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]]DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW-I PROJECT

TOPIC: ARTICLE 21 OF THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

DR. NAGESWARA RAO

SUBMITTED BY: YUVASREE T

SEMESTER III
2015141
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would sincerely like to put forward my heartfelt appreciation to our

respected Constitutional Law-I professor, Proof DR. NAGESWARA RAO for giving me a
golden opportunity to take up this project regarding “ARTICLE 21 OF THE INDIAN
CONSTITUTION”. I have tried my best to collect information about the project in various
possible ways to depict clear picture about the given project topic. I would also like to thank
sir for eminent support and help in doing the project.
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CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. MEANING AND CONCEPT OF RIGHT TO LIFE
3. RIGHT TO LIVE WITH HUMAN DIGNITY
4. RIGHT TO LIVELIHOOD
5. RIGHT TO MEDICAL & HEALTH ASSISTANCE
6. RIGHT TO DIE
7. PERSONAL LIBERTY
8. RIGHT TO PRIVACY
9. PRISONER’S RIGHTS
10. CONCULSION
11. BIBILOGRAPHY
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INTRODUCTION

Article 21 of the Constitution deals with Protection of Life and Personal Liberty which as that
no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure
established by law. “Life”, in article 21 is not merely the physical act of breathing. Article 21,
if read literally, is a colourless article and would be satisfied, the moment it is established by
the state that there is law which provides a procedure which has been followed by impugned
action. But the expression ‘procedure established by law’ in article 21 has been judicially
constructed as meaning a procedure which is a reasonable, fair and just. Article 21 of the
constitution which guarantees protection of life and personal liberty can be said to be ‘heart
and soul’ of the fundamental rights.

Article 21 can only be claimed when a person is deprived of his “life” or “personal liberty”
by the “State” as defined in Article 12. Violation of the right by private individuals is not
within the preview of Article 21. Article 21 secures two rights: Right to life &Right to
personal liberty. The Article prohibits the deprivation of the above rights except according to
a procedure established by law.Article 21 corresponds to the Magna Carta of 1215, the Fifth
Amendment to the American Constitution, Article 40(4) of the Constitution of Eire 1937, and
Article XXXI of the Constitution of Japan, 1946.

Article 21 applies to natural persons. The right is available to every person, citizen or alien.
Thus, even a foreigner can claim this right. It, however, does not entitle a foreigner the right
to reside and settle in India, as mentioned in Article 19 (1) (e).
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MEANING AND CONCEPT OF RIGHT TO LIFE

‘Everyone has the right to life, liberty and the security of person.’ The right to life is
undoubtedly the most fundamental of all rights.Article 21 of the Constitution of India, 1950
provides that, “No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to
procedure established by law.” ‘Life’ in Article 21 of the Constitution is not merely the
physical act of breathing. It does not connote mere animal existence or continued drudgery
through life. It has a much wider meaning which includes right to live with human dignity,
right to livelihood, right to health, right to pollution free air, etc. Right to life is fundamental
to our very existence without which we cannot live as human being and includes all those
aspects of life, which go to make a man’s life meaningful, complete, and worth living. It is
the only article in the Constitution that has received the widest possible interpretation. Under
the canopy of Article 21 so many rights have found shelter, growth and nourishment. Thus,
the bare necessities, minimum and basic requirements that is essential and unavoidable for a
person is the core concept of right to life.

In the case of Kharak Singh v. State of Uttar Pradesh1, the Supreme Court quoted and held
that: By the term “life” as here used something more is meant than mere animal existence.
The inhibition against its deprivation extends to all those limbs and faculties by which life is
enjoyed. The provision equally prohibits the mutilation of the body by amputation of an
armour leg or the pulling out of an eye, or the destruction of any other organ of the body
through which the soul communicates with the outer world.

In Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration2, the Supreme Court reiterated with the approval the
above observations and held that the “right to life” included the right to lead a healthy life so
as to enjoy all faculties of the human body in their prime conditions. It would even include
the right to protection of a person’s tradition, culture, heritage and all that gives meaning to a
man’s life. It includes the right to live in peace, to sleep in peace and the right to repose and
health.

1
AIR 1963 SC 1295
2
AIR 1978 SC 1675
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RIGHT TO LIVE WITH HUMAN DIGNITY

In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India3, the Supreme Court gave a new dimension to Art. 21
and held that the right to live the right to live is not merely a physical right but includes
within its ambit the right to live with human dignity. Elaborating the same view, the Court in
Francis Coralie v. Union Territory of Delhi4, observed that:

“The right to live includes the right to live with human dignity and all that goes along with it,
viz., the bare necessities of life such as adequate nutrition, clothing and shelter over the head
and facilities for reading writing and expressing oneself in diverse forms, freely moving
about and mixing and mingling with fellow human beings and must include the right to basic
necessities the basic necessities of life and also the right to carry on functions and activities as
constitute the bare minimum expression of human self.”

Following the above stated cases, the Supreme Court in Peoples Union for Democratic
Rights v. Union of India5, held that non-payment of minimum wages to the workers
employed in various Asiad Projects in Delhi was a denial to them of their right to live with
basic human dignity and violative of Article 21 of the Constitution. Bhagwati J. held that,
rights and benefits conferred on workmen employed by a contractor under various labour
laws are clearly intended to ensure basic human dignity to workmen. He held that the non-
implementation by the private contractors engaged for constructing building for holding
Asian Games in Delhi, and non-enforcement of these laws by the State Authorities of the
provisions of these laws was held to be violative of fundamental right of workers to live with
human dignity contained in Art. 21.

In Chandra Raja Kumar v. Police Commissioner Hyderabad6,it has been held that the
right to life includes right to life with human dignity and decency and, therefore, holding of
beauty contest is repugnant to dignity or decency of women and offends Article 21 of the
Constitution only if the same is grossly indecent, scurrilous, obscene or intended for
blackmailing. The government is empowered to prohibit the contest as objectionable
performance under Section 3 of the Andhra Pradesh Objectionable Performances Prohibition
Act, 1956.

3
AIR 1981 SC 746
4
AIR 1978 SC 597
5
AIR 1982 SC 1473
6
AIR 1998 AP 302
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In State of Maharashtra v. Chandrabhan7, the Court struck down a provision of Bombay

Civil Service Rules, 1959, which provided for payment of only a nominal subsistence
allowance of Re. 1 per month to a suspended Government Servant upon his conviction during
the pendency of his appeal as unconstitutional on the ground that it was violative of Article
21 of the Constitution.

RIGHT TO LIVELIHOOD

In Olga Tellis v. Bombay Municipal Corporation8, popularly known as the ‘pavement

dwellers case’ a five judge bench of the court has ruled that the word ‘life’ in Article 21
includes the ‘right to livelihood’ also. The court said: “It does not mean merely that life
cannot be extinguished or taken away as, for example, by the imposition and execution of
death sentence, except according to procedure established by law. That is but one aspect of
the right to life. An equally important facet of that right is the right to livelihood because no
person can live without livelihood. If the right to livelihood is not treated as a part of the
constitutional right to life, the easiest ways of depriving a person of his right to life would be
to deprive him of his means of livelihood. In view of the fact that Article 39(a) and 41 require
the state to secure to the citizen an adequate means of livelihood and the right to work, it
would be sheer pendentary to exclude the right to livelihood from the content of the right to
life.”

In a landmark judgement, in Delhi Development Horticulture Empolyees’ Union v. Delhi

Administration9, the supreme court held that The country has so far not found it feasibleto
incorporate the right to livelihood as a fundamental right in the Constitution. This is because
the country has so far not attained the capacity to guarantee it, and not because it considers it
any the less fundamental to life. Advisedly, therefore, it has been placed in the Chapter on
Directive Principles, Article 41 of which enjoins upon the State to make effective provision
for securing the same "within the limits of its economic capacity and development".

7
(1983) 3 SCC 387
8
AIR 1986 SC 180; (1985) 3 SCC 545
9
AIR 1992 SC 789
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In D.K. Yadav v. J.M.A Industries10, the court held that right to life includes right to
livelihood also related to the termination of services of an employee without giving an
opportunity was held to be arbitrary.

The state may not by affirmative action, be compelled to provide adequate means of
livelihood or work to the citizens. But, any person who is deprived of his right to livelihood
except according to just and fair procedure established by law can challenge the deprivation
as offending the right to life conferred in Article 21.

RIGHT TO MEDICAL &HEALTH ASSISTANCE

In ParmanandaKatara v. Union of India11, the Supreme Court has very specifically

clarified that preservation of life is of paramount importance. It was held that it is the
professional obligation of all doctors (government or private) to extent medical aid to the
injured immediately to preserve life without legal formalities to be complied with the police.
Court further observed that,

“Art. 21 of the Constitution cast the obligation on the State to preserve life. The patient
whether he be an innocent person or a criminal liable to punishment under the laws of the
society, it is the obligation of those who are in charge of the health of the community to
preserve life so that the innocent may be protected and the guilty may be punished. Social
laws do not contemplate death by negligence to tantamount to legal punishment. Every doctor
whether at a Government hospital or otherwise has the professional obligation to extend his
services with due expertise for protecting life.”

In another case PaschimBanga Khet Mazdoor Samity v. State of West Bengal12, a person
suffering from serious head injuries from a train accident was refused treatment at various
hospitals on the excuse that they lacked the adequate facilities and infrastructure to provide
treatment. In this case, the Supreme Court further developed the right to emergency
treatment, and went on to state that the failure on the part of the Government hospital to
provide timely medical treatment to a person in need of such treatment results in violation of
his right to life guaranteed under Article 21.

10
(1993) 3 SCC 258
11
AIR (1989) 2039, (1989) SCR (3) 997
12
1996 SCC (4) 37, JT 1996 (6) 43
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In Pravat Kumar Mukherjee v. Ruby General Hospital & Others13, it was held that a
hospital is duty bound to accept accident victims and patients who are in critical condition
and that it cannot refuse treatment on the ground that the victim is not in a position to pay the
fee or meet the expenses or on the ground that there is no close relation of the victim
available who can give consent for medical treatment.

RIGHT TO DIE

Art. 21 confers on a person the right to live a dignified life. Does, it also confers a right not to
live or a right to die if a person chooses to end his life? If so, what is the fate of Sec. 309,
I.P.C., 1860, which punishes a person convicted of attempting to commit suicide? There has
been difference of opinion on the justification of this provision to continue on the statute
book.

This question came for consideration for first time before the High Court of Bombay in State
of Maharashtra v. Maruti SripatiDubal. In this case the Bombay High Court held that the
right to life guaranteed under Article 21 includes right to die, and the hon’ble High Court
struck down Section 309 of the IPC that provides punishment for attempt to commit suicide
by a person as unconstitutional.

In P. Rathinam v. Union of India14, a two judge Division Bench of the Supreme Court, took
cognizance of the relationship/contradiction between Sec. 309, I.P.C., and Art. 21. The Court
supporting the decision of the High Court of Bombay in Maruti SripatiDubal’s Case held that
the right to life embodies in Art. 21 also embodied in it a right not to live a forced life, to his
detriment disadvantage or disliking. The court argued that the word life in Art. 21 means
right to live with human dignity and the same does not merely connote continued drudgery.

In ChennaJagadeshwar v. state of AP, the court held that right to die is not a fundamental
right.

In Gian Kaur v. State of Punjab15. The question before the court was that if the principal
offence of attempting to commit suicide is void as being unconstitutional vis-a-vis Art.21.
The Court overruled the decision of the Division Bench in the above stated case and has put

13
II (2005) CPJ 35 NC
14
1994 AIR 1844, 1994 SCC (3) 394
15
1996 AIR 946, 1996 SCC (2) 648
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an end to the controversy and ruled that Art.21 is a provision guaranteeing protection of life
and personal liberty and by no stretch of imagination can extinction of life’ be read to be
included in protection of life. The court observed further:

‘Right to life’ is a natural right embodied in Article 21 but suicide is an unnatural termination
or extinction of life and, therefore, incompatible and inconsistent with the concept of right to
life”.

PERSONAL LIBERTY

Liberty of the person is one of the oldest concepts to be protected by national courts. As long
as 1215, the English Magna Carta provided that,No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned but
by the law of the land.

The smallest Article of eighteen words has the greatest significance for those who cherish the
ideals of liberty. What can be more important than liberty? In India the concept of ‘liberty’
has received a far more expansive interpretation. The Supreme Court of India has rejected the
view that liberty denotes merely freedom from bodily restraint; and has held that it
encompasses those rights and privileges that have long been recognized as being essential to
the orderly pursuit of happiness by free men. The meaning of the term ‘personal liberty’ was
considered by the Supreme Court in the Kharak Singh’s case, which arose out of the
challenge to Constitutional validity of the U. P. Police Regulations that provided for
surveillance by way of domiciliary visits and secret picketing. Oddly enough both the
majority and minority on the bench relied on the meaning given to the term “personal liberty”
by an American judgment (per Field, J.,) in Munn v Illinois, which held the term ‘life’ meant
something more than mere animal existence. The prohibition against its deprivation extended
to all those limits and faculties by which the life was enjoyed. This provision equally
prohibited the mutilation of the body or the amputation of an arm or leg or the putting of an
eye or the destruction of any other organ of the body through which the soul communicated
with the outer world. The majority held that the U. P. Police Regulations authorizing
domiciliary visits [at night by police officers as a form of surveillance, constituted a
deprivation of liberty and thus] unconstitutional. The Court observed that the right to personal
liberty in the Indian Constitution is the right of an individual to be free from restrictions or
encroachments on his person, whether they are directly imposed or indirectly brought about
by calculated measures.
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The Supreme Court has held that even lawful imprisonment does not spell farewell to all
fundamental rights. A prisoner retains all the rights enjoyed by a free citizen except only
those ‘necessarily’ lost as an incident of imprisonment.
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RIGHT TO PRIVACY

As per Black’s Law Dictionary, privacy means “right to be let alone; the right of a person to
be free from unwarranted publicity; and the right to live without unwarranted interference by
the public in matters with which the public is not necessarily concerned.”

Although not specifically referenced in the Constitution, the right to privacy is considered a
‘penumbral right’ under the Constitution, i.e. a right that has been declared by the Supreme
Court as integral to the fundamental right to life and liberty. Right to privacy has been culled
by Supreme Court from Art. 21 and several other provisions of the constitution read with the
Directive Principles of State Policy. Although no single statute confers a crosscutting
‘horizontal’ right to privacy; various statutes contain provisions that either implicitly or
explicitly preserve this right.

In R. Rajagopalan v. State of Tamil Nadu, The right to privacy of citizens was dealt with
by the Supreme Court in the following terms:

“(1) the right to privacy is implicit in the right to life and liberty guaranteed to the citizens of
this country by Article 21. It is a ‘right to be let alone’. A citizen has a right to safeguard the
privacy of his own, his family, marriage, procreation, motherhood, childbearing and
education among other matters. None can publish anything concerning the above matters
without his consent – whether truthful or otherwise and whether laudatory or critical. If he
does so, he would be violating the right to privacy of the person concerned and would be
liable in an action for damages. Position may, however, be different, if a person voluntarily
thrusts himself into controversy or voluntarily invites or raises a controversy.

(2) The rule aforesaid is subject to the exception that any publication concerning the aforesaid
aspects becomes unobjectionable if such publication is based upon public records including
court records. This is for the reason that once a matter becomes a matter of public record, the
right to privacy no longer subsists and it becomes a legitimate subject for comment by press
and media among others. We are, however, of the opinion that in the interests of decency
[Article 19(2)] an exception must be carved out to this rule, viz., a female who is the victim
of a sexual assault, kidnap, abduction or a like offence should not further be subjected to the
indignity of her name and the incident being publicized in press/media.”

In R.M. Malkani v. State of Maharashtra, the Supreme Court held that, the telephonic
conversation of an innocent citizen will be protected by Courts against wrongful or high
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handed’ interference by tapping the conversation. The protection is not for the guilty citizen
against the efforts of the police to vindicate the law and prevent corruption of public servants.

Telephone tapping is permissible in India under Section 5(2) of the Telegraph Act, 1885. The
Section lays down the circumstances and grounds when an order for tapping of a telephone
may be passed, but no procedure for making the odder is laid down therein.

In Mr. X v. Hospital Z, the question before the Supreme Court was whether the disclosure
by the doctor that his patient, who was to get married had tested HIV positive, would be
violative of the patient’s right to privacy. The Supreme Court ruled that the right to privacy
was not absolute and might be lawfully restricted for the prevention of crime, disorder or
protection of health or morals or protection of rights and freedom of others. The court
explained that the right to life of a lady with whom the patient was to marry would positively
include the right to be told that a person, with whom she was proposed to be married, was the
victim of a deadly disease, which was sexually communicable. Since the right to life included
right to healthy life so as to enjoy all the facilities of the human body in the prime condition it
was held that the doctors had not violated the right to privacy.

A three-judge bench in case of Sharda v. Dharmpa, ruled that a matrimonial court had the
power to direct the parties to divorce proceedings, to undergo a medical examination. a
direction issued for this could not be held to the violative of one’s right to privacy but court
however said that for this there must be a sufficient material .
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PRISONER’S RIGHTS
The protection of Article 21 is available even to convicts in jail. The convicts are not by mere
reason of their conviction deprived of all their fundamental rights that they otherwise possess.
Following the conviction of a convict is put into a jail he may be deprived of fundamental
freedoms like the right to move freely throughout the territory of India. But a convict is
entitled to the precious right guaranteed under Article 21 and he shall not be deprived of his
life and personal liberty except by a procedure established by law.

In Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India, the Supreme Court gave a new dimension to Article 21.
The Court has interpreted Article 21 so as to have widest possible amplitude. On being
convicted of crime and deprived of their liberty in accordance with the procedure established
by law. Article 21, has laid down a new constitutional and prison jurisprudence. The rights
and protections recognized to be given in the topics to follow:

Right to Free Legal Aid & Right to Appeal

In M.H. Hoskot v. State of Maharashtra, the Supreme Court said while holding free legal
aid as an integral part of fair procedure the Court explained that “the two important
ingredients of the right of appeal are; firstly, service of a copy of a judgement to the prisoner
in time to enable him to file an appeal and secondly, provision of free legal service to the
prisoner who is indigent or otherwise disabled from securing legal assistance. This right to
free legal aid is the duty of the government and is an implicit aspect of Article 21 in ensuring
fairness and reasonableness; this cannot be termed as government charity.

In other words, an accused person at lease where the charge is of an offence punishable with
imprisonment is entitled to be offered legal aid, if he is too poor to afford counsel. Counsel
for the accused must be given sufficient time and facility for preparing his defence. Breach of
these safeguards of fair trial would invalidate the trial and conviction.

Right to Speedy Trial

In HussainaraKhatoon v. Home Secretary, State of Bihar, it was brought to the notice of

the Supreme Court that an alarming number of men, women and children were kept in
prisons for years awaiting trial in courts of law. The Court took a serious note of the situation
and observed that it was carrying a shame on the judicial system that permitted incarceration
of men and women for such long periods of time without trials.
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The Court held that detention of under-trial prisoners, in jail for period longer than what they
would have been sentenced if convicted, was illegal as being in violation of Article of 21.
The Court, thus, ordered the release from jail of all those under-trial prisoners, who had been
in jail for longer period than what they could have been sentenced had they been convicted.

Right to Fair Trial

Free and fair trial has been said to be the sine qua non of Article 21. The Supreme Court in
ZahiraHabibullah Sheikh v. State of Gujarat, said that right to free and fair trial not only
to the accused but also to the victims, their family members and relatives, and society at
large.

Right against Solitary Confinement

It has been held that a convict is not wholly denuded of his fundamental rights and his
conviction does not reduce to him into a non – person whose rights are subjected to the
whims of the prison administration. Therefore, the imposition of any major punishment
within the prison system is conditional upon the observance of procedural safeguard.

In Sunil Batra v. Delhi Administration, the petitioner was sentenced to death by the Delhi
session court and his appeal against the decision was pending before the high court. He was
detained in Tihar Jail during the pendency of the appeal. He complained that since the date of
conviction by the session court, he was kept in solitary confinement. It was contended that
Section 30 of Prisoners Act does not authorize jail authorities to send him to solitary
confinement, which by itself was a substantive punishment under Sections 73 and 74 of the
Indian Penal Code, 1860 and could be imposed by a court of law and it could not be left to
the whim and caprice of the prison authorities. The Supreme Court accepted the argument of
the petitioner and held that imposition of solitary confinement on the petitioner was violative
of Article 21.