Digital to Analog Conversion http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/electronic/dac.

html#c4

Digital-to-Analog Conversion
When data is in binary form, the 0's and 1's may be of several forms such as Index
the TTL form where the logic zero may be a value up to 0.8 volts and the 1
may be a voltage from 2 to 5 volts. The data can be converted to clean Electronics
digital form using gates which are designed to be on or off depending on the concepts
value of the incoming signal. Data in clean binary digital form can be
converted to an analog form by using a summing amplifier. For example, a Digital
simple 4-bit D/A converter can be made with a four-input summing Circuits
amplifier. More practical is the R-2R Network DAC.

Weighted Summing Amplifier R-2R Network Approach

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Four-Bit D/A Converter

One way to achieve D/A conversion is to use a summing amplifier.
Index

Electronics
concepts

Digital
Circuits

Reference
Horowitz
& Hill
Digital
Systems,
Sec 9-16.

This approach is not satisfactory for a large number of bits because it

requires too much precision in the summing resistors. This problem is
overcome in the R-2R network DAC.

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R-2R Ladder DAC Index

The summing amplifier with the Electronics

R-2R ladder of resistances shown concepts
produces the output
Digital
Circuits

Reference
where the D's take the value 0 or Horowitz
1. The digital inputs could be TTL & Hill
voltages which close the switches Sec 9-16.
on a logical 1 and leave it Tocci
grounded for a logical 0. This is Digital
illustrated for 4 bits, but can be Systems,
extended to any number with just Sec 10-3.
the resistance values R and 2R. Simpson
Sec 15.2.3.
More Detail

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Index
R-2R Ladder DAC Details

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Electronics
concepts

Diode
varieties

Reference
Horowitz
& Hill
Sec 9-16.
Tocci
Digital
Systems,
Sec 10-3.
Simpson
TTL Scaled Resistor Thevenin analysis Digital-to-Analog Conversion Sec 15.2.3.

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Thevenin Example: R-2R Ladder

Index

Electronics
concepts

Reference
Simpson
Sec 15.2.3.

Thevenin's Theorem Digital-to-Analog Conversion

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