Flow in Water

Piping

Continuing Education from Plumbing Systems & Design

Kenneth G.Wentink, PE, CPD, and Robert D. Jackson

PSD 140
JULY/AUGUST 2007

PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
 CONTINUING EDUCATION

Flow in Water Piping

Hydraulics can be defined as the study of the principles and Types of Flow
laws that govern the behavior of liquids at rest or in motion. When water is moving in a pipe, two types of flow can exist. One
Hydrostatics is the study of liquids at rest and hydrokinetics is type is known by the various names of streamline, laminar, or
the study of liquids in motion. viscous. The second is called turbulent flow. At various viscosi-
Although this text deals exclusively with water, all the data ties (various temperatures), there is a certain critical velocity for
developed can be applied to any liquid. every pipe size above which turbulent flow occurs and below
Physical Properties of Water which laminar flow occurs. This critical velocity occurs within
The weight of water, or its density, varies with its temperature a range of Reynolds numbers from approximately 2100 to 4000.
and purity. Water has its greatest specific weight (weight per Reynolds formula is:
cubic foot) at a temperature of 39.2°F. If this phenomenon did Equation 1
not occur, lakes would start freezing from the bottom up instead Re =  DV ρ
µgc
of from the top down. Table 1 tabulates densities of pure water where
at various tempera- Re = Reynolds number, dimensionless
tures. For the normal Table 1  Density of Pure Water at Various D = Pipe diameter, ft
range of tempera- Temperatures V = Velocity of flow, ft/sec
tures met in plumb- Temperature Density Temperature Density ρ = Density, lbm/ft3
ing systems, the den- °F lbm/ft3 °F lbm/ft3 µ = Absolute viscosity, lbf · sec/ft2
sity of water is very 32 62.416 100 61.988
35 62.421 120 61.719 gc = Gravitational constant, 32.2 lbm·ft/lbf·sec2
close to 62.4 lbm/ft3
and this value can be 39.2 62.424 140 61.386 Within the limits of accuracy required for plumbing design,
40 62.423 160 61.006 it can be assumed that the critical velocity occurs at a Reynolds
used for all calcula-
50 62.408 180 60.586 number of 2100. In laminar flow, the roughness of the pipe wall
tions without any 60 62.366 200 60.135
significant error. 70 62.300 212 59.843 has a negligible effect on the flow but the viscosity has a very
Viscosity can be 80 62.217 significant effect. In turbulent flow, the viscosity has an insignif-
defined as the inter- icant effect but the roughness of the pipe wall has a very marked
nal friction, or inter- effect on the flow.
nal resistance, to the relative motion of fluid particles. It can also Very rarely is a velocity of less than 4 ft/sec employed in
be defined as the property by which fluids offer a resistance to a plumbing design. The Reynolds number for a 3 in. pipe and a
change of shape under the action of an external force. Viscosity velocity of flow of 4 ft/sec would be
varies greatly from one liquid to another. It approaches the condi-
Re = (0.250ft)(4ft/sec)(62.4lbm/ft3) = 82,500
tions of a solid for highly viscous liquids and approaches a gas for (2.35 × 10–5 lbf·sec/ft2)(32.2 lbm·ft/lbf·sec2
the slightly viscous liquids. Viscosity decreases with rising tem-
peratures. For example, #6 oil is a solid at low temperatures and (which is well above the critical number of 2,100)
begins to flow as it is heated. It can be seen that all plumbing design is with turbulent flow
Water is perfectly elastic, compressing when pressure is and only when very viscous liquids or extremely low velocities
imposed and returning to its original condition when the pres- are encountered does the plumbing engineer deal with laminar
sure is removed. The compressibility of water may be expressed flow. Critical velocities of ½, 1, and 2-in. pipe at 60°F are 0.61,
as 1/K, where K is the coefficient of compressibility and is equal 0.31, and 0.15 ft/sec, respectively, and at 140°F they are 0.25,
to 43,200,000 lb/ft2. It can be seen that if a pressure of 100 lb/ft2 0.13, and 0.06 ft/sec, respectively.
were applied, the volumetric change would be 100∕43,200,000.
Velocity of Flow
The change is of such negligible significance that water is always
When the velocity of flow is measured across the section of pipe
treated as incompressible for all calculations in plumbing
from the center to the wall, it is found that there is a variation in
design.
the velocity, with the greatest velocity at the center and a mini-
The temperature at which water boils varies with the pressure
mum velocity at the walls. The average velocity for the entire
to which it is subjected. At sea level—14.7 psi—water boils at
cross-section is approximately 84% of the velocity as measured
212°F. At an elevation above sea level, where the atmospheric
at the center. The plumbing engineer is concerned only with
pressure is less than 14.7 psi, water will boil at a lower tem-
the average velocity, and all formulas are expressed in average
perature. In a closed system, such as that found in the domestic
velocity. Whenever and wherever the term velocity is used, it is
hot water system where the pressure is generally around 50 psi
the average velocity of flow that is meant.
above atmospheric pressure, the water will not boil until a tem-
Since water is incompressible within the range of pressures
perature of 300°F is reached.
met in plumbing design, a definite relationship can be expressed
between the quantity flowing past a given point in a given time

Reprinted from Engineered Plumbing Design II, Chapter 11: “Flow in Water Piping,” by A. Calvin Laws, PE, CPD.
© American Society of Plumbing Engineers.

  Plumbing Systems & Design  JULY/AUGUST 2007 PSDMAGAZINE.ORG

and the velocity of flow. This can be expressed as (Equation 3- g = gravitational acceleration, 32.2 ft/sec2
2): gc = gravitational constant, 32.2 lbm·ft/lbf·sec2
Q = AV V = velocity, ft/sec
where When the body weighs 1 lb the formula becomes
Q = quantity of flow (volumetric flow rate), ft3/sec
A = cross-sectional area of flow, ft2 Equation 6
V2
EK = 2g
V = velocity of flow, ft/sec c
The units employed in this flow formula are inconvenient for where
use in plumbing design. The plumbing engineer deals in gallons EK = kinetic energy per pound weight
per minute and inches for pipe sizes. Converting to these terms, Static Head
the flow rate becomes (Equation 8-8): At any point below the surface of water that is exposed to atmo-
q = 2.448 d2V spheric pressure, the pressure (head) is produced by the weight
where of the water above that point. The pressure is equal and effective
q = quantity of flow (flow rate), gpm in all directions at this point and is proportional to the depth
d = diameter of pipe, in. below the surface. This pressure is variously called static head,
V = velocity of flow, ft/sec static pressure, hydrostatic head, or hydrostatic pressure. It is the
measure of the potential energy. Because pressure is a function
Potential Energy of the weight of the water, it is possible to convert the static head
One of the most fundamental laws of thermodynamics is that expressed as feet of head into pounds per square inch. (See
energy can be neither created nor destroyed; it can only be con- Table 2.)
verted from one form to another. The energy of a body due to The pressure developed by the weight of a column of water 1
its elevation above a given level is called its potential energy in in.2 in cross-sectional area and h ft high may be expressed as
relation to that datum. Work had to be performed to raise the
body to that elevation and this work is equal to the product of Equation 7
γ × h
p =  144
the weight of the body and the height it was raised. This can be
expressed as: where
Equation 2 p = pressure, lbf/in2
EP = w h =  mgh
gc
γ = specific weight of water, lbf/ft3
h = static head, ft
where
EP = potential energy, ft lbf At 50°F, the pressure expressed in pounds per square inch for
w = weight of the body, lbf a 1-ft column of water is then:
h = height raised, ft
g = gravitational acceleration, 32.2 ft/s2 Table 2  Heads of Water in Feet Corresponding to Pressure in Pounds per Square Inch
gc = gravitational constant, 32.2 lbm·ft/ PSI 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
lbf·s2 0 2.3 4.6 6.9 9.2 11.6 13.9 16.2 18.5 20.8
When the weight is equal to 1 lb the for- 10 23.1 25.4 27.7 30.0 32.3 34.7 37.0 39.3 41 .6 43.9
mula becomes 20 46.2 48.5 50.8 53.1 55.4 57.8 60.1 62.4 64.7 67.0
30 69.3 71.6 73.9 76.2 78.5 80.9 83.2 85.5 87.8 90.1
Equation 3 40 92.4 94.7 97.0 99.3 101.6 104.0 106.3 108.6 110.9 113.2
EP = hg
gc 50 115.5 117.8 120.1 122.4 124.7 127.1 129.4 131.7 134.0 136.3
60 138.6 140.9 143.2 145.5 147.8 150.2 152.5 154.8 157.1 159.4
where 70 161.7 164.0 166.3 168.6 170.9 173.3 175.6 177.9 180.2 182.5
EP = potential energy per pound weight 80 184.8 187.1 189.4 191.7 194.0 196.4 198.7 201.0 203.3 205.6
90 207.9 210.2 212.5 214.8 217.1 219.5 221.8 224.1 226.4 228.7
Kinetic Energy
100 231.0 233.3 235.6 237.9 240.2 242.6 244.9 247.2 249.5 251.8
The energy of a body due to its motion is 110 254.1 256.4 258.7 261.0 263.3 265.7 268.0 270.3 272.6 274.9
called kinetic energy and is equal to one-half 120 277.2 279.5 281.8 284.1 286.4 288.8 291.1 293.4 295.7 298.0
its mass and the square of its velocity. Mass 130 300.3 302.6 304.9 307.2 309.5 311.9 314.2 316.5 318.8 321.1
is equal to the weight of the body divided by 140 323.4 325.7 328.0 330.3 332.6 335.0 337.3 339.6 341.9 344.2
its acceleration imposed by gravity. 150 346.5 348.8 351.1 353.4 355.7 358.1 360.4 362.7 365.0 367.3
160 369.6 371.9 374.2 376.5 378.8 381.2 383.5 385.8 388.1 390.4
Equation 4 wg 170 392.7 395.0 397.3 399.6 401.9 404.3 406.6 408.9 411.2 413.5
m =  g c 180 415.8 418.1 420.4 422.7 425.0 427.4 429.7 432.0 434.3 436.6
c
190 438.9 441.2 443.5 445.8 448.1 450.5 452.8 455.1 457.4 459.7
Equation 5 200 462.0 464.3 466.6 468.9 471.2 473.6 475.9 478.2 480.5 482.8
wg
EK = ½ ×  gc c × V w 210 485.1 487.4 489.7 492.0 494.3 496.7 499.0 501.3 503.6 505.9
2
gc = 2g × V
2
220 508.2 510.5 512.8 515.1 517.4 519.8 522.1 524.4 526.7 529.0
where 230 531.3 533.6 535.9 538.2 540.5 542.9 545.2 547.5 549.8 552.1
EK = kinetic energy, ft lbf 240 554.4 556.7 559.0 561.3 563.6 566.0 568.3 570.6 572.9 575.2
w = weight of body, lbf 250 577.5 579.8 582.1 584.4 586.7 589.1 591.4 593.7 596.0 598.3
m = mass of the body, lbm Notes: 1. To use the chart, find the point corresponding to the specific pressure (psi) by adding incremental values in the top line to the base values in the extreme
left column. For example, to find head in ft. corresponding to 25 psi, follow the line of figures to the right of 20 psi and read 57.8 ft under 5 psi. 2. Head values in
the body of the chart were calculated by multiplying psi by 2.31. To convert ft of head to psi, multiply by 0.433, or use the chart in reverse.

JULY/AUGUST 2007  Plumbing Systems & Design  

 CONTINUING EDUCATION: Flow in Water Piping
p = 62.408
144 × 1 = 0.433 lbf/in
2 gc = gravitational constant, 32.2 lbm·ft/lbf·sec2

Conversely, the height of a column of water that will impose a The term Pgc/ρg is equal to the static head or height of the
pressure of 1 lb/in.2 is liquid column. Substituting in the equation it becomes

h = p × 144
γ
Equation 12
Zg + h + V2 = E
144 = 2.31 ft
h = 1 × 62.408 gc 2gc T

For any two points in a system, we may then write:

To convert from feet of head to pounds per square inch, mul-
tiply the height by 0.433. To convert pounds per square inch to Equation 13
Z1g V12 Z2g V22
feet of head, multiply the pounds per square inch by 2.31. gc + h1  + 2gc = gc + h2  + 2gc
Velocity Head Figure 1 illustrates the application of this equation.
In a piping system with the water at rest, the water has poten-
Friction
tial energy. When the water is flowing it has kinetic energy as
When water flows in a pipe, friction is produced by the rubbing
well as potential energy. To cause the water to flow some of the
of water particles against each other and against the walls of
available potential energy must be converted to kinetic energy.
the pipe. This friction generates heat, which is dissipated in the
The decrease in the potential energy, or static head, is called the
form of a rise in the temperature of the water and the piping.
velocity head.
This temperature rise in plumbing systems is insignificant and
In a freely falling body, the body is accelerated by the action
can safely be ignored in plumbing design. It requires a potential
of gravity at a rate of 32.2 ft/sec2. The height of the fall and the
energy of 778 ft-lbf to raise 1 lb of water 1°F. The friction pro-
velocity at any moment may be expressed as:
duced by flowing water also causes a pressure loss along the
Equation 8 line of flow, which is called friction head. By utilizing Bernoulli’s
h = gt
2

2 equation this friction head loss can be expressed as:

Equation 9
V = gt
or t = V
g
where
h = velocity head, ft Figure 11-1  Bernoulli's Theorem (Disregarding Friction)
t = time, sec
g = gravitational acceleration, 32.2 ft/sec2
V = velocity, ft/sec
Substituting t = V/g in the first equation,
g
h =  2 × V2
2

g
Equation 10
V2
h =  2g
The foregoing illustrates the conversion of the
potential energy of a body (static head) due to its
height into kinetic energy (velocity head). The
velocity head, V2/2g, is a measure of the decrease in
static head expressed in feet of column of water.
Bernoulli’s Theorem
As previously stated, energy can be neither created
nor destroyed. Bernoulli developed an equation to
express this conservation of energy as it is applied
to a flowing liquid. The liquid is assumed to be fric-
tionless and incompressible.
Equation 11
Zg + Pgc + V2 = E
gc ρg 2gc T

where Z1g V12 Z2g V22

gc + h1 + 2gc = gc + h2 + 2gc
ET = total energy ft·lbf/lbm
Z = height of point above datum, ft
P = pressure, lbf/ ft2
ρ = density, lbm/ft3
V = velocity, ft/sec
g = gravitational acceleration, 32.2 ft./sec2

  Plumbing Systems & Design  JULY/AUGUST 2007 PSDMAGAZINE.ORG

 Figure 11-2  Toricelli's Theorem
hF = [ Z1g
gc
V2
+ h1 +  1
2gc ][  - 
Z2g
gc
V2
+ h2 + 2
2gc ]
Flow from Outlets
Experiments to determine the velocity of flow from an
outlet in the side of an open tank were performed by
Toricelli in the 17th century. The result of these experi-
ments was expounded in the theorem: “Except for minor
frictional effects, the velocity is the same as if the fluid
had fallen freely from the surface through a vertical dis-
tance to the outlet.” This can be expressed as:
Equation 15
V = √2gh
It is graphically shown in Figure 2.
If friction, size, and shape of the opening and entrance
losses are disregarded, the ideal velocity is the same as the
maximum velocity and is equal to the velocity attained
by free fall. The actual velocity, however, is always less
than the ideal. All the factors, previously ignored, when
taken into consideration can be expressed as the coef-
ficient of discharge, CD. The actual velocity can then be
written:
Equation 16
V = CD √2gh
For most outlets encountered in a plumbing system
an average coefficient of discharge of 0.67 can be safely
applied.
Flow in Piping
The velocity of flow at any point in a system is due to the
total energy at that point. This is the sum of the potential
and kinetic energy, less the friction head loss. The static
head is the potential energy, but some of it was con-
verted to kinetic energy to cause flow and some of it was
used to overcome friction. It is for these reasons that the
pressure during flow is always less than the static pressure. The d = diameter of outlet, in.
pressure measured at any point while water is flowing is called V1 = ideal velocity, ft/sec
the flow pressure. This is the pressure that is read on a pressure h = flow pressure, ft
gauge installed in the piping. p = flow pressure, psi
The kinetic energy of water flowing in a plumbing system is If 0.67 is used for the coefficient of discharge, then, per Equa-
extremely small. Very rarely is the design velocity for water flow tion 6-1,
in plumbing systems greater than 8 ft/sec. The kinetic energy qD = 13.17d2 √h
(velocity head) at this velocity is V2/2g or 8 ∕64.4. This is equal to
2

and
1 ft or 0.433 psi, which is less than 0.5 psi. It can be seen that
such an insignificant pressure can be safely ignored in all calcu- Equation 18
lations. The maximum rate of discharge from an outlet can now qD = 20d2 √p
be determined from the flow pressure and the diameter of the Friction in Piping
outlet (using Equations 8-2 to 8-5): As stated previously, whenever flow occurs, there is a continu-
qD = CD q1 ous loss of pressure along the piping in the direction of flow. The
qD = CD × 2.448 d2V1 amount of this head loss because of friction is affected by
qD = CD × 2.448d2 √2gh 1. Density and temperature of the fluid
qD = CD × 19.65d2 √h or 2. Roughness of the pipe
Equation 17 3. Length of run
qD = CD × 29.87d2 √p 4. Velocity of the fluid
where Experiments have demonstrated that the friction head loss is
qD = actual quantity of discharge, gpm inversely proportional to the diameter of the pipe, proportional
q1 = ideal quantity of discharge, gpm to the roughness and length of the pipe, and varies approxi-
CD = coefficient of discharge, dimensionless

JULY/AUGUST 2007  Plumbing Systems & Design  

 CONTINUING EDUCATION: Flow in Water Piping
mately with the square of the velocity. Darcy expressed this rela- Equation 24
tionship as:
h =  fLV or
2
q = 40.1 d2½ h
L ( ) ½

D × 2g Equation 25
Equation 19
ρfLV2
p = 144D × 2g and for steel
q = 60.8 d2½ p
L ( ) ½

c
where Equation 26
h = friction head loss, ft
p = friction head loss, lbf/in2 q = 28.3 d2½ h
L ( ) ½

ρ = density of fluid, lbm/ft3 Equation 27

f = coefficient of friction, dimensionless
L = length of pipe, ft
where
q = 43.0 d2½ p
L ( ) ½

D = diameter of pipe, ft
V = velocity of flow, ft/sec q = quantity of flow, gpm
gc = gravitational constant, 32.2 lbm ft/lbf sec2 d = diameter of pipe, in.
h = pressure, ft
Values for the coefficient of friction are given in Table 3. p = pressure, psi
It can be seen from Table 3 that steel pipe is much rougher L = length of pipe, ft
than brass, lead or copper. It follows that there will be a greater
head loss in steel pipe than in the other material. The terms h/L and p/L represent the loss of head due to fric-
tion for 1 ft of pipe length and is called the uniform friction loss.
Values of d2½ for various diameters of pipe and various materials
Table 3  Average Values for Coefficient of Friction, f are given in Table 4.
Nominal Brass, Copper, Galvanized In all water flow formulas, the term L (length of run in feet)
Pipe Size, in. or Lead Iron or Steel is always the equivalent length of run (ELR).Every fitting and
½ 0.022 0.044 valve imposes more frictional resistance than the pipe itself.To
¾ 0.021 0.040 take this additional friction head loss into account, the fitting or
1 0.020 0.038 valve is converted to an equivalent length of pipe of the same
1¼ 0.020 0.036
1½ 0.019 0.035 size that will impose an equal friction loss, e.g., a 4-in. elbow
2 0.018 0.033 is equivalent to 10 ft of 4-in. pipe.Thus, if the measured length
2½ 0.017 0.031 of run of 4-in. piping with one elbow is 15 ft, then the equiva-
3 0.017 0.031 lent length of run is 15 + 10 = 25 ft.The length of pipe measured
4 0.016 0.030

Table 4  Values of d2½

Nominal Brass or Copper Copper Galvanized
For ease of application for the plumbing engineer, the for- Size, In. Copper Pipe Type K Type L Iron or Steel
mula for friction head loss can be reduced to a simpler form. ½ 0.31 0.20 0.22 0.31
Assuming an average value for the coefficient of friction of 0.02 ¾ 0.61 0.48 0.55 0.62
for brass and copper and 0.04 for steel, the formula becomes: 1 1.16 0.99 1.06 1.13
For brass and copper 1¼ 2.19 1.73 1.80 2.24
1½ 3.24 2.67 2.78 3.29
Equation 20 2 6.17 5.37 5.55 6.14
h = 0.000623q2 × L5 2½ 9.88 9.25 9.54 9.58
d 3 16.41 14.41 14.87 16.48
Equation 21 4 32.00 29.23 30.13 32.53
p = 0.00027q2 × L5
d
and for steel Table 5  Equivalent Pipe Length for Valves and Fittings
Equation 22 Gate Long Std. Tee
L Nominal Valve Angle Globe Swing Sweep Thru
h = 0.00124q  × 5
2
Pipe Size Full Valve Full Valve Full Check Full 45° Elbow or Std. Side
d
Equation 23 inches Open Open Open Open Elbow Run of Tee Elbow Outlet
½ 0.35 9.3 18.6 4.3 0.78 1.11 1.7 3.3
p = 0.00539q2 × L5 ¾ 0.44 11.5 23.1 5.3 0.97 1.4 2.1 4.2
d 1 0.56 14.7 29.4 6.8 1.23 1.8 2.6 5.3
These formulas can be rearranged in another 1¼ 0.74 19.3 38.6 8.9 1.6 2.3 3.5 7.0
useful form: 1½ 0.86 22.6 45.2 10.4 1.9 2.7 4.1 8.1
For brass and copper 2 1.10 29.0 58.0 13.4 2.4 3.5 5.2 10.4
2½ 1.32 35.0 69.0 15.9 2.9 4.2 6.2 12.4
3 1.60 43.0 86.0 19.8 3.6 5.2 7.7 15.5
4 2.10 57.0 113.0 26.0 4.7 6.8 10.2 20.3
5 2.70 71.0 142.0 33.0 5.9 8.5 12.7 25.4
6 3.20 85.0 170.0 39.0 7.1 10.2 15.3 31.0
8 4.30 112.0 224.0 52.0 9.4 13.4 20.2 40.0

  Plumbing Systems & Design  JULY/AUGUST 2007 PSDMAGAZINE.ORG

along the centerline of pipe and fittings is the developed length.
Table 5 shows equivalent lengths of pipe for valves and fittings
of various sizes. Note that the larger the pipe size, the more
significant the equivalent length of run becomes. In the design
phase of piping systems, the size of the piping is not known and
the equivalent lengths cannot be accurately determined. A rule
of thumb that has worked exceptionally well is to assume 50%
of the developed length as an allowance for fittings and valves.
Once the sizes are determined, the accuracy of the assumption
can be checked.
All equipment imposes a friction head loss and must be care-
fully considered in the design and operation of a system. The
pressure drop through any piece of equipment can be obtained
from the manufacturer. The knowledgeable engineer is care-
ful to specify the maximum pressure drop he/she will permit
through a piece of equipment.

JULY/AUGUST 2007  Plumbing Systems & Design  


Continuing Education from Plumbing Systems & Design
Kenneth G.Wentink, PE, CPD, and Robert D. Jackson
Do you find it difficult to obtain continuing education units (CEUs)?
Through this special section in every issue of PS&D, ASPE can help
you accumulate the CEUs required for maintaining your Certified in
Plumbing Design (CPD) status.
Now Online!
The technical article you must read to complete the exam is located
at www.psdmagazine.org. The following exam and application form
also may be downloaded from the website. Reading the article and
completing the form will allow you to apply to ASPE for CEU credit.
For most people, this process will require approximately one hour. If
you earn a grade of 90 percent or higher on the test, you will be notified
that you have logged 0.1 CEU, which can be applied toward the CPD
renewal requirement or numerous regulatory-agency CE programs.
(Please note that it is your responsibility to determine the acceptance
policy of a particular agency.) CEU information will be kept on file at
the ASPE office for three years.
Note: In determining your answers to the CE questions, use only the material
presented in the corresponding continuing education article. Using information
from other materials may result in a wrong answer.
CE Questions—“Flow in Water Piping” (PSD 140)
1. The average coefficient of friction (f) in a 2-inch steel
pipe is _________.
a. 0.037
b. 0.035
c. 0.033
d. 0.031
2. Friction is created by the flow of water in piping. This
friction generates _________.
a. pressure drop
b. pressure increase
c. heat
d. none of the above
3. Number six (6) oil _________.
a. is not part of this chapter
b. is a solid at low temperatures
c. begins to flow when heated
d. b and c only
4. Water is _________.
a. not compressible
b. perfectly elastic
c. greatly compressible
d. none of the above
5. Experiments to determine the velocity of flow from an
outlet were performed by _________ in the 17th century.
a. Bernoulli
b. Reynolds
c. Toricelli
d. Hunter
6. Velocity head (V2/2g) _________.
a. is a measure of the decrease in static head
b. is of no consequence to the plumbing engineer
c. must be understood to control water hammer
d. is responsible for most pipe fitting failures
  Plumbing Systems & Design  JULY/AUGUST 2007
CONTINUING EDUCATION
About This Issue’s Article
The July/August 2007 continuing education article is “Flow
in Water Piping,” Chapter 11 of Engineered Plumbing Design II
by A. Cal Laws, PE, CPD.
This chapter discusses hydraulics, which can be defined as
the study of the principles and laws that govern the behav-
ior of liquids at rest or in motion, hydrostatics, the study
of liquids at rest, and hydrokinetics, or the study of liquids
in motion. Although this text deals exclusively with water,
all the data developed can be applied to any liquid. The
chapter delves into the physical properties of water, types
of flow, Bernoulli’s and Toricelli’s Theorems, and friction in
piping as they relate to sizing piping systems. It provides
calculations for finding the Reynolds number, velocity of
flow, potential and kinetic energy, pressure, velocity head,
and Bernoulli’s Theorem, among others.
You may locate this article at www.psdmagazine.org. Read
the article, complete the following exam, and submit your
answer sheet to the ASPE office to potentially receive 0.1 CEU.
PSD 140
7. How much potential energy is required to raise 1 pound
of water 1°F?
a.  728 ft-lbf, b.  778 ft-lbf, c.  828 ft-lbf, d.  878 ft-lbf
8. The pressure at any point below the surface of water
exposed to atmospheric pressure is referred to as ______.
a. static head
b. hydrostatic pressure
c. specific pressure
d. a or b
9. What is the equivalent pipe length for a 4-inch fully
open globe valve?
a. 113.0
b. 142.0
c. 170.0
d. 224.0
10. The critical velocity of water _________.
a. in ½-inch, 1-inch, and 2-inch pipe is less than 0.5 fps at
temperatures of 60°F to 140°F
b. is represented by a Reynolds number of 82,500
c. is Re=DVp/ugc
d. is greater than 20 ft/sec for all pipe 10 inches and
smaller at temperatures of 60°F to 140°F
11. The static pressure is always _________ the pressure
during flow.
a. less than
b. greater than
c. the same as
d. none of the above
12. Water in motion _________.
a. has used its potential energy
b. has only kinetic energy
c. has both kinetic and potential energy
d. none of the above
PSDMAGAZINE.ORG
 Plumbing Systems & Design Continuing Education Application Form
This form is valid up to one year from date of publication. The PS&D Continuing Education program is approved by ASPE for
up to one contact hour (0.1 CEU) of credit per article. Participants who ear a passing score (90 percent) on the CE questions will
receive a letter or certification within 30 days of ASPE’s receipt of the application form. (No special certificates will be issued.) Par-
ticipants who fail and wish to retake the test should resubmit the form along with an additional fee (if required).

1.  Photocopy this form or download it from www.psdmagazine.org.

2.  Print or type your name and address. Be sure to place your ASPE membership number in the appropriate space.
3.  Answer the multiple-choice continuing education (CE) questions based on the corresponding article found on
www.psdmagazine.org and the appraisal questions on this form.
4.  Submit this form with payment ($35 for nonmembers of ASPE) if required by check or money order made payable to ASPE or
credit card via mail (ASPE Education Credit, 8614 W. Catalpa Avenue, Suite 1007, Chicago, IL 60656) or fax (773-695-9007).

Please print or type; this information will be used to process your credits.
Name _ __________________________________________________________________________________________________
Title _______________________________________________ ASPE Membership No.____________________________________
Organization _ ____________________________________________________________________________________________
Billing Address ____________________________________________________________________________________________
City_ _______________________________________ State/Province________________________ Zip _ ____________________
Country____________________________________________ E-mail_________________________________________________
Daytime telephone_ _________________________________ Fax___________________________________________________

❏ ASPE Member ❏ Nonmember

I am applying for the following continuing education credits:
I certify that I have read the article indicated above.
Signature
Each examination: $25 Each examination: $35
Limited Time: No Cost to ASPE Member
Payment: ❏ Personal Check (payable to ASPE) $____________
❏ Business or government check $ _________
❏ DiscoverCard ❏ VISA ❏ MasterCard ❏ AMEX $____________
If rebilling of a credit card charge is necessary, a $25 processing fee will be charged.
ASPE is hereby authorized to charge my CE examination fee to my credit card.

Expiration date: Continuing education credit will be given

Account Number Expiration date
for this examination through July 31, 2008.
Applications received after that date will not be processed.

Signature Cardholder’s name (Please print)

PS&D Continuing Education Answer Sheet
Flow in Water Piping (PSD 140)
Questions appear on page . Circle the answer to each question.
Q 1. A B C D
Q 2. A B C D
Q 3. A B C D
Q 4. A B C D
Q 5. A B C D
Q 6. A B C D
Q 7. A B C D
Q 8. A B C D
Q 9. A B C D
Q 10. A B C D
Q 11. A B C D
Q 12. A B C D
Appraisal Questions
Flow in Water Piping (PSD 140)
1. Was the material new information for you?  ❏ Yes ❏ No
2. Was the material presented clearly?  ❏ Yes ❏ No
3. Was the material adequately covered?  ❏ Yes ❏ No
4. Did the content help you achieve the stated objectives?  ❏ Yes ❏ No
5. Did the CE questions help you identify specific ways to use ideas presented in
the article?  ❏ Yes ❏ No
6. How much time did you need to complete the CE offering (i.e., to read the
article and answer the post-test questions)?___________________

JULY/AUGUST 2007  Plumbing Systems & Design