Antonio Jose Martinez Palacios' "Sonata para Guitarra" (1933),

an analysis, performer's guide, and new edition

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Authors Whitehead, Corey E.

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UMI'
ANTONIO JOSE MARTINEZ PALACIOS' SONATA PARA GUITARRA
(1933), AN ANALYSIS, PERFORMER'S GUIDE, AND NEW
PERFORMANCE EDITION

by

Corey E. Whitehead

Copyright © Corey E. Whitehead 2002

A Document Submitted to the Faculty of the

SCHOOL OF MUSIC AND DANCE

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of

DOCTOR OF MUSICAL ARTS

WITH A MAJOR IN MUSIC

In the Graduate College

THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA

2002
 UMI Number: 3060945

Copyright 2002 by
Whitehead, Corey Ennis

All rights reserved.

UMI
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 2
THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA «
GRADUATE COLLEGE

As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the

document prepared by Corey E. Whitehead

entitled ANTONIO JOSE MARTINEZ PALACIOS' SONATA PARA GUITARRA

(1933), AN ANALYSIS, PERFORMER'S GUIDE, AND NEW

PERFORMANCE EDITION

and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the requirements for the Degree

of Doctor of Musical Arts

/Uj/r
D«e^
<t<ot
Dfo .
Fx^xJi Tl.
J Dite

Date
Date

Final approval and acceptance of this document is contingent upon the candidate's
submission of the final copy of the document to the Graduate College.

I hereby certify that I have read this document prepared under my direction and
recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the requirement.

oSiSor Due ^
 3

STATEMENT BY AUTHOR

This document has been submitted in partial fiilfillment of requirements for an

advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library
to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library.

Brief quotations from this document are aUowable without special permission,
provided that accurate acknowledgment of source made. Requests for permission for
extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be
granted by the copyright holder.

SIGNED;
 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The motivation for this study first came about when I heard this sonata performed
by Andrew Hull, an outstanding young student guitarist and musicologist at the
University of Arizona in 1995.1 was performing the Sonata (1932) for solo guitar by
Joaquin Turina (1882-1949), a cyclical sonata and was intrigued by the cyclical nature of
the Sonata para Guitarra (1936) of Antonio Jose. The latter did not make use of
idiomatic Spanish harmonic, melodic, and rhythmic motives and was similar in some
ways to the piano works of great impressionist composers such as Ravel and Debussy. It
also seemed to be of the size and intellectual depth of the standard solo piano and vioUn
literature; a body of work that simply overshadows much of the literature composed for
the guitar. The fact that such a complex and fascinating work existed was exciting on its
own. The fact that such a composition had been only recently "discovered" and was
being performed sparingly only multiplied my interest.
I located the score for the only published edition at the time,' and began learning
to play the first movement. I found the interpretation of the hastily written "rough draft"
of the score in the author's pen that was published along with the performance edition to
be extremely problematic. I began to work out my own performance arrangement in
1997-1998 and first performed the sonata in 1999. At the 1999 Guitar Foundation of
America Symposium I met a student of Regino Sainz de la Maza* named Bruce
Bannister. I played some of the sonata for Mr. Bannister and we began conversing about
the piece and Regino Sainz de la Maza. He directed me to one of his colleagues, Ricardo
Iznaola, a Cuban-bom student of Regino Sainz de la Maza. Bruce told me of the new
edition being published by Mr. Iznaola and Angelo Gilardino. I contacted Mr. Iznaola at
the Lamont School of Music at the University of Denver and made an appointment to
have a lesson and interview with him on Nov. l?"' 1999. Mr. Iznaola guided my analysis
and performance in that interview and lesson with his keen insight to the work and the
composer. He gave me musical and technical reasons for each of his fingering
suggestions. To him I owe my most profound gratitude. Also I would like to thank
Thomas Patterson, Andrew Hull and Randy Avers for fingering suggestions and
interpretive solutions.

' Antonio Jose, Sonata para Guitarra (1933), Angelo Gilardino and Juan Jose Saenz Gallego eds.,
(Ancona, Italia: Berben Edizione musicali, 1990).
' Regino Sainz de la Maza was a guitarist and Mend of Antonio Jose. He was the person to whom the
Sonata was dedicated.
 5

TABLE OF CONTENTS

UST OF ABBREVIATIONS 8

ABSTRACT 11

CHAPTER I; INTRODUCTION 13

The Life and Times of Antonio Josd Martinez Palacios (1902-1936 13

The Importance of Antonio Jos^ Martinez Palacios (1902-1936V .20

The Manuscripts 21

Performances... 27

Recordings 28

Publications About Antonio Josd and the Sonata para Guitarra (1933) 28

The "Spanish Generation of 1927".... J9

The Purpose and Need for the Analysis 31

A. Comparable Works 31

B. The Rationale for How and Why the Analysis Should Guide
the Performer 32

CHAPTER 2: FORMAL ANALYSIS 34

A. Allegro Moderato-Sonata-allegro form 35

B. Minueto - rounded-binary form 36

C. Pavana Triste - rounded-binary 37

D. Final - Sonata-rondo 37

CHAPTER 3: HARMONIC AND MOTIVIC ANALYSIS 39

 6

TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued

A. Allegro Moderato 39

B. Minueto 63

C. PavanaTriste 73

D. Final 80

CHAPTER 4: PERFORMER'S GUIDE TO THE ANALYSIS 93

How the Performer's Understanding of the Analysis Affects and

Improves the Interpretation of this Work in General 93

The Impact of the Interpretation Upon the Performer's Technique 95

A. Allegro Moderato 95

B. Minueto 101

C. Pavana Triste 105

D. Final 107

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS 110

APPENDIX A Ill

Comparison of Final Manuscript with the Performance Edition of

Ricardo Iznaola 112

A. Allegro Moderato 112

B. Minueto 113

C. Pavana Triste 114

 7

TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued

D. Final 114

APPENDIX B 116

Sonata para Guitarra (1933) Edited by Corey whitehead 116

REFERENCES 142
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

CPC Chromatic Pivot Chord Modulation.

DPC Diatonic Pivot Chord Modulation.

FT First Theme.

M Major triad.

m Minor triad.

+ Augmented Triad.

Maj7 Major triad plus a major 7th.

ml Minor triad plus a minor 7th.

7 Major triad plus a minor 7th.

half-dim7 Diminished triad plus a minor 7th.

diminished 7'*' Diminished triad plus a diminished 7th.

mM7 Minor triad plus a major 7th.

m9 Minor triad plus a minor 7th and major 9th.

m7b9 Minor triad plus a minor 7th and minor 9th.

9 Major triad plus a minor 7th and major 9th.

7b9 Major triad plus a minor 7th and minor 9th.

7#9 Major triad plus a minor 7th and augmented 9th.

7#5 Augmented triad plus a minor 7th.

7b5 Diminished triad plus a minor 7th.

7add9/ll/l3 Extended diatonic harmonies (beyond the triad).

Maj7#ll Major triad plus a major 7th and augmented 1 Ith.

 9

sus. 4 A suspended fourth or 11th above the root of any chord (no 3rd),

sus. 2 A suspended 2nd above the root note of any chord.(no root),

add 9 A major 9th added to any chord.

add 11 An 11th added to any chord without suspension (third present).

b9 Minor 9th.

6 Major 6th.

b6 Minor 6th.

13 Major 13th.

bl3 Minor 13th.

11 Perfect 11th.

#11 Augmented 11th.

#5 Augmented 5th.

b5 Diminished 5"*.

PAC Perfect Authentic Cadence.

RT Retransition.

N6 Neapolitan 6th.

RECAP Recapitulation.

ST Second theme.

c c below middle c on the treble clef.

d d below middle c

e e below middle c

f f below middle c
g below middle c

a below middle c

b below middle c

an octave above middle c

two octaves above middle c

three octaves above middle c

 11

ABSTRACT

Performers need a new edition of the Sonata para Guitarra (1933) by Antonio

Jose Martinez Palacios (1902-1936) that takes into account the demands of the guitar as

well as the formal, thematic and harmonic characteristics of the composition itself Such

an edition would greatly facilitate the performance of this masterpiece. I will demonstrate

this by performing my own edition of the Sonata para Guitarra, and by justifying that

edition by describing the nature of the composition through an analysis of its formal,

thematic and harmonic aspects, as well as considering the genesis of the work and its

representation in currently existing editions.

The paper includes relevant historical information about the composer, the

manuscripts, publications, and musical examples with analytical notations of the formal,

thematic and harmonic aspects of the work. Two appendices are included. Appendix A

lists the differences in pitch and notation between the performance edition of Ricardo

Iznaola and the "Final" manuscript. Appendix B is this author's performance edition that

is the result of the conclusions of the analysis and the intentions of the composer as

perceived by this author.

My intent is to present a detailed analysis of the Sonata para Guitarra (1933)^ of

Antonio Jose'^ in order to assist the student and concert performer in better understanding

^ Antonio Jose, Sonata para Guitarra (1933), Angelo Gilardino and Ricardo Iznaola eds., nuova
edizione a dura di Angelo Gilardino e Ricardo Iznaola (Ancona, Italia: Berben, Edizione musicali, 1999),
36-56.

'* Jose referred to himself as Antonio Jose, he did not use hi.*" patrilineal name.
 12

this work. I will perform my own edition of the Sonata^ in a lecture recital at the

University of Arizona. My edition represents my best interpretation of what Jose's

intentions may have been and how they may be realized on the guitar. Jose did not play

the guitar and most likely wrote the work at the piano, thus many of the passages are not

idiomatic. Therefore the performer needs to make decisions about what best serves the

music within the confines of the guitar's limitations. In my opinion, neither of the

currently available publications does this. For example, I do not agree with many of the

note and register choices made in either of the two existing published editions. My

editorial choices, based upon my harmonic and motivic analysis of the work itself and my

perceptions of Antonio Jose's intentions will allow me to more effectively perform the

work.

^This edition and all musical examples herein will be available by publishing on demand from Bell &
Howell Information and Learning. Permission to publish copies on demand has been granted by Berben
Edizioni musicali, Ancona, Italia.
 13

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

The Life and Times of Antonio Jose Martinez Paiacios (1902-1936)

According to musicologist Angelo Gilardino and guitarist Ricardo Iznaola, the

most relevant historical documents describing the short life of Antonio Jose are not found

easily outside of Spain. The details of the last part of Antonio Jose's life and possible

reasons for his capture and execution are given in a chapter entirely devoted to the

composer in a book by Antonio Ruiz Vilaplana.^ Mr. Vilaplana was a lawyer in the trade

court of Burgos, which was the capital of Nationalist Spain in 1937.

The first biography of Antonio Jose was an essay published by Miguel Angel

Paiacios Garroz (a relative of the composer).^ It was followed by a supplementary

publication by Garroz and two additional co-authors.^ Evidence of the primary reason for

the 57-year delay of the publication of the sonata is documented in the latter publication

of Garroz. Therein is a direct quote of Spanish musicologist Jose Subira.

Generally there are different causes that limit the interest in the
musician from Burgos. One is a legal interdiction to perform any of his
compositions after his horrific murder. The other is due to the fact that the author
was called by two given names without a patrilineal name...

^ Antonio Ruiz Vilaplana, A Year in Nationalist Spain. Paris, 1937, Chapter 10.

^Miguel Angel Paiacios Garroz, "Sinfonia Castellana, con Preludio y Cuatro Tiempos," Ritmo,
November, 1979, pp. 99-111.

'^Jesus Barriuso Gutierrez, Fernando Garcia Romero, and Miguel Angel Paiacios Garroz, Antonio
Jose: Musico de Costilla. Madrid, Union Musical Espanola, 1980.
 14

The legal interdiction is likely the primary reason that Regino Sainz de la Maza^

did not perform the work again after 1934. The guitarist and friend of Antonio Jose

performed the first movement at the Teatro Principal in Burgos on Friday, November

23rd, 1934.'° The secondary reason may have been due to fear of powerful political

forces and not personal choice. A third reason may be that it is also very difficult to

perform.

Spain's two separate Republics were both doomed to dissolution. The First

Republic of 1873 lasted for 10 months. Spain's provincial territories of the Philippines,

Cuba and Puerto Rico were lost in 1898 and the once dominant world power that Spain

possessed was diminishing. The Moroccan wars of 1909-1925 began a troublesome

period in Spain with the bloody execution of a group of workers' leaders in October 1909

in Barcelona. A general workers strike was called in response to the call to arms of

Catalan reservists for duty in Africa. The execution of the workers' leaders was the

military response. The coup of General Primo de Rivera in 1923 was given a vote of

public confidence in 1925 with the dictator's successful termination of the Moroccan

Wars. He remained in power until 1930. The Republican forces were in large part liberals

and socialists. The Nationalist'' party opposed socialism, as did the Nazis and Mussolini.

'Regino Sainz de la Maza is the guitarist to whom the work was dedicated. He was also the recipient
of a dedication from Federico Garcia Lorca on the title page of Seis caprichios, as well as Concierto de
Aranjuez by Joaquin Rodrigo.

Anonymous, Boletin, ateneo popular, November and December, Burgos, 1937, p.7.

" Paul Preston, A Concise History of the Spanish Civil War, London, Fontana, 1996, pp.14 fi*.
 15

The Nationalists promoted their cause with propaganda denouncing and warning of the

spread of socialism by the Republican forces. When the Republicans won a majority of

the seats in the Municipal elections of April 1931. The departure of King Alfonso from

the Spanish throne opened the door for the rise of the Second Spanish Republic. The

Republicans won again in 1936 after five years marked by the disenfranchisement of

many of the Republican leaders through internal government opposition. Blood baths

ensued in the streets between political adversaries. Destruction and seizure of property

was accompanied by political abductions and assassinations on both sides. The

kidnapping and murder of Jose Calvo Sotelo, General Primo de Rivera's ex-Minister of

finance, led to the military uprising of July 18''' 1936, the date that marks the start of the

Spanish Civil War (1936-1939).

From 1936 to 1939, General Franco's Nationalist party, supported by an

apprehensive coalition of upper class business people, landowners, middle-class workers

who aligned themselves with Franco, (out of loyalty to employers, family or geographical

location) and ordinary Spanish Catholics who supported the Nationalists waged a brutal

war to seize power over the Republican party of Spain. Franco ascended to power with

the aid of Hitler and Mussolini. Hitler for example, offered to punish the Republican

strongholds with a terror campaign against the civilian population. This terror campaign

was later referred to as "Blitzkrieg" in World War 11.'" It was first tested in Spain before

Paul Preston, A Concise History of the Spanish Civil War. London, Fontana, 1996, pp.14 fF.
 16

Hitler used it in his European campaign. The civil war ended with the total surrender of

the Republican forces.

The following biographical facts were gleaned from Angelo Gilardino's article''

on the Spanish language biographies cited previously.

Burgos was the capital of Nationalist Spain during Antonio Jose's tenure there. At

the time he was captured, high-ranking officers assured him that he was not viewed as a

threat. Antonio Jose, his brother Julio, and teenage worker from the magazine Burgos

grdfico were executed by firing squad in Estepar, a village near Burgos, on October 1 Ith,

1936. Federico Garcia Lorca was executed in Viznar, near Granada, on August 19th

1936.

Antonio Jose was bom in Burgos in the province of Castille on December 12'*',

1902. His family was ordinary, but could see that Antonio was showing musical aptitude

at a very early age. He was instmcted by a young organist named Juli^ Garcia Blanco

and later with organist Jose Maria Beobide. Both were Jesuits, and they ultimately helped

to employ him from 1926-1930 at the San Stanislao College, in Miraflores del Palo, a

neighborhood in Malaga.

At thirteen, Antonio had penned 75 compositions. He moved to Madrid from

1920-1924 and spent the sununers of 1925 and 1926 in Paris. The Diputacion Provincial

and the Ayuntamiento of Burgos supported his smdies there.

Gilardino and Iznaola, pp 26-31.

 17

His teacher in Madrid was Emilio Vega. He worked as an orchestra conductor at

the Apolo theatre and as a pianist in silent movie theaters. The Cafe Regina in Madrid

was a place frequented by Federico Garcia Lorca, Salvador Dali and Burgos native

Regino Sainz de la Maza. This is likely where he became acquainted with these

luminaries through his guitarist friend Regino Sainz de la Maza.

Some of the more notable works from his Madrid period (1920-1924) were the

Sinfonia castellana''* and three Danzas burgalesas for piano. The publishing house called

Union Musical Espai^ola bought copyrights to some piano works by him in 1924 at a very

modest fee. It was the start of his professional career. His scholarship expired in 1924 and

he was required to return to Burgos to serve in the army.

In the period of his residence in Malaga, (1926-1930) he wrote important works

such as Sonata gallega for piano. It was awarded a top prize in a Galician composition

contest. His Suite ingenua for piano and string orchestra won a prize in a composition

contest in Catalonia in 1928. In 1927 he began work on an opera in three acts, called El

Mozo de Mulas. He was working on the orchestration of this opera when he was arrested

on August 6th, 1936.

He was offered the job of directing the Burgos choir in 1929 and he moved back

to his native city. It allowed him to be closer to his parents. He was well received upon

his return. In 1932 he won the coveted national prize for music for his Coleccion de

cantos populates burgaleses. The Burgos choir made his Himmo a Costilla for six mixed

'"^An orchestral arrangement of Sonata castellana for solo piano.

 18

voices popular in its regular performances. In 1934 Max Eschig published Tres cdntigas

de Alfonso X for choir. In 1934 the Madrid symphonic orchestra performed part of El

mozo de Mulas called Preludio y danza popular. According to Angelo Giiardino,'^

Joaquin Turina publicly praised him, as did music critic Jose Subira.

He completed the Sonata para Guitarra on August 23''*, 1933. He also arranged a

popular song from Burgos called Romancillo infantil'^ for solo guitar. He became

increasingly restless in Burgos and wished to move back to Madrid.'^

This is simply unbearable. I would like to live in a better environment. At

least something a little bit more open from a spiritual point of view. Here there are
only nitwits and cavemen and miserly simpletons. Oh, if I could only live in
Madrid!

In 1935, he and a few other scholars from Burgos founded a magazine called

Burgos grdfico. The liberal slants of the magazine's viewpoints were contrary to the

conservative nature of politics in Burgos. An unsigned article in the magazine was

• 18
attributed to him. According to Antonio Jose's biographers this is what caused his

murder. In the book", Antonio Jose, Musico de Castilla by J. Barriuso Gutierrez, F.

Antonio Jose, Sonata para Guitarra (1933), Angelo Giiardino and Ricardo Iznaola eds., nuova
edizione a dura di Angelo Giiardino e Ricardo Iznaola (Ancona, Italia: Berben, Edizione musicali, 1999),
36-56.
Antonio Jose, Romancillo infantile. Opera Tres, Madrid, 1994.

Gutierrez-Romero-Garoz, p.54.

'"Jesus Barriuso Gutierrez, Fernando Garcia Romero, and Miguel Angel Palacios Garroz, Antonio
Jose: Musico de Castilla. Madrid, Union Musical Espanola, 1980, pp. 55-56.

"The subsequent information this book contains regarding Jose's newspaper editorials was translated
and made available to me by Ricardo Iznaola.
 19

Garcia Romero and M. A. Palacios Garroz refers on pages 55-56 to an article that

appeared^" in Burgos grdfico regarding an incident involving a rural priest who allegedly

molested some girls in his parish. The incident was suppressed by everyone, and by

writing about it, opposition to the magazine and its collaborators was inflamed. Some

people attributed the article to Antonio Jose, and the situation prompted a retreat from the

publication by advertisers and subscribers, causing its demise, according to the book's

authors. The thrust of the article, as described in the book makes comparison with the

case of a military person committing treason, and concludes that individuals' actions do

not reflect on the institution he or she belongs to negatively. Therefore the Church should

not be held accountable for the vile behavior of this priest, hi another section of this

book, they reproduce Jose's article Coplas Sefardies that appeared in Burgos grdfico in

November 1935. In a footnote, the authors cite Ruiz Villaplana's comment that this

article"' was probably the cause of Jose's incarceration and execution. The article is

reprinted on pages 77-82 of the book. There is no other mention regarding any other

writings by Jose in Burgos grdfico that might have prompted the actions taken against

him.

His last major public appearance was at the Third convention of the International

Association of Musicology in May 1936 in Barcelona. He gave a lecture entitled La

cancion popular burgalesa, (The popular song in Burgos).

No date is given, but the magazine Burgos grdfico began publication in 193S and ended publication
before the Civil War started on July 1936
Villapiana incorrectly dates this article March 1936.
 20

Upon his return to Burgos, both his aunt and mother died within a few days of one

another. In July the Nationalist forces in the army revolted against the Republican

government. Like Antonio Jose, Federico Garcia Lorca felt safe before he was executed.

Lorca was staying at the home of a Falangist official before he was arrested, and executed

without trial. The circumstances around each of their deaths were very similar. Jose was

executed by firing squad while handcuffed to a 17-year old boy who was an apprentice at

the printing shop of Burgos grdjico.

The Importance of Antonio Jose Martinez Palacios (1902-1936)

Jose's work deserves careful study in part because he was a man of distinction

who associated with other notable artists, in particular a group who were referred to as

the Spanish "Generation of 1927".

Perhaps this group looked to past models to influence their work in the way neo-

classicists in the musical world had. Stravinsky and others had been exploring neo-

classicism in the early 20*** century. The fact that Jose wrote a sonata for solo guitar is

somewhat a neo-romantic notion. The solo guitar sonata was not a common genre in the

Classical period and was not common until the early Romantic period.

Jose's acquaintances included Pablo Picasso, Manuel de Falla, Jose Ortega y

Gasset, Frederico Garcia Lorca (1898-1936), Rafael Alberti, Salvador Dali, Adolfo

Salazar, Regino Sainz de la Maza, and the Group of Madrid, (Salvador Bacaraisse,
 21

Juilian Bautista, Rosa Garcia Ascot, Ernesto Half!ter, Juan Jose Mantecon, Rodolfo

HalfEter, Gustavo Pittagula, and Fernando Remacha).

The curtailed life of Antonio Jose makes one wonder if bis output and quality of

composition would have paralleled that of Joaquin Rodrigo (1901-1999) had he lived as

long as the master. According to the renowned Spanish musicologist, Jose Subira,

Antonio Jose was held in great esteem by Ravel who praised him by saying, "He will

succeed in becoming the great Spanish musician of our century."^ It is not certain if

Jose's music had an influence upon the music of Ravel, but clearly Ravel found Jose

impressive.

The Manuscripts

The first publication of the Sonata para Guitarra, based upon the rough draft of

the manuscript, was edited by Angelo Gilardino and printed in 1990. The second

publication, printed in 1999 was based upon the final manuscript and was also edited by

Angelo Gilardino who worked with Ricardo Iznaola. These are the only publications of

this work and both are posthumous.

The final manuscript was unavailable to Angelo Gilardino prior to his publication

of the Sonata para Guitarra (1933) in 1990."^ There are important compositional changes

~ Gutierrez-Romero-Garoz, p.54

^ Antonio Jose, Sonata para Guitarra (1933), Angelo Gilardino and Juan Jose Saenz Gallego eds,
Ancona, Italia: Berfoen Edizione musicali, 1990, p29.
 22

made in the final manuscript, which were detailed in 1996 in an article by Ricardo

Iznaola?'* Angelo Gilardino relates the sequence of contacts that resulted in his 1990

edition in his preface to the 1999 edition."^ It is important and necessary to include the

following extensive quotation of Angelo Gilardino from the preface to the 1999 edition

regarding his reasons for the validity of his first publication of the Sonata because his

statements in my opinion are not necessarily supported by the facts and need to be

categorically disputed in order to prove the greater validity of the "final" manuscript that

was published in 1999.

In the month of December 1989,1 received a phone call from Madrid. It

was a well-known guitarist, Gabriel Etsarellas, who was asking me to take a look
at a yet unpublished composition by Antonio Jose...He wanted me to consider
that manuscript for publication at Berben editions...It was Estarellas who put me
in touch with the late composer's heirs (Julio and Ana Martinez Pascual from
Burgos), who could avail themselves of the expertise of guitarist Juan Jose Saenz
Gallego, a professor at the Santander's conservatory. Mr. Saenz Gallego promptly
let me have a photocopy of the manuscript of the Sonata para Guitarra, the
original of which was to be found in the family's archives, together with many
other unpublished compositions by Antonio Jose. Saenz Gallego himself had
catalogued all the papers in the archives. Alejandro Yague was just then
completing the instrumentation of El Mozo de Mulas, a three-act opera that
Antonio Jose lefr unfinished. It was Mr. Yagiie who upon my request confirmed
the authenticity of the manuscript of which I had received a copy.. .It was only
after I had started researching the papers concerning Antonio Jose's life (which I
had received together with a copy of the manuscript score), that I learned that
guitarist Regino Sainz de la Maza, a fellow citizen and a friend of the composer,
was not only the person to whom the piece was dedicated (whilst in my copy of
the manuscript there was no dedicatory note), but he had also performed the first
movement of the Sonata in a concert in Burgos in 1934.

"''Ricardo Iznaola, "A Problem in Musical Heuristics / The Guitar Works of Antonio Jose," Guitar
Journal, 1, (1996): 30-39.

^ Gilardino and Iznaola, pp.23-2S.

 23

Needless to say this circumstance led me to an obvious question: which

was the manuscript which Regino Sainz de la Maza had used for his
performance? In those days there were no photocopying machines, so it could
only be another original manuscript or a copy of the same manuscript, the same I
had received from Sainz de la Maza himself or, finally, the work of a copyist.
I questioned the composer's heir in this connection, as well as all the
people who had put me in touch with them, but they knew nothing except that
there was one original manuscript, the very same I had received a copy of
At this point and time I came to the conclusion that the following facts
were of paramount importance.
1) The manuscript which I had, difficult though it was to read,
conveyed a complete composition, painstakingly worked out in
all of its musical aspects.
2) If another original was extant it had to be much like the one I
had, because Antonio Jose had no reasons not to annotate on the
manuscript that was left among his papers the various
amendments he had added in, while copying, had he considered
them of any consequence and as final.
It is worth remembering that between the time he signed off his
Sonata (August, 1933) and the time he was arrested (August,
1936), three full years elapsed and it is all too unlikely that our
composer could keep a totally superseded manuscript or one
which, at any rate, he considered himself as no longer updated.
3) After more than half a century of silence regarding this
composition, it seemed to me inexcusable to let even one more
day go by looking for data which might well never turn up.

By 1993 it became necessary to reprint the score, so I seized the

opportunity to amend a few oversights which had been pointed out to me by one
of the performers of this composition (a young concert player by the name of
Andrea Dieci)...
It was just about three years ago (1993-1994) that Dr. Vincenzo Pocci of
Rome let me have a copy of a letter addressed to him by guitarist Jose Femwdez
Moral from Logrofio. The writer of this letter was expressing his regret at the fact
that in my edition I had omitted Antonio Jose's autograph dedication to Sainz de
la Maza. Since the manuscript I had been working with had no such dedication
(had it been there I would have never dared to leave it out!), I gathered that Mr.
Fernandez Moral was no doubt referring himself to another manuscript, a copy of
which he had sent to Dr. Pocci. In this letter the Spanish scholar was tracing,
among other things, the whereabouts of his manuscript. The original was to be
found in Mr. Regino Sainz de la Maza's library. It had been microfilmed by
 24

musicologist Emilio Casares and a photocopy of it had been sent to Mr. Moral by
another musicologist (Mr. Manuel Carreira).
The publishing house Union Musical EspaAola had entrusted to this
guitarist a collection of guitar music which, as a matter of fact, bore his name. The
reason why the Spanish guitarist (to whom the Concierto de Aranjuez had been
dedicated) did not include this piece in his collection was :uid still remains, I am
afraid, totally unknown...Indeed, one finds Antonio Jose's Sonata included in a
list of titles in that collection, printed on the cover of a score by Juli^ Bautista.'*^
(an author whom music historians place side by side with Antonio Jose and other
Spanish composers of the "generation of 1927")...Sainz de la Maza meant to
publish the work by his friend from Burgos. It is impossible for us to determine
afterwards why he did not go ahead. However, it seems to me quite relevant to
recall something which Juan Jose Saenz Gallego had stated. It was in the course
of an interview to a daily newspaper, a few weeks after the publication of the
Sonata. In the course of that interview the Castilian guitarist stated in no uncertain
terms that he had been hard at work for the better part of three years trying to get
the score published in Spain.'^ After all, if by the end of the Eighties the
composers' heirs were still having such a hard time trying to get the Sonata
published in Italy that they had to ask for Gabriel Estarellas' assistance (a concert
player with widespread international connections), much more so, one would have
to infer, must have Regino Sainz de la Maza met with insurmountable difficulties
in his own days, difficulties that eventually forced him to give up the score and
leave it unpublished among his papers.

A few questions come to mind when reading Gilardino's quote. The first is in

regard to the second point made in his preface to the 1999 edition. There is not enough

evidence presented by Angelo Gilardino to clearly support this claim that the other

manuscript, "had to be much like the one he (Jose) had". Three years may have passed,

and Antonio Jose did not make notes of the existence of another original manuscript due

to the possibility that other more urgent matters had immediately diverted his attention,

such as his completion of El Mozo de Mulas, the direction of the Burgos choir, and the

Julian Bautista, Preludio y danza, Lfnion Musical Espaiiola, 1933.

^^Una editorial italiana lanza una obra de Antonio/Jose que antes habiasido rechazada en Espana,
Diario de Burgos, July 8"*, 1990
 25

preparation of his lecture La cancion popular burgalesa for the Third convention of the

International Association of Musicology in May, 1936 in Barcelona. He possibly would

have made such notations himself eventually, or assigned such matters to his friend,

Regino Sainz de la Maza. The publishing house Union Musical Espafiola did after all

have a collection of guitar music that bore Regino Sainz de la Maza's name, and they

may have planned to publish it not knowing at that time that the composer would be

executed, and his music for all intents and purposes banned from performance by legal

interdiction by the Nationalist forces that lulled him and his friend Federico Garcia

Lorca.^®

Antonio Jose may or may not have considered the changes in the original manuscript

that was prepared for Sainz de la Maza to be of consequence and final. According to

Angelo Gilardino he claims that, "he (Jose) had no reasons not to aimotate on the

manuscript that was in his (Jose's) collection..." Once again the evidence does not

clearly support the claim; perhaps Jose had planned to make another copy for himself or

to finalize the changes within his own manuscript when time permitted or when the work

was actually published, and his premature death prevented him from carrying out this

task. Perhaps the changes in the manuscript prepared for Sainz de la Maza were final,

because Sainz de la Maza did not make any annotations other than sparse fingering

suggestions. The fact that Sainz de la Maza tried to have the "final" draft published

^ The death of Garcia Lorca prior to Jose may have placed fear in the hearts of artists and publishing
houses, therefore adding to the reluctance of anyone to publish or perform the work. If no one would
perform the work, virtually no one would buy it because it was banned from performance, and the
publishing house would not recoup its capital investment.
 26

without making any changes and there is no record of correspondence regarding the

discussion of changes between him and Jose seems to support the theory that the

manuscript in de la Maza's possession was of consequence and final.

Gilardino's third important conclusion in the previously cited quotation raises

questions regarding the lack of contact between Gilardino and any of Sainz de la Maza's

students.

After more than half a century of silence regarding this composition, it

seemed to me inexcusable to let one more day go by looking for data that might
well never turn up.^'

Concurrent to Gilardino's publication efforts in relation to the "rough draft" of the

manuscript, Ricardo Iznaola had been trying to publish the "final" draft of the Sonata for

years to no avail. Iznaola first premiered Jose's Sonata para Gu/7arra (1933) in its

entirety in 1981 on a program comprised only of music from the Spanish "Generation of

1927" for the Spanish radio broadcast Lunes Musicales de Radio Nacional. This

performance was of the same performance edition that he published in 1999 with Angelo

Gilardino.^" This edition was based upon the "final" manuscript. Iznaola was given a

photocopy of the "final" manuscript by Sainz de la Maza before his death. This

manuscript was unknown to Gilardino until 1993 despite Iznaola's attempt to publish the

^ Gilardino and Iznaola, pp.23-25

^"Tbis manuscript was prepared for the premiere performance of the first movement by Regino Sainz
de la Maza.
 27

sonata and surprisingly in light of the 1991 article^* by Ricardo Iznaola that clearly

exhibits the previously missing title dedication to Regino Sainz de la Maza "a mi querido

amigo Regino Sainz de la Maza." This lack of awareness of Ricardo Iznaola's article on

Gilardino's part is surprising, and perhaps delayed the publication of the "final" draft for

years.

It seems almost inconceivable that he would have never consulted the students of

Sainz de la Maza to inquire about their knowledge of another manuscript; or perhaps the

son, Gonzalo Sainz de la Maza, or one of the other heirs. Certainly someone would have

told him of Ricardo Iznaola and his world premiere of Jose's Sonata para Guitarra

(1933) in its entirety in a 1981 radio broadcast. The world premiere performance could

have possibly been the catalyst for a meeting of the two. Iznaola tried to publish the

Sonata for years to no avail and never was part of Gilardino's 1990 publication of the

Sonata.

Performances

Regino Sainz de la Maza's November 23rd, 1934 performance of the first

movement at the Teatro Pricipal in Burgos is the most notable partial performance of the

work. Ricardo Iznaola's world premiere of Jose's Sonata para Guitarra (1933) in its

entirety in 1981 on a program comprised only of music from the so-called Spanish

"Generation of 1927" for the Spanish radio broadcast Lunes Musicales de Radio

^'iznaola, Ricardo, "Eve Without Tomorrow, the Spanish Generation of 1927," Classical Guitar 5
(May, 1991): 16-22.
 28

Nacional is the most important complete performance. Scottish-bom guitarist David

Russell performed it on his 1997 concert tour and Spanish guitarist Ignacio Rhodes

performed it regularly during the 1990s.

I have performed the work in its entirety on numerous different occasions,

including one at The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts in Washington,

D.C. on Wednesday, October IS"** at the Millennium Stage. This performance was

broadcast live on the Intemet at www.kennedv-center.org/millenium. It was a premiere

performance in the Intemet audio-video streaming format. It can currently be viewed at

The Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts homepage by doing a search in the archives

of past concerts for "Corey Whitehead" in the October, 2000 performance archive, or on

the Intemet at www.corevwhitehead.com/CorevWhitehead.

Recordings

The 1990 recording Dreams of Icarus^^ by Ricardo Iznaola is the first published

recording of the entire work. Juilian Bream recorded the work for EMI in 1995.

Publications About Antonio Jose and the Sonata para Guitarra f 1933)

In addition to the three biographical resources cited on p.13-14 of this paper, there

are two articles by Ricardo Iznaola cited on p.26 and p.34. The first article cited is from

It is not clear bow the title of this CD relates to the Sonata.

 29

1993 dealing with the hermeneutic differences between the two manuscript versions and

the second from 1991 reporting on the Spanish "Generation of 1927."

The Spanish "Generation of 1927"

The Spanish "Generation of 1927" was associated with celebrations and

fellowship surrounding the third centenary of the death of Luis de Gongora, (1561-1627)

the iconoclastic champion of the romance, Spain's most celebrated literary genre.^^ The

fellowship was primarily among men of letters, but visual and musical artists also

belonged.

Reasons why the so-called Spanish "Generation of 1927" would have honored

Gongora may be that his works exhibit a proliferation of metaphors and other rhetorical

devices of the Renaissance referred to as mannerisms. Gongora's most complex works

were Fdbula de Polifemoy Galatea and Soledade. His contemporaries. Lope de Vega

and Francisco de Quevedo, criticized these works as being obscure and artificial.

However, Gongora's elaborate and contorted style influenced an entire generation of

baroque Spanish poets. His influence even extended to his critics. His style was later

referred to as Gongorism?^

" Luis de Gongora was bom in Cordoba; he went to the University of Salamanca and received a
degree in 1577. In 1613 he moved to Madrid and was appointed as chaplain to the King. He was well
known in Spanish literary circles when he published Romancero General in 1600. He died in Cordoba in
1627.
Microsoft Encaita, Gongorism, 1999, pp.1-4.
 As a youthful movement towards a liberal nationalistic ideal the "Generation of

1927" was defensive of the aesthetics of the avant-garde and at the same time promoting

nationalism and the collaboration of the entire community of young Spanish artists who

valued neo-classicism. Many of the members of this society embraced neo-classicism as

the antidote for idiomatic nationalism in music. They were trying to achieve an avant-

garde nationalism that was free of folkloric cliches and rich with artistic expression.

According to Ricardo Iznaola,^^ Jose Ortega y Gasset, Manuel de Falla and Pablo

Picasso were the primary leaders of the aforementioned movement. They frequently

collaborated with Lorca, Dirgo and Alberti. The Residencia de Estudiantes in Madrid was

a frequent meeting place for those such as Lorca, Alberti and Dali. Other guests included

Alfred Einstein, and Sigmund Freud.

The most active advocate of the movement was Adolfo de Salazar (1890-1958).

He was a composer, critic, and historian and strongly supported the work of an octet of

composers that led the movement. These eight were known as the "Group of Madrid".

The eight were Salvador Bacarisse, Rosa Garcia Ascot, Julian Bautista, Ernesto Halfrer,

Juan Jose Mantecon, Rodolfo Halfter, Gustavo Pittaluga and Fernando Remacha.

There were other groups of composers in various regions that aligned themselves

with the movement. There was the Catalan group of eight. It included Manuel Blancafort,

Roberto Gerhard, Joan Gibert Camins, Agusti Grau, Ricardo Lamonte de Grigon,

^^Iznaola, 1991, p.17.

 31

Federico Mompou, Baltasar Samper and Eduardo Toldra. They were also known as the

C.I.C. or Catalonia's independent composers.

After the death of Antonio Jose, the Spanish "Generation of 1927" quietly ceased

to associate freely, and all in the "Group of Madrid" went into exile with the exception of

Remacha, who stayed in Spain and stopped composing for 20 years.

The Purpose and Need for the Analysis

A. Comparable Works

The Sonata para Guitarra is one of the most technically difficult and

lengthy sonatas for solo guitar in the first half of the 20th century. According to Angelo

Gilardino,^^ the only two sonatas that are close to this in technical and compositional

stature are those of Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco, Sonata, "Ommagio a Boccherini"

(1935) and Sonata by Juan Manen (193-).^^ A brief comparison of other contemporary

works reveals the more substantive character of Jose's work.

The Sonata (1932) by Joaquin Turina, (1882-1949) is not of the size or scope of

Jose's example. The cyclical use of thematic material in the last of the three movements

is less effective because of its brevity and literal repetition. The work itself is brief and

full of idiomatic Spanish rhythmic and melodic motives.

Gtlardino and Saenz Gallego, p.7.

When the exact date of composition of a work is not known, the dash (193-) will be used to place of
the last number in concordance with similar usage in existing publications about these works.
 32

The Sonata ///(192-), Theme, Varie et Final (192-), and Sonatina Meridional

(1941) by Manuel Ponce (1882-1948) are Ponce's examples of modem sonata form.

These modem sonatas still do not exhibit the extensive cyclical approach to the thematic

material, the thematic transformation, or the extensions of formal and harmonic

boundaries that are featured Jose's Sonata para Guitarra (1933). Similarly, the Sonata

Classica "Hommage a Fernando Sor" (192-) and Sonata Romantica "Hommage a Franz

Schubert, qui aimait ia guitare " (192-) by Ponce evoke the sonata forms of the past, and

do not exhibit the expanded formal elements of Jose's example.

Antonio Jose and the Spanish "Generation of 1927" looked to "neoclassical"

models and national^tic models to emulate in their compositions the technical

compositional virtuosity of the great masters such as Bartok, Schdnberg, Stravinsky,

Manuel de Falla, Ravel, and Debussy and merge them with non-idiomatic Spanish

harmonic and melodic material. Many of the important composers for guitar use

idiomatic cliches that are not common in the works of great composers due to the

technical challenges of arrangement for the guitar, which has many more limitations than

the piano. It is a challenge for a composer to write for the guitar without compromising

their compositional structure due to the limitations in voicing, range, and the technique of

the performer. This is why there are so few guitar works that can compare to Jose's

Sonata para Guitarra.

B. The Rationale for How and Why the Analysis Should Guide the Performer
 33

The Sonata para Guitarra is technically challenging. In the manuscript, many of

the indicated note combinations caimot be realized on the guitar, thus the performer must

make educated decisions about what best unifies the musical intent of the composer and

the guitarist's technique. The existing editions provide very little to help the performer in

this regard. There is an urgent need for a systematic analysis of the piece that might be

used to assist the performer in interpreting and performing this very difficult sonata. To

my knowledge, there has been no detailed theoretical analysis of either version of the

manuscript, nor of either performance edition.

An understanding of the formal elements of a sonata-allegro form is of paramount

importance to the concert guitarist in forming an interpretive technical solution that will

allow the educated audience to clearly hear the thematic, and harmonic formal elements

presented in a way consistent with the composers intentions.

The thematic and harmonic formal elements of each movement will be illustrated

graphically and in prose. Technical solutions of the problematic areas of the manuscript

will be arranged based upon sound guitar technique and note choices that may more

effectively express the formal elements of the sonata-allegro (I), the minuet (11), the

pavane (III), and the sonata-rondo (IV). Left-hand and right-hand fingerings, including

string and position choices will be made to facilitate the expression of the formal

elements. The relative hierarchical importance of the formal sections and harmonic

progressions will be discussed and suggestions for proper interpretive execution in

moments of tension and repose will be put forth.

 34

CHAPTER 2: FORMAL ANALYSIS

The Sonata para Guitarra (1933) by Antonio Jose (1902-1936) consists of four

movements. The first movement. Allegro moderato is in sonata-allegro form, with an

expanded recapitulation. The thematic material is not only developed thoroughly here,

but also foreshadows themes and motives that will figure in each of the subsequent

movements. This sonata form exhibits extensive thematic development and

transformation within the confines of the guitar's limitations. The primary thematic

motives of the remaining movements of the Sonata, are revealed here.

The second movement, Minueto, is in rounded-binary form that is developed fi-om

a motive of the second-theme area of the Allegro moderato. It has a character very much

like a sarabande, because of its emphasized second beat.

The third movement, Pavana Triste, is ternary in form and its themes are revealed

in the preceding two movements.

The fourth movement. Final, is a rondo with cyclical recurrences of material from

the Allegro moderato. This movement alternates a scale-laden ritomello with rasgueado

passages.

The form of the whole work is based upon the development and transformation of

thematic material primarily from the first movement and in one case from the second

movement.
 Formal analysis charts of the four movements of the Sonata para Guitarra (1933)

are similar to general analysis charts devised by Dr. Edward Murphy, Professor of Music

Theory at the University of Arizona that concisely illustrate the formal aspects of music

in his publications and class notes. The Arabic numerals refer to measure numbers; the

Roman numerals refer to chord and/or key functions. The formal outline is described by

the use of capital letters for major sections and lowercase letters for smaller phrases.

A. Allegro Moderato-Sonata-allegro form

I. FT (1-20) em (i)

FT (a) (1-10)

a) i-4 b) 5-6 c) 7-10

FT(B) (11-20)

a)11-14 b) 15-20

TRANSITION- (from FT (A) m.7-l0) 21-28

ST (29-55)

ST (A) (29-39)

al) 29-30 a2) 31-32 (like al up a P4) b) 32-39 (Bb: 40)

ST (B) (40-55) BbM (bV): m.43

n. DEVELOPMENT (56-127) AM (IV)

DEV (A) (56-91)

a) 56-76 b) 77-91 GbM (bill)

 36

DEV(B) (92-127)

(FALSE RT) (92-111) Subdominant pedal

FALSE RECAP (112-127) am:

m. RECAPITULATION (128-229)

a) 128-133 = mm. 1-6

TRANSITION (134-145) Similar to 21 but transformed

ST (B) (146-161) = mm.40-55 down a M2

TR (from DEV (A)) (162-171) = similar to mm.56-63

FT (B) (172-181) = mm.l 1-20

TR (182-193)= 21-27 plus FT (A) up a d8 in mm.184-185 and up a tritone in

mm,188-189

ST (B) (194-197)

TR (198-209)

CODA (210-229)

B. Minueto - rounded-binary form.

A)(l-16) (c: 1-8 C:9-16)

al)l-4 a2) 5-8b) 9-16

B) (17-78) (eb: 17 E: 19 C: 22 D: 24 C#: 25 C: 26 B: 27 eb: 29 A: 33)

al) 17-20 32)21-24 b) 25-28 al) 29-32 c) 33-36

c) 37-40 d) 41-48 e) 49-58 e2) 59-70 c) 71-78

 37

A) (79-94)

a1)79-82 a2) 83-86 b) 87-94

C. Pavana Triste - rounded-binary

A) (1-15) (em: cm:6 Cb:7 D:9 em:10 F: 13 A:15)

a) 1-5 b) 6-9 c) 10-15

B) (16-36) (Bb: 16 Db: 20 A: 24 cm: 26 E: 27

dl) 16-17 dl) 18-19 d2) 20-21 d2) 22-23

TR) 24-25

b) 26-30

TR) 31-32

a2) 33-36

A) (37-50) (cm: 41 A: 42)

a) 37-40 b)41 a) 42-43 c) 44-50

D. Final - Sonata-rondo

A) (1-20) l:dm

a) 1-4 a) 5-8 al) 9-20

TR (21-32) 2l:Bb22:dmC:29 A: 31

a) 21-24 b) 25-28 c) 29-32

B)(33-63)

a) 33-39 b) 40-43 = 112-116 of I b2) 44-63 = 92-112 of I movement

A) 64-83=1-20 of IV
 38

B) 84-122=124-172 of I movement

TR (123-124) onE

A) 124-137=1-14 of IV, 138-146 leads to D

C) 147-177= 1-37 of I movement

A) 178-191= 1-14 of IV movement

CODA (192-208)
 39

CHAPTER 3: HARMONIC AND MOTIVIC ANALYSIS

A. Allegro Moderate

The first theme is in two parts. Part one or (a) of the IT, (mm.1-20) is divided

into two sections. These sections are composed in the following manner: Part (a) is in

three sections.^®

FT (a) aa) mm. 1-4 bb) mm. 4.2-6 cc) mm. 7-10.
FT (I-20)
«) 1-10
1 aa) M

Am Em'G Em? D7/6

Em7 add 4 .6 I? bVll 7,'6
CM
bVl
Bm7
v7
i7 add4
bb)4.2*6> cc) 7-10

CMaj7/C bVI 7
bV14/3 E noce r^hair*dim7
E note
no chord no chord
Btni.9-t0 - aun.7>s up a P4

r^half*dim7
11 hair«dtni7

The use of harmony by Antonio Jose is reminiscent of Ravel or Debussy. The

suspensions in Jose's music are generally unprepared. The harmonization of the theme in

Spaces that are larger than normal may occur at the bottom of certain pages to accommodate the
insertion of musical examples.
measure one, Em7 add4 is followed by a series of descending thirds in nun.2-3. The

ascending motive rises to the major ninth (f#l). The motive in m.l-4 will be designated

(aa). This arrival point is marked by an accent. The harmonies in mm.2-3, Am, (iv)

Em/G, (i6) D7/F#, (V7) Em7, (i7) D7/6, (bVn7/6) CM, (bVI) Bm7, (v7) propel the

phrase to its end in m.4 on the Cmaj7/G (bV14/3). The CMaj7/G provides resolution of

the phrase; the performer should pause slightly here.

The second phrase begins on the tonic note e that occurs on the last eighth note of

m.4. The harmonization is D7, (bVII7) in m.5 until the tonic note e enters at the end of

the measure. The tonic note e also occurs after the Bm7, (v7) in m.6. This phrase

(mm.4.2-6) will be designated (bb) and is derived from mm.2-3 of phrase (aa). The third

phrase of this section, (cc) mm.7-10, is unstable harmonically. The harmonic rhythm is

the quarter note in 2/4 meter. The harmony in m.7 is F#half-dim7, (ii half-dim7) followed

by the dominant note b on the last sixteenth note of the measure. Measure eight is a

varied repetition up an octave from m.7 because there are two non-harmonic tones, (gl

and bl) which resolve to c2 and al. Measures nine and ten are a transposition of mm.7-8

up a P4.

The second part of the first theme, referred to here as (b) of the FT, (mm.11-20) is

divided into two sections.

FT (b) aa) mm.l 1-14 bb) mm.15-20

 41

FT (b) 11-20 wqucnce of U-12

u) 11-14 down a M3

Em7 DM iidd9
D" CM »dd9 CM«j7 Bn» »«»9
bVII9 l* VIl' bV19
Am7/E bVI7 *-9
Bm7/F«' GM»j7/D
IV 4/3 III 4/3
bb)IS-20

B'"' Am iidd9
F^fhaJf-dim/C *7 iv add9
ii4,3 GMaj7/addl3-
blUaddl3

J2 FT

Ani7ukl9/U/I3-
7 add/9a1 ,v7 add 9/11.13
V7«dd/9/ll ofV
TransUon(21-28) ftom FT (a) 7-J<}^ m 227-229

D'^holf-dim? F"®
G«btlf-diin7 DAuy/ZV^ vii halfdim ot'v <i
vti half dim? ofiv VnAug6/'4

Descending thirds in mm.l 1-14 create very interesting harmonies in similar

fashion to mm.2-3. The harmonies in m.l 1 are Bm7/F#, (v4/3) Em7, (i7) and DM add9,

(bVn9). Measure 12 is harmonized, Am7/E, (iv4/3), D7, (bVn7) and CM add9, (bVI9).

The melodic material from these two measures is sequenced down a M3 in mm. 13-14.

The harmonization remains in e minor. Measure 13 is harmonized, Gmaj7/D, (1114/3)

CMaj7, (bVI7) and Bm add9, (v9). The last measure of the phrase is harmonized, F#

half-dim7/C, (ii4/3) Bm7, (v7) and am addb9, (iv9).

 42

The climax of the FT area begins with the EmM7, (i7) in mm. 15-16. The

chromatic melody in these measures outlines this harmony. In mm. 17-18 the harmony

F#7 add9/l 1, (V7/9/11AO is stated and outlined much the same way. The "corona" or

highest note of the section enters as the 13'*' of the Am7 add 9/11/13, (iv7/9/l 1/13) in

m.19. The statement of the dominant chord is delayed until the beginning of the ST in

m.29.

A transition (mm.21-28) based upon mm.7-10 precedes the second theme area or

"ST" (mm.29-55).

Tmnstion (21-28) fmm FT (a) ™.227.229

D>'lmjr-<liin7
GKhalf-dim7 vii halfdim ofv
vii halfdim? of iv
crcsc.

Ffim A^half-dim7
vii half-dim7 of v
same as m.25 same as m. 25

ST (29-55) a2) 31-32

ST (A) 29-39 UpaP4
65* al)2W0
al)29-30 .

s f
cxdil p"-" u r r Tntonc
nf F7#5add9 E7 BbMm7M9
Bm7add9/U N*' V7oflV bV9
vll Tntonc
DM(T* Third Retahoa
bVlK

The harmonic progression is more agitated here. The harmonic rhythm is the

quarter note. The harmonization of mm.21-28 is m.21, (G# half-dim7, D+/A#) m.22, (Bm
 43

sus2, Em sus2) m.23, (D#half-dim7) m.24, (F#m sus2, Bm sus2) mm.25-27, (A# half-

dim7) and m.28, (Cx dim, F#m sus2). Measures 25-28 should be treated as a buildup of

energy toward the climactic arrival of the ST in m.29.

The ST area is divided in two major parts. The first major part of the ST (mm.29-

39) consists of three parts. The eighth-note to dotted-quarter note rhythm in mm. 30, 32,

33, 36, and 37 foreshadow the same rhythm that is harmonized in mm. 40,41,43,47,48,

49, 53, and 55.

ST (A)al) mm.29-30 a2) mm.31-33 (like al up a P4)

b) mm.34-39
ST (29-55) •2)31-32
^ ST (A) 29-39 UpaP4

Tntone
BbMm7M9
Bni7idil9/Il N-5 bV9
DM/F» Third Relation
Tritonc bVII6

GM addQ/IS
GMiuld9/l3 tanw OS m. 32 bin
bill 9/13
 44
Trilone Axis £•
(Um.
iN=^
= !> lHJ = t>p

Bb7
bV7 same as mJ6

ST (b) 40-55
gliss.
expresivo

VToflV c:ni
Vof IV

Lush harmonization is present in this theme area. In m.29 there is the B-

7adci9/Al l-PI 1, (vl 1) on beat one and on beat two, the F7#5 add9, (N+9). DM, (bVH) is

the prevailing harmony in m.30. A sequence of the theme occurs in mm.31-32. The first

beat of m.31 is E7, (V7/IV) followed by Bb7 add9, (bV9) on beat two. The prevailing

harmony in mm.32-35 is GM add9/13, followed by Bb7 in mm.36-37 and E7, (V7/IV) in

mm.38-39. This tritone relationship is common in the work of Bartok and Debussy.
Tntone Axis E-

saiiic:asmJ6
ST (b)40-55
gliss.
38 ^ t expresivo
—p f
-i r f Lf 1
u '
E7 Cm
E7 V7ofIV
Vof IV eztii
g:t
CPC
 45

ST (B) a) miii.40-55

ST (b)40-55
gliss.
exprestvo

E7 Gm
E7 V7ofIV
Vof IV
r>
CPC

in
AWE Gm Ahair-dim7 R»5b9
V7»Sb9
r

Bb; vji7 |
CPC

J J i J- ;

t ^ i I t-
BbAug BbMKUI3 ^ BbAug.
I Aug. I ' Aug.

I ^ I I •* I I ^ I

(u^=?rrrf ^

w- rm BbM E7
Bb;bV7 g half-dim7
BbAug. PP A; V7
I Aug. CPC

The second part of the "ST' is the first occurrence of the primary motive of the

Minueto. The theme arrives in g: by CPC from the key of e minor. The statement of that

rhythm on a gm chord in m.40 is followed by the same rhythm in m.4I. The Gm chord is
preceded by AM/E (V6/4 /V) in m.4l. In mm.42-43 the first appearance of a very

important (A half-dim7: ii half-dim7 in g: vii half-dim? in Bb: DPC, F7#5b9: V7#b9,

BbM addl3:1) chord progression. This chord progression resolves in BbM, up a tritone

from the opening theme. The modulation type is a diatonic pivot chord to the tritone axis,

Bb, in m.42. The BbM triad is arpeggiated through m.46 and in m.47 the fifth is raised to

f#2, creating an augmented chord. The f^2 resolves to g2 in m.48, creating a thirteenth-

chord. In m.49 the f#2 is used to pass to the BbM chord in m.50. The Bb harmony

prevails through m.52 and then Bb augmented returns in m.53. In m.54, the transitional

progression to the development section begins, BbM add9 (19), E7/G# (IV6/5), Ghalf-

dim7 (vi half-dim7), the final two chords occurring in m.54 on the quarter to half note

rhythm that is the basis of the Minueto. The resolution of the G half-dim7 is to DM/A on

the first beat of m.56. The E7/G# is chromatic in the key of Bb major. This harmony is

the dominant in the new key of A major. This modulation type is a chromatic passing

chord modulation or CPC. The chromatic passing chord is E7/G#.

The Development (nim.56-127) is composed of two large sections that are each

divided.

DEV (A) a) mm.56-76 b) mm.77-89

 47

DEV
(S6-tzr) tempo (un poquito menos movido)
A) 56-91
56-76 i ^ ^ ^
56r k
rVTV^r rTJ~rV_^
\=P=^ >ii •* J ij •! r \i==i=i
1¥ 1i
DM'A-
IV 6,^4

EMaddS
Vadd9

i
tempo ( un paqiuio menos movido)
gf half-dim?
vii half-dim?

•A.

Diie
116 oft
AMaj?
bVl?
r G7iidd^Il
bVdll
gliss.

lii 1^;
1,

G(fm iidU b6 Ci«M

D7
V odd b6 N7
 48

ti ^
i
^ J
w
att half-dim? g" half-dim? AFf6
vi haif-dim? V half-dim? Fr6 ait half-dim?
-4 go half-dim?
vi half-dim? V half-dim?
DEV(A)(b)77-91
76

cbm
Cft: nf
eb: t
m
FWC
VMofV
ebm

The first section (mm.56-76) recalls the ascending triplet arpeggio figure from the

ST area on DM/A, (IV6/4) in m.56-59. The motive is slightly altered in mm.60-63. The

descending arpeggio in m.60 and the ascending arpeggio in m.6l form an EM add9, (V).

In mm.60 and 62 the first eighth notes of the measures are rests. The rests in mm.60 and

62 are important because they are foreshadowing the very important syncopated rhythm

in m.64 that is the impetus for the second half of the Development (m.92-127). The

motive in m.64 begins with a quarter note rest, and is followed by an EM add9 on beat

two that is tied over to beat one of m.6S. The harmony on beat two of m.6S functionally

acts as a dominant to the C#M (III) triad on beat one of m.66. The G# half-dim? addb9;

vii half-dim? resolves up a fourth to the C#M triad in m.66. The modulation from A: to

C: occurs at this jimcture. The C#M chord is chromatic in A; and diatonic in C# major.

The fifth of the C#M chord begins the second statement of the syncopated motive on beat

two of m.66. The g#2 is tied over the first beat of m.6? and helps form a French-sixth of

the tonic in C#M (dl, b#l, ^2). The ^2 resolves to Ml on beat two, creating an
 49

Italian-sixth of the tonic (dl, f#l, b#l). The resolution to C#M is delayed until m.72 and

is resolved an octave higher than the augmented-sixth chords in ni.67. The flat-

submediant, AMajT in m.68 is followed by G7 add#l 1. Once again Jose makes use of the

tritone relationship to the key center of C#. This harmony is not fimctional in C#: and is a

passing harmony to the next measure. On the second beat of m.70 is a third statement of

the syncopated motive, this time the note e3 is tied over the next measure creating a G#m

addb6, (with no fifth) and resolves to d3 on beat two of m.70. This minor dominant

resolves to C#M in m.71. The fourth statement of the syncopated motive begins on beat

two of m.71 with a g#3 that is tied over the first beat of m.72. The g#3 is the augmented

11''' of the D7#l 1, (N7#l 1). Measure 73 begins the cadence that ends the section, m.73,

(A#half-dim7, (vi/dm7) G#half-dim7 addl 1, (v dm7)) m.74, (l/4rest, A7b5, Fr6) m.75,

(A#half-dim7, G#half-dim7). The last bar of this section, m.76, lacks a resolution; instead

there is only a full measure of rest.

The second half of DEV (A), m.77-91 transposes the motive fi-om m.41

down a major third. The Ebm chord is not functional in C# major. This is a modulation to

eb: by CPC. Measures 77-87 are a varied transposition of mm.42-54. The third relation to

GbM leads to BbM/F in mm.88-89 and E half-dim7 in mm.90-9l. The E half-dim7 is

chromatic in Gb: and functions as a ii half-dim7 in d minor. Therefore this is a chromatic

passing chord modulation or CPC.

 50

DEV (A.) (b) 77-91

ebm
C#' nf ebm
eb; i

f half-dim?
eb: li half-dim? CbAug.
Gb: vii half dim? GbM
I Aug.
DPC
diminuendo

Cb Aug.
GbM
GbM add 13 (Aug.
I add 13

GbM GbM GbM

e half-dim?
it half-dim?

edim/A
ii dim

DEV (B) (iTim.92-127) is a false re-transition on an a pedal in the key of d minor.

A proper re-transition would be on the dominant pedal in e; (b).

 ti dim i6.^

i i i i
L_j L_: c_r L_j L_; c_j
CM'A doLA Bb7/A
CM/A
bVII ofV bVIIofV

edim/A CM/A FM/A edim/A

II dimof V

c_j L_r t__/ c__; L_r c__j

'lni//\cM/A BbT/A CM/A edim/A
fA bVIt bVlA bVII ii dim

103j _
K—
•T — — — — ^
L_/ C_^ L_r
dm/A
EMm7'A
ii&'4
V/A of V
loiim.

L_j c-_r L_j c_r

Bb7/A
BVI4/2
 52

109 ,

L_f L_f L_f L-J C_J L_f

False Recap down a

FT unhonnonized

The a pedal is accompanied by the syncopated motive from m.64. The

harmonization is that of a extended dominant, using the triads, (Ddim., Dm, C, Am, Dm,

C, Bb, Am, G, F, Edim, Dm, C, Bb, C, Edim, E7, Bb). The last two harmonies of this

section form a tritone cadence. The false retransition is followed by the false

recapitulation in m.112 in a minor, and the theme is not harmonized here until the fourth

measure of the theme (m.l 16, Dm7 add9/l l/bl3 m.l 17, Am7 add/9/l 1/13).

False Recap down a Pi

% rtm
FT unhonnonized

mn
i
Dm7iuU9/lI,'bl3 Ani7add9'll/I3
i7add9/U.'bt3 iv7add9'll,13

rTi J—I
Din7add9/lI/I3 Ain7add9/II'l3 CM/C
i7add9/It/I3 FT upa iii3 bVII
 53

ST tragment. Minuet riiythm

haifKiim7/E
FT fragment on D nf
up a m7

1,1^
fdim/A „

nf
RECAP(12»-229)(a) 128-133-mm. 1-6
Tiempo I

j r f T m iiJTTi , . r j i ^,

/ i

The fifth and sixth measures of the theme are echoed down an octave in mm.118-

i 19. They are harmonized as Dm7 add9/l 1/13 and Am7 add9/l 1/13. The theme enters in

G in m.l20, harmonized on beat two, (CM/G) and then in D in m. 122, harmonized on

beat two as GM. In m. 121 and m.l23 the Minueto rhythm is used in the theme's

harmony. There is a shift to the major mode, D: in m.l21. The transition motive of

mm.21-24 is quoted in descending motion in mm.124-127. The harmonization in

mm.124-127 is in quarter note harmonic rhythm, (F#m sus2, F#half-dim/E, Bm sus2, f6,

Em sus2, [)+ add9. Am sus2, G+ add9). The last chord is chromatic in d; and diatonic in

e minor. Therefore this is a CPC.

 54

cresc. y accel. poco

tdtm/A
DAug/ad(i9
of CAug/ a<i(l9
nf
RECAP(12S-229)(a)12S-l33*nim. 1-6
Tiempo I
128

n r-ni

Tranaaan (DonstbnnaOon or2I-27)

134

Edtm/Bb gt* halMim? D Aug^ A>>

» halMiniT
ii halfslim? nf nf

The recapitulation, (mm.128-229) begins in m.128 with an exact repetition of the

first six measures, (mm.128-133). The transition, mm.21-28, is expanded in the

recapitulation in mm.l34-l45, (134-145).

 55

TninsiDan (tmnsfonnation of2N27)

134

Edim/Bb g# holf-dim? D Aug^A#

& half-dim/
It iuuf*dim7 nf nf

CM/G e#halMim7
dif hoif-dim? kUT 4;/a B Augj-Tx
crecsendo mucno

pJdiiitC bb Aug D holfHlim?

iidim6i'4
ST(B)(l46*I6t) ' 4(KS5 transposed down a M2

Ehalf-dtm7 GAug.
bin Aug
hair*diin7
nf 11 half*diin7

Both examples contain essentially two baimonies per measure in 2/4 meter. The

harmonic progression in mm.21-28 is, (G half-dim7, D+/A#, Bm sus2, Em sus2, D# half-

dim?, A+/E#, F#m sus2, Bm sus2, A#half-dim7, C#m sus2. A# half-dim7, C#m sus2,

A#half-dim7, E+ sus2, EMaj7, F#m). The expanded restatement in mm.134-145 is, (F#

half-dim7. Am, Cm sus2, E dim/Bb, G# half-dim7, D+/A#, Bm sus2, EM sus2, D# half-

dim?, F#m, Am sus2, CM/G, E# dim, B+/Fx, G# dim sus2, C#M sus2, F#dim/C, Eb-i-

susb2, D half-dim7, F+ susb2, E half-dim7, G+ susb2, F#half-dim7, N.C.).

 56

The theme from (ST) B mm.40-55 is restated a major second below, in f: in

mm.146-161.

ST(B)( 146*161) " 40*55 transposed down a M2

gliss.

Ehalf-<lim7 GAug. Dt hall^m?

nf bin Aug II half-dim?

g half-dim?
f; It half-dim?
GM'D Ab: vii half-dim?
V&4 ofV AbMadddU
DPC - 8 -
I

U='
r r- r
—h _—il
^
:— uJ y J
AbM AbM AbM
I I I

J!
J

f i
Ab Aug. AbMaddI3 Ab Aug.
af I nf

1=1 ' •!
-jpi P t -1— •—i*# - \if p [^"i^ - lip
I'l

C..,U LJ —r——
:—^
AbM-
I
 57

The key center of C: is established by linear motion in m.l62. The first eight

measures of DEV (A), (mm.56-63) are also restated down a major second in mm.162-

169.

V7/«dd9ofV

nt. expresivo

The rhythm in mm.64-65 is present in mm. 170-171, but the latter is not

harmonized, moving from dl to el with a fermata over the el. The FT (B), (ram.11-20)

is restated in its original form in nun.172-181.

P FT(B)(I72-I8I)-11-20

171
a tiempo
n rm
t m

. J J" J n
$ u r u
i
 58

S Ti»nsinon(182-193)-21-27plus
plus FT (A) fragments
#j 1 J iiuettcdup*d8 IM-ISS andup* uiionein 188*189
p

The transition from mm.2l-27 is transformed in mm.182-193 by the addition of

FT (A) material up a diminished octave in mm. 184-185, and up a tritone in mm. 188-189.

f Ttanjinon(I82-l93 ) 21-27 plus FT (A) Cnmments

j F n inaerlodupsdS I84*l85u)dupa tniooein 188*189
p
i :

'gt , ' l r T "q'L/i

AbM OT'D
nf nf

iTTTS
\f ^ J- a.
m m
• •• _ r t | L I 1
Dm
ii "
EbM/Bb
nf ST(D){194.197) - rom.64-65

The other transformed feature of this theme is the use of the Dm harmony on the

second beat in mm.l90-l91, rather than the C#m susM2 in mm.25-26. Measures 192-195

are the same as mm.27-30. The only difference in the first statement, (mm.29-32) and
 59

return of the first four measures of ST (B), (mm.194-197) is the last two measures. The

rhythm is borrowed from mm.64-65.

Wrl •=s
jt-i ^ 1

tf r _
Troiuidon (198-209)

i -J
•3 i.

E7 Bb7,add 9
v7or IV bV DM wU 13
bllVaiU 13

The transition to the coda occurs in mm.198-209.

Tninsinan (198-209)

BbT/aJd 9
V7of IV bV DM add 13
bllV add 13

DM D Aug.
bVII bVn Aug.
 60

Measures 198-201 recall the rhythm that is to become the impetus for the second

movement. The harmonization in quarter note harmonic rhythm is, (DM add6, D+, DM,

DM add#l 1). Measures 202-209 recall the rhythm in m.44.

20f

dejando siempre vtbrar

C Gennan6th
Gennan 6th
• 3

CODA (210-229)

V pedal

The F#M/C# arpeggio ascends in m.202 and then descends in m.203. The

following two measures are a repeat of mm.202-203. In mm.206-209 the same rhythmic

pattern is applied to an enharmonically spelled C dominant-ninth chord. The spelling of

 61

the harmony, cl, e2, g2, a#l, d3, g3 is like a German-sixth with an added ninth. The cl

resolves to the dominant pedal in E major/minor in m.2l0 and a#I resolves to the b in

m.210.

The coda begins in m.2l0 and concludes the first movement in m.229.
-3-

CODA (210-229)

V pedal

Minueto rhythm (30,32J3J6.37.40)

ht. hastaJin

t—I
FT over V pedal
^¥r r
•BaMBB
CJ
FT rragment

A7add9
IV7idd9
rit

4 m
r—1 r
FT augmentation

The dominant pedal in m.2l0 is repeated in m.211 and harmonized by the first

measiire of the FT. The first two notes of the second measure of the FT are present in the

upper voice in m.212. These notes, el and f#l, employ the eighth to dotted quarter note

rhythm of mm.30, 32, 33, 36, 37,40 and the like. The accompaniment to the el and f#l
 62

in m.212 is the first measure of the FT down an octave. The last two notes are changed to

dl and c#l. This melodic figure is repeated up an octave in mm.213-214.

The accompaniment in mm.213-21S in eighth-note harmonic rhythm is cl, b, e,

and b. The upper voice in m.215 is the first measure of the FT. This time, the last note is

changed to f#2. The f#2 resolves upward to the seventh of the A7 add9 (sub-dominant)

chord in mm.2l6-2l7. The augmentation of the first measure of the FT occurs in eighth

notes in mm.218-219. The last two notes are changed to b2 and a2.
nr.

ij—f =
Li——J
m FI augmentBtian

despacto

FT augmcnialion muufonncd
V7ofV

Measures 220-221 contain the V of V, F#7. The first measure of the FT is

augmented in mm.222-223. The first note, e, is omitted. The first note is f# instead. This

f# is used to maximize the V/V to V relationship. The listener has to wait until m.226 to

hear the resolution to the V. The last two notes of the last statement of the theme are dl

and c#l just as in m.212. The c#l is tied over the bar line through the first beat of m.224.

This is a reference to the rhythm in m.64-65, which is essential to the second part of the

development, (mm.92-127). The c#l resolves to cl in the second half of m.224. The cl is

tied over the bar line through m.22S. In m. 226 the minor dominant with a suspended 11"*

occurs. The minor dominant in m.227 follows this.

 63

ice facmu 1 awl 2

lame as final cadence

Bm7
EM
1

The first movement concludes in mm.228-229 on the tonic, E major. The E major

harmony is tied over the bar line through m.229. This could be viewed as a final

reference to the rhythm from m.64-65.

The coda's primary compositional feature is the cadential use of the FT. The

theme placed above the dominant pedal, as well as the flat-submediant and the tonic;

propel the listener toward the finish. The Am7 add9, F#7, Bm7, and EM are important

arrival points of this transformed thematic material.

B. Minueto

The Minueto is in rounded-binary form. The key center is C, (bVI in relation to

the key center of the whole work) beginning in minor mode and ending in major mode.

The Cm sus2 to Cm, (i) in the first measure is very similar to the use of unprepared

suspension in the transitions of the first movement, (mm. 1-16).

 64

(A) 1-16
•1)1-4

T
i ij
f
n n

^C7 Y C7/G
V7ofIV V4/3ofIV
FMadd 13
appoggialura (a to g)
(Vidd 13

02) S-8

w
EModdbQ Cm Cm A7.U A7
III add b9 Vn/M VI7
b)9-i6 cnsc.

1 li i . f r \
-7 -
GMm7M9 Lf C6k|usM2

D7
Ab7/9
V7ofV
bV17/9

14

o
L—'
u
-
'rMDK
DM DbM
-r CM
AbM
Cpedai-

The quarter note to half note rhythm is prominent. The second measure confirms

the rhythm of the first, as well as the repeated use of unprepared suspension. The

harmony in m.2 moves from C7/A to C7/E, (V65 / IV). In mm. 3-4 the FM addl3, (IV)

does not proceed to the traditional V chord, but rather to the EM add9, (IH). The second

phrase begins in m.5. Measures S-8 are identical to mm. 1-3. The difference in this phrase
 65

is m. 8. The dominant chord is heard here, G7 add9. The third phrase is equal in length to

the first two. The motive from m.1 is heard here in major mode and the bass line ascends

upward on the second beat in eighth notes on the same harmony. The same material is

repeated up an octave in the next measure. The primary rhythmic motive appears again in

m.l I on the Ab7b9, (bVI7/9). The phrase is prolonged by going to the D half-dim? add9,

(ii half-dim?) in m.l2, then CM/G in m.l 3 instead of CM. The following measure

functions as an incomplete dominant to the tonic note in m.l5. The tonic pedal sounds on

beat one and is held underneath the DM, 01) on beat two, the Db, (N) on beat three, and

the Abm, (bvi) on beat one of m. 16 The resolution to CM comes on beat two of m.16,

followed by a rest.

The B section, (mm. l?-?8) begins in the key of ebm, (biii).

The modulation from C; to eb: is by CPC. The Ab? add9, (IV) in m.l8 lasts for two beats

and the incomplete BbM, (V) chord on beat three is a passing harmony to the B?

harmony in m.l9 where the primary rhythmic motive returns. The chord here moves the

key center to E. This is a CPC modulation. The harmony remains the same in m.20 and

the first phrase ends on the ninth of the chord, (mm. l?-20).

(B) 17-78
•1) 17-20

neighfaor)
Ab7.9 E;V7
eb; i IV7/9 CPC
CPC
 66

The key centers change rapidly in the following phrase. The EM/B chord in m.21

moves by third relation to C major in m. 22 when the GMm7 enters on beat one, (mm.

21-28).

•2) 21-24

m
€) CU.D
EM/'B DtfM/AJ*
16/4 lower
ndghbor v7ot II
D: V7
Third Relation
b) 25-28
p

m
G«7.b9/ll
D: af
C»: V7/b9/|l
GTM/11
C<: nf
m
C: V7/M/II
¥ F
F^M kU 13
C. ijf
r
EMmT/D
no root
CPC IV 4/2
CPC 0: Vadd 13
CPC
•1)29-32

same as Ab7,9
IV7/9

The G#7/B# on beat three is a passing harmony to the A7, (V) in m.23-24.

Measures 23 and 24 begin a chromatic series of modulations from D: to A major. The

key center of C#: is established by the G#7b9 addl 1 in m.25. Measure 26 establishes the

key center of C: with the G7b9 addl 1. Measures 27 and 28 move from F#M addl3, (V in

BM) to E7/D, (V in AM) on beats one and three respectively. This ends the phrase in A

major.

The next phrase, (mm.29-32) is similar to ntmi.17-20.

 67

«l) 29-32

AM/E
E: IV6/4
A: 16.4
CPC

The difference is the last two measures of the phrase. Li ni.31 the chord is not

repeated on beat two and the eighth note figure is changed to include the major ninth.

Measure 31 modulates to E: by way of CPC. The last measure of the phrase, (m.32)

employs a series of parallel fifths moving above the roots a, g and f The upper voice

ascends on the beat from al to bl to c2. The phrase ends in m.32 and the c2 resolves to

c#2 in m.33, which is the third of the AM/E. The AM/E is a IV6/4 in E: and a 16/4 in the

new key of A major. This is a CPC modulation.

The return of the primary rhythmic motive marks the start of the next phrase,

(mm.33-36).
 68

poco riL c)33-36

\ AM/E
eb: nf E: IV6/4
A; I&4

AM
L / tJ
E7/G«
V6/5

The AM/E, (I) in m.33 moves to root position in the following measure. The

harmony stays the same on the first two beats of m.34 but the bass note is b. On the third

beat of m.3S the E7 add9, (V) is placed in first inversion. The last measure of this phrase

consists of the Bm7 chord on beats one and two, and an incomplete E7/G# on beat three.

The next four bar phrase, (mm.37-40) is a varied repetition of mm.32-35.

37-40 • vaned repetition of 32-35

nV i'

rmarcato bienr el canto AM,'C»

16
•M
(V
SSCT U
- AC# E7/B
16 V«^3
E7
V7

The bass notes are moved up a third diatonically in A major in m. 38. The

resultant harmonies are AM add6 in m.38, AM/D to E7/B in nim.39-40.

Measure 41 marks the final entrance of the motive heard in mm. 17, 21, and 29.

The phrase ends in m.48. The harmonization in m.41 is AM on beat one. The harmonic

rhythm increases to the eighth note on beats two and three. The E half-dim7 moves to

A7/G on beat 2, and this tension is resolved up an octave to AM. Measure 42 repeats the
 69

AM chord three times and is followed by the entrance of the primary rhythmic motive in

m.43. The harmonization is F7. The following measure contains the enharmonically

spelled B7 add 11, (VAO- The d#2 is spelled as eb2. On the third beat of the measiu-e the

harmony is BM add9. This ends the first half of the eight bar phrase, (mm.41-48).

<1)41-48

m Ehalt- A7/G
dim7 V4/2ofIV
V7/II
nf BMidd9
Vadd9
ofV

r or AM add 6
EM/0» EMS
V ... V6/4 Iadd6
a ttempo

1
7?
•' I EMaddU
Vudd 13
f
I

The second half of this phrase begins with the primary rhythmic motive on the

dominant note, e, with a suspended 4"*. The harmony prevails through the first beat of

m.46; the 4"* resolves and the bass notes change from g# to b on the second and third

beats of m.46. The resolution occurs in m.47-48 on the AM add 13 chord.

The climactic statement of the primary rhythmic motive occurs in the phrase that

starts in m.49 (mm.49-58).

 70

a tiempo
c)49-S8

m
EMadd 13
Vadd 3

m
rail. despacto
51 , I i 1
1 -

r F.m8dd9
v^cU 9
' rhythm like the Hnt mcuurc of Pavana Tnstc

bin7.'9

fi
i
fffihm

EMadd 13
Vadd 13

The EM add 13 chord that occiirs in m.49 is the flat mediant in relationship to the

key center of the first sixteen measures. The descending eighth note motive in the upper

voice in mm.49-50 confirms the harmony on beat one and adds the major ninth. The C7

add9, (bIII9) in m.51 is followed by D7 add9/l3, (IV13) in m.52. The Em add9, (v9) in

m.53-54 is expressed as a hemiola. It feels like a single bar of 3/2 meter. The half notes

foretell the introductory measure of the Pavana Triste. This pair of measures is the reason

the phrase is of odd length, ten measures. The last half of the phrase begins in m.55 on

Ab7 add9/l 1/13 in mm.56-57. The incomplete F# half-dim/e is followed by an Ab7 with
 71

no third and the seventh spelled enharmonically as f# instead of gb. Measures 59-62 are

the same as mm.49-52.

EM add 13
Vadd 13

a ttempo

EM add 13
Vadd 13
Measures 63-64 are the same as 49-50, and mm.59-60. They are repeated in mm.65-66.

a iiempo

EM add 13
Vadd 13

EM add 13
Vadd 13

The first of those two measures (m.63) is repeated in m.67, and 68. In m.69-70 the

motive from mm.49-50 is placed down an octave. Measures 71-74 are a repetition of

mm.27-28. Measures 75-77 are a repetition of m.26. The last measure of the section

(m.78) moves from F#M/A to G#7 add9 to C#5.

 72

The literal repeat of the A section occurs in nim.79-

94.

67

I t = *1 i ' 'tP
F EM-M13
V-13

c) 71-78

»J "3 U
¥
• If f ^ 'ir
lame as 27-28 ¥
ralL mucho
73 „ ,
Q ^ S r*i _2_
m

¥ r ¥ D.C. ad libitum

t¥ nfrT.ni

(A) 79-94- 1-16

3_

¥ Ir ' T If ¥
79
al) 79-82

i'
7 r 7
a2) 83-86

J P
b)S7>94
'cresc.

^ ^ [J
 73

ntJ . J • IflJ- .
«
despacio ^

C. Pavana Triste

The first measure of this ternary form is an introduction that occurred

rhythmically in mm.53-54 of the Minueto.

rail. despacto
I aJ i 1
m
C7.9
' D7/9/13
IV7/9/13 r Em odd 9
v^dd 9
'rbyihm lilcc the Gm measure of Pavana Triitc

bltl7.'9

The harmonization is different in this case, moving from em, (i) to Dm/F, (ii) to

Fm/Ab, (n6). The upper notes of this figure create a B diminished harmony. The (a)

theme that follows, is four measures long, (mm.2-5) and maintains its one-bar rhythmic

structure for three measures.

 74

Lento
(A) I—

P Em D'n'F Fm/Ab „
r ^ ^
[ CMaj7/E Cm/M7
^-p by r \ ^
••. i i'6 a6 "f [- ^
CTE
nf
b)6-9

Em7 Em7 Cm
i7 i7 bvi

The quarter note in the upper voice on beat one of ni.2 is tied through beat two

until the last sixteenth note. The last sixteenth of the beat changes to al. The tie is

prominent in the first movement in mm.64-65, 66-67, 69-70, and 71-72. Although the

metric placement of the tie is different in this movement, there is a prominent use of the

tie in both movements. The same rhythmic figure occurs on beat two of measure two.

The rhythm on the third beat of m.2 is first heard in the first movement in m.7 in the bass.

The phrase continues with two more statements of the one measure rhythmic figure

starting on e2 in m.3 and on bl in m.4. The first phrase concludes in m.S. The upper and

lower voices in m.2 spell a CMaj7/E, (bVI) chord for two beats until the cross-relation

from e to eb2 is present between the bass and soprano respectively. At this point the

harmony sounds like CmM7, (bVT) for one beat. The third measure, under similar

examination, spells a C7/E. Measures 4-S are in E melodic minor. The second phrase,

(mm.6-9) begins with one statement of the aforementioned rhythmic figure.

 75

b)6-9

E melodic mm =I f1 f' r exprestvo

EOT7

un poco mas mavido

CbM«j7.Bb cbM.j7'Gb CbMaj7;Bb CbM«j7Gb DMaj7/C;> DM/A

14/2 14/3 Cb: nf (6'4
14.3
Ck 14/2 ' D. 14.1
CPC CPC

The melodic material is not similar in this measure to the first phrase. The notes

of the last beat ascend dl, ebi, fl, gl. The melodic motion is similar in mm.7-9 but is

rhythmically altered. The eighth note is the smallest division in these measures, not the

sixteenth note. A series of CPC modulations occur in mm.6-l0. The cm harmony in m.6

is followed in half note harmonic rhythm in mm.7-10, (CbMaj7/Bb, (I in CbM)

CbMaj7/Gb, N.C., CbMaj7/Bb, CbMajT/Gb, N.C., Dmaj7/C#, (14/2 in DM) DM/A,

N.C.).

The third phrase, (mm.10-15) employs a new rhythmic motive. The key center of

e: is established by CPC.
 76

iq/*. rrn'j^ S I a n
i •" imi,i ' "",'-11 f'i t
i i i i f f f ^ ^ ^ ^ ] J '
'l-
O: ii' ' '
D;!! f,",'" iv7/9/U/ V4/3ofIU
e:i
DPC I n
DPC
rail.
13 J ^
i r r r
AM
GmT TlBfUlt)
4aj7 CM/9/13 A: I
17 V«/l3ofV CPC

Measures 2-9 are polyphonic rather than homophonic. The first homophonic

harmony since the first measure occurs in m.10-15. The Em7 add9, (i9) in m.lO, is

followed by Am7 add9/l 1, (ivl 1) in mm.11-12. The rhythm in m.l2 is similar to m.2 but

changes in m. 13-IS to make this phrase distinctly different than the first phrase. In m.l3

the harmony is Gm7 add9/l l/bl3. This chord is non-functional in e: but functions as a ii

chord in the new key of F Major. This is a CPC modulation. The final cadence in the (A)

section in mm.14-15 is Gm7 (ii), FMaj7 (I), GM add9/13 (V/V), AM. The modulation to

A: is by CPC because it does not function in F major. It does happen to be a Third

Relation to the tonic in F major.

The (B) section, (nim.l6-36) begins with the (dl) phrase, mm.16-17. The

harmony in mm.16-17 is FM add9/l l/bl3.

 77

dUitn pequena pausa (como una respiracion) dt)l8-i9-i6-i7

"T
i
p »
T'lfTTITt » »
i'
FWS/ll/blS ' —I ' '
I in F:
Thinl Relation (ioin AM
d2) 20-21

Third Relation from FM

TR 24-25
d2) 22-23 - 20-21

Bb German 6th
G7/9 German 6lh oft
Db:nl'
a:bVU
» ^ b)26-30

25 A. A A
1 Tr^ Tr^ Tr^i
V *1U—r *1 LLr *1 Llt ^ p-diidr- - -
B hair-dim7
li half-dim?
Cr
a; nf
P' ^ ^ B7/A
c: nf
B7
V
c: 1 c: V4,7
C!K CPC

J
Pr tir =ffc ^—p'r pr- pr- J
CMai7 FMaj7 r
e:bVn IV7
cn
DPC
 78

31 TR 31-32
TPSi-QT
* f r r r r 'ff r
•i—^

Em
C: iii Am7
c:I iv7
DPC

34

i TJ iP iPT*'in iJ
Em E™ Am7 Em f" 'V
' .v7 , '

Modulation to Bb: occurs by third relation from AM to FM in mm.16-17.

Measures 16-17 are repeated in mm.18-19 and the (d2) phrase enters in mm.20-21. The

harmonization in mm.20-21 is Ab7 add9/l l/bl3. Third relation from FM establishes the

key center of DbM in m.20. The (d2) phrase is repeated in mm.22-23. The short two-

measure transition leads to the varied repetition of mm.6-9. The G7 add9 is chromatic in

Db: and the bVH in A major. The key of A: is confirmed by the Bb German 6"* (German

6^ of I) in the second half of the measure. The shift to minor mode occurs in m.25 with

the appearance of the B half-dim7, (ii dm7). Measures 26-30 are a varied repetition of 6-

9. In mm.26-30, the one added measure, (m.27) is borrowed from the transition. Measure

26 begins in c: and then moves to E: by CPC in m.27. Measure 28 moves by DPC to C

major.

There is another short transition in mm.31-32. The (al) theme appears in mm.33-

36 harmonized in syncopated fashion. The f# in m.32 creates a shift to e: in m.33. The

Em chord is diatonic in both keys. Therefore this is a diatonic pivot chord modulation.
 79

The Em harmony is placed off the beat in m.33 and the first two beats of m.34. The final

beat of m.34 is an Am harmony. The same harmonization as m.34 occurs in m.3S.

Measures 37-40 are a literal repeat of mm.2-5. Measure 41 marks the varied

repetition of the c) theme that occurred in mm. 10-15. This concludes the movement in

m.50.
(A) 37-50 - 1-16

^p r ^ p V r ^ ^ 'E i" ¥ iir r f

. Tiempo I
! ^ r-q .

r «f r f ^ r P e: V/iv
A V7
bVn bVin

i din.
•'^L -r • ^ DMm4.'3
IVAfi
A(M)m7M9
AMm7M9 GMm7 FMin7
V7 bV17
V»iv
despacio rail.

[' I^
gmm7
bvii7
J]i i i ^

f
FMM7
bV!-MM7
rrr r
AM
I
r—rr
- fh

The final two measures are an expansion of m.l4. The repeated note, (a) is down

an octave from m. 14. The rhythm is syncopated and the final a of m.49 is tied over the
 80

first beat of m.50 and the final AM chord occurs on beat two of m.50. This tie is a

reference to the first movement mm.64-65.

D. Final- Allegro con brio

The Final is a cyclical rondo form. The (A) of the rondo form is new material and

is alternated with material from the first movement. The rasgueado on the opening E half-

dim/G on beat one is followed furiously in the next four measures by perpetual sixteenth

notes. This passage is constructed by surrounding the bbl prior to m.2 with al and c2;

and by doing the same approaching m.2.2. Here the el is preceded by c#l and fl. The

last sixteenth-note of m.2 is b. It is preceded by a and c1. Measure 3 is constructed by the

use of upper neighbor tones on the first and third sixteenth notes of each beat. The second

and fourth sixteenth notes outline a BbM harmony.

(A) 1-20
•)I-I
Allegro con brio

• • • • Tones (C.C.) BbM

d: E halMimT'G {A.C) bVT
ii halMim 6/5
OS'S
y siempre

C7
J. JjYu
1.1^1 it f f f TTr r If r> f
b qutftAi E dim E7
J1
(CMixi)ly <fi«n) "f
 81
IW «..AU.,U..U, al)9.20 '

VofV ii7 Ehalf-diro7/G

f ii half-dim 7

foU r rj;:r rrti I

E Quartnl E dim ^7
f nf nf
^> > > > ^ ^ ^ > mm 15*18" mtn.1*4

I f
E half-<iim7/G
l T l
E quailal
i f U
E half-dim 7/G
l^

>v Bbm/M7
E Lucnafl'
P d::vt7 yagttato
bb: i
CPC

The first half of the first phrase ends in m.4 in descending conjunct motion in C

mixolydian mode. This suggests a C7 harmony. The second half of the phrase (mm.S-8)

is identical rhythmically but places the E half-dim7/G up an octave and places the scale

passage up an octave.

The second phrase begins in m.9. The rasgueados are two measures apart in

mm.9-12, creating even more rhythmic energy. The harmony in m.9 is identical to m.l.

The changing tones occur exactly as in m. 1 after the E half-dim/G. The passage is altered

as it ascends in disjunct motion outlining the E half-dim7/G with two neighbor tones, c#2
 82

and a2. The chord in m.11 is identical m.5. The sixteenth notes that follow are identical to

the opening passage but tnmcated at the end of m.12. The composer then fragments the

opening phrase and places the rasgueados one measure apart. The chord from m. I is

heard in m.l3 followed by that of m.5 in the following measure. Measures 15-18 are a

repetition of mm.1-4. This (A) section ends with a two-measure emphasis on E locrian

mode (mm.19-20). The transition occurs in mm.21-32.

(TR) 21-32

19

rr' ' '

a
•in I

Bbm.M7
E Locrian
• 1 a
* # i
1
^ ^ ^ X
r d:rvi7 yogi taio
CPC

1
ATM
bb; bVI7 Dbm/'M?
bb:nf
i7
J: V7

DnvA
 83

Quintal G7b5/B B\r add 9

IV^5 alL d:itf
g: bill Aug^
iukl9

varied Repetitian of m JO (B) 33-63

31 J «)33-39

Quintal E7b5/G» G-addO

/ sutuo
ofValL e; bin Au|('

The (B) section, (mni.33-63) begins with incredibly difficult disjunct,

monophonic, passagework is rivaled in technical difficulty only by mm.33-39 of the

transition. Twelve measures of extremely difficult and chromatic scales and arpeggios are

part of the aesthetic of Jose's compositional style. The harmonies in mm.2l-28 last for

one measure each, (BbmM7, Gb7, BbmM7, Ab7b9, Dm/F, Dm/A, Dm, Dm). The

harmonic rhythm increases to the quarter note in mm.29-32, (Quintal, G7b5/B, Bb+ add9,

Am7, Quintal, E7b5/G#, G-i- add9, F#m7). Measures 31-32 are a sequence of mm.29-30

down a third. The second part of the transition is a technically difficult passage of parallel

thirds above an e pedal with the exception of the f pedal in m.33. The harmony in m.33 is

an extended F dominant and is followed by extended E dominant harmony in mm.34-49.

The (B) section, (mm.33-63) is divided into two smaller phrases. The second,

mm. 40-63, begins with a repeat of mm.ll2-ll5 of the first movement. Measures 44-63

are a repeat of nim.92-112 of the first movement.

 84

Varied Repeliaon of m JO (B) 33-63

31 J I ») 33-39

-— '

Quintal E7bS/G« C'add9 If

V&5 d: nf
ofValL e. bill Aug/
add9
F^^m?
ii?
CPC
n.t. "I

f.HrniTm.nriirmin'fi.n-n
f) — E dominant complex ^ —

F F(»m7/E F«m7/E E7
vi7/ V pedal vi7.' V pedal V7 E7/9/13
- 2 - V7/9/t3
dimypocorit.

— __5.. _ — £7/9/13
E7/9/13 "9;#U — EMaddl3
P E7.'9/I1/13 V7/9/13
I V7.'9/I1/I3
b).40-«3 - 112-116 nf I
40

menos ithvido(como con en el Ur mcmmlemo)

8«
b2)44-63 '92-ll2of Istmov.
43
1
C_J LJ LJ

c_^ L_r L_: L_r

 85

m C_J L_f
i
L-J
55

«> ^
C_^ L_/ L_^ C__r

i
c_j c-j" c_r c_r e_:
61 ,

L_J C__; c_r

The return of the ritomello, (nim.64-83), (A) is an exact repeat of mm. 1-20 with

the exception of the last beat which stays on the e and f.

con brio como el phncipo

67

I I'T 11| 1 1 1 " I I I

 86

(C) 84-122' 124-172

apasionadamente

The (C) section, (mm 84-124) is composed of first movement material. Measures

84-124 are a repeat of mm.134-171; with an additional two measiires of el added for

dramatic effectiveness in setting up the return of (A).

(0)84-124- 134-171 of I
apasionadamente

rr?"
—
hrFm- J J J J ^ J j ^ j J rm
; . * |J
* y

91
^—
V
0
1 1. J
L
'L
J-
^
^
"
1.

"
m — 1 ^
 87

crecsendo mucho

94
w.J
44 Ptr f r ,
" J.
 88

ht. mucho

vibrando con expresion

TR 123-124
121

(A) 125-138' a tiempo

1«14 of 4th mov
124

y siempre con brio

The return of (A) in mm. 125-146 is the same as mm. 1-20 except the extended

scale passage at the end of the second phrase, (mm. 139-146). Measures 139.3-141.1

emphasize the root, e 12 as an upper pedal tone. Measures 141.2-142.1 utilize changing

tone to surround the bb 1 and e 1.

p (A)tronsfomied I39-146

siempre j

(D) 147 177- 1-37 oflst mov

Ftf ditiL
 89

In m. 142 the el is emphasized one the beat as the upper note of a tetra chord.

Measure 143 is a quintal harmony followed in m.144 by a repetition of m.142 up an

octave. Measures 145-146 are E dorian.

The (B) section does not return as it was originally stated. The extensive use of

first movement material is used however. This section should be called (D), (mm.147-

177).
(D) 147 177" 1-37 of I at mov.

1<5

F" dim. Em7

nf ii7
 90

H ^ ^ ^ ^

menos

A varied repetition of mm. 11-20 is connected to a literal repetition of mm.21-39

of the first movement in mm.147-175. There is a two bar rest that effectively is a grand

pause in mm.176-177.

Measures 178-193 are a literal repeat of mm.125-140. This is the final return of

the ritomello, (A).

(A) 178-191 U14 of-lUi mov.

t'' ^ j i|
^ con brio yarn mas nennoso que alprincipo

rid ihjj T n
 91

n n i m ^ a

jrTij l U d
(CODA) 192-208

190

193

DbM/F

The coda, (mm.194-208) uses rasgeuados on Gm and DbM/F in m.194 and on

EbM and AM in m. 195. Measure 196 starts with the same rhythmic figure on an E half-

dim7/G chord and is followed by an extended scale passage in mm.197-201. The final

chords, EM and EM add6 are played as rasgeuado until m.206-208 where the harmony

changes in quarter note rhythm, (EM, F# dim/C, C7 add9/13/Bb, A half-dim7, EM).

m m
DbM6

Gdonan
 92

A melodic minor
crescendo y accelerando

EM/6/9
V&V

F» half-dim'/C A halfiJimT jQy

ii4/3 nf
 CHAPTER 4: A PERFORMER'S GUIDE TO THE ANALYSIS

How the Performer's Understanding of the Analysis Affects and Improves the

Interpretation of this Work in General

It would be ideal that a professional guitarist should perform this work with a clear

concept of the complex harmonic and melodic relationships that constitute first

movement sonata-allegro form, sonata-rondo form, and ternary dance form as they apply

generally to the classical, romantic, neoclassic, and neo-romantic musical literature.

Background study of the kind presented here can give the performer better perspective as

to the relative similarity and deviation from the existing body of literature that is present

in Jose's work.

This work is a masterful presentation of thematic material that stands on its own as a

well-crafled neo-romantic solo sonata and does not embrace idiomatic musical or

technical cliches. Grandiose sonata-allegro and sonata rondo forms that conform to the

demands of the formal elements and not the technical elements of guitar performance are

not performed very often and they are not possible on the instrument without some

considerable concessions in arrangement. The complexities of the musical structure of

Jose's example are not compromised in the performance edition.

Inherent in the sonata-allegro form is a thematic and harmonic hierarchy as well as a

related series of melodic and harmonic statements, development, transformation, and

restatement. The coherent expressions of these elements in performance require an

understanding of the specific analysis of this work. Without an analysis to guide your

interpretation, you have only the dynamic and expressive markings given to you by the

composer or editor and not the intuitive understanding of the larger compositional

features that would better express the intentions of the composer.

For example, one would be better prepared for a performance of this work if one

could identify the first theme in the first movement, the transition to the second theme in

the dominant key, the closing material of the exposition, perform each in the proper

character, and arrange the formal phraseology in a manner that is shaped according

relative tension and repose present in the composition, ultimately creating an

interpretation that is easier for the audience to understand.

The performer should be aware of the manner in which the thematic material from the

exposition is developed in the second half of the first movement by means of

transposition, and transformation through augmentation, diminution, mirroring,

retrograde, or fiagmentation.

It would be helpful for the performer to know if the return of the first theme in a

different key is a false recapitulation or if the development is over when the FT finally

appears in the correct key. The relative emphasis given to a false recapitulation or false

retransition would be less than would be given to the proper recapitulation or retransition.

Each of these questions can never be posed if the performer has not made or does not

have access to an analysis.

 95

To consider recording this work without doing such preparation would not only do

disservice to the music, the composer and the performer; it would forever document a

lack of intellectual understanding of a work the performer spent considerable time and

money to record.

The Impact of the Interpretation Upon the Performer's Technique

A. Allegro Moderato

In the attached performance edition^^ closely adheres to the "Final" manuscript

and includes fingerings for both hands. Some slurs have been added to improve the

dynamic shape of the line, but may be omitted by other performers if they do not suit

their taste. Regardless of a performer's preference or for or against the addition of slurs it

does not change the thrust of the interpretive suggestions I will illustrate.

The primary difficulty in the performance of the opening phrase is that an even

crescendo from pianissimo to forte in the space of one measure is difficult to achieve due

to several factors. There are two open strings in the first sixteenth-note grouping when

the dynamic level is pianissimo. In the second group of sixteenth notes, before the climax

of the crescendo, there is the open g-string alone and all of the open strings of the guitar

played simultaneously. The open strings are much louder than the closed strings by

nature. The climax of the opening gesture is on a solitary St2, a relatively weak note in

This is my personal performance arrangement made solely for the purposes of this paper.
 96

the overtone spectrum of the guitar. This gesture permeates the first and fourth

movements in more difficult technical and musical contexts. It is imperative that the

performer isolates this passage in practice and carefully listens for the even increase in

volume fi'om the specified dynamic at the beginning of the gesture to the specified

dynamic at the end of the gesture.

The second imperative responsibility of the performer is to cut off the vibration of

any string at the moment a rest is specified, and to memorize where the rests are just as

one remembers where the notes are placed. This is required on the first beat of the second

measure.

The evenness of the presentation of the opening theme is made difficult due to the

problems presented in the right-hand fingering. The descending third accompaniment is

played with the thumb (p) and the index (i) while the sympathetically united middle (m)

and ring (a) fingers are left to play with ease and grace the rapid descending melodic

motive in m.2-3.

One must also maintain the chord balance, legato, and overall dynamic shape of

the descending thirds in m.2-3.

The next difficult passage is fi'om m.7-10. The left and right hands are challenged

here. The right hand must either use a combination of thumb on the dotted-eighth notes

and index on the sixteenth notes in the bass, or to use the thumb entirely. If one decides to

use the thumb and index combination, they will encounter string-crossing difficulties

when crossing firom a lower sounding string to a higher sounding string with the index to
thumb. If one decides to use only the thumb, they would have to have the inherent facility

in the thumb similar to a flamenco player, who would commonly use repetitive thumb

motion. Both fingerings will work depending on the type of right-hand development

work you have done, you will favor one over the other. I use a combination of both

methods. If one practices the standard soleares antiguas from the traditional flamenco

dance repertoire, they would develop the thumb facility in the right hand that is necessary

here.

Measures 11-14 require that the performer accurately manage the right hand

shifting so that the phrasing, rhythmic fluency, and legato of the descending thirds are not

compromised. The thirds are phrased in one-measure groups, at the same time the

melodic line should be shaped as one four measure phrase. Goal-directed visualization of

each movement should precede each shift in rehearsal. A considerable pause between

each shift should prevent one from relying on the neurological phenomenon referred to as

muscle memory.

A gradual buildup to fi-om piano to forte firom mm.15 through the downbeat of

m.l9 is necessary to mark the overall dynamic climax of the FT. The decrescendo from

the downbeat of m.19 to the beginning of the transition in m.21 allows room for the

buildup to forte at the start of the ST in m.29. The close position triads in the transition

should be played clearly with a right hand attack straight across the nail in order to avoid

the lack of clarity inherent in close position triads in a low register. The overall lack of
 98

stability that is supposed to be present in the transition is not facilitated if the harmonies

are not clearly audible as they are with an attack straight across the nail.

The use of rubato in the transition can create even more instability and create

more anticipation of the relative repose that is present at the arrival of the ST in m.29. If

each measure is shaped as a single phrase by utilization of an accelerando after a tenuto

on the fist sixteenth note, then each successive measure is slightly louder and faster than

the previous measure; a more dramatic setup is provided for the entrance of the ST.

The ST is present in the upper voice with a dense accompaniment texture beneath.

It is very easy to let the accompaniment overpower the ST at this juncture. Rest strokes

are not possible in the upper part because of the dense accompaniment requiring the use

of the strings adjacent to the strings on which the theme is placed. So some other means

of properly balancing the chord is required. One could play the accompaniment softer, or

use more of an oblique "slicing" follow through on the melody. This can be achieved by

following through from the last note toward the ceiling with the right arm, rather than the

typical follow through of the finger toward the palm without any arm motion. Or one

could play the theme brighter by using more nail on the theme and a normal tone in the

accompaniment. The brighter sound will be more audible in the concert hall and in the

recording studio. The texture lightens a bit in m.32 and the balance problem is no longer

an issue.

There is no consequential technical matter for the remainder of the ST. There is a

tempo change at the arrival of the DEV section in m.SS. This should not be ignored
 99

because it allows the performer to savor the melodic and harmonic transformation that is

present here. The first technical challenge that is present comes in m.73 when the

performer needs to collapse the middle joint of the middle finger of the left hand in order

to barre the iimer voices. Measures 84-87 require another goal directed visualization

rehearsal fi'om beat one to the second half of beat one, in order to prevent flams or

buzzes. A gradual buildup from m.88 to m.91 will setup to dramatic false RT.

Using a "guide finger" on the second string through m.111 can facilitate the false

RT. The third finger of the right hand stays on the second string throughout.

The false recapitulation like the FT has some inherent balance difficulties due to

the difference in volume between the open and closed strings. Using the thumb and index

fingers here helps to overcome the lack of balance.

Measure 112 is a harmonized extension of the false recapitulation theme. It is

important that the performer does not cut off the half note accompaniment and at the

same time maintains the legato in the upper voice. Connecting the a3 in m.116 to the e3

by sliding on the 4'*' string with the 4'*' finger facilitates the shift that occurs there and at

the same time maintains the legato. Using a barre mm.117-118 allows the chord to be

sustained for the entire measure, and playing the d2 in m.l 19 on the 3"* string allows the

chord to be sustained for the entire measure.

The two-measure FT fragments should be balanced as in m.112 and not be

overpowered by the accompaniment notes. The following transformation of the transition

 100

material in nun.124-127 should accelerando to the original tempo at the start of the

Recapitulation.

The expanded transition of mm.134-145 requires similar right hand facility to the

original transition.

Measures 146-161 are a transposition of the ST material and require no different

technique.

There is not any new music until m.l84 where the first theme is stated on eb2 and

then on bbl in m.l88. The performer should ensure that the balance of the line and the

relative balance of the parts are in order with the previous statements of the theme.

New music enters in m.l96 on beat two. The harmonies present some left hand

problems in m. 198-201. Make sure the 4''' finger of the left hand is used as a guide finger

on the first string from the eighth-note to the dotted quarter note.

Measures 202-209 require a large stretch between the 1" and 2"'' fingers before

the shift to the lO'** position. The performer should play the a#l and the cl on the 3"^ and

S'*' strings respectively in order to arrive in the 2"** position on the downbeat of m.210.

In m.211 the performer should make sure the dominant note is not lost beneath

the statement of the FT fragment, and listen for the legato of each voice in mm.211-215.

The CODA comes to rest on several "pillars" that provide a cadential formula in

mm.216,220,226,227, and 228. Make sure that you finger every note so that it does not

stop ringing due to insufficient left-hand pressure. There should be dynamic headroom
 101

left by the performer at the first of these harmonic "pillars" in order to set up a buildup to

the end.

B. Minueto

The Minueto features a quarter note to half note rhythm that gives some emphasis

to the second beat due to the lack of an attack on the third beat. However there is more

emphasis on the first beat because of the staccato and the suspension that occur on the

first beat of each measure. So the performer needs to resist the temptation to play the

second beat too strongly.

There should be some forward motion toward the end of the first phrase at the end

of m.4 where the performer should take a breath. Likewise the performer should provide

forward motion toward the end of the second phrase at the end of m.8 where the

performer should take yet another breath.

In m.9 the major mode replaces minor and the phrase would benefit from some

use of accelerando along with the crescendo that is called for in the score. Forward

motion at that point should continue until the rallentando that should be inserted the end

of the phrase in mm.15-16.

The fingering that should be used in mm. 15-16 in order to perform the parts as

they are written in the "final" manuscript is provided in the attached performance edition.

The published performance editions allow the cI to rest in m.l6. The cl should sustain

through m.l6.
 102

At the beginning of the (B) section, m.l7, the beginning of a sequence in

eb: should begin with either a dark or bright timbre according to taste in order to set up a

contrast with the beginning of the transposition to E; in m.21. Also, the quarter note to

half note rhythm that is the primary feature of the (A) section returns in mm.19, and 23.

The performer should try not to lose the emphasis of the articulation suggested at the first

appearance of this figure in m.l, while maintaining the independent unity of the melodic

line in the upper voice. The first four bar phrase of the (B) section modulates from eb: to

E major. This is the beginning of a series of modulations. This has a deflating effect upon

the phrase as it modulates up by semitone as calls for a release of the forward energy at

the end of the phrase in m.20. The third relation modulation that occurs in mm.21-22

momentarily breaks the semitone modulation series by moving from E major 6/4 to the

dominant in C major. The next measure provides another modulation up a whole step to

the dominant in D major by CPC.

The phrase comes to rest on the dominant for two measures, mm.23-24. The

beginning of the phrase in mm.25-26 that modulates by CPC to the dominants in C#; and

C major, should be dovetailed to the previous phrase on the g#. Measure 27 modulates

down another semitone to B: and the rhythmic energy is released at the end of m.28. In

measure 29 the performer should begin in the same manner as in m.17 and then broaden

the pulse at the end of the phrase in mm.31-32. In m.32 the parallel fifths should be

emphasized because they return prominently in the third movement.

 103

The quarter note to half note rhythm is emphasized in the bass part similar to the

opening of the first movement appears above the open e bass note. The same pitch

material appears over the a bass notes in m.34. Similar material occurs above the b bass

notes in mm.35-36. The next phrase begins m.37 exactly like the previous phrase. It

deviates in m.38 by using a c# bass note and in mm.39-40 by using a d bass note. It is

imperative that the performer emphasizes the quarter note to half note rhythm in the bass

part throughout the two phrases.

The predominant AM harmony that occurs in mm.4l-42 is a moment of repose

before the tonal departure to the flat-submediant in m.43. The FMm7 in m.43 should

forcefully lead to the dominant a tritone away on b in m.44. This tritone relationship

between dominants is important here and should be emphasized throughout the work

when present. The quarter note to half note rhythm returns in m.45. An ascending

melodic figure similar to the opening of the first movement occurs in stretto &om the

bass part in m.46, to the middle part in m.47, to the upper part in m.48. This sets up the

first of the climactic dominant-thirteenth chords in m.49. This stretto effect in mm.46-48

should provide forward momentum toward the dominant-thirteenth chord in m.49. It

should not be played with a lack of forward rhythmic intensity or the climax will appear

static and anti-climactic.

The dominant-thirteenth chord is presented in the quarter note to half note

rhythm, which increases the dramatic intensity. The rhythmic energy should fall forward

from this chord on the descending scale passage until it momentarily holds back to savor
 104

the C dominant 7"^ chord in m.Sl. The next measure further relaxes to D dominant 7^ and

then comes to rest on the minor dominant in mm.S3-S4. All of the harmonies present in

this phrase are consistent with the type of harmony that is present in the music of

Debussy or Ravel. The performer should emphasize these consecutive dominant-seventh

chains not only because they sound interesting, but because they are strategically placed

in areas of relative repose or more relaxed rhythmic character. The hemiola in mm.53-54

should be emphasized as well. It foreshadows the opening of the third movement. The Ab

dominant chord in m.SS is technically a third relation to E dominant when spelled

enharmonically. It moves momentarily away from Ab dominant in m.57 and then back, in

m.58. This third relation makes the dominant-thirteenth chord in m.59 more dramatic.

The repetition in mm.61-62 of the C dominant and D dominant respectively should be

played faster and more forcefully than before to create even more dramatic energy

leading to the repetition of the E dominant-thirteenth harmony in m.63.

Only the "e" bass note is present on the downbeat of m. 63 creating anticipation

of the harmony. The fragmentation of this theme in mm.63-64 is repeated in mm.65-66.

The timbre should contrast the first statement in the repeat of the dominant-thirteenth

chord. The phrase is broken into a one-measure fragment in m.67 that is repeated in

m.6S, and then down an octave in m.69 as a two-measure fragment. Measiu-es 27-28 are

repeated in mm.71-72 and tiun.73-74. Varying tone colors should be used here as well.

The first measure of this two-measure phrase is repeated three times in mm.75-77.
 105

Pizzicato may be used in mm. 75 and 77 to contrast timbre and release energy before the

(A) returns exactly as it was first presented.

C. Pavana Triste

The opening measure of three half notes occurred rhythmically in the mm.53-54

of the Minueto. This pulse is the impetus for the entire movement. The movement is

constructed through the division of this pulse. The performer's primary concern should

be maintaining the clarity of this pulse while playing the melody muy cantando with an

even continuous vibrato.

The first long phrase ends in m.5 and is followed by the appearance of the melody

in the bass. The chords in m.6 should be played with a clear and bright sound using more

nail than flesh or all nail and no flesh. They may even be played ponticello while

maintaining a very warm and round tone on the melody in the bass perhaps using a thumb

rest stroke with all flesh and no nail. The score calls for even more expressive vibrato and

tone in m.6.

The accompaniment in mm.7-9 is still in the upper voice and becomes a descant

line in eighth note rhythm. The pulse becomes slower and less moving in m.7 and

remains so until m.36. The original tempo is lento so this becomes very slow, and

mournfully expressive. It is somewhat in the character of the English horn solo from

Richard Wagner's Tristan und Isolde. The accompaniment can be cold and clear with

little vibrato while the melodic bass remains as expressive as possible.

 106

To editorialize a bit attempting to use analogy to illustrate tbe character of the

music one could say that the character becomes more deliberate and march-like in

nmi.10-15. The character of mm.10-11 should be more masculine and the response in

nun.12-13 more feminine. Measures 13-14 can be somewhat more like a duet between a

masculine and feminine voice. It can be performed with an operatic ideal in mind.

The mournful longing of mm.16-36 once again revive images of Wagner's

Engilsh horn solo from Tristan und Isolde. The breath marks in between measures can be

perceived as the pause after the call out for someone and the subsequent measure the

altered return ehco. The third relation between mm. 15-16 creates considerable harmonic

uncertainty upon the arrival at the downbeat of m.l6. The stasis that occurs from the

pedal tone fifths "f' and "cl" causes uneasy anticipation of what is to come. This is

followed by more instability between mm.19-20 at the occurrence of another third

relation modulation. This time moving up a third to ab.

The transition becomes even more uncertain moving from a G-dominant, to Bb

German-6''', to b half-diminished in mm.24-2S, the performer should hold back the tempo

even more at this point to set up the return in m. 26 of material similar to m.6. Measure

27 is somewhat like m.25 but in an ascending arpeggio pattern. The performer should let

the notes in mm.24-30 ring together as much as possible and use vibrato on every note. A

transformation of (A) occurs in m.28-30. The TR in mm.31-32 could be perceived as a

"horn call" announcing the entrance of the mournful (A) theme in its original form in

m.33.
 107

It is very interesting to point out an important difference between the performance

edition of Ricardo Iznaola and the "Final" manuscript is that the Tiempo / does not occur

until m.42 in the manuscript and Iznaola places it at the start of m.37. It seems to make

more sense to do as Iznaola did and place it at the beginning of m.37 where the (A) theme

is presented in its original form. However, I have placed it according to the "Final"

manuscript. The emphatic statement and re-harmonization of the (A) theme in mm.42-43

is curiously where Jose placed the Tiempo I indication. The varied repetition of nmi.lO-

14 in mm.44-48 brings the movement to a close in cheerful A major. It is curious that the

composer chooses to use these seemingly masculine and feminine statements from before

and joins the parts united in triumphant relief on A major.

D. Final

The cyclical sonata-rondo form that constitutes this final movement provides a

ritomello, (A), that is interrupted by literal repetition of material from the first movement.

The opening rasgueado using piip in a down, up, down, down motion respectively, can

also be played ippi in a down, down, up, up pattern even more effectively for even the

classical player with novice flamenco technique.

The right hand fingering for the subsequent scale is important to accuracy. One

may use the alternating im combination as well without use of the thumb.

The modulation to Bb in m.20 can be made more agitated by playing softly with a

nasal tone just short of ponticello. Also one can use quick vibrato and play with wide
 108

rubato, sometimes even using shorter articulation. One should buildup to the sudden pp

at m.29. The TR (21-32), begins with two phrases of two measures each, then four one

measure phrases, followed by two phrases of two measures each. The TR should be

played very quickly and lightly so as to not bring great attention to the dissonant

harmonies there.

Suddenly, the mood becomes very bombastic and the composer calls for repeated

parallel thirds in sixteenth note rhythm. This is not possible unless the guitarist

courageously plays two strings toward the palm at the same time. I recommend this

technique over the alternative of taking notes out of the score as in Iznaola's performance

edition. Removing the notes is not necessary if the right hand is used as a two-string

rasgueado pattern. This section is followed by a return of first movement material in

mm.40-64.

The ritomello enters from mm.65-83 exactly as it previously appeared without the

elaborate TR attached. First movement material enters again from mm.84-l21 followed

by a short TR to the ritomello in m.125. There is an extended scale passage at the end of

the third ritomello, mm.139-146. Material equivalent to mm.1-37 of the first movement

appears in mm.147-177 the last two measures this time are a two-bar rest, setting up the

last ritomello with an effective grand pause. Measures 178-193 are a literal repeat of

mm.125-140. There is a one-measure alteration to that material leading to a quarter note

rest. The final flurry of rasgeuados should be played with iiii alternating down, up. It

may also be played mppm or ippi with a down, down, up, up pattern. The interpretation of
 109

this movement depends largely on the interpretation of the first movement. With the

exception that the performer play the ritomello just short of their maximum speed and

volume so that they may play the last ritomello as fast and as nervously as possible. The

performer should especially make sure to save enough volume for the relativefff at the

end.
 no
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS

The most remarkable aspects of this composition are the use of extended harmony

and unprepared dissonance combined with the complex formal structure, placed on the

instrument without regard to standard technical idioms or traditional Spanish musical

influence. The result is a formal structure that matches the high standards expected for

the major piano and violin repertoire. It would be helpful if the performer has a complete

grasp of the structural components of this work to cohesively perform it so that a

performer can perceive its elegant structure. Also, Performers should also understand

Jose and the Spanish "Generation of 1927." It is important to understand the political

crisis, the sociological turmoil that resulted, and the effect it had upon the artists if his

time.
APPENDIX A
 112

APPENDIX A

Comparison of Final Manuscript with the Performance Edition of Ricardo Iznaola

A. Allegro Moderato

The manuscript from the library of Regino Sainz de la Maza does not give any

fingering indications.

1) Ricardo Iznaola includes very good fingering indications for the left hand.

2) There is a dotted-eighth note rest in m.15 in the lower part and a full measure rest in

m. 16 in the same voice. These rests are not included in the manuscript.

3) There is an el on the first beat of m.l7 of the manuscript that cannot be played. It is a

doubled note in the manuscript, so it does not affect the harmony.

4) There is an a 1 that is omitted on beat two of m.29 and beat one of m.42 in the F

dominant chord in the performance edition.

5) d2 is omitted from the second chord in m.31 of the PE.

6) fl and bbl in the first half of beat one in m.43 of the MS are omitted in the PE. The

fl is left out of the second chord in the same measure.

7) f#l is left out of beats 1 and 2 of m.47 and 49 of the PE.

8) gl is left out of both harmonies in m.48 in the PE.

9) f#l is left out of both chords in m.53.

10) fl is left out of the second chord in m.79 in the PE.

11) eb1 is left out of m.80 and 82 in both chords in the PE.
 113

12) gl on beat two of m.143 is omitted in the PE.

13) ebl is omitted from both chords in m. 149 in PE.

14) el is omitted from both chords in mm.153 and 155 of the PE.

15) fl is omitted from both chords in m.154 in the PE.

16) el is omitted from both chords in m.l59 in the PE.

17) b1 and dl are omitted from the first chord in m.198 of the PE.

18) bl is omitted from the second chord in m.l98 of the PE.

19) a# 1 and dl in the first chord of m.l99 are omitted in the PE.

20) a#l is omitted from the second chord of m. 199 in the PE.

21) al and dl in the first chord of m.200 are omitted in the PE.

22) a 1 is omitted from the second chord of m.200 in the PE.

23) The g^^l and dl in the first chord of m.201 are omitted in the PE.

24) The g# I is omitted from the second chord of m.201 in the PE.

B. Minueto

1) The c#2 is omitted from the first chord in m.44 of the PE.

2) The al is omitted from the last chord of m.44 of the PE.

3) The octave fft and b are omitted and replaced by harmonics on the guitar in the PE.

They are an octave higher than the MS upper note. f#3 and b3.
C. Pavana Triste

1) All of the c2 notes are omitted from m. 12 in the PE.

2) bbl and c2 on the first beat of m.l6-l9 are omitted in the PE.

3) db2 and eb2 on beat I of m.20-23 are omitted in the PE.

4) e3 in m.24 of the PE is a harmonic.

5) Tiempo 1 appears in m.37 in the PE and not until m.42 in the MS

6) b in m.42 of the MS cannot be played.

7) fl and a 1 on the first half of beat 3 in m. 42 are omitted in the PE.

8) gl and bl on the second half of beat 3 in m.42 are omitted in the PE.

9) el is omitted from beat one of m.43 in the PE.

10)gl and bl are omitted from beat two of m.43 in the PE.

11) fl and al are omitted from beat three of m.43 in the PE.

12) el is omitted from beat 1 on m.44 of the PE.

13) a 1 is omitted from m.46 of the PE.

14) a on beat 2 of m.50 is omitted in the PE.

15) al on beat 2 of m.50 is a harmonic in the PE.

D. Final

I) dl is omitted from and the gl is added to every occurrence of the first chord of the

ritomello and its repeat an octave higher, (Gmm7/addM6) of the PE, (mm.l, 5, 9, 11
 115

13, 14, 15, 64, 68, 72, 74, 76, 77, 78, 125, 129, 133, 135, 137, 138, 139, 178, 182,

186, 188, 190, 191, 192).

2) The double thirds in nim.33-39 on the weak 16"* notes are omitted in the PE.

3) All cyclical elements are as they were in their original statement in the PE.

4) The small b and el in the first half of beat two in m.202 are omitted in the PE. They

are placed two octaves higher.

5) On the second half of beat two in m.202 the b is omitted in the PE. There are an

added b2 and e3 as in the first half of the beat. This remains consistent to the end of

the figure in m.205.

6) The b and e 1 are placed two octaves higher on beat one of m.206 in the PE.
 lib

APPENDIX B

para mi quienio aiti«o

Sonata Edited by Corey Whitehead
Rcgmo &ine tie b Ma/a para guitarra
(1W3) Antonio Jose
(1902-1936)
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 125

-10-
 126

Sonata Edited by Corey Whitehead

(para guitarra)
(1933)
Antotiio Jose
II. Minueto
(1902-1936)

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 130

Sonata Edileii by Corey Whilehead

(para guitarra) Antonio Jose
(1933) (1902-1936)
in. PavanaTriste
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Edited by Corey Whitehod Sonata

paraguitaira
1933
rv. Final
Amonio Jose
Allegro con brio (1902-1936)

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nsg. " *3 2 ' t V^, ' 0 ^
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cresc.

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subito

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C_J C_^ C_^

C_^ L_J t_r L_J

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s
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c_j c_^ c_^ c_r c_j

55

L_J C-J LJ

C_^ L_r C_^ C_J

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____________ y con brio como el principo

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3

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apasionadamente

crecsendo mucho

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rti. mucho

vibrando con expresion

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a tiempo

stempre con brio

J siempre

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CVIII

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 142

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