Research Proposal

“An Evaluation study of Provision of educational guidance

in subjects selection at Secondary level”

Submitted to
Sir Sajid Ali Yousuf Zai

Submitted by
Rameen Asif

Department of Education
(MS 2nd)
 Date of Submission: 24th May 2017

Chapter 1

Introduction:

Guidance is that sort of assistance, which creates the power of self- direction in an
individual in order to achieve some goals in life. It helps every individual to help
himself/herself to recognize and utilize his/her inner potentialities and capabilities.
Guidance is a type of organized and comprehensive program of assistance, which
gives the awareness and self-finding quality to a person.

S.K.Kochhar (2006) (Pp 14) quoted the words of Mathewson; “Guidance is the
systematic professional process of helping the individual through education and
interpretative procedures to gain a better understanding of his own characteristics and
potentialities and to relate himself more satisfactorily to social requirements and
opportunities in accord with social and moral values.” It shows that guidance is not
merely a process of helping any one but it is a systematic application of different steps
involving needy fellow himself (guidee) by giving him/her the proper information of
his hidden talent.

Further more Arther J.Jones (1970) (Pp 07) stated that; “Guidance is the help given by
one person to another in making choices and adjustments and in solving problems,
guidance aims at aiding the recipient to grow in his independence and ability to be
responsible for him self. “It also reveals that it’s the process of helping a person who
is facing troubles in his life, no matter what will be the nature of problem, guidance
try to make a person able to face it or solve it. Basically the word Guidance has
different meanings such as direction, assistance, help, leading etc. Whatever will be
the meanings, the main purpose of it is to help out a person of any age and give him
the ability of adjustment in his environment.

The above discussion is enough to clarify the concept of guidance. Definition is

presenting not only the salient features of guidance but it points out that guidance is
neither direction nor dictation, it is rather friendly advice and personal help offered by
a competent individual known as guide to one who is in need and commonly known
as guide. It enables a person to understand and overcome these problems by removing
the hurdles of his path.

As problems of life are getting more and more complicated day by day, man needs
help to understand and solve them. In every field of life man has to face great
hardships. These tremendous changes are not only seen in any one dimension of
human life but the whole scheduling of human affairs is affected by it. In such
condition we have to accept the need of proper assistance for the sake of adjustment
in this complicated and developing society. Change in society and social norms and
values have brought revolutionary changes in every aspect of human life. This
structure needs proper and organized mode of help or assistance; recognized as
guidance. Guidance is a process which helps every individual to help himself by the
recognition and utilization of the innate potentialities. It provides clear vision about
setting life goals, future plans and problems of religious and civic affairs. The concept
of guidance in human race is not new; it is as old as human himself. It can trace back
in Greek societies as informal resource by the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle or
by the follow ship of traditional educational ways. Robert L. Gibson (1986) (Pp 02)
stated that; “In the early civilizations, the philosophers, priests, or other
representatives of the Gods and religion assumed the function of advising and offering
counsel of these early Greek counselors, Plato more than any other person is generally
recognized as one of the first to organize psychological insights into a systematic
theory.” 24 In every era we can study the concept of guidance in different shades. In
America with the start of 20th century it was observed that the complexities of life
were growing increasingly due to which psychological investigation was done by
different psychologists, resulted in the start of guidance movement. H.B.Mc Daniel &
John E. Lalls (1961) (Pp 05) stated “Freud’s contribution to guidance practice is
extensive for the psychoanalytic methods of psychotherapy have had strong impact
upon most of the current theories of counseling for example, catharsis, the process of
lessening psychological tensions by talking through one’s problems. Galton in
England laid the foundations of many of the current statistical procedures which
underlie testing. It remained for Binet and Simon in France to construct the first
successful intelligence test. Many of the new measurement devices of intelligence,
achievement, aptitude, interest and personality have proved to have value from both
the curriculum and guidance functions of the schools.” It means that the entrance in
20th century guidance movement took a new turn and several tests were made for the
better investigation of individual’s interest and for the exact measurement of his
capabilities. That test concept was followed by Terman after few years of Binet &
Simon. The purpose was to provide better and right direction to the individual. These
raw efforts got the shape of proper guidance movement in the year 1908 by Frank
Parson in America. 25 K.K.Shrivastava (2003) (Pp 02) discussed the contribution of
Frank Parson; “In 1908, Frank Parson working in Boston settlement house, proposed
and developed an occupational counseling program for young people seeking a job.
With in a year his vocational bureau began to work in cooperation with the Boston
schools to guide children and adolescents into suitable schools and curricula.” It
means Frank parson is considered as father of guidance movement in world due to his
contribution in solving complexities of young generation. His book and his bureau set
an example for many upcoming guides and counselors with in their county America.
In the words of Gibson (1986) (Pp 08); “In America during the 1930s, possible
directions for guidance in the elementary school were put forth by the child study
movement, which took the position that it was the teacher’s role to provide guidance
for each pupil in the self contained class room.” After that need of guidance got
crucially increased, and many new guidance efforts in different countries broke out.
Milton L. Blum (1961) (Pp 22) quoted that, “With the end of the World War II, in
America guidance again assumed great importance in the shifting of people back to
their civilian occupations and in designating civilian occupation for those who went
directly in to the armed forces from schools.” It proves that movement took little bit
different shape here but the main purpose of guidance was to solve the adjustment
problems of the students that if they are not any 26 more interested to continue armed
life so they had the opportunity to change their life pattern in common civilian life.
“In 1951 Rogers introduced the concept of client centered counseling which was
highly appreciated by people. In 1970s there was an emphasis on accountability of
services provided by school counselors and the benefits that could be obtained with
structured evaluations.

Statement of the problem:

A study will conduct to evaluate study of provision of educational guidance in

subjects selection at secondary level.

Research Question:

1. What are the effects of guidance services on study attitudes, study of habits and
Academic achievement of secondary school students?

Objectives:

1. To identify the role of educational guidance for subject selection.

2. To highlight the importance of guidance for subject selection at secondary level.

3. To examine the factors that are influencing on the selection of subjects among the
secondary level.

Hypothesis

1. There is a great effect of guidance on student’s academic achievement.

2. Parental involvement helps the student to achieve more.

3. There is a great influence of teacher’s behavior on the performance of students.

Significance of the study:

The study will explain that provision of educational guidance in subjects selection
with collaboration of teachers and parents increases the academic achievements of
students and provides workable guidelines to achieve the objectives of education, by
suggesting the improvements in instructional techniques. It will be helpful to improve
the quality of education in schools and in turn the achievements of objectives. It may
helpful for the provision of such an environment in an institution which is conducive
for good teaching and it’s also stimulates the pupils to achieve their academic
objectives.

The study will be helpful to remove flaws in teaching profession for the real and rapid
progress of country. It may also valuable for the teachers to understand the student’s
psychology and may help them in motivating the students in right direction. It will be
helpful to examine the issue of how to teach self discipline and to improve child’s
academic career by ensuring quality and completion when provide guidance. It will be
important for bright future of students and for the educators as well.

Limitations of the study:

This research was conducted only on a small size of population that is why this study
might lack in credibility. In this study, participants from only one school were
included because of limited time and resources.

Chapter 2

Literature review:

Researcher has discussed about the different researches on parental guidance and
other related topics on career choices, secondary school and its students, school
guidance and counseling and also define educational counselor role in schools and
their need. This chapter also consists of interviews from newspapers on related topic.

Educational Guidance:

Parents have strong impact on their children‘s life especially regarding career choice.
Parents are primary source of Guidance, they conscientiously send their children off
to school every day and expect them to do well they can add an important extra
ingredient that will boost their children's
success.Parent participation is the ingredient that makes the difference. Parents' active
involvement with their child's education at home and in school brings great rewards
and have a significant impact on their children's child's lives.
Parent effects on their children‘s career choices directly and indirectly. Many

researches have shown different aspects of parental influence.Bear and Roeber (1969)
state that,

“Through family influences, everyone is exposed to values, attitudes, feelings,

and a climate for learning. This underscores why the family has profound

influence on the evaluative aspects of the child‘s development including his

judgment of which career to pursue. A child‘s desires, his satisfaction and

dissatisfaction, and his sense of values are influenced by the educational statuses

in the family too.”

In fact, parents tend to create the strongest impression on their adolescent‗s

vocational choice more than any other group including counselors, teachers,frien

ds, or even people working in the identified occupation of desire.‖ (Bardick,

Bernes, Magnusson, & Witko, 2004; Kotrlik & Harrison, 1989)Hans Sebald (1989)
uncovered in his longitudinal study on career choices makingamong adolescents,

That they look to their parents as well as their peers in equal measure butseparated
which group they would talk to by the nature of the issue. For mundaneissues such as
what clothes to wear, what social events to attend and who to date;the peers were the
dominant advisors. However, when the adolescent requiredinformation on topics such
as career planning they looked to their parents an overwhelming majority of the
time.‖ (Sebald, 1989, p. 944).Joseph Zingaro (1983), another early voice advocating
the benefits of family therapy as a tool for counselors in treating career indecision
with clients,described how often the problem was not a young person‗s attempt to
decide between one career choice and another, but it was the actual decision making
that was the issue. For the indecisive person, any decision implies movement away
from familiar surroundings (including his or her parents), not movement towards
anew goal. He goes on to discuss how a client, who is undifferentiated (i.e. unable to
separate their emotions or the influence of others upon their own decision making),
may have a difficult time making career choices as he or she cannot separate his or
her parents expectations versus his or her own goals and expectations.‖ (Zingaro,
1983). Additional family systems dynamics, that may reduce a student‗s ability to
makeeffective career-related decisions,family patterns of interaction that
include:over-involvement of parents in their childrens educational or career plans;

over-concern by the parents; and cross- generational coalitions where one parent (or
even one grandparent) unites with a child to take sides against the other parent. This
creates an unbalanced system where one parent‗s authority over the child is now
negated because of thecoalition between the child and other parental figure,‖ (Haley,
1976; Larson,1995; Nichols & Schwartz, 1995).For instance, if the father is pushing
his son into a career as a doctor but the son and mother disagree with that path
(regardless of the appropriateness of this career), the father will have a very difficult
time influencing his son‗s career choice, while the mother undercuts his parental
authority by siding with the child.In discussing these dynamics Lopez and Andrews
(1987) provided examples Indecisive students who would consistently talk to their
parents about their career anxieties. It appears that most are looking for answers,
while almost simultaneously telling the career counselor about how over-involved
their parents are in their vocational development. The ending result is frustration for
the parents and students who continue to repeat this ineffectual cycle of career
decision- making.‖ Lopez and Andrews (1987)Another research highlighted that,As
children begin to transition into adulthood through the formation of theirown identity,
the more comprehensive view of parental influence regarding the child‗s career
development is preferred, from a counseling standpoint, as it takes into account the
entire context of the adolescent decision Making.(Chen, 1997;Grotevant & Cooper,
1988; Middleton & Loughead, 1993).A recent investigation revealed ,Parenting does
not occur in a unidirectional manner, but rather, parenting occurs as a part of a larger
multi layered system of daily life.(Bryant,Zvonkovic, & Reynolds, 2006, p.
152).Additionally, even though parents have been typically thought of as positive

influences on their children career decision making, it is also possible that

parents are negatively affecting their children‗s vocational development as well,thats
why parental guidance is important .Parent‗s financial concerns and expectations also
play a part in their direct or indirect influence on their children‗s career choice by
adding their own biases and attitudes into particular occupational fields Additionally,
parents must also beaware of their indirect communication they are sending to their
children.(Rainey & Borders, 1997; Young, Valach, Paseluikho, Dover, Matthes,
Paproski, &Sankey, 1997).Furthermore,the young adult‗s understanding of his or her
parent‗s expectations will influence their own career decisions, depending on whether
the adolescent feels the need to go along with their parent‗s views or to rebel against
them.‖ (Mau, Hitchcock,Calvert, 1998; Penick & Jepsen, 1992).Jobs are sometimes
rooted in family tradition and expectations. Many jobs that young people want, do not
compare to the job they actually get.

Chapter 3

Methodology:

Research Instruments

To evaluate the Provision of educational guidance in subjects’ selection at Secondary

level data were collected by means of 15 items questionnaire. Twenty items 5 point
scale was used.(strongly agree,agree,neutral disagree and strongly disagree).

Research design
The researcher used descriptive research as a study design in which descriptive
statistics techniques like mean, standard deviation, graphs, and tables are used.

Participants:

Students of Mashal college will be participant of this significant study.30 students

from class 11 will be randomly selected for conducting this study.

Population:

The population of this study were the students of secondary level.

Sample:

Students of secondary level were the participants. For this significant study, 30
students were randomly selected for it to be conducted.
Data Collection:

Data was collected from the randomly selected from Mashal College. The data was
collected for study through questionnaire. The researcher visited Mashal college
herself for this purpose.
References:

http://www.academia.edu/409203/evaluative_study_of_secondary_school_teachers_c
ompetency_in_english

http://www.academia.edu/5694400/thesis_on_parental_guidance

http://www.academia.edu/3819786/organizing_and_administering_guidance_and_cou
nselling_programme_at_the_junior_secondary_school_level_for_effective_performan
ce

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/258047449_need_assessment_on_the_provisi
on_of_guidance_services_at_high_school_level_in_pakistan

http://www.S.K.Kochhar (2006) (Pp 14)/quoted the words of Mathewson/

http://www.Arther J.Jones (1970) (Pp 07)/

https://www.google.com.pk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=12&cad=r
ja&ved=0CFQQFjAL&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.occc.edu%2Fsupport%2Fpdf%2F
corner%2FYourTicketToRidedoc&ei=Q3-wUterLYnOhAfJiICgAw&usg=AFQjCNGkjeHVPXQs
kjjPf_7hK1QOBvLwqQ

Meyer Bloomfield in his book Finding One‘s Place in Life in 1917 (p. 150).

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/secondary+school

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_counselling

(http://alis.alberta.ca)