MANISH KUMAR PAL

PGT BIOLOGY

CHAPTER – 01 REPRODUCTION IN ORGANISM

 Life span - The period from birth to the natural death of an organism represents its life
span. Life span of organisms varies from few days to thousands of years.

For example : Mayfly – 1 day , Drosophila – 30 days, Banyan tree – 200-300 years

“ Life span of an organism cannot be correlated with the size of an organism.”

Reproduction : It is the process of production of new organism from the existing parents.

It is an important process – a) for the continuity of the species b) for introducing variation in a population.

TYPE OF REPRODUCTION

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

 Only a single parent is involved  both male and female parents are involved
 Without gamete formation  Gamete formation is involved
 progeny produced are the exact copies of  progeny produced show variation.
their parents i.e. clones

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

“ No Organism is immortal except unicellular organism” – because no dead remains are left behind and
the parent organism continues to live as two new daughter organism.

• In Protista and Monera, the parent cells divides into two to give rise to new individuals.Thus, in
these organisms cell division is the mode of reproduction itself.

Methods of asexual reproduction

✓ Binary fission- in this method of asexual reproduction, a cell divides into two halves and rapidly
grows into an adult. Ex- amoeba, paramecium.
✓ Multiple fission – parent organism divides into no. of daughter cells. e.g.- Plasmodium.

Amoeba under unfavourable condition form a resistant covering called cyst. This process is known as
encystation. When favourable condition arrives , it divides to form many daughter amoebae. Cyst
ruptures and daughter cells are released. This process is called Sporulation.

✓ Budding- small buds are produced that remain attached initially with parents and get separated on
maturation. Ex. Yeast, Hydra
Gemmules – asexual buds produced in Sponges

✓ Spore formation – e.g. Fungi

Zoospores – flagellated motile spores and produced endogenously. E.g. Chlamydomonas

Conidia – non-motile , non- flagellated spores and are produced exogenously. E.g Penicillium

✓ Vegetative propagation : Using vegetative parts of the plant

➢ Runners – Cynodon ( grasses)

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PGT BIOLOGY

➢ Stolons – Strawberry
➢ Tuber – Potato
➢ Rhizome – Banana , Ginger
➢ Bulb- Onion , Garlic
➢ Bulbils - Agave
➢ Offset – Water hyacinth ( Eicchornia crasipes)

• Water hyacinth ( Eicchornia crasipes) – also called terror of bengal.

• Grows wherever there is standing water
• Drains oxygen from water- leads to death of fishes.
• Introduced in India because of its pretty flowers & shape of leaves
• Vegetative propagation occurs at a phenomenal rate

In organisms having simpler body like in algae and fungi during unfavorable condition they shift to sexual
reproduction. This is because sexual reproduction result in variation in a population which help them to
survive unfavourable conditions.

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PGT BIOLOGY

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Period of growth between birth of an individual upto reproductive maturity is called juvenile phase. It is
known as vegetative phase in plant.
 Bamboo species flower only once in their life time generally after 50-100 yr.
 Strobilanthus kunthiana (neelakuranji) flowers once in 12 years.
 Oestrus cycle: cyclical changes during reproduction in non-primate mammal like cows, sheep,
rats, deers, dogs, tiger etc.
Menstrual cycle: cyclical changes during reproduction in primate mammals like monkeys, ape,
and humans.
 Seasonal breeders: reproductive cycle takes place in favourable seasons as in wild animals.
 Continuous breeders: reproductively active throughout their reproductive phase.

Events in sexual reproduction :

i) Pre-fertilisation – Gametogenesis and gamete transfer
ii) fertilisation
iii) Post-fertilisation – Zygote formation and Embryogenesis

Pre-fertilisation Events

Process of gamete formation is gametogenesis.

Two gametes are similar in appearance are called homogametes (isogametes). E.g. Cladophora
Gametes produced are of two morphologically distinct types called heterogametes. E.g. Fucus , Human
beings

Male gamete is called antherozoids or sperm and the female gamete is called ovum or egg

Monoecious plants – which bear both male and female flowers on same plant. For e.g Cucurbits and
Coconut.
Dioecious plants – which bear male and female flowers on different plants. For e.g. Papaya , Date Palm
In flowering plants, the unisexual male flower is staminate, i.e., bearing stamens, while the female is
pistillate or bearing pistils.

Cell division during gamete formation:

❖ Gametes in all heterogametic species two types namely male and female.
❖ Gametes are always haploid irrespective of parent’s ploidy.
❖ A haploid parent produces gametes by mitotic division.
❖ Diploid parent produces gametes by meiotic division.
❖ In diploid organisms specialized cells called meiocytes (gamete mother cell) undergo meiosis to
produce haploid gametes.

Gamete transfer:
❖ Male and female gamete must be physically brought together to facilitate fusion called fertilization.
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❖ In most cases male gametes are motile, female gametes are non-motile.
❖ In case of few fungi and algae, both male and female gametes are motile.
❖ In most cases like Mosses and Liverworts, water is the medium for gamete transfer.
❖ Male gametes are produced in several thousand times the number of female gametes produced to
compensate the loss during transfer.

Fertilization:
❖ Fusion of male and female gamete is called fertilization or syngamy.
❖ The female gamete undergoes development to form new organism without fertilization. This
phenomenon is called parthenogenesis. For e.g. Rotifers, Turkeys, some lizards, Honeybees
❖ Gametic fusion takes place outside the female body i.e. water is called external fertilization.
❖ Their must be synchrony of gamete release, large number of gametes released to enhance the
chance of fertilization
❖ Enable the individual to produce large number of offsprings.
❖ A major disadvantage is that the offsprings are extremely vulnerable to predators.
❖ Fertilization takes place inside the body is called internal fertilization.

POST FERTLIZATION EVENTS

Zygote:
❖ Formation of diploid zygote after fertilization is universal in all sexually reproducing organisms.
❖ Zygote is formed usually in water in case of external fertilization.
❖ Zygote is formed inside the body of the organism in internal fertilization.
❖ Zygote of fungi and algae develops a thick wall that is resistant to dessication and damage. This is
called zygospore.
❖ Organism with haplontic life cycle, zygote undergoes meiosis to produce haploid spores.

Embryogenesis:
❖ Development of zygote into an embryo is called embryogenesis
❖ Zygote undergoes cell division (mitosis) and cell differentiation.

OVIPAROUS ANIMALS VIVIPAROUS ANIMALS

Female lays fertilized or unfertilized eggs. Female give birth to young ones
Development of zygote takes place outside the Development of zygote takes place inside the
female body female body.
Chances of survival of young ones is less. Chances of survival is more.

For e.g. Reptiles and Birds Humans, dog , horse etc.

In plants:
o Zygote developed into embryo.
o Ovule developed into seed
o Integument of the ovule developed into seed coat.
o Ovary developed into fruit.
o Ovary wall developed into pericarp.

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