Professional Documents
Culture Documents
University training -1
Faculty of
Engineering
REPORT
Industry of hydraulics...............................................................2
company………………………………………………………....2
Types of pumps…………………………………………………………………….4
Valves……………………………………………………………………………….....5
Seals&filters.............................................................................6
Fitting
connection..............................................................................7
Flat adapters.............................................................................9
Case studies..............................................................................10
Recommendation......................................................................12
References ...............................................................................13
Summary
The training mission is making the trainee able to understand from
basics to advanced concepts of hydraulics and mechanics. Meanwhile to
implement the concepts and putting it to real life applications. The
training started at 29/7/2017 and ended at
28/8/2017.
Industry of hydraulics
Hydraulics is a technology and applied science using engineering, to
generate, control and transmit power. Fluid power uses fluids such as
mineral oil or water and pneumatics using gas such as air or other gases.
The application of fluid power systems is obvious in Machinery
operated by fluid power covers a wide range of applications in
industry. Mobile excavating equipment uses hydraulic systems.
Automated production lines may use pneumatic or hydraulic
systems to position work pieces or move tools. Variable-flow
control valves and position sensors may be included in
a servomechanism system for precision machine tools.
Company
Cairo Diesel Trading Group was established by engineer: Mahmoud Abd
el Rahman Ayad from 50 years. The company has many branches over
Egypt working in many fields (Hydraulics,diesel,mechanical,electrical,...)
being very special between other competitors in modifying machinery
and components. The company has been using technology in
production. A strong managerial foundation is acquired and working to
please and earn the confidence the customer. The company has the
power of attorney of Atos, Denison, Parker and Vickers in hydraulics
field.
Types of pumps
There are mainly three types of pumps:
a) Vane pump
b) Piston pump
c) Gear pump
Vane pump:
How Vane Pumps Work
Despite the different configurations, most vane pumps operate under
the same general principle described below.
2. The housing and cam force fluid into the pumping chamber
through holes in the cam (small red arrow on the bottom of the
pump). Fluid enters the pockets created by the vanes, rotor, cam, and
side plate.
3. As the rotor continues around, the vanes sweep the fluid to the
opposite side of the crescent where it is squeezed through discharge
holes of the cam as the vane approaches the point of the crescent
(small red arrow on the side of the pump). Fluid then exits the
discharge port.
Advantages
Handles thin liquids at relatively higher pressures
Compensates for wear through vane extension
Sometimes preferred for solvents, LPG
Can run dry for short periods
Can have one seal or stuffing box
Develops good vacuum
Disadvantages
Can have two stuffing boxes
Complex housing and many parts
Not suitable for high pressures
Not suitable for high viscosity
Not good with abrasives
Piston pump:
An axial piston pump has a number of pistons (usually an
odd number) arranged in a circular array within
a housing which is commonly referred to as a cylinder
block, rotor or barrel. This cylinder block is driven to rotate
about its axis of symmetry by an integral shaft that is, more
or less, aligned with the pumping pistons (usually parallel but
not necessarily).
Gear pump
1. As the gears come out of mesh, they create expanding volume on the
inlet side of the pump. Liquid flows into the cavity and is trapped by the
gear teeth as they rotate.
3. Finally, the meshing of the gears forces liquid through the outlet port
under pressure.
Because the gears are supported on both sides, external gear pumps are
quiet-running and are routinely used for high-pressure applications such
as hydraulic applications. With no overhung bearing loads, the rotor
shaft can't deflect and cause premature wear.
Advantages
High speed
High pressure
No overhung bearing loads
Relatively quiet operation
Design accommodates wide variety of materials
Disadvantages
Four bushings in liquid area
No solids allowed
Fixed End Clearances
Practical experience:
Properties of pumps
Displacement(cm/𝑟𝑒𝑣 3 ) Volumetric displacement of the
pump
Pressure continuous The normal pressure
Pressure max The maximum pressure
intermittent max. The sudden maximum
pressure
Fluid Connections
• port A (inlet)
port B (system)
• port X (rotary servo)
Generally, the company is dealing most with gear pump and vane
pump.
Technical issue:
Types of valves
Hydraulic system mainly consists of three main types of hydraulic
circuits:
B) Meter In :
Controls amount of fluid to actuator - excess flow is diverted over relief
valve. - Load continuously resists actuator in one direction
Bleed-Off Circuit:
Later in the case studies more details about how one of the
control circuit was used in a real life application
B) Directional valve
Directional control valves are one of the most fundamental
parts in hydraulic machinery as well as pneumatic
machinery. They allow fluid flow into different paths from
one or more sources. They usually consist of a spool
inside a cylinder which is mechanically or electrically
controlled. The movement of the spool restricts or permits
the flow; thus, it controls the fluid flow.
Properties that are very important while choosing the suitable
valve:
a) size (6,10,16,25,32)
b) number of ports
c) direction of spool
e) other accessories
1-Closed center
2-Open center
Relief valves
Most fluid power systems are designed to operate within a
preset pressure range. This range is a function of the
forces the actuators in the system must generate to do the
required work. Without controlling or limiting these
forces, the fluid power components (and expensive
equipment) could be damaged. Relief valves avoid this
hazard. They are the safeguards which limit maximum
pressure in a system by diverting excess oil when
pressures get too high.
The most type used in the training while there are other types
(Cracking pressure and pressure override-Guided-piston relief
valves).
Seals
Types of seals:
1)wiper seals
2) O-ring seals
3)slipper seals
4) compact seals
1)wiper seals: They are type of seal that prevent dust, dirt, grains of
sand and metal swarf from penetrating. This archived by a special design
which largely prevents the development of scratches, protects the
guiding parts and extends the working life of seals. Oversized diameters
ensure a tight fit in the groove thus preventing the penetration of the
foreign particles and dampness.
3)slipper seal (guide rings): guide rings and tapes prevent metallic
contact between pistons and cylinders or rods and glands where forces
act perpendicular to the direction of movements.
4)compact seals:
Filters
There are three types:
Fitting connection
Generally fitting connections:
1-hoses
2-pipes
1-size
2-temperature
When specifying hose, there are two temperatures you need to identify.
One is the ambient temperature, which is the temperature that exists
outside the hose where it is being used; the other is the media
temperature, which is the temperature of the media conveyed through
the hose
3-application
What will the hose convey? Some applications require the use of
specialized oils or chemicals. Consequently, the hose you order must be
compatible with the medium being conveyed. Compatibility must cover
not just the inner tube, but the cover, hose fittings, and O-rings as well.
Practical wise there was no application in the training the media was
considered.
5-pressure
When considering hose pressure, it’s important to know both the system
working pressure and any surge pressures and spikes. Hose selection
must be made so that the published maximum working pressure of the
hose is equal to or greater than the maximum system pressure. Surge
pressures or peak transient pressures in the system must be below the
published maximum working pressure for the hose.
Cooling systems and Tanks
Mainly cooling systems are divided to two types of systems:
Cooler:
Flat
Cylindrical
Temperature cooler:
Example:
If the pump rate of disposition is 30l/min
Flat adapters
JIC standard:
MUMBAI standard:
Case study
The third issue that the one of the four cylinders may do action
without the other three cylinders is a flow divider was needed
And there will be six directional valves is needed one for the mode
of the 4-working cylinder and 4 directional valves for each cylinder
working alone mode. Also, a directional valve acting as a key for
the circuit.
References
2- http://www.pumpschool.com
3-lunchbox sessions