Professional Documents
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CORSO DI IMMUNOLOGIA
canale A
Prof. Francesco Novelli
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Sentinel cells
Body barriers Alarm signals
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: Integrated mechanisms and strategies
Sentinel cells
Body barriers Alarm signals
Sentinel cells
Body barriers Alarm signals
Antigen presentation
T and B cells
Adaptive immunity Guided inflammation
Killing and antibodies
Immune memory
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM: Integrated mechanisms and strategies
Sentinel cells
Body barriers Alarm signals
Antigen presentation
T and B cells
Adaptive immunity Guided inflammation
Killing and antibodies
Immune memory
The protection from the environment provided
by human skin and the mucosae is due to the
combination of:
• Physical barriers;
• Biochemical mechanisms;
• Innate immunity and induction of adaptive immunity;
• Microbial antibiosis.
The human body is wrapped by a continuous barrier
(the skin and the mucosae) whose main features are
to be:
• Resistant;
• Elastic;
• Impermeable;
• Self renewing and self repairing;
• Able to respond to mechanical stress;
• Able to react to UV radiation;
• Difficult to be overcome by microbes;
• Endowed with anti-bacterial activity;
• Responsible of body thermo-regulation.
Stratum corneum
DERMIS
Fibroblast
Sebaceous
gland
SUBCUTANEOUS
TISSUE
Sweat gland
Hair
Fatty
follicle
cells
Langerhans
cell (DC) Melanocyte
Stratum corneum
Lymphocyte
DERMIS
Fibroblast Macrophage
Dermal
dendritic Neutrophil
cell
Sebaceous
Mast cell gland
SUBCUTANEOUS
TISSUE
Sweat gland
Hair
Fatty
follicle
cells
Families of molecules secreted by epithelial cells:
Peptides -defensin family Disrupt microbial membranes;
Attract dendritic cells.
Cathelicidin family Disrupt microbial membranes.
Histatin family Disrupt microbial membranes.
Pentraxin family Activate phagocytosis and microbial distruction
Alarmines Uric acid: triggers immune response and favour Th2 differentiation;
High mobility group box1 (HM-GB1);
S100 proteins.
The lysozyme (muraminidase):
Cilitated
epithelial
cells
Basal Mucosa
membrane
Fatty cells
Muscular
layer
Cartilage
Sub
mucosa
Fibroblasts
Mast cell
Serous mucus
gland
Mucine
Mucus
secreting
goblet cell Lymphocyte
Cilitated
epithelial
cells
Basal Mucosa
membrane
Fatty cells
Muscular
layer
Cartilage
Sub
mucosa
Fibroblasts
Mast cell
Dendritic Serous mucus
cell gland
Stratum corneum THE MUCOSA OF
THE LIPS AND MOUTH
Granular layer
Spinous layer Epithelium
Basal layer
Basal membrane
Lamina
propria
Sub
Artery mucosa
Fibroblasts Vein
Salivary
serous mucus Collagen
gland fibers
Stratum corneum Langerhans
cell (DC)
Granular layer
Spinous layer Epithelium
Basal layer
Basal membrane
Lamina
Lymphocyte propria
Dermal
dendritic
cell
Sub
Artery mucosa
Fibroblasts Vein
Salivary
serous mucus Collagen
gland fibers
Intestinal gland THE MUCOSA OF THE
pit DIGESTIVE TRACT
Columnar
absorbing
cells EPITELIUM
Globlet
cells
Paneth LAMINA
cells PROPRIA
Mucosa
Endocrine
cells
Muscolaris
mucosae
Vein
Sub
Artery
mucosa
Fibroblasts
Circular
muscle layer
Intestinal gland
pit Plasma
Columnar cell
absorbing
cells EPITELIUM
Globlet
cells
Paneth LAMINA
cells PROPRIA
Mucosa
Endocrine
cells
Muscolaris
mucosae
Vein
Sub
Artery
mucosa
Fibroblasts
Circular
muscle layer
Macrophage Lymphatic
nodule
Plasma
The rectal mucosa
Columnar cell
absorbing Stratum corneum
cells Granular layer
Globlet Spinous layer
cells Langerhans
Paneth Cell (DC)
cells
Basal layer
Lymphocyte
Endocrine
Basal membrane
cells
Macrophage Vein
Artery
Lymphatic
nodule
Fibroblasts
Hemorrhoidal plexus
DEFENSINE
• peptidi piccoli (29-34 aa), due sottofamiglie a ,
Granular layer
Spinous layer
Basal layer
Basal membrane
Macrophage
Collagen fibers
Fibroblast
Artery Artery
Vein Vein
Dendritic
cell
Female Anopheles mosquito
Proboscis
EPIDERMIS
Small vessel
DERMIS
SUBCUTANEOUS
TISSUE
Microbioma umano
4,5 Kg di batteri
Oltre 3000 specie
10 volte il n. delle cellule
del nostro corpo
50 volte il numero dei geni
del ns genoma
RISPOSTE IMMUNITARIE
INNATE
MEMORIA!
FASE EFFERENTE
CARATTERIZZATA
DALL’ATTIVAZIONE
DI DIVERSI
MECCANISMI
DI REAZIONE
RICONOSCIMENTO
Risposta
IMMUNITARIO
ADATTATIVA
IN ORGANI
SPECIALIZZATI
• Risposte immunitarie innate che
intervengono subito e che riconoscono
molecole comuni e diffuse
tra i microorganismi
Immunità innata: difese “umorali”
Il lisozima
Le betalisine
Predefinizione delle Le batteriocidine
caratteristiche La tufsina
molecolari degli Il sistema lactoperossidasi-
invasori tiocianato-H2O2
Gli interferon
La coagulazione del sangue
Il complemento
Controllo dell’invasione
e guarigione
N
N
N
E
NK
NK
N
l
s
S
Riconoscimento di molecole microbiche