Irrigation design II

"Control Structures"
4th Civil Engineer

Part 2
Regulators and Barrages
Lecture 3
( Design of Piers )

IMPORTANT:
THIS NOTES ARE THE OUTLINE OF THE LECTURES, THE STUDENTS ARE
OBLIGATED TO WRITE DOWN THE LECTURE NOTES AND COMMENTS.
 Design of Piers
U

• Thickness of pier is empirically assumed as:

tp = (1/4 → 1/3) S ≥ 1.0 m for (Plain Concrete)
≥ 0.60 m for (RFT. Concrete)

• The shape of noses of the pier has a hydraulic effect on the flowing
discharge. Different pier- nose shapes are used as :
 Semi – Circular nose
 Sharp nose
 Elliptic nose

• For old barrages on the Nile, a thick pier were constructed every 10-
pier of the standard thin piers. Thickness of thick pier is nearly twice
thickness of the thin pier.

• Thick pier is useful during construction stages to carry dead load

thrust force of arches and earth pressure from the temporary
embankment.

• The length of the pier is determined from:

a. Road way width,
b. Space for lifting apparatus
c. Main and emergency grooves
d. Type of noses of pier

Type of Grooves
U

I-Main grooves for control gates in the upstream:

U

Single Gate :
Sliding gate width of groove varies from 0.20 to 0.30m
Roller gate width of groove varies from 0.50 to 0.60m

Double gate:
For sliding gate width of groove varies from 0.40 to 0.60m
For roller gates width of groove varies from 0.60 to1.00m

UII-Emergency grooves in up-stream and down stream for repair

(width of groove is 0.30m)

Dr. Morsy Anwar Morsy –LEC.3 - p 2

Main Grooves only are lined with cast iron

Dr. Morsy Anwar Morsy –LEC.3 - p 3

Stability of the pier:
U

Forces acting on the pier are:

1) Vertical load from bridge due to dead and live loads.
2) Own weight of pier
3) Weight of lifting apparatus (if any).
4) Water pressure.

For simplicity, length of pier from the U.S stream emergency groove to the
D.S stream emergency groove is considered in calculation of stability

Properties of the considered cross–section area of pier in stability

(fig. 1-p)
A = t p * L ef R R R R

L ef =L b + (a + x 1 )
R R R R R R

a = 0.5→1.0
x 1 = 2.5→3.0 R R

I x = L ef * t p 3 / 12
R R R R R RP P

I y = t p * L ef /12
R R R R R R

x = L ef /2 R R

y = tp / 2 R R

Cases of loading of the pier:

U

I- Case of maximum vertical stresses or (max. vertical loading)

U

(fig.2-p)

• The adjacent spans of the bridge are loaded with dead load (d.L) and
live load (L.L) ; as shown in fig.(2p)

R (d.l) = D.L (S/2 + t p /2 )* L b

R R R R R R tons
R (L.L) =L.L (S/2 + t p /2 ) * L b
R R R R R

R (T) =R (D.L) + R (L.L)

R R R R R

Own weight of pier =W p = γ m ( hp * tp * L ef ) R R R R R R

Total Normal force at the base of pier N = W p + 2 R T R R R R

Dr. Morsy Anwar Morsy –LEC.3 - p 4

 Due to the eccentricity between C.G of bridge and pier:-
e X = (L ef /2)
R R R R –(L b
R R / 2 + a)

My = 2 R T * e X R R R

Stresses
σ 1,2 = - N/A ± M y / I y * X
P PR R R R R R t/m2 P

II- Case of maximum moment about central axis (x) - M X :

U UR RU U

One vent is closed while the adjacent vents are opened. The live load
exists on the bridge over only the closed vent, fig (3-p).

Loads:-
U

R (D.L) = D.L. (S/2 + t P / 2) L b

R R R R R

R (L.L) = L.L. (S/2 + t p / 2) L b

R R R R R R

RT R = R (d.l.) + R (L.l.)
R R R R

Own weight of pier W p = γ m (t p *L ef * h p ) R R R R R R R R R R

Total normal force:- N = R (D.L.) + R T + W P R R R R R

Moments due to loads:-

U

M x = R (L.L.) * t p /4 + [(0.50 γ w d d.s 2) d d.s / 3]* L ef

R R R t.m.
R R R R R R RP P R R R R R

M y = [( 0.50 γ m d u.s ) d u.s / 3] ( 0.50 S + t p ) –

R R
2
R R R RP P R R R R

[(0.50 γ m d d.s 2) d d.s /3 ] ( 0.50S + t P ) + (R T +R (D.L.) ) * e x

R R R RP P R R R R R R R R R

Stresses underneath of pier:-

U

σ = - N/A ± (M X / I X ) Y ± ( M Y / I Y ) X R R R R R R R R t/m2 ≤ f all . kg/cm2

P P R R P

Compression stress for plain or RFT. concrete ≤ -50 kg/cm2 P

Tension stress for plain concrete P.c ≤ + 5 to 7 kg/cm2 P

Tension stress for RFT, concrete R.c ≤ + 17.0 kg/cm2 P

Dr. Morsy Anwar Morsy –LEC.3 - p 5

III- Case of maximum moment about the transverse direction - M y
U UR

As shown in fig (3-p);

Loads:-
U

P D.L. = D.L. ( L b * ( S/2 +t p ) )

R R R R R R

P L.L. = L.L. ( L b / 2 * ( S/2 + t p ))

R R R R R R

W p = γ m ( t p *L ef * h p )
R R R R R R R R R R

Total normal load N = P D.L + P L.L + W p

R R R R R

Moments due to loads:-

U

M y = P D.L. * e x + P L.L. ( e x + L b / 2 ) + [ ( 0.50 γ w d2 u.s ) d u.s /3 ] [ S + t p ]

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R P PR R R R R R

Stresses underneath of pier:-

U

σ = - N/A ± (M y / I y ) X R R R R

Compression stress for plain or RFT. concrete ≤ -50 kg/cm2 P

Tension stress for plain concrete P.c ≤ + 5 to 7 kg/cm2 P

Tension stress for RFT, concrete R.c ≤ + 17.0 kg/cm2 P

Dr. Morsy Anwar Morsy –LEC.3 - p 6

 Design of Piers
U

1- Empirical Dimensions
U

Dr. Morsy Anwar Morsy –LEC.3 - p 7

 2- Case of Maximum Normal Loads
U

Dr. Morsy Anwar Morsy –LEC.3 - p 8

3- Case of Maximum Mx
U U

Dr. Morsy Anwar Morsy –LEC.3 - p 9

4- Case of Maximum My
U

Dr. Morsy Anwar Morsy –LEC.3 - p 10