FG Kat PT PDF

CATÁLOGO
DE LABORATÓRIO
para Análises de Leite
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É com muito prazer que colaboramos consigo!
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CONTEÚDO
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Determinação do teor de gordura em natas, gelados, queijos, manteigas, leite em pó, etc
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Uma contribuição do Eng.º K. Schäfer.
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TRADIÇÃO
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CONTINUIDADE
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PRODUCTOS:
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Ano de constituição: 1904 Funke-Dr.N.Gerber Labortechnik GmbH
Gerente: Ringstraße 42
Eng.º Konrad Schäfer 12105 Berlin
Procurador: Telefone: (+49-30) 702 006-0
Dipl. oec. Georg Hörnle Fax: (+49-30) 702 006-66
E-Mail: kontakt@funke-gerber.de
Sítio: www.funke-gerber.de
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DETERMINAÇÃO
DO TEOR BUTIROSO
SEGUNDO GERBER
pelo Químico Alfred Töpel
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^ckajXgdYZZh[ZgVYZ\dgYjgVZbdcd]^YgVid#D^ckajXgdYV {aXddaVba^Xd[VXâîVVhZeVgVdYVh[VhZhZeZgbîZdWiZg
Zh[ZgVYZ\dgYjgV^beZYZVXdcÓjcX^VVXdVaZhXcX^VYVh jbVa^c]VYZhZeVgVdci^YVZcigZ\dgYjgVZhdajd{X^YV#
Zh[ZgVhYZ\dgYjgVZZhiVWâôVdZhiVYdZbjah^dcVYd# CV ZhXVaV Yd Wji^gbZigd edhhkZa aZg d iZdg Wji^gdhd cd
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ÂMBITO DE APLICAÇÃO
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b^hijgVYdXdbjbV\ZciZXdchZgkVciZVYZfjVYd!WZbXdbdaZîZ]dbd\ZcZôVYd#
8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ &(
PRODUTOS QUÍMICOS NECESSÁRIOS
&# ÜY_Zeikb\h_Ye">(IE*
GZfj^hîdh/ HbWdadYZeZg^\d/ 8aVhh^[^XVdYZeZg^\dh/

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H'"'+"(%
• incolor ou apenas
ligeiramente tingido e
isento de componentes que
influenciem o resultado
CdiVh/
A densidade necessária corresponde a 90 até 91 % em massa. Devem ser evitadas
concentrações mais elevadas ou reduzidas. O ácido sulfúrico mais concentrado
ataca, aos 65 °C, o álcool amílico e forma olefinas através da desidratação, o
que influencia os resultados. Concentrações mais reduzidas baixam a acção de
oxidação. A destruição do invólucro das esferas de gordura é incompleta e poderá
haver a formação de grumos.
'# ÜbYeebWcb_Ye
eVgVVYZiZgb^cVdYdiZdgWji^gdhdhZ\jcYd<ZgWZg
Mistura de isómeros 2-metilbutan-1-ol e 3-metilbutan-1-ol
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H')$'*
• Limites de ebulição: 98 % KW;6>>
(em percentagem volumétrica)
têm de sobredestilar entre 128 °C e
132 °C a 1 bar.
• O álcool amílico não pode conter
componentes que influenciem o
resultado.
• Em vez de álcool amílico poderão
ser usados materiais de
substituição, desde que levem
a resultados de teste iguais aos
do álcool amílico.
CdiVh/
• Os álcoois amílicos isómeros possuem pontos de ebulição diferentes,
2-metilbutan-1-ol 128 °C e 3-metilbutan-1-ol 132 °C.
• Apenas esta mistura entre os 8 álcoois amílicos isômeros conhecidos
é adequada para o método Gerber.
• As contaminações com os outros álcoois amílicos isómeros, em especial com
o álcool amílico terciário 2-metilbutan-2-ol alteram os resultados das análises.
É detectado um teor butiroso demasiado elevado.
&) 8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ
EQUIPAMENTOS NECESSÁRIOS
&#8kj_hc[jheYWb_XhWZeXdbgda]VVYZfjVYV
9>C&'-(+"6)!9>C&'-(+"6+!9>C&'-(+"6-!9>C"&'-(+"6*
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(#F_f[jW9>C&'-(,"7djjehd[_hWZ[c[Z_e'&cbfWhW|Y_Zeikb\h_Ye
)#F_f[jW9>C&'-(,"8&baV[Zg^YVeVgV{aXddaVba^Xd
*#9[djh_\k]WZehWfWhWZ[j[hc_dWeZej[ehXkj_heiedeb[_j[XdbXdciVYdgYZgdiVZh!
VfjZXkZa# 6 XZcig^[j\VYdgV iZg{ YZ XdchZ\j^g dWiZg! hdW XVg\V b{m^bV Z d bV^h iVgYVg
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YdWji^gbZigd#8dbjbgV^dYZgdiVdYZe#Zm#'+¥%!*XbViVdaVYd^ciZg^dgYVgda]V
YdWji^gbZigd!dfjZXdggZhedcYZ|Y^hi}cX^VZcigZdedcidYZgdiVdZVgda]VYdWji^g"
bZigd!ZhiVVXZaZgVdVaXVcVYVXdbjbVgdiVdYZ&&%%¥-%b^cÄ&#
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+*¥'8#:bXdbW^cVdXdbjbVXZcig^[j\VYdgVVfjZX^YV!iVbWbedYZg{hZg
jhVYVjbVbVc\VYVXZcig^[j\VYdgVeVgVVgZXda]VYdWji^gbZigdZbWVc]d"bVg^V#
9jgVciZVaZîjgV!ViZbeZgVijgVYZkZg{hZgYZ+*¥'8#
PREPARAÇÃ O DA AMOSTRA
DaZîZYZkZhZgVfjZX^Ydcd[gVhXdYZVbdhigVViVdh'%8Zb^hijgVYdXj^YVYdhV
ZZmVjhi^kVbZciZVigVkhYZk^gV\Zch#6hh^b!YZkZg"hZdWiZgjbVY^hig^Wj^d]dbd"
\cZVYV\dgYjgV!ZkîVcYd"hZ!XdcijYd!V[dgbVdYZZhejbVZbVc^[ZhiVZhYZ
[dgbVdYZbVciZ^\V#
A gordura do leite é mais leve que a água. Quando parada forma natas. À superfície
forma-se uma camada mais rica em gordura. Através da mistura e viragem cuidadosa
é possível restabelecer o antigo estado de distribuição.
HZVXVbVYVYZcViVhcdejYZghZgY^hig^WjYVYZ[dgbV]dbd\cZVYZhiV[dgbV!
d aZîZYZkZhZgVfjZX^YdV (*Vi )%8V\îVcYdXj^YVYdhVbZciZ!VihZgdWi^YVV
Y^hig^Wj^d]dbd\cZVYV\dgYjgV#:bhZ\j^YVZVciZhYVeêZiV\Zb!daZîZYZkZ
hZgVggZ[ZX^YdeVgV'%8#
A espuma quebra o invólucro das esferas de gordura. Durante a mistura, poderão ocor-
rer manifestações de formação de manteiga. Assim, a gordura já não se deixa distribuir
uniformemente. A 35 até 40°C, a gordura se liquefaz. A distribuição é mais rápida.
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Os medidores de volume estão aferidos para 20°C. Os desvios na temperatura influen-
ciam o volume. O ar contido reduz a densidade e, assim, a massa da quantidade de leite
medida.
8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ &*
EXECUÇÃO DA ANÁLISE = PRESCRIÇÃO DE TRABALHO
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&# 9ZkZb hZg XdadXVYdh ' Wji^gbZigdh cjb hjedgiZ hjedgiZ

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'# D [gVhXd YZ VbdhigV YZkZ hZg V\îVYd Xj^YVYdhVbZciZ igh V
fjVigdkZoZh#>bZY^ViVbZciZYZed^h!YZkZbhZgeêZiVYdh&%!,*
baYZaZîZeVgVdWji^gbZigd!YZbdYdfjZdeZhXddYdWji^g"
bZigdcdÒfjZbda]VYdZcd]V_Vb^hijgVYdaZîZXdbd{X^Yd
hja[g^Xd#EVgViVa!VedciVYVeêZiVYZaZîZZcXdhiVYVdbV^h
egd[jcYVbZciZedhhkZacVWdgYVYdWji^gbZigdZdaZîZXdad"
XVYdZbXVbVYVhdWgZd{X^Ydhja[g^Xd#Ò\#'
Durante a introdução do método de Gerber eram introduzidos 11,0 ml de leite.
Através da redução da quantidade de leite para 10,75 ml, o teor butiroso cor-
responde melhor aos resultados do método de referência. Em caso do pes-
coço do butirómetro ficar molhado com leite poderão ficar retidos resíduos.
Um sinal de uma boa formação de camada é a linha de delimitação nítida
entre ácido e leite sem margem acastanhada.
(# wVea^XVYd&baYZ{aXddaVba^XdhdWgZdaZîZVigVkhYVidgcZ^gV
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Devido à baixa densidade do álcool amílico não haverá mistura dos
;^\#& 9jgVciZV^cigdYjdYd{X^Ydhja[g^XdYZkZbhZg líquidos.
jhVYdhXjadhYZegdiZXdZajkVhYZWdggVX]V
)# HZbb^hijgVgdhafj^Ydh!dWji^gbZigd[ZX]VYdXdbVgda]V#
Por regra, a parte inferior da rolha mergulha no líquido.
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gVYd# 9jgVciZ ZhiZ egdXZhhd! d edaZ\Vg Xdbeg^bZ Xdb ÒgbZoV
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WdaWd#Ò\#(
Durante a mistura dos líquidos é ge-
rado muito calor. Devido à formação de
gases, a rolha poderá ser impelida a sair
ou o butirómetro quebra.
A manga do butirómetro é um disposi-
tivo de segurança. Em vez da manga do
butirómetro, o butirómetro também
poderá ser envolvido num pano.
Uma agitação demasiado suave ou uma
inclinação desnecessária impede a
rápida mistura e, assim, o rápido efeito
;^\#( de oxidação em todo o líquido e destrói
;^\#' &%!,*baYZaZîZhdeêZiVYdheVgVYZcigdYd o efeito da formação cuidadosa das
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bVc\VV\îVYdjhVgXjadhYZ diversas camadas.
egdiZXdZajkVhYZWdggVX]V
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YVXZcig^[j\VYdgVVfjZX^YVÒ\#)!cdfjVadhWji^gbZigdhibYZ
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YZ XZcig^[j\Vd YZ (*% ¥ *% \! Zb \ZgVa! Veh & b^cjid! V gZh"
eZXi^kVgdiVdYZ&&%%¥*%edgb^cjidYZkZhZgbVci^YVYjgVciZ
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bVi^XVbZciZ#
,# :bhZ\j^YV!dhWji^gbZigdhhdgZi^gVYdhYVXZcig^[j\VYdgVhZb
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ZbWVc]d"bVg^VVfjZX^YdV+*8#Ò\#*
O cumprimento da temperatura é especialmente importante para a exacti-
dão dos resultados. Apenas a leitura a 65 °C garante um resultado exacto.
Caso a temperatura seja inferior, o volume da coluna de gordura diminui.
É apresentado um teor butiroso demasiado baixo. ;^\#+ 8dbdVjma^dYVa}beVYVYZXdchjaiVYZhZ\jgVcV!
dhkVadgZhYZbZY^dedYZbhZgXdchjaiVYdhXdb
hZ\jgVcVZegZX^hd
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RESULTADO DE MEDIÇÃO E PRECISÃO
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ckZaYdhda]dh#8dbdVjma^dYVgda]V!Va^c]VYZhZeVgVdYdafj^YdYZhdaj"
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Wji^gbZigdZVVaijgVYVXdajcVYZ\dgYjgVYZkZhZgXdchjaiVYVcdedcidbV^h
WV^mdYdbZc^hXd#HZVaZîjgVYZbdgVgbjîd!dWji^gbZigdiZbYZhZgXdadXVYd
cdkVbZciZZbWVc]d"bVg^V#Ò\#+!Ò\#,
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EVgV^beZY^gV[dgbVdYZcViV!daZîZYZXdchjbd]dbd\ZcZôVYd#9jgVciZZhiZ
egdXZhhd!VhZh[ZgVhYZ\dgYjgVYZY^[ZgZciZhiVbVc]dhhdgZYjo^YVheVgVjbY^}"
bZigd egVi^XVbZciZ ^\jVa YZ & Vi ' b^XgbZigdh# D Z[Zîd YZ hZeVgVd YjgVciZ V
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9Zed^h!dWji^gbZigdVfjZX^YdcdkVbZciZ!cdbc^bd!*b^cjidhZbWVc]d"bVg^V
V+*8Z!ZbhZ\j^YV!cdkVbZciZXZcig^[j\VYdYjgVciZ*b^cjidhZdgZhjaiVYdXdc"
hjaiVYdXdbdVciZg^dgbZciZ#
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kVadgYVeg^bZ^gVXZcig^[j\Vd!ZciddgZVfjZX^bZcidZVXZcig^[j\VdYZkZbhZg
gZeZi^Ydh!cdb{m^bd!bV^hYjVhkZoZh#
8dcijYd!hZdkVadgi^kZgVjbZciVYdVeZcVh%!%*djbZcdhZbgZaVdVdeg^bZ^gd
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:mZbead/
• Após a primeira centrifugação, leu-se para a amostra dupla 3,55 % e 3,60 %.
• Após a segunda centrifugação 3,60 % e 3,65 %. Como resultado do teor butiroso do leite
homogeneizado é indicado 3,65 %.
• Se, após as duas últimas repetições, isto é, após a 3ª e 4ª centrifugações ainda
continuar a haver uma diferença superior a 0,05 %, o resultado desta determinação deve
ser rejeitado.
8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ &.
DETERMINAÇÃO DO TEOR BUTIROSO
DE DIVERSOS PRODUTOS LÁCTEOS
PREFÁCIO: A determinação do teor butiroso no leite era e é em número cada vez mais cre-
scente substituída por outras análises de rotina (através de aparelhos como,
p.ex. LactoStar). No entanto, com estes aparelhos os produtos lácteos como,
p.ex. queijo, gelado, etc. não podem ser medidos ou apenas o podem ser at-
ravés de preparativos de amostra dispendiosos. Em produtos deste género, os
processos butirométricos continuam sendo uma boa alternativa para a análise
de rotina.
1.0 ÂMBITO DE APLICAÇÃO

9ZiZgb^cVdYdiZdgWji^gdhdcdaZîZZY^kZghdhegdYjidha{XiZdh#
2.0 VOLUMES
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fjVci^YVYZheVgVdhegdYjidhfjb^XdhZVbdhigVhYZVc{a^hZjiâôVYVh/
ÛX^Ydhja[g^Xd/ &%!%ba'%8 '8

ÛaXddaVba^Xd/ &!%ba'%8 '8
AZîZdjegdYjida{XiZd/ &%!,*ba'%8 '8
3.0 BREVES DESCRIÇÕES DA

DETERMINAÇÃO DO TEOR BUTIROSO
3.1 ... NO LEITE (SEGUNDO GERBER):

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YjgV!hdZcX]^YdhcVhZ\j^ciZdgYZb/&%baYZ{X^Ydhja[g^XdYZch^YVYZ/&!-&- $"
%!%%(\$ba!&%!,*baYZaZîZZ&baYZ{aXddaVba^Xd#DaZîZZd{aXddaVba^XdYZkZb
hZg^cigdYjo^Ydh[dgbVcYdXVbVYVhY^[ZgZciZh!YZbdYdfjZcddXdggVjbVb^hijgV
VciZh YV V\îVd# 6eh d [ZX]d! d iZdg Yd Wji^gbZigd WZb b^hijgVYd VigVkh YV
V\îVdZY^kZghVhk^gV\Zch#6igVkhYZjbVgZ\jaVdXj^YVYdhVYVgda]V!diZdgYd
Wji^gbZigdgZ\jaVYdYZbdYdfjZVZhXVaVÒfjZX]Z^V!bVhcd]V_Vafj^YdcdWda"
Wd#8Zcig^[j\VgdWji^gbZigdcVXZcig^[j\VYdgVVfjZX^YV!YZ^mVgVfjZXZg*b^cjidhV
+* 8 Zb WVc]d"bVg^V! V_jhiVg V a^c]V YZ hZeVgVd YV b^hijgV YZ {X^Yd hja[g^Xd$
XdajcVYZ\dgYjgVeVgVjbVbVgXVYZ\gVYjVdXdbeaZiV!XdchjaiVgVZmigZb^YVYZ
hjeZg^dgYVXdajcVYZ\dgYjgVcdbZc^hXd^c[Zg^dg#
3.2 ... EM LEITE HOMOGENEIZADO

Xdbd YZhXgîd VX^bV! bVh XZcig^[j\Vg igh kZoZh! * b^cjidh YZ XVYV kZo# :cigZ Vh
XZcig^[j\VZh! dh Wji^gbZigdh hd VfjZX^Ydh * b^cjidh Zb WVc]d"bVg^V V +*8#
(mais detalhado pág. 19)
3.3 ... EM LEITE MAGRO E SORO DE LEITE

Utilização de butirómetros de leite magro com escala estreita segundo Sichler.
8Zcig^[j\Vd YjeaV Xdb XdadXVd ^ciZgbîZciZ Ydh Wji^gbZigdh * b^cjidh Zb
WVc]d"bVg^VV+*8#
3.4 ... EM LEITE CONDENSADO (NÃO AÇUCARADO)

DaZîZXdcYZchVYdVfjZX^YdegZk^VbZciZV*%8Z!YZed^h!cdkVbZciZVggZ[ZX^Ydb^hijgVYd
Xdb {\jV cjbV gZaVd YZ &/&# :hiV Yâj^d VcVa^hVYV Xdbd aZîZ hZ\jcYd <ZgWZg# IZdg
Wji^gdhd2kVadga^Ydm'#
'% 8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ
3.5 ... EM SORO DE MANTEIGA (MODIFICAÇÃO SEGUNDO MOHR E BAUR)
DWji^gbZigdX]Z^dXdb&%baYZ{X^Ydhja[g^XdYZch^YVYZ&!-(% $"%!%%(\$ba#:b
kZoYZ&%!,*ba!hdeêZiVYdh&%baYZhdgdYZbVciZ^\VZ'!%baYZ{aXddaVba^Xd#6eh
d[ZX]dYdhWji^gbZigdh!V\î{"adhZXZcig^[j\Vg^bZY^ViVbZciZedg&%b^c#9ZhiZbdYd
ZkîVYVVeZgijgWVYdgV[dgbVdYZgda]V#6aZîjgVdXdggZVeZcVhVeh*b^cjidhYZ
VfjZX^bZcidV+*8 $"'8#IZdgWji^gdhd2kVadga^Ydm&!%,*#
3.6 ... EM LEITE EM PÓ SEUNGDO TEICHERT

Utilização de butirómetros de leite em pó segundo Teichert.
D Wji^gbZigd X]Z^d Xdb &% ba YZ {X^Yd hja[g^Xd YZch^YVYZ/ &!-&- $" %!%%( \$ba#
HdWgZZhiZhhdXdadXVYdhZbXVbVYV,!*baYZ{\jVZ&baYZ{aXddaVba^Xd#CjbV
aVcVYZ^gVYZeZhV\ZbhdeZhVYdh'!*\YZaZîZZbeZ^cigdYjo^YdhVigVkhYZjb
[jcâjhVcYdjbe^cXZaÒcdeVgVYZcigdYdWji^gbZigd#DWji^gbZigdV\îVYdZmVjhi^"
kVbZciZVehZhiVg[ZX]VYdZXdadXVYd^ciZgbîZciZbZciZY^kZghVhkZoZhZbWVc]d"bV"
g^VV+*8!XZcig^[j\Vg'm*b^c#cVXZcig^[j\VYdgVVfjZX^YVZegdXZYZg|aZîjgVVehV
XdadXVdZbWVc]d"bVg^V*b^c##
3.7 ... EM NATA SEGUNDO ROEDER (MÉTODO DE PESAGEM)

Utilização de butirómetro de nata segundo Roeder.
HdeZhVYdh*\YZcViVhcdXdedYZk^YgdZm^hiZciZcVgda]VZ^cigdYjo^YdhcdWji^g"
bZigd#6igVkhYVVWZgijgVhjeZg^dgYdWji^gbZigd^cigdYjo^Yd{X^Ydhja[g^XdYZc"
h^YVYZ/&!*'' $"%!%%*\$baVigVkhYVWdgYVhjeZg^dgYdXdedYZk^Ygd#6ehd[ZX]d!
dWji^gbZigdXdadXVYdZbWVc]d"bVg^VV,%8YjgVciZjbVV\îVdgZeZi^YVVi|
Y^hhdajdXdbeaZiVYVhegdiZcVh#6i|VaijgVYd^cX^dYVZhXVaVVY^X^dcVYd{X^Yd
hja[g^XdZ!YZed^h!&baYZ{aXddaVba^Xd!dWji^gbZigd[ZX]VYd!V\îVYdZYjgVciZbV^h
*b^cjidhXdadXVYdZbWVc]d"bVg^VV,%8#:bhZ\j^YV/XZcig^[j\Vg*b^c#Z!YZed^h!
VfjZXZgV+*8ZbWVc]d"bVg^V#6XdchjaiV[ZîVV+*8!V_jhiZYdiZdgWji^gdhdeVgV
dedcidoZgd!aZîjgVcdbZc^hXd^c[Zg^dg#
3.8 ... EM NATA SEGUNDO SCHULZ-KLEY (MÉTODO DE PESAGEM)

Utilização de butirómetro de nata segundo Schulz.
CdWji^gbZigdhd^cigdYjo^YdhhjXZhh^kVbZciZ/&%baYZ{X^Ydhja[g^XdYZch^YV"
YZ/&!-&- $"%!%%(\$ba!*baYZ{\jV!Vegdm#*\YZcViVeZhVYdhVigVkhYZeZhV"
\ZbY^[ZgZcX^VaXdbjbVhZg^c\VZbWVaVcVdjeêZiVYZeZhV\Zb!&baYZ{aXdda
Vba^Xd#6eh[ZX]VYddWji^gbZigd!dXdciZYdb^hijgVYdedgV\îVdZk^gV\Zch!
ZdWji^gbZigdXZcig^[j\VYdZbXZcig^[j\VYdgVVfjZX^YVYjgVciZ*b^cjidh#6aZ^"
ijgVgZVaôVYVVeh*b^cjidhYZVfjZX^bZcidZbWVc]d"bVg^VV+*8#6iZcd/
YZk^Yd|edhh^Wâ^YVYZYZgZYjdYdXVadgYZgZVXdVigVkhYVVY^dYZ{\jV!cd
YZkZbhZgYZXdgg^YdhbV^hYZ&*b^cjidhZcigZdZcX]^bZcidXdb{\jVZVV\îVd!
degdXZY^bZcidYZY^hhdajdYZkZhZgXdcXajYdZbcdb{m^bd+%hZ\#
IZdgWji^gdhd2kVadga^Ydm*$bVhhVYZcViV#
3.9 ... EM NATA SEGUNDO KÖHLER (MÉTODO DE MEDIÇÃO)

Utilização de butirómetro de nata segundo Köhler.
Cd Wji^gbZigd YZ cViVh hd ^cigdYjo^Ydh hjXZhh^kVbZciZ/ &% ba YZ {X^Yd hja[g^Xd
YZch^YVYZ/&!-&- $"%!%%(\$ba!*!%*baYZcViV!*baYZ{\jV!&baYZ{aXddaVba^Xd#
6igVkhYVjiâôVdYZjbVhZg^c\VYZcViVh!YZkZ"hZ!VciZhYVVY^dYdh*baYZ
{\jV!aVkVgVhZg^c\VeZadZcX]^bZcidgZeZi^YdXdb{\jV#DWji^gbZigd[ZX]VYd!
V\îVYd!XZcig^[j\VYdedg*b^cjidh!Za^YdVeh*b^cjidhYZVfjZX^bZcidZbWVc]d"
bVg^VV+*8#6aZîjgV[ZîVVeVgi^gYdedcidoZgd#
8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ '&
3.10 ... EM QUEIJO SEGUNDO VAN GULIK (MÉTODO DE PESAGEM)
(consultar ISO 3433) Utilização de butirómetro de queijo segundo van Gulik.
CdWji^gbZigdkVc<ja^`[ZX]VYdcdaVYdYdÒbYVZhXVaV!VehV^cigdYjdYZ
Vegdm^bVYVbZciZ &* ba YZ {X^Yd hja[g^Xd YZch^YVYZ/ &!*'' $" %!%%* \$ba! ( \
$"%!'\YZfjZ^_dVigVkhYZaVcVYZ^gVYZeZhV\ZbZe^cXZaÒcd!hZcYd!YZed^h!
[ZX]VYdddg^[X^dYZ^cigdYjd#6hVbdhigVhYZfjZ^_deVhidhVhibYZhZgeZhV"
YVhcdXdedYZk^YgdeZg[jgVYdeZgiZcXZciZVdWji^gbZigdYZkVc<ja^`Z^cigdYj"
o^YVhcdWji^gbZigd#DWji^gbZigd[ZX]VYdXdadXVYd!XdbVZhXVaVeVgVX^bV!
ZbWVc]d"bVg^VV,%8"-%8ZV\îVYdY^kZghVhkZoZhVi|XdbeaZiVY^hhdajd
YdfjZ^_d#:bhZ\j^YV!VigVkhYVVWZgijgVYVZhXVaVVY^X^dcVYd&baYZ{aXdda
Vba^XdZ!YZed^h!{X^Ydhja[g^XdVegdm^bVYVbZciZVi|bVgXVYdh&*YVZhXVaV#
:bhZ\j^YV[ZX]VYd!b^hijgVYd!VfjZX^YdYjgVciZX^cXdb^cjidhZbWVc]d"bVg^V
V+*8ZXZcig^[j\VdYjgVciZ*b^cjidh0cdkVXdadXVdZbWVc]d"bVg^VV+8!
V_jhiZYVXdajcVYZ\dgYjgVeVgVVbVgXVoZgdZaZîjgVYdiZdgWji^gdhdVWhdajid#
6aZîjgV[ZîVcVZmigZb^YVYZ^c[Zg^dgYdbZc^hXd#IZdgWji^gdhd2kVadga^Ydm($
bVhhVYZfjZ^_d#
3.11 ... EM GELADO SEGUNDO KÖHLER (MÉTODO DE MEDIÇÃO)

Utilização de butirómetro de gelado segundo Köhler.
:kZcijV^h XdWZgijgVh dj eVgiXjaVh bV^dgZh e#Zm# [gjidh! ZiX# YZkZb hZg gZbd"
k^YVh# D \ZaVYd VfjZX^Yd | iZbeZgVijgV VbW^ZciZ YZkZ hZg WZb b^hijgVYd0 d Vg
ZkZcijVabZciZegZhZciZedYZhZggZbdk^Yd!cVhjVbV^dg^V!VigVkhYZVea^XVd
YZk{Xjd#CdWji^gbZigdYZ\ZaVYdhhd^cigdYjo^YdhhjXZhh^kVbZciZ/&%baYZ
{X^Ydhja[g^XdYZch^YVYZ/&!-&- $"%!%%(\$ba!*baYZ\ZaVYd!*baYZ{\jV!&
baYZ{aXddaYZVba^Xd#CVjiâôVdYZjbVhZg^c\V!YZkZ"hZ!VciZhYVVY^dYdh
*baYZ{\jV!aVkVgVhZg^c\VeZadZcX]^bZcidgZeZi^YdXdb{\jV#HZdWji^gbZigd
cdZhi^kZgXdbeaZiVbZciZX]Z^d!edYZ"hZVY^X^dcVgVi'baYZ{\jV#DWji^gbZ"
igd[ZX]VYd!V\îVYd!XZcig^[j\VYdYjgVciZ*b^cjidhZa^Yd!Veh*b^cjidhYZ
VfjZX^bZcidZbWVc]d"bVg^VV+*8#
3.12 ... EM GELADO SEGUNDO ROEDER (MÉTODO DE PESAGEM)

Utilização de butirómetro de gelado segundo Roeder.
*\YZ\ZaVYdWZbb^hijgVYdhhdeZhVYdhcdXdedYZk^YgdZm^hiZciZcVgda]VZ^cigd"
Yjo^YdhcdWji^gbZigd#6igVkhYVVWZgijgVhjeZg^dgYdWji^gbZigd^cigdYjo^Yd{X^Yd
hja[g^XdYZch^YVYZ/&!*'' $"%!%%*\$baVigVkhYVWdgYVhjeZg^dgYdXdedYZk^Ygd#
6ehd[ZX]d!dWji^gbZigdXdadXVYdZbWVc]d"bVg^VV,%8YjgVciZjbVV\îVdgZ"
eZi^YVVi|Y^hhdajdXdbeaZiVYVhegdiZcVh#wVY^X^dcVYd&baYZ{aXddaVba^XdZ!Vi
|bVgXVYdh&%cVZhXVaV!{X^Ydhja[g^Xd!dWji^gbZigd[ZX]VYd!V\îVYdZYjgVciZ
bV^h&%b^cjidhXdadXVYdZbWVc]d"bVg^VV,%8#9jgVciZZhiZiZbed!dhXdbedcZciZh
hdV\îVYdhZb^ciZgkVadhgZ\jaVgZh#:bhZ\j^YV/XZcig^[j\Vg,b^c#Z!YZed^h!VfjZXZg
V+*8ZbWVc]d"bVg^V#6aZîjgV[ZîVV+*8!V_jhiZYdiZdgWji^gdhdeVgVdedcidoZgd!
aZîjgVcdbZc^hXd^c[Zg^dg#
3.13 ... EM MANTEIGA SEGUNDO ROEDER (MÉTODO DE PESAGEM)

Utilização de butirómetro de manteiga segundo Roeder.
HdeZhVYdh*\YZcViVhcdXdedYZk^YgdZm^hiZciZcVgda]VZ^cigdYjo^YdhcdWji^"
gbZigd#6igVkhYVVWZgijgVhjeZg^dgYdWji^gbZigd^cigdYjo^Yd{X^Ydhja[g^Xd
YZch^YVYZ/ &!*'' $" %!%%* \$ba Vi VX^bV YV WdgYV hjeZg^dg Yd Xded YZ k^Ygd#
6ehd[ZX]d!dWji^gbZigdXdadXVYdZbWVc]d"bVg^VV,%8YjgVciZjbVV\îV"
dgZeZi^YVVi|Y^hhdajdXdbeaZiVYVhegdiZcVh#6iVVaijgVYd^cX^dYVZh"
XVaVVY^X^dcVYd{X^Ydhja[g^XdZ&baYZ{aXddaVba^Xd!dWji^gbZigd[ZX]VYd!
V\îVYdZYjgVciZbV^h*b^cjidhXdadXVYdZbWVc]d"bVg^V,%8#:bhZ\j^YV/
XZcig^[j\Vg*b^c#!VfjZXZgZbWVc]d"bVg^VV+*8Vegdm#*b^c#9Zed^h!gZVaôVg
VaZîjgVV+*8#GZVaôVgVaZîjgVcdbZc^hXd^c[Zg^dg#
'' 8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ
3.14 ... EM MAIONESE SEGUNDO ROEDER (MÉTODO DE PESAGEM)
Utilização de butirómetro de manteiga segundo Roeder.
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gbZigd# 6igVkh YV VWZgijgV hjeZg^dg Yd Wji^gbZigd ^cigdYjo^Yd {X^Yd hja[g^Xd
YZch^YVYZ/&!*'' $"%!%%*\$baViVX^bVYVWdgYVhjeZg^dgYdXdedYZk^Ygd#6ehd
[ZX]d!dWji^gbZigdXdadXVYdZbWVc]d"bVg^VV,%8YjgVciZ(%b^c#XdbV\îVd
gZeZi^YV Vi | Y^hhdajd XdbeaZiV YVh egdiZcVh# 6i V VaijgV Yd ^cX^d YV ZhXVaV
VY^X^dcVYd{X^Ydhja[g^XdZ&baYZ{aXddaVba^Xd!dWji^gbZigd[ZX]VYd!V\îVYdZ
YjgVciZbV^h*b^cjidhXdadXVYdZbWVc]d"bVg^V#:bhZ\j^YV/XZcig^[j\Vg&%b^c#!
VfjZXZgZbWVc]d"bVg^VV+*8Vegdm#*b^c##9Zed^h!gZVaôVgVaZîjgVV+*8#GZ"
VaôVgVaZîjgVcdbZc^hXd^c[Zg^dg#DkVadgdWi^Ydbjaiêa^XVYdedg*!eVgVhZdWiZgd
iZdgWji^gdhdXdggZhedcYZciZ#
3.15 DETERMINAÇÃO DO TEOR BUTIROSO SEGUNDO GERBER

(VAN GULIK) DE CARNES E ENCHIDOS
Segundo o método recomendado por “Pohja e colaboradores”.
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($9[djh_\k]WZehW VeZcVha^\Z^gVbZciZi^c\^YdZ^hZcidYZXdbedcZciZhfjZ
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FheY[Z_c[dje0
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Xâ^cYgdYZk^YgdÆXdedYZfjZ^_dÇ#DXdedYZfjZ^_dZVgda]V iVdYZha^\VYdZXdadXVYdcdWVc]d"bVg^V#6aZîjgVYZkZ
hdVXdeaVYdhcdXdgedYdWji^gbZigd#6igVkhYVeZfjZcV hZg gZVaôVYV gVe^YVbZciZ Veh V gZi^gVYV Yd WVc]d"bVg^V!
VWZgijgV cV WdgYV hjeZg^dg Yd Wji^gbZigd hd VY^X^dcVYdh ed^hVXdajcVYZ\dgYjgVgZYjo"hZXdch^YZgVkZabZciZedgeZ"
&%baYZ{X^Ydhja[g^XdYâjYdZb{\jVcVegdedgd&/&#6 fjZcVhgZYjXZhYZiZbeZgVijgV!ZkVadgZhWji^gdhdhbjîd
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Wji^gbZigdXdadXVYdZbjbWVc]d"bVg^VXdbV\îVd!cd VbdhigVhYZ(!%%%\!YZbdYdfjZdhkVadgZhdWi^YdhYZkZb
fjVaYZ^mVYdV+*8edg(%V)%b^c#!VifjZVhegdiZcVh hZgXVaXjaVYdheVgVZhiVfjVci^YVYZYZhjWhi}cX^VVjbZc"
iZc]Vbh^YdXdbeaZiVbZciZY^hhdak^YVh#6igVkhYVeZfjZcV iVg&+!+++#
VWZgijgVeêZiV"hZZcid&baYZ{aXddaVba^XdZVehcdkd
[ZX]VbZcid!V\îVg[dgiZbZciZ#6eh^hhd!VY^X^dcV"hZ{X^Yd
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Xdb(*%\#6iZcd/VXZcig^[j\VYdgVcdedYZhZgVa^bZc"
8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ '(
BUTIRÓMETRO
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WZg fjVhZ cd ]{ bV^h jhd! dh Wji^gbZigdh <KDA;
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TABELA DE REFERÊNCIA DA DEPENDÊNCIA DE VALORES G E ROTAÇÕES

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Cd WVad YZ hdajWâôVd hd VY^X^dcVYdh &' \ YZ A adição de sulfato de potássio serve para aumento da temperatura de
hja[Vid YZ edi{hh^d! & ba YZ hdajd YZ hja[Vid YZ ebulição do ácido sulfúrico e a adição de sulfato de cobre como catalisador
XdWgZ '#'! * ¥ %!& \ YZ VbdhigV YZ aZîZ VfjZX^YV Z de oxidação. Esses productos também são adquiríveis na forma de tabletes
b^hijgVYV Z '% ba YZ {X^Yd hja[g^Xd# V fjVci^YVYZ Kjeldahl (art. n.o: 4230/4231). Se o procedimento é realizado com tabletes,
ZmViV YZ aZîZ YZkZ hZg YZiZgb^cVYV Xdb egZX^hd YZ então são misturados 5± 0,1 g do leite com 20 ml de ácido sulfúrico e
¥%!&b\ZVcdiVYV!ed^hhZgk^g{XdbWVhZeVgVdX{aXjad 2 tabletes Kjeldahl e deixados em repouso por 5 min. Após isso pode-se
Ydcîgd\c^d#KZgÆ8{aXjadÇ#DWVadYZhdajWâôVd proceder com o programa de temperatura.
b^hijgVYdXj^YVYdhVbZciZ#CdVeVgVidYZhdajWâôVd O ácido sulfúrico é adicionado de forma tal que resíduos de solução de sulfato
ZhXda]^Yd jb egd\gVbV YZ iZbeZgVijgV VYZfjVYd Z de cobre, sulfato de potássio ou leite eventualmente aderidos ao pescoço do
ZbhZ\j^YVdWVadYZhdajWâôVdedhidhdWgZdWadXd balão sejam arrastados para baixo. Se o balão estiver firmemente fechado,
YZVfjZX^bZcid#6XVYVWVadYZhdajWâôVdÒmVYd ele pode ser guardado para uma solubilização posterior.
Xj^YVYdhVbZciZ jb XdaZXidg YZ \VhZh YZ ZhXVeZ Zb
Durante o aquecimento da amostra forma-se espuma, a qual não pode
k^Ygd#DVeVgVid^ciZ^gda^\VYdVigVkhYZjbVbVc\jZ^gV
elevar-se mais que 4-5 cm sob a abertura do balão.
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XVeVoYZcZjigVaôVgkVedgZheZg^\dhdh#GZXdbZcYV"hZ Para determinar o tempo de solubilização específico, recomenda-se
hZaZXX^dcVgdhZ\j^ciZegd\gVbVYZiZbeZgVijgV/ realizar testes prévios com amostras com alto teor de proteínas e ricas em
gordura.
&Eg"VfjZXZgdWadXdYZVfjZX^bZcid Uma cristalização extensa é sinal de quantidade insuficiente de ácido
edg&%b^cV'%%8 sulfúrico e pode levar a valores de proteínas muito baixos. Por isso é
'6fjZXZgVVbdhigVVegdm#(%b^c#V'%%8# recomendável reduzir a perda de ácido sulfúrico diminuindo-se a quantidade
(EgdXZYZgedgVegdm#.%b^c#V)'%8eVgV de sucção.
hdajWâôVdVjbiVmVYZ&%8$b^c# Antes de retirar o balão de solubilização do bloco de aquecimento deve-se
assegurar que não se formou nenhum líquido de condensação no dispositivo
DiZbedYZhdajWâôVdYZkZhZgV_jhiVYdYZ[dgbViVa de sucção. Se for o caso, deve-se aumentar a capacidade de sucção e
fjZ fjVci^YVYZh b{m^bVh YZ cîgd\c^d hZ_Vb dWi^YVh# eliminar o líquido de condensação antes da desmontagem do balão.
IZbedh YZ hdajWâôVd bjîd Xjgidh dj bjîd adc\dh
O producto solubilizado não diluído não pode, em nenhum caso, ser guardado
edYZb aZkVg V kVadgZh ZcXdcigVYdh bV^h WV^mdh# 6eh V
no balão por longo período (noite inteira). Existe perigo de solidificação da
hdajWâôVd!VhVbdhigVhhdgZi^gVYVhYdWadXdYZVfjZ"
amostra e é difícil trazê-la de volta a solução. Se a amostra é diluída com
X^bZcidZgZh[g^VYVhedg'*b^cViZbeZgVijgVVbW^ZciZ#
70 ml de água após ser resfriada, não há problema em guardá-la por um
:bhZ\j^YV!ZaVhhdigVo^YVhVdVeVgVidYZYZhiâVd#
período longo.
8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ *,
DETERMINAÇÃO DE NITROGÉNIO SEGUNDO KJELDAHL
:[ij_bWe
IZbedidiVaYZYZhiâVd/*",b^c CdidfjZZbcZc]jbVeVgiZYdVeVgVid
2
YZYZhiâVdYjgVciZVYZhiâVd!cZb
A^WZgVdYZVbdcVXd C=)'HD) 'CVD=¤CV'HD) 'C=)D= edgjb^ciZgkVadYZiZbedVehVbZhbV#
6WhdgdYZVbdcVXd C=)D= =(7D(¤='D C=)='7D( 6heVgiZhedYZbZhiVgfjZciZh#
CdVeVgVidYZYZhiâVdhdegd\gVb{kZ^hVhfjVci^YVYZhYZ{\jVZhdYV O destilador de água deve ser colocado so-

X{jhi^XV! iZbed YZ gZVXd! iZbed YZ YZhiâVd! XVeVX^YVYZ YZ VfjZX^" bre uma mesa de laboratório estável com
bZcidYd\ZgVYdgYZkVedgZdiZbedYZhjXdeVgVdgZhYjdYZVbdhigV suporte plano e horizontal, que se encontre
YZhiâVYd#6igVkhYZ\^gdYdWdidZcXdcigV"hZdbZcjYZhZ_VYdZegZhh^d" próxima a uma conexão de água fria e um
cVcYd"hZ!ZhiZZhXda]^Yd#Jbcdkd\^gdbjYVdkVadgZdegZhh^dcVbZcid sistema de drenagem. A pressão de água
XdchZXji^kddhVakV# deve ser de no mínimo 0,5 bar.
Antes da entrada em operação deve-se co-
DVeVgVidYZYZhiâVdYZkZhZgejg\VYdYZVg!XVhdcdiZc]Vh^YdjhVYd nectar todas as mangueiras e a água fria.
edgbjîdiZbed!djXVhdhZ_VVeg^bZ^gVjiâôVd#EVgV^hhd!hZaZXX^dcV"hZ Os reservatórios devem ser posicionados
dbZcjeg^cXêVaDeZhZZcid:cigVYVY^gZiV#Eg^bZ^gdYZkZ"hZhZaZXX^d" correctamente e o nível de enchimento
cVgÆ='DcVVbdhigVÇZbVciZgdWdidegZhh^dcVYdVifjZ{\jVhZ_VkZgi^YV testado. A mangueira de introdução de va-
cdZfjêVbZcidYZhdajWâôVd#:cidhZaZXX^dcV"hZÆCVD=ÇZegZhh^dcV"hZ por de água deve ser acoplada ao balão de
VifjZhdYVX{jhi^XVhZ_VkZgi^YVcdgZXê^ZciZYZhdajWâôVd#;^cVabZciZ solubilização. O destilador de água é equi-
hZaZXX^dcV"hZVigVkhYZÆ6Y^VciZÇdbZcjÆHjXdÇZegZhh^dcV"hZdWdid pado com uma porta de protecção.
YZXdbVcYdVifjZdhegdYjXidhfjb^XdhhZ_VbhjXX^dcVYdhYdgZXê^ZciZ
Na primeira destilação, o vapor de água
YZhdajWâôVd#8db^hhdiZgb^cVdegdXZY^bZcidYZejg\VYZVg#
quente encontra tubulações e partes de
vidro ainda frias. Isso acarreta em uma
9^Vg^VbZciZ! VciZh Yd ^cX^d YV YZhiâVd! YZkZ"hZ iVbWb gZVaôVg jbV
maior formação de condensado, que pode
Xdgg^YVYZiZhiZhZbVbdhigV#EVgV^hhdVXdeaV"hZVbVc\jZ^gVYZ^cigdYj"
resultar em diluição exagerada da amos-
dcdgZXê^ZciZYZhdajWâôVd!hZaZXX^dcV"hZdbZcjeg^cXêVaÆDeZhÇ
tra e grande volume de líquido no recipien-
ZZcidÆ:cigVYVY^gZiVÇ#Eg^bZ^gdYZkZ"hZhZaZXX^dcVgÆKVedgÇ#6igVkhYZ
te de solubilização. Por isso, uma corrida
cdkdegZhh^dcVbZcidXjgidYdWdidYZXdbVcYd!VZcigVYVYZkVedg^c^"
de teste é necessária. A entrada de vapor
X^VYV#CdkdegZhh^dcVbZcidYdWdidiZgb^cVdegdXZhhd#9ZkZ"hZiZgb^"
de água a uma temperatura de aprox. 106°C
cVgdegdXZhhdhdbZciZVeh]VkZg&XbYZYZhiâVYdcdWVad:gaZcbZnZg#
causa ruídos mais ou menos intensos. Es-
;^cVabZciZhZaZXX^dcV"hZÆHjXdÇZegZhh^dcV"hZdWdidYZXdbVcYdVi
tes ruídos não representam motivo para
fjZV{\jVhZ_VhjXX^dcVYVYdgZXê^ZciZYZhdajWâôVd#
preocupação.
6ehVejg\VYZVgZYVXdgg^YVYZiZhiZ!egdXZYZ"hZXdbVYZhiâVdYV A destilação é executada até que um volu-
VbdhigV#6WV^mdYdYgZcdYdVeVgVidYZYZhiâVdXdadXV"hZjbWVadYZ me de destilado de 150 ml seja atingido.
:gaZcbZnZgYZ*%%baeVgVVhdajdYZ{X^YdWg^Xd#8dbdbZcjÆHiVgiÇ! Cerca de 2 minutos antes do final da des-
^c^X^V"hZdegd\gVbVYZYZhiâVd#GZXdbZcYV"hZZmZXjiVgdhZ\j^ciZegd" tilação, o balão Erlenmeyer é baixado até
\gVbVYZYZhiâVd/ que o tubo de dreno não mais afunde na
solução de ácido. O tubo é lavado com um
Û\jVW^YZhi/ ,%ba*hZ\# pouco de água, e a água de lavagem reco-
CVD=/ ,%baYZhdajd(%,hZ\# lhida no balão Erlenmeyer.
IZbedYZYZhiâVd/ *b^c
8VeVX^YVYZYZkVedg/ .%
HjXdYVVbdhigV/ (%hZ\#
6Y^dYZ{X^YdWg^Xd/*%ba)hZ\#
6 YZhiâVd YZ kVedg YZ {\jV ^c^X^VYV Z d VbdcVXd a^WZgVYd YZk^Yd

| VY^d YZ hdYV X{jhi^XV hdWgZYZhiâVYd Xdb kVedg# D YZhiâVYd
VWhdgk^Yd cV hdajd YZ {X^Yd Wg^Xd# 9Zed^h YZ YZXdgg^Yd d egd\gVbV
YZ YZhiâVd! d gZXê^ZciZ YZ hdajWâôVd gZbdk^Yd! V bVc\jZ^gV YZ
hVYVYZYZhiâVYdaVkVYVXdb{\jVYZhiâVYVZdWVad:gaZcbZnZgXdb
VVbdhigVgZbdk^YdYdVeVgVid#
*- 8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ
3 J_jkbWe'c_d
C=)='7D( =8a¤C=)8a =(7D(
6 hdajd YZ VWhdgd YZ {X^Yd Wg^Xd XdciZcYd d ^cY^" Como indicador usa-se a mistura de vermelho de metila e
XVYdg iîjaVYV Xdb hdajd eVYgd YZ {X^Yd XadgYg^Xd verde bromocresol (ver 2.5, 2.6). O indicador é responsável
%!& B# D {X^Yd XadgYg^Xd VY^X^dcVYd Vi fjZ d eg^bZ^gd pela mudança de cor e sinaliza o final da titulação.
igVdYZXdadgVdgdhVVeVgZV#DkdajbZYZ{X^YdXadg" O fundo neutro melhora a precisão e reprodutibilidade dos
Yg^XdjhVYda^YdcVWjgZiVXdbegZX^hdYZ%!%*ba#JbV resultados. Assim, as titulações são conduzidas sempre
eaVXVâjb^cVYVedYZhZgk^gXdbd[jcYdcZjigdZedhh^Wâ^" sob condições ópticas iguais.
iVVdjhj{g^dVYZiZgb^cVdZmViVYVbjYVcVYZXdgcd
ÒcVaYZiîjaVd#
J[ij[Y[]e
DiZhiZXZ\dZmZXjiVYdXdbdbZhbdegdXZY^bZcid O teste cego é importante para o cálculo do teor de
YZhXgîd VX^bV# 6 VbdhigV hjWhiîjYV edg * ba nitrogénio.
YZ{\jVZ%!-*\YZhVXVgdhZ#6cdiV"hZdkdajbZ
YZ{X^YdXadgYg^XdjhVYdcViîjaVd#
9|bYkbe[WlWb_We
DiZdgYZcîgd\c^d!ZheZX^ÒXVYdZb\YZcîgd\c^d A solubilização segundo Kjeldahl não é específica para ami-

edg&%%\YZegdYjXid!XVaXjaVYdhZ\jcYdVhZ\j^ciZ noácidos e proteínas, e representa todo o nitrogénio ligado
[gbjaV/ a compostos orgânicos. Outros compostos não protéicos
são também solubilizados e compreendidos (NPN: nitrogé-
nio não protéico). Porém seu conteúdo em leite e productos
do leite é reduzido e, portanto, desprezado neste cálculo.
Se o nitrogénio não protéico (NPN) também necessitar
ser determinado, então se deve proceder com o método
Md0iZdgYZcîgd\c^dYVVbdhigV conforme a norma DIN EN ISO 8968-4. Se apenas o ni-
trogénio protéico tiver que ser obtido, então se deve pri-
L0 kdajbZYZhdajdYZ{X^YdXadgYg^XdjhVYdcV
meiramente separar as proteínas do leite. 5 ± 0,1 ml de
iîjaVdYVVbdhigV
leite diluído com 5 ± 0,1 ml de água são, segundo a norma
Le0kdajbZYZhdajdYZ{X^YdXadgYg^XdjhVYdcV DIN EN ISO 8968-5, lavados gradativamente com, ao todo,
iîjaVdYVVbdhigVXZ\VkZgIZhiZXZ\d 60 ml de uma solução de ácido tricloroacético 15 % (m/v),
9i0XdcXZcigVdbdaVgZmViVYd{X^YdXadgYg^Xd! as proteínas são precipitadas e em seguidas filtradas
ZheZX^ÒXVYdVifjVigdXVhVhYZX^bV^h através de um filtro de papel duro. O filtrado contém os
Mj0bVhhVYVVbdhigVZb\gVbVhZheZX^ÒXVYVXdb componentes de nitrogénio não protéico e o precipitado
egZX^hdVi%!&b\# contém o nitrogénio protéico. O filtro com o precipitado é
colocado no recipiente de solubilização e a determinação
de nitrogénio é realizada como descrito acima segundo o
EVgVXVaXjaVgdiZdgYZegdiZcVhYVVbdhigV!YZkZ"hZ método Kjeldahl. O teor em proteína é calculado por meio
bjaiêa^XVgdkVadgLceZad[VXidg+!(-# da multiplicação pelo factor 6,38.
O valor 6,38 é específico para leite e productos do leite e foi
;n[cfbeZ[Y|bYkbe
assim fixado porque as proteínas do leite têm um teor de
HZVYZiZgb^cVdYZ@_ZaYV]agZhjaidjZbjbiZdgYZ
nitrogénio de 15,65% (100:15,65 = 6,38).
cîgd\c^dYZ**!ZciddiZdgZbegdiZcVhYZ(!*/
%!**m+!(-
8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ *.
DETERMINAÇÃO DE NITROGÉNIO SEGUNDO KJELDAHL
CjeZeWbj[hdWj_le"h|f_Ze
:m^hiZjbegdXZY^bZcidYZZmZXjdbV^hg{e^YV!cVYZiZgb^cVd Cuidado, a adição de peróxido de hidrogénio
YZ @_ZaYV]a! fjZ d egdXZhhd eVYgd# 9Z VXdgYd Xdb V cdgbV causa uma reacção intensa.
>HD-.+-"(!hdjhVYVhfjVci^YVYZhbZcdgZhYZVbdhigVYZaZîZ
'\eZhVYVhXdbegZX^hdYZ&b\#:bjbWVadYZhdajWâôVd
O teste de valor cego é executado com 2 ml de
YZ '*% ba hd ^cigdYjo^Ydh dh ' \ YZ VbdhigV! jb iVWaZiZ
água e 0,25 g de sacarose. A efectividade de
YZXViVa^hVYdgXdbedhidYZ*\@'HD)!%!&%*\8jHD)*='DZ%!&%*
solubilização é testada com 0,08 g de triptófano
\I^D'!&%baYZ{X^Ydhja[g^Xd.-!Va\jbVh\diVhYZV\ZciZ
ou 0,06 g de hidroclorito de lisina.
Vci^ZhejbVciZ (% YZ egZeVgVYd YZ hâ^XdcZ# B^hijgV"hZ
Xj^YVYdhVbZciZ!ZheZgV"hZ*b^cZYZed^hhZYZ^mVZhXdggZgYZ
[dgbVWVhiVciZXj^YVYdhVZaZciV*baYZeZgm^YdYZ]^Ygd\c^d
(%eZaVheVgZYZhYdgZXê^ZciZ#6ciZhYVhdajWâôVd!YZ^mV"
hZVVbdhigVYZ&%V&*b^cZbgZedjhd#DWadXdYZVfjZX^bZcid
eg"VfjZX^Yd edg &% b^c V )%%8! Z V VbdhigV VfjZX^YV edg
+%b^cV)%%8#:bhZ\j^YVVVbdhigVgZh[g^VYVViZbeZgVijgV
VbW^ZciZZYâjYVXdb*%baYZ{\jV#CVYZhiâVdhdjhVYdh
**baYZCVD=(%Z*%baYZ{X^YdWg^Xd)eVgVVWhdgd
Yd YZhiâVYd# IîjaV"hZ Xdb =8a %!%* B# 8dbd ^cY^XVYdg jhV"hZ
%!' ba YZ jbV b^hijgV YZ kZgbZa]d YZ bZiâV %!%( Z kZgYZ
WgdbdXgZhda%!&,ZbZiVcda.*#
Ced_jehWeZefheY[iie
6VhhZgi^k^YVYZYdegdXZhhdYZkZhZggZ\jaVgbZciZXdbegdkVYV# Para controlar a eficiência da solubilização,

9ZkZ"hZ iZhiVg hZ ]{ jbV eZgYV YZ cîgd\c^d# 8dbd VbdhigV usa-se 0,18 g de triptófano ou 0,16 g de hidro-
jhV"hZ eVgV ^hhd %!&' \ YZ hja[Vid YZ Vbc^d PC=)'HD)R _jcid clorito de lisina e 0,67 g de sacarose. 98 % do
nitrogénio devem ser reencontrados. Se não for o
Xdb%!-*\YZhVXVgdhZ#6YZiZgb^cVdYZ@_ZaYV]aZmZXjiVYV
caso, a temperatura de solubilização ou o tempo
hdW Vh bZhbVh XdcY^Zh fjZ eVgV VbdhigVh cdgbV^h Z d iZdg
é insuficiente, ou a amostra está carbonizada.
eZgXZcijVaZbcîgd\c^dYZkZZcXdcigVg"hZZcigZ..!%Z&%%#6
YZiZgb^cVdXdbhja[VidYZVbc^dhZgkZeVgVYZhXdWg^geZgYVh
YZcîgd\c^dYjgVciZVhdajWâôVddjYZhiâVdZY^[ZgZcVh
YZXdcXZcigVdYdV\ZciZYZiîjaVd#
:[j[hc_dWeZej[ehZ[d_jhe]d_eZ[fheZkYjeiZ[b[_j[
DegdXZY^bZcideVYgdYZgZ[ZgcX^ViVbWbedYZhZgVYVeiVYdeVgVdjigdhegdYjXidhYZaZîZ
DbidYdkVg^VVeZcVhcVfjVci^YVYZYZVbdhigV#6VbdhigVYZkZXdciZgjbVfjVci^YVYZYZegdiZcVhZcigZ%!&*Z%!(%\#
Edg^hhd!gZXdbZcYV"hZjiâôVgVhhZ\j^ciZhfjVci^YVYZhYZVbdhigV#
AZîZXdcYZchVYd/ (\
AZîZZbebV\gd/ &\
HdgdYZaZîZ/ &%\
FjZ^_d[gZhXd/ (\
DbidYdZmZXjiVYdXdbdcdegdXZY^bZcideVYgd#
+% 8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ
7fWhWjeZ[iebkX_b_pWeZ[A`[bZW^bA.
7adXdYZVfjZX^bZcidZh^hiZbVYZhjXdZbk^Ygd
eVgV-VbdhigVheVgVXdcZmd|ZhiVdYZhjXd
7Z]gdhd\#8dbeVikZaXdbWVadYZhdajWâôVd
YZ'*%ba#DaVYd[gdciVaYdhjedgiZYZVbdhigVh
XdWZgid#8dchigjdZhi{kZaZgdWjhiV#IVcidV
VgbVdYdWadXdXdbdiVbWbdhjedgiZeVgVdh
gZXê^ZciZhYZhdajWâôVdZVXVeZaVYZhjXdhd
YZVd^cdm^Y{kZa!gZh^hiZciZV{X^Ydh#
Egd\gVb{kZaVi&%YZ\gVjh
YZiZbeZgVijgVY^[ZgZciZh#
IZbeZgVijgVb{m^bV)*%8!
ÙbWîdYZV_jhiZYZiZbed%"...b^c
'(%K!*%=o!eZhd/'-`\
4200 )'%%)-%m*&%m,+*bb8mAm=
8WbeZ[iebkX_b_pWe
4201 '*%ba
;ijWeZ[ikYe8[^heie])
XdbgZh[g^VYdghjXX^dcVkVedgZh{X^Ydh
V\gZhh^kdhYjgVciZVhdajWâôVd#
Jbeg"hZeVgVYdgZbYjVhZiVeVh
VbdciVciZaVkVVhidm^cVhZVhegZXêîV#
'(%K!*%$+%=o!
EZhd/&-`\
7dbWVYZhjXd/)%a$]
4203 )'%(-%m()%m)%%bb8mAm=
8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ +&
7fWhWjeZ[Z[ij_bWeZ[A`[bZW^bI#)
EaVXVYZegdiZXdVig{h
<ZgVdYZkVedgVjidb{i^XV!VY^dYZ='DZCVD=
bVcjVadjVjidb{i^XV#IZbedYZYZhiâVdZYZ
gZVXdegd\gVb{kZ^h!hjXdVjidb{i^XVYdhgZhYjdh
YZVbdhigV!bdcîdgVdYZckZaVjidb{i^XVYdiVcfjZ
YZVgbVoZcVbZcid#
'(%K!XdchjbdYZ{\jV[g^V/(a$b^c!
EZhd/(*`\!
4210 )&%m+,*m)&%bb8mAm=
J_jkbWZehWkjec|j_YeIJ?
6ZhiVdYZiîjaVdXdch^hiZYZjbVWjgZiVXdb
bdhigVYdgY^\îVaZb^hijgVYdgbV\ci^XdXdbhjedgiZ
_jhideVgVjbWVadYZ:gaZcbZnZg#6egZX^hdZgZegd"
Yji^Wâ^YVYZYdhgZhjaiVYdhhdbZa]dgVYVhXdbjbV
iZaVYZk^hjVaôVdfjZhZgkZXdbd[jcYdcZjigd#
'(%K!*%$+%=o!eZhd/(!*`\
4220 ((%m'%%m+%%bb8mAm=
JWXb[j[iA`[bZW^bAJ'
8dbedhidYZ*\YZhja[VidYZedi{hh^d!
4230 %!*\YZhja[VidYZXdWgZ
JWXb[j[iA`[bZW^bAJ(
8dbedhidYZ*\YZhja[VidYZedi{hh^d!
4231 %!&%*\YZhja[VidYZXdWgZ!%!&%*\YZY^m^YdYZiî}c^d
+' 8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ
Medição de valor pH
Enga de alimentos e biotecnologia Anna Politis
D kVadg e= jbV bZY^YV YV VXi^k^YVYZ Yd = # 9Z [dgbV h^bea^ÒXVYV! ZaZ jbV
bZY^YVYVXdcXZcigVdZb{X^Yde=Ð,djZbWVhZe=Ñ,#6YZÒc^d[dgbVa[d^
[dgbjaVYVZb&.%.eZadfjb^XdHgZchZc/
e=2"ad\V=

DkVadge=dad\VgîbdcZ\Vi^kdcVWVhZ&%YVVXi^k^YVYZYdegdiZhV= Zbbda$a#
:hhZkVadgbZY^YdedgbZ^dYZbZY^YdgZhe=XdbjbZaXigdYdVegdeg^VYd!Xdc"
[dgbZ9>C(-)%)"8*#BZY^YdgZhe=bZYZbVY^[ZgZcVYZediZcX^VaZcigZdhZaX"
igdYdhYZbZY^dZYZgZ[ZgcX^V#HZ\jcYdV[gbjaVYZCZgchi!VY^[ZgZcVYZ
ediZcX^VakVg^VZb*.bKedgjc^YVYZYZe=#DbZY^Ydge=XVa^WgVYdV^ciZgkVadh
YZiZbedgZ\jaVgZh#6XVa^WgVdZmZXjiVYVXdbhdajZhiVbedeVYgdXdb
kVadgZhe=YZÒc^Ydh#CVXVa^WgVdYZ'edcidh!dedcidcjadV_jhiVYdVigVkhYZ
jbVXdggZXdVYî^kVXdbjbVhdajdiVbede=2,#:bhZ\j^YV!dkVadgÒcVa
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Para depósitos de gordura ou óleo, deve-se remover a gordura da membrana com algodão
impregnado com acetona ou solução saponácea.
Se proteína houver se depositado no diafragma, o eléctrodo é imerso em uma solução de

HCl / pepsina aprox. 1 a 2 horas.
Em caso de contaminação com sulfeto de prata, o eléctrodo é posto e imerso em uma

solução de tiouréia
Para recobrimentos inorgânicos, o eléctrodo é imerso por alguns minutos em HCl 0,1 M
ou NaOH 0,1 M. Uma melhor limpeza é obtida com soluções aquecidas a 40 - 50°C.
Após cada procedimento de limpeza, deve-se colocar o eléctrodo por cerca de 15

minutos em uma solução de KCl 3M para novo condicionamento e em seguida calibra-lo
novamente.
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DETERMINAÇÃO DO PONTO DE CONGELAÇÃO
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Eng.º K. Schäfer, Físico W. Spindler
HISTÓRIA
Já em 1895 o químico alemão Beckmann, começou a aproveitar o “termómetro Beck-

mann” para comprovar a adição de água estranha através do ponto de congelação do
leite. No ano de 1920, o americano Hortvet trabalhou intensivamente com este método
e melhorou-o em alguns pontos essenciais. Os primeiros crioscópios termistores foram
introduzidos no mercado nos anos 60. Contudo, ainda tinham de ser operados de forma
totalmente manual. No início dos anos 70, encontravam-se disponíveis, pela primeira
vez, crioscópios termistores automáticos. Assim havia a possibilidade de determinar o
ponto de congelação de modo automático através do carregar de um botão.
Um passo importante para a melhoria da crioscopia

por termistor pôde ser registado na feira “FoodTec
1984”: A Funke-Gerber criou o primeiro aparelho
com aferição automática. Este trabalho de desen-
volvimento intenso de sucesso encontrou outro
ponto alto na “FoodTec 1988”, em que a Funke-Ger-
ber pôde apresentar uma unidade totalmente auto-
mática para determinação do ponto de congelação
com uma capacidade de 220 amostras/h.
Com a introdução de uma medição indirecta do pon-

to de congelação (p.ex. LactoStar) para análise de
rotina, o interesse voltou-se principalmente para
aparelhos de referência com a capacidade de de-
terminar o ponto de congelação de acordo com as
normas em vigor. Estes aparelhos têm de cumprir
os mais elevados requisitos quanto à precisão de
medição, pois, assim, são aferidos os aparelhos de
rotina. Para este fim, a Funke-Gerber desenvolveu
um crioscópio de livre programação com uma reso-
lução de 0,1 m°C. Este aparelho já foi posto à prova
em numerosos laboratórios em todo o mundo quan-
to à sua precisão e fiabilidade. Entretanto, a gama
de produtos foi aumentada com um aparelho de me-
dição de múltiplas amostras (CryoStarautomatic). Desde
janeiro de 2007 esse aparelho é equipado com um
expositor gráfico colorido. Através dele é possível
mostrar toda a curva de congelação, especialmente a busca da plataforma, com uma
apresentação patenteada na tela.
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[Vo eVgiZ Ydh .*!)* Ydh kVadgZh ZheZgVYdh egm^bdh Yd kVadg bY^d# Cd }bWîd
ZcigZYd^hZighYZhk^dheVYgdZcXdcigVb"hZdhgZhiVciZh*YdhkVadgZh#HZjb
hXdgZ o^\jVadjbV^dgfjZigh[dgdWi^Yd!^hhdh^\c^ÒXVfjZ]{VeZcVh%!%',YZ
egdWVWâ^YVYZ YZ eZgiZcXZg Vd Xdc_jcid YZ YVYdh Xdch^YZgVYd# Edg XdchZ\j^ciZ! d
hXdgZoVkVa^VYdXdbdhZ\jZ/
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'ÐoÐ( 9VYdhfjZhi^dc{kZ^h
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:b idYd XVhd edYZ hZg gVod{kZa fjZ jb eVgi^XêVciZ Yd iZhiZ YZ XdbeVgVd
^ciZgaVWdgVidg^Va ZhXda]V dh Xdc_jcidh YZ YVYdh YZ jb iZhiZ ^ciZgaVWdgVidg^Va Xdb
BViZg^V^hYZgZ[ZgcX^V
dh fjV^h ZaZ fjZ^gV XdbeVgVg"hZ! edg ZmZbead! edg jhVg d bZhbd bidYd fjZ
XdcXdggZciZh dj hZjh Xa^ZciZh jhVb# :aZ edYZ XVaXjaVg! VigVkh YV [gbjaV (! hZj
egeg^dhXdgZoYZVXdgYdXdbhZjfjZhi^dcVbZcidfjZXdcibdkVadg^c[dgbVi^kd DhbV^h^bedgiVciZhbViZg^V^h
cZXZhh{g^d# YZgZ[ZgcX^VeVgVVVc{a^hZYZ
aZîZhddhVgi^\dh(*&,!(*&-!
(*&.!(*'&e{\^cV)*#
8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ &&.
VIDRO LABORATORIAL
9efeZ[l_Zhe
[dgbVWV^mV!k^YgdYZWdgdhhâ^XVid!
Xdb\gVYjVdZZhXdggZYdg
a
8800 +&cb Y2 (-!,bb! a2 +%bb
8801 '&&cb Y2 ),!,bb! a2 ,%bb
Y
8802 (+&cb Y2 +,!,bb! a2 .*bb
8803 *&&cb Y2 ,+!'bb! a2&&%bb
8804 ,&&cb Y2 -+!+bb! a2&'*bb
8805 .&&cb Y2 .)!,bb! a2&(*bb
8806 '&&&cb Y2&%'!,bb! a2&)*bb
[dgbVVaiV!k^YgdYZWdgdhhâ^XVid!
Xdb\gVYjVdZZhXdggZYdg
8808 +&cb Y2 ()!+bb! a2 ,&bb

8809 '&&cb Y2 ))!*bb! a2 -%bb
8810 (+&cb Y2 *,!,bb! a2&''bb
8811 *&&cb Y2 +,!,bb! a2&'.bb
8812 ,&&cb Y2 ,,!.bb! a2&)-bb
8813 .&&cb Y2 -)!,bb! a2&,*bb
8814 '&&&cb Y2 .'!-bb! a2&-%bb
8815 (&&&cb Y2&&)!,bb! a2')%bb
&'% 8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ
Y'
8Wbe;hb[dc[o[h
\Vg\VadZhigZîd!k^YgdYZWdgdhhâ^XVid!
Xdb\gVYjVd!9>C&'(-%
a
8817 +&cb Y 2&.!)bb!a2-,bb! Y 2 *&!)bb
' &
8818 '&&cb Y 2&,!.bb!a2&%-bb!Y 2 +(!*bb

' &
Y&
8819 (&&cb Y 2(&!&bb!a2&(*bb!Y 2 ,-!,bb
' &
8820 (+&cb Y 2('!&bb!a2&)+bb!Y 2 -(!,bb

' &
8821 )&&cb Y 2(&!*bb!a2&+*bb!Y 2 -+!,bb

' &
8822 +&&cb Y 2('!(bb!a2&-%bb!Y 2&%)!*bb

' &
8823 '&&&cb Y 2(-!.bb!a2''*bb!Y 2&(%!(bb

' &
8824 (&&&cb Y 2)+!+bb!a2'-*bb!Y 2&+*!,bb

' &
\Vg\VadaVg\d!k^YgdYZWdgdhhâ^XVid!
Xdb\gVYjVd!9>C&'(-*
8826 +&cb Y 2(&!&bb!a2 -+bb!Y 2 *&!)bb

' &
8827 '&&cb Y 2(&!,bb!a2&%,bb!Y 2 +(!*bb

' &
8828 (&&cb Y 2)*!,bb!a2&)%bb!Y 2 ,-!*bb

' &
8829 (+&cb Y 2),!,bb!a2&)%bb!Y 2 -)!,bb

' &
8830 )&&cb Y 2),!+bb!a2&*)bb!Y 2 -,!*bb

' &
8831 +&&cb Y 2)+!-bb!a2&,*bb!Y 2&%*!*bb

' &
8832 '&&&cb Y 2),!-bb!a2'&*bb!Y 2&('!*bb

' &
8833 (&&&cb Y 2+)!-bb!a2'-%bb!Y 2&*%!*bb

' &
Y'
Fhel[jW]hWZkWZW
[dgbVidVaid!
a&
k^Ygd!XdbZhXdggZYdg
8850 +&cb &$&ba!Y 2''!)bb!Y 2 +*bb!a 2&.*bb

' & &
8851 '&&cb &$&ba!Y 2',!*bb!Y 2 ,+bb!a 2')*bb

' & &
Y&
8852 (+&cb '$&ba!Y 2(+!*bb!Y 2 .+bb!a 2('%bb

' & &
8853 +&&cb *$&ba!Y 2),!*bb!Y 2&&)bb!a 2(-%bb

' & &
8854 '&&&cb &%$&ba!Y 2+&!*bb!Y 2&)*bb!a 2)+*bb

' & &
8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ &'&
Fhel[jW]hWZkWZW
[dgbVidVaid!edaêgdeâZcd!
\gVYjVdVoja
8855 +&cb &$&ba!Y 2'(!&bb!Y 2 +-bb!a 2'%%bb

' & &
8856 '&&cb &$&ba!Y 2'-!*bb!Y 2 --bb!a 2'+%bb

' & &
8857 (+&cb '$&ba!Y 2)'!*bb!Y 2&%&bb!a 2(&%bb

' & &
8858 +&&cb *$&ba!Y 2+&!*bb Y 2 .*bb!a 2(*%bb

' & &
8859 '&&&cb &%$&ba!Y 2,%!*bb!Y 2&(*bb!a 2)&*bb

' & &
8860 (&&&cb '%$&ba!Y 2-&!*bb!Y 2&+%bb!a 2).%bb

' & &
Fhel[jWZ[c_ijkhW
K^Ygd6G!egZYdcYd!
Xdbgda]VYZea{hi^XdCH
8862 '&&cb'%'Y 2''!)bb!Y 2*-bb!a 2'-%bb

' & &
8863 (+&cb(%'Y 2',!,bb!Y 2-*bb!a 2()%bb

' & &
Y'
8Wbe]hWZkWZe
a'
Xdbgda]V!k^YgdYZWdgdhhâ^XVid!
a(
XdbbVgXVVcZaVg!
9>C&'++)!V_jhiVYdeVgVÆ>cÇ Y&
a&
8870 (+cb Y 2 +!**bb!Y 2 (,bb!a 2 (-bb! a 2 ,(bb! a 2&&&bb
' & & ' (
8871 +&cb Y 2&'!%.bb!Y 2 )-bb!a 2 )*bb! a 2 .'bb! a 2&(,bb
' & & ' (
8872 '&&cb Y 2&&!%.bb!Y 2 +%bb!a 2 +(bb! a 2&&&bb! a 2&,)bb

' & & ' (
8873 (+&cb Y 2&'!.*bb!Y 2 ,-bb!a 2 -*bb! a 2&(%bb! a 2'&*bb

' & & ' (
8874 +&&cb Y 2&,!(*bb!Y 2&%%bb!a 2&&%bb! a 2&*%bb! a 2'+%bb

' & & ' (
8875 '&&&cb Y 2''!%.bb!Y 2&'+bb!a 2&)%bb! a 2&+*bb! a 2(%*bb

' & & ' (
Y'
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a&
8876 Y'2 **bb!Y&2&%!'bb!a(2 .%bb!a'2 )%bb!a&2 *%bb

Y&
8877 Y'2&%%bb!Y&2&%!'bb!a(2&-%bb!a'2 -%bb!a&2&%%bb
8878 Y'2&*%bb!Y&2&+!'bb!a(2',*bb!a'2&(%bb!a&2&)*bb
8879 Y'2'%%bb!Y&2'%!(bb!a(2((%bb!a'2&+*bb!a&2&+*bb
&'' 8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ
F_f[jWiZ[c[Z_e
8Y^\dYZXdgZh!k^Ygd6G
8882 'cb"'%'&& a 2(+%bb! Y 2 *!.bb

) &
8883 (cb"'%+& a 2(+%bb! Y 2 *!.bb

) &
8884 +cb"'%'& a 2(+%bb! Y 2 ,!*bb

) &
8885 '&cb"'%'& a)2(+%bb! Y&2 .!.bb
8886 (+cb"'%'& a)2)%%bb! Y&2&)!.bb
8887 +&cb"'%+ a)2)**bb! Y&2&+!.bb
Y&
F_f[jWilebkcjh_YWi
8Y^\dYZXdgZh!k^Ygd6G
a(
'cb a 2('*bb! a 2&(*bb! a 2 (*bb

) ( '
8888 a&2&**bb!Y&2 )bb!Y'2 +bb Y'
(cb a 2()%bb! a 2&)*bb! a 2 )%bb

a'
a)
) ( '
8889 a&2&**bb!Y&2 *bb!Y'2 ,bb
+cb a)2(-%bb! a(2&**bb! a'2 **bb

a&
8890 a&2&,%bb!Y&2 +bb!Y'2 &%bb
'&cb a 2)*%bb! a 2'%%bb! a 2 ,%bb

) ( '
8891 a&2&-%bb!Y&2 ,bb!Y'2 &'bb
(&cb a 2*'%bb! a 2'*%bb! a 2 .%bb

) ( '
8892 a&2&-%bb!Y&2 -bb!Y'2 &+bb
(+cb a 2*(%bb! a 2'(%bb! a 2&%*bb

) ( '
8893 a&2&.*bb!Y&2 &%bb!Y'2 &,bb
+&cb a 2**%bb! a 2')*bb! a 2&'%bb

) ( '
8894 a&2&-*bb!Y&2 ,bb!Y'2 '+bb
'&&cb a 2*,*bb! a 2')%bb! a 2&(*bb

) ( '
8895 a&2'%%bb!Y&2 -bb!Y'2 (+bb
F_f[jWZeh
8920 EVgVeêZiVhYZVi'*ba
8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ &'(
Y'
=WhhW\WiZ[bWXehWjh_e
a' a(
K^YgdYZWdgdhhâ^XVid!gdhXV>HD!Xdb\gVYjVd!
XdbiVbeVYZgdhXVZbEEC
a)
ZVcZaZhXdggZYdgZbEECVoja
a&
'&&cb a 2&%*bb!
)
a(2 '%!*bb! a'2'%!*bb
8970 a&2+*bb! Y&2 **!*bb!Y'2(&!*bb
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) ( '
8971 a&2.%bb! Y&2 ,%!*bb!Y'2'.!*bb
+&&cb a 2&-%bb!
)
a(2'-!*bb! a'2)%!*bb
8972 a&2&&'bb!Y&2 -)!,bb!Y'2'.!*bb
'&&&cb a 2'(%bb! a 2 '-!*bb! a 2)-!*bb

) ( '
8973 a&2&*)bb!Y&2&%%!*bb!Y'2'.!*bb
(&&&cb a 2',%bb! a 2 ',!*bb! a 2,*!*bb

) ( '
8974 a&2&+-bb!Y&2&(+!*bb!Y'2'.!*bb
=WhhW\WiZ[h[W][dj[iZ[]Wh]WbebWh]e
K^Ygd6G!WgVcXdXdbeda^bZcidcdgbVaZgda]VYZiVbeV
+&cbCH')$'% a 2 -,!&bb! a 2&,!-bb! a 2 &,!)bb

8980
) ( '
a&2 *(!&bb!Y'2&)!-bb!Y&2 )*!)bb
'&&cbCH'.$'' a 2 .+!&bb! a 2')!*bb! a 2 -!)bb

8981
) ( '
a&2+(!&bb!Y'2'-!*bb!Y&2 *(!)bb
(+&cbCH()$(* a 2&)'!&bb! a 2'-!*bb! a 2 '-!)bb

) ( '
8982 a&2 -+!&bb!Y'2()!*bb!Y&2&)'!)bb
+&&cbCH)*$)% a 2&+,!&bb! a 2(&!*bb! a 2 '+!)bb

8983
) ( '
a&2&&%!&bb!Y'2)(!-bb!Y&2 -,!)bb
'&&&cbCH+%$)+ a 2'%%!&bb! a 2)*!*bb! a 2 (%!)bb

) ( '
8984 a&2&'*!&bb!Y'2*-!*bb!Y&2&%.!)bb
(&&&cbCH+%$)+ a 2'**!&bb! a 2*%!*bb! a 2 )&!)bb

) ( '
8985 a&2&+)!&bb!Y'2*-!*bb!Y&2&()!)bb
=WhhW\WiZ[h[W][dj[iZ[]Wh]Wbe[ijh[_je
K^Ygd6G!WgVcXdXdbeda^bZcidcdgbVaZgda]VYZiVbeV
+&cbCH&)$&* a)2 ,,bb! a 2&*!*bb! a 2 &'bb

( '
8990 a&2 *%bb! Y'2&(!*bb!Y&2 )'bb
'&&cbCH&)$&* a 2&%*bb! a 2'*!*bb! a 2 ,bb

) ( '
8991 a&2 +%bb!Y'2&(!*bb!Y&2 *'bb
(+&cbCH&.$'+ a 2&(*bb! a 2'*!+bb! a 2 (%bb

) ( '
8992 a&2 -%bb!Y'2&,!+bb!Y&2 ,&bb
+&&cbCH')$'% a 2&+*bb! a 2),!+bb! a 2 (*bb

) ( '
8993 a&2&%%bb!Y'2''!+bb!Y&2 -,bb
'&&&cbCH'.$'' a 2'%*bb! a 2(*!+bb! a 2 )'bb

) ( '
8994 a&2&'-bb!Y'2'-!+bb!Y&2&%-bb
(&&&cbCH'.$(' a 2'+*bb! a 2(*!+bb! a 2 ,%bb

) ( '
8995 a&2&+%bb!Y'2'.!+bb!Y&2&(%bb
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JkXeiZ[YkbjkhW
K^Ygd9JG6C!WdgYVY^gZîV
9050 &+m&+%bb!&%%jc^YVYZh
JkXeiZ[YkbjkhW
XdbgdhXV>HD!XdbiVbeVhYZgdhXV!
k^Ygd6G!ZhiZgâô{kZ^h
9054 &+m&%%bb!&%%jc^YVYZh
9056 &+m&+%bb!&%%jc^YVYZh
JkXeiZ[[diW_e
k^Ygd9JG6C
9080 hZbWdgYV!&+m&+%bb!&%%jc^YVYZh
9081 XdbWdgYV!&+m&+%bb!&%%jc^YVYZh
;iYel_bêfWhWjkXeiZ[[diW_e
XdbXVWZV[ZaejYV
9090 8dbeg^bZcid/'(%bb
FhWjeiZ[f[iW][c
[dgbVWV^mV!XdbiVbeVYZWdid
9120 (*m(%bb
9121 *%m(%bb
8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ &'*
8kh[jWZ_]_jWbj_feª'&
hZb\VggV[V
Xdc[dgb^YVYZXZgi^ÒXVYVVi&%%ba!
eVhhdhYZ\gVYjVdbc^bdh&%©a#
9190 <VggV[V/kZgVgi#c#d-.,(
:[ii[YWZeh"k^Ygd!iêdCdkjh!
9201 ÓVc\ZeaVcVXdbiVbeVYZWdid!'*%bb
9211 FbWYWZ[Z[ii[YWZeh"edgXZaVcV
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Eda^ZiâZcd
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a' a(
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9230 a(2&*!*bb! a'2',!*bb!a&2 +(bb
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9231
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a&
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9232 a(2&*!*bb! a'2)*!+bb!a&2&&*bb
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9233 a(2'+!*bb! a'2).!*bb!a&2&)*bb
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9235 Y'2 )%bb!Y&2 .!*bb!a(2 +(bb!a&2((bb!a'2 (%bb
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9236 Y'2 ,%bb!Y&2&&!,bb!a(2&%.bb!a&2**bb!a'2 *)bb
9237 Y'2&%%bb!Y&2&(!-bb!a(2&**bb!a&2-%bb!a'2 ,*bb Y&
9238 Y'2&'%bb!Y&2&*!(bb!a(2&,*bb!a&2-*bb!a'2 .%bb
9239 Y'2&)%bb!Y&2&+!,bb!a(2&,%bb!a&2+*bb!a'2&%*bb
Ikfehj[fWhWjkXeZ[[diW_e
Ea{hi^XdEE!eVgVijWdh&+%m&+bb!
ZhiZgâô{kZaVi&'&8
9255 &'VbdhigVh
9256 ')VbdhigVh
Ikfehj[fWhWjkXeZ[[diW_e
9257 (+VbdhigVh!VgVbZ!ZckdaidZbea{hi^Xd
9300 ;b[lWZehZ[bWXehWjh_e
8Vi{ad\dYZaVWdgVig^deVgVVc{a^hZhYZaZîZ &',
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9360 e=&Ä&&
9361 e=(!.Ä+!.
9362 e=)!.Ä,!.
9363 e=+!.Ä.!.
9364 e=%Ä&)
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9365 e=,!.Ä&&!&%%jc^YVYZh
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9400 HjedgiZZbeaVXV!'&%m&(%m,*%bb
9401 HjedgiZZbigê!'&%m&(%m,*%bb
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9405 CWd]WZkfbW
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9406 \^g{kZa
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9407 '*bb
9408 +%bb
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9409 XdbbVc\V!&+%bb
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9410 h^beaZh
9411 YjeaV
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9440 %"+%B^c#
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9470 egZhhdYZhZgk^db{m#(!*WVg
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9484 8dbVYVeiVYdggdhfjZVYd/6'*!6'-!6('!6(-!6)%
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9485 8dbVYVeiVYdggdhfjZVYd/6('!6(-!6)%
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9487 8dbVYVeiVYdggdhfjZVYd/6'*!6'-!6('!6(-!6)%
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9488 8dbVYVeiVYdggdhfjZVYd/6('!6(-!6)%
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7ZWfjWZehfWhWheiYW[nj[hdW
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9489 )*bbeVgVgdhXVYZ\VggV[VH)%bb
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9495 &%Ä &%%©a

9498 &%%Ä&%%%©a
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CATÁLOGO

É com muito prazer que colaboramos consigo!

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1.0 ÂMBITO DE APLICAÇÃO

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3.0 BREVES DESCRIÇÕES DA

3.1 ... NO LEITE (SEGUNDO GERBER):

3.2 ... EM LEITE HOMOGENEIZADO

3.3 ... EM LEITE MAGRO E SORO DE LEITE

3.4 ... EM LEITE CONDENSADO (NÃO AÇUCARADO)

3.6 ... EM LEITE EM PÓ SEUNGDO TEICHERT

3.7 ... EM NATA SEGUNDO ROEDER (MÉTODO DE PESAGEM)

3.8 ... EM NATA SEGUNDO SCHULZ-KLEY (MÉTODO DE PESAGEM)

3.9 ... EM NATA SEGUNDO KÖHLER (MÉTODO DE MEDIÇÃO)

3.11 ... EM GELADO SEGUNDO KÖHLER (MÉTODO DE MEDIÇÃO)

3.12 ... EM GELADO SEGUNDO ROEDER (MÉTODO DE PESAGEM)

3.13 ... EM MANTEIGA SEGUNDO ROEDER (MÉTODO DE PESAGEM)

3.15 DETERMINAÇÃO DO TEOR BUTIROSO SEGUNDO GERBER

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TABELA DE REFERÊNCIA DA DEPENDÊNCIA DE VALORES G E ROTAÇÕES

DETERMINAÇÃO DO NITROGÉNIO SEGUNDO KJELDAHL

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Se proteína houver se depositado no diafragma, o eléctrodo é imerso em uma solução de

Em caso de contaminação com sulfeto de prata, o eléctrodo é posto e imerso em uma

Após cada procedimento de limpeza, deve-se colocar o eléctrodo por cerca de 15

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