitution will typically enjoy a higher
standard of living.
31
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
FREE TRADE
▪ Most economists today will say that a poor country is
better off pursuing outward-oriented (as opposed to
inward-oriented) policies that integrate these countries
into the world economy.
▪ Countries that eliminate trade restrictions often experience the
same kind of economic growth that would occur after a major
technological advance.
▪ Trade volume is determined not only by government policy but
also by geography.
32
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
▪ One of the major reasons why living standards are so much
higher today than they were a century ago is because stateof-the-art technological
knowledge has progressed so much.
▪ Even if most R&D is conducted in the private sector, there is a
public interest in promoting such efforts.
▪ Knowledge is a public good.
▪ Governments have a vested interest in promoting R&D.
33
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (CONTINUED)
▪ Over the years the Canadian government has:
▪ Funded research in CANDU nuclear reactors.
▪ Offered research grants from NSERC and SSHRC.
▪ Offered tax breaks to firms that engage in R&D.
▪ Managed the patent system.
34
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
POPULATION GROWTH
▪ A large population means a larger total output of goods
and services.
▪ However, it need not mean a higher standard of living
for a typical citizen.
▪ Beyond these obvious effects of population size,
population growth interacts with the other factors of
production in ways that are more subtle and open to
debate.
35
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
POPULATION GROWTH (CONTINUED)
▪Stretching natural resources
▪ A large population means a larger workforce.
▪ A large population means more consumers.
▪ Therefore, a large population need not mean a
higher standard of living.
36
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
▪ Thomas Robert Malthus
(1766–1834) argued that an
ever-increasing population
would continually strain
society’s ability to provide
for itself.
▪ Mankind was doomed to
forever live in poverty.
37
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
▪Diluting capital stock
▪ According to this theory, high population growth
reduces GDP per worker because rapid growth in the
number of workers forces the capital stock to be
spread more thinly.
▪ A smaller quantity of capital per worker leads to lower
productivity and lower GDP per worker.
38
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
▪ Some analysts believe that reducing the rate of
population growth would help poor countries raise their
standards of living:
▪ By regulating the number of children (e.g., China).
▪ By policies that foster equal treatment of women.
39
ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND PUBLIC POLICY
▪Promoting technological progress
▪ Some economists believe that population growth has
been an engine of technological progress and
economic prosperity.
▪ More people means more scientists, more inventors,
and more engineers.
40
CONCLUSION: THE IMPORTANCE OF
LONG-RUN GROWTH
▪ A country’s standard of living depends on its ability to
produce goods and services.
▪ Policymakers who want to encourage growth in
standards of living must aim to increase their nations’
productive ability.
41
CONCLUSION: THE IMPORTANCE OF
LONG-RUN GROWTH
▪ Economists differ in their views of the role of government
in promoting economic growth.
▪ At the very least, government can lend support to the
invisible hand by maintaining property rights and
political stability.
▪ More controversial is whether government should target
and subsidize specific industries that might be especially
important for technological progress.
42
Quick
Quiz
✓ Describe three ways in which a government
policymaker can try to raise the growth in living
standards in a society.
✓ Are there any drawbacks to these policies?
43
Active Learning
Discussion Question
Which of the following policies do you think would be

most effective at boosting growth and living standards in
a poor country over the long run?
a. Offer tax incentives for investment by local firms.
b. Offer tax incentives for investment by foreign firms.
c. Give cash payments for good school attendance.
d. Crack down on government corruption.
e. Restrict imports to protect domestic industries.
f. Allow free trade.
g. Give away condoms.
44
Classroom Activity
The Universal Replicator
The Universal Replicator is a machine that can
replicate any physical good. If a car is put into the
Universal Replicator, the machine will create an exact
working duplicate at the touch of a button. It will
work on any non-living object. Assume this
technology becomes widely adopted throughout the
country by manufacturers of all types. Answer the
following questions.
45
Classroom Activity
The Universal Replicator (continued)
1. What impact would the Universal Replicator have
on the economy?
2. What jobs would not be needed?
3. What would happen to the price of goods?
4. What kinds of problems would you expect?
5. What benefits do you see?
6. What kinds of jobs would still be necessary?
46
THE END
Chapter 7
47

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The Variety of Growth Experiences

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▪ Growth in productivity is the key

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▪ However, the benefits from additional capital become smaller

Illustrating the Production Function

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▪ The diminishing returns to capital has another important

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Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.

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Copyright © 2017 by Nelson Education Ltd.

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Which of the following policies do you think would be

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