1.

Mahatma Gandhi
1. One of the most iconic men that ever took birth and still continues to survive in the lessons of passive-
resistance and non-violence that he selflessly gave to the world, hence making it a much better place. He gave up
everything, his law career; his house and wealthy family to fight for justice and for the betterment of his people
who were being treated as third class citizens by the colonial British. Even in the harshest of conditions, he never
gave up his morals and rules, no matter what the cost of it. Mahatma Gandhi has right fully been given the title of
the father of the nation as India truly owes its independence as a republic and a democracy to this Short, thin
brown man who needed a stick while walking to support him but who was strong enough to take the
responsibility of an entire country and usher it to the world of sovereignty.

2. Bhagat Singh
2. Bhagat Singh is rightly considered to be the most influential revolutionary during the Independence movement
for India. When we think of all the martyrs who gave away their life for the pride and honor of their motherland,
we often remember “Shaheed” Bhagat Singh. From seeking revenge on Lala Lajpat Rai’s death and 1929
assembly bomb throwing incident to the 116 days fast in jail, Singh was not a believer in Gandhian ideology of
Satyagraha and non-violence. At the age of 23 Singh was sentenced to death along with Rajguru and Sukhdev
while all three of them kissed the rope, put it around their neck themselves and died for the sake of Bharat Mata.
Singh’s death proved to be an awakening for the youth of the nation which got committed to make India the
Independent India.

3. Chandra Shekhar Azad

3. When it comes to remembering the powerful souls who gave away their life to see India getting independence
Chandra Shekhar Azad is a sure name. One of the greatest freedom fighters and a revolutionary, Chandra
Shekhar Azad was committed to free India by any means. First participating in Gandhi’s non cooperation
movement, Azad later implemented the use of arms for the struggle of freedom. The unforgettable contributions
by Azad include establishment of Hindustan Socialist Republic Association, mentoring and encouraging other
young revolutionaries like Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev and establishment of Jhansi camp. Chandra Shekhar Azad
loathed the British rule to such extent that he ended his life by shooting himself because he preferred dying with
pride rather than by the hands of British police.

4. Subhash Chandra Bose

4. Another great freedom fighter was Subhash Chandra Bose who was the founder of Indian National Army,
more popularly known as “Azad Hind Fauj”. Subhash Chandra Bose was a believer in Swami Vivekananda’s
teachings and had a patriotic zeal even as a student. During his days in Calcutta University, he had beat one of
his British professors who made a racist remark over Indian students. Bose was a rebel and he joined the Indian
National Congress and later became its president. “Tum mujhe khoon do, main tumhe azadi dunga” (You give
me blood, and I promise you freedom). These are the ever famous words said by Netaji in his speech which
motivated a large number of Indians to take up intense and serious actions towards freeing their motherland from
colonial powers.

5. Rani Lakshmi Bai

5. The Indian struggle for freedom wasn’t just a man’s affair but thousands of women too fought with bravery to
bring back this nation’s pride and Rani Lakshmi Bai’s name shines in the list. “Khoob ladi mardani wo to Jhansi
wali Rani thi” (She fought a man’s war, she was Rani Lakshmi Bai of Jhansi). These words wonderfully talk
about the bravery with which she fought the British army to save her reign over the Princely state of Jhansi. Rani
Lakshmi Bai led her troop, the largest women army till date, and fought the battle against the British.
Babur
Babur (Persian: ‫بابر‬, lit. 'Tiger';[2][3] 14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530), born Ẓahīr-ud-Dīn
Muḥammad (Persian: ‫ظهیرالدین محمد‬, Zahir al-Din Muhammad), was a Turkicconqueror from Central Asia
who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the basis for the Mughal dynasty in
the Indian subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor. He was a direct descendant of Turco-
Mongol conqueror Timur (Tamurlane) from the Barlas clan, through his father, and also a descendant
of Genghis Khan through his mother. He was also influenced by the Persian culture and this affected
both his own actions and those of his successors, giving rise to a significant expansion of
the Persianate ethos in the Indian subcontinent.[4][5]
Though born as Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, he was commonly known as Babur. He was the eldest
son of Umar Sheikh Mirza. He ascended the throne of Fergana in 1495 at the age of twelve and faced
rebellion from his own relatives. He conquered Samarkand two years later, only to lose the city of
Fergana soon after. In his attempt to reconquer it, he lost control of Samarkand. In 1501, his attempt to
recapture both cities went in vain as he was defeated by Muhammad Shaybani Khan. In 1504, he
conquered Kabul, which was under the rule of the infant heir of Ulugh Begh. Babur formed a
partnership with Safavid ruler Ismail I and reconquered parts of central Asia including Samarkand, only
to lose Samarkand and the other newly conquered lands again to the Uzbeks.
After losing Samarkand for the third time, Babur turned his attention to creating his empire in north
India. At that time, Indo-Gangetic Plain of northern Indian Subcontinent was ruled by Ibrahim Lodi of
the Afghan Lodi dynasty, whereas Rajputana was ruled by a Hindu Rajput Confederacy, led by Rana
Sanga of Mewar. In 1524, Daulat Khan Lodi, a rebel of the Lodhi dynasty, invited Babur, to overthrow
Ibrahim and become ruler. Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi at the First Battle of Panipat in 1526 and so
founded the Mughal empire. However, he again had to face opposition, this time from Rana Sanga of
Mewar who considered Babur as a foreigner. The Rana was defeated at the Battle of Khanwa.

Aurangzeb
Abul Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad Aurangzeb (3 November 1618 – 3 March
1707),[1] commonly known as Aurangzeb Alamgir and by his imperial title Alamgir ("world conqueror"
or "universe conqueror") and usually simply referred to as Aurangzeb was the sixth Mughal Emperor.
He ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent during some parts of his reign, which lasted for 49 years
from 1658 until his death in 1707.
Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and during his reign, the Mughal Empire temporarily reached
its greatest extent. During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than
3.2 million square kilometres and he ruled over a population estimated as being in the range of 100–
150 million subjects, with an annual yearly tribute of £38,624,680 (2,879,469,894 rupees) in 1690. [citation
needed]

Aurangzeb's policies partly abandoned the legacy of pluralism, which remains a very controversial
aspect of his reign and led to the downfall of the Mughal Empire. Rebellions and wars led to the
exhaustion of the imperial Mughal treasury and army. He was a strong-handed authoritarian ruler, and
following his death the expansionary period of the Mughal Empire came to an end. Nevertheless, the
contiguous territory of the Mughal Empire still remained intact more or less until the reign
of Muhammad Shah.
Tide
Tides are the rise and fall of sea levels caused by the combined effects of the gravitational
forces exerted by the Moon and the Sun and the rotation of the Earth.
The times and amplitude of tides at a locale are influenced by the alignment of the Sun and
Moon, by the pattern of tides in the deep ocean, by theamphidromic systems of the oceans,
and the shape of the coastline and near-shore bathymetry (see Timing). Some shorelines
experience a semi-diurnal tide - two nearly equal high and low tides each day. Other locations
experience a diurnal tide - only one high and low tide each day. A "mixed tide"; two uneven
tides a day, or one high and one low, is also possible.[1][2][3]
Tides vary on timescales ranging from hours to years due to a number of factors. To make
accurate records, tide gauges at fixed stations measure the water level over time. Gauges
ignore variations caused by waves with periods shorter than minutes. These data are
compared to the reference (or datum) level usually called mean sea level.[4]
While tides are usually the largest source of short-term sea-level fluctuations, sea levels are
also subject to forces such as wind and barometric pressure changes, resulting in storm
surges, especially in shallow seas and near coasts.
Tidal phenomena are not limited to the oceans, but can occur in other systems whenever a
gravitational field that varies in time and space is present. For example, the solid part of the
Earth is affected by tides, though this is not as easily seen as the water tidal movements.

The different types of tide

Neap tides
When there is a low tide, the Moon faces the Earth at a right angle to the Sun so the
gravitational force of the Moon and Sun work against each other, these tides are referred to as
neap tides. It is often referred to as a low tide or one that is lower than average. A neap tide
happens between two spring tides and occurs twice a month when the first and last quarter
Moon appears.

Spring tides
When there is a high tide, the Sun, Moon and Earth are in alignment and the gravitational
force is strong; these tides are known as spring tides and occur twice a month. In this case the
Moon can appear in between the Earth and Sun resulting in a solar eclipse, or at the furthest
point away from the Sun resulting in a full Moon. When in alignment, the Moon and Sun
combine in gravitational forces to bring the highest and lowest tides of the month.