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Sinusoidal AC Circuits
• Periodic Waveform
• Measurements of Signals
• Complex Numbers and Phasors
• Phasor Method
• Impedance
• AC Circuits
• Power
• Power Factor
• Power Factor Correction
Prof. Roderick L. Catriz
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
EE 12
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering II
Chapter 2: Sinusoidal AC Circuits
Periodic Waveforms
Waveform
- a plot of values of quantities which vary with time t
Periodic Waveform
A
x(t)
T t
-A
where:
A = amplitude
1
f natural frequency (in cycles/sor Hz)
T
radian frequency 2f (in radians/s)
ΔT ΔT
2π (in radians) 360 (in degrees)
T T
Prof. Roderick L. Catriz
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
EE 12
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering II
Chapter 2: Sinusoidal AC Circuits
Periodic Waveform
Example:
V (V)
4
2
-2 3 9 15 18 21
-4 t (s)
AC Generation
AC Generation
AC Generation
AC Generation
AC Generation
AC Generation
Phase Relations
For two sinusoidal waveforms with the same
frequency, the terms lead and lag can be used to indicate
the phase relationship between the two.
A
v(t) i(t)
-90° t
-A
Solution:
10 i leads v by 40° or
v(t) v lags i by 40°
5
i(t)
-90° t
-30°
-70°
Prof. Roderick L. Catriz
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
EE 12
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering II
Chapter 2: Sinusoidal AC Circuits
Measurement of Signals
Average Value
The area under the curve over a period of time
1 T
X ave
T 0
x (t ) dt
1 T
X rms
2
x (t )dt
T 0
Maximum value
RMS Value
2
Example:
Solution:
240
Vrms = 169.706 V
2
Prof. Roderick L. Catriz
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
EE 12
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering II
Chapter 2: Sinusoidal AC Circuits
Measurement of Signals
Example:
Compute the average value of the sawtooth waveform
shown:
v (t) V
10 t (ms)
Solution:
maximum Max
peak factorsine 2 1.414
rms Max
2
Prof. Roderick L. Catriz
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
EE 12
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering II
Chapter 2: Sinusoidal AC Circuits
Complex Numbers
Recall:
Solution to x2 = -1
Rectangular Form
C = A + jB
+j
C
B
- +
A
-j
Polar Form
C = C
+j
C
- +
-j
Rectangular to Polar
C A2 B 2
B
tan 1
A
Polar to Rectangular
A C cos
B C sin
Prof. Roderick L. Catriz
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
EE 12
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering II
Chapter 2: Sinusoidal AC Circuits
Complex Numbers
C1 C2 ( A1 ( A2 )) j ( B1 ( B2 ))
C1 C2 ( A1 ( A2 )) j ( B1 ( B2 ))
Prof. Roderick L. Catriz
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
EE 12
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering II
Chapter 2: Sinusoidal AC Circuits
Complex Numbers
C1 C2 (C1 C2 )(1 2 )
C1 C1
(1 2 )
C 2 C2
1 A jB A jB
2
A jB A jB A j B2 2
Recall: j2 = -1
1 A jB
2 Rectangular Form
A jB A B 2
1 1
( ) Polar Form
C θ C
Prof. Roderick L. Catriz
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
EE 12
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering II
Chapter 2: Sinusoidal AC Circuits
Complex Numbers
Example:
C1 3 j 6 C2 445 C3 j5
Find: a. C1 + C2
b. C3 – C1
c. C3*C2
d. C2/C1
e. 1/C1
Phasor Method
Resistor
i
Unaffected by frequency of the
applied sinusoidal voltage or current
(up to a few hundred kHz). Applying
Ohm’s Law: v R
VR
vR
IR
iR
t
Inductor
The voltage across the inductor is i
We know that:
diL
vL L
dt
diL d
( I m sin t ) I m cost
dt dt
So:
diL
vL L L(I m cost ) LI m cost
dt
vL Vm cost Vm sin(t 90)
Where:
Vm LI m
X L L
where : 2f
Inductive reactance is the opposition to current flow
resulted in the continual interchange of energy between the
source and the magnetic field of the inductor.
VL
vL
IL
iL
t
Capacitor
The current passing through the i
capacitor is related to the rate of
change of voltage across the plates.
So, the higher the frequency, the
greater the rate of change of voltage v C
and the greater the magnitude of
current.
We know that:
dvC
iC C
dt
dvC d
(Vm sin t ) Vm cost
dt dt
So:
dvC
iC C C (Vm cost ) CVm cost
dt
iC I m cost I m sin(t 90)
Where:
I m CVm
1
XC
C
where : 2f
Capacitive reactance is the opposition to current flow
resulted in the continual interchange of energy between the
source and the electric field of the capacitor.
VC
vC
IC iC
t
Impedance
- total opposition to current flow. Can be analogous to
complex resistance
Impedance Diagram
-XC +XL
-R +R
+XC -XL
Z R jX
Where:Z = Impedance (in ohms)
R = Resistance (in ohms)
X = Total Reactance (in ohms)
= (XL – XC)
Y G jB mho
100 H 200
+ -
110 sin (4t + 20°) V 10 sin (4t) mA 110 cos (4t - 120°) V
- +
400
250 300 800 mF
100 500 mF 75 H
Power
Power Diagram
+Q
-P +P
-Q
p iv
Consider:
v Vm sin(t ) i I m sin(t )
So:
p vi Vm sin(t ) I m sin(t )
p Vm I m sin(t ) sin(t )
sin(t ) sin(t )
cost t cost t
2
cos cos2t
2
Define as ( - ) :
Vm I m
P cos
2
Vm I m
P cos
2 2
Reactive Power, Q
- Also called the quadrature power, due to the reactances
in the circuit
- Unit is in vars
Apparent Power, S
- Total complex power of the circuit
- Unit is in VA
Prof. Roderick L. Catriz
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
EE 12
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering II
Chapter 2: Sinusoidal AC Circuits
Power
General rectangular form of power:
S P jQ
Where:S = Apparent Power (in VA)
P = Real Power (in watts) = Re{S}
Q = Reactive Power (in vars) = Im{S}
= (QL – QC)
ST S1 S 2 S3
ST PT jQT
Where: PT P1 P2 P3
QT Q1 Q2 Q3
Note: For Q, take + for inductive and – for capacitive
S is complex number
Prof. Roderick L. Catriz
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
EE 12
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering II
Chapter 2: Sinusoidal AC Circuits
Power Factor
- Ratio of the magnitudes of actual power to the apparent power
P
pf
S
- Cosine of the angle between voltage and current
pf cos
where : v i
- Can be leading or lagging, depending on the type of
circuit:
Lagging – inductive circuit
Leading – capacitive circuit
Prof. Roderick L. Catriz
Department of Electrical Engineering
College of Engineering and Agro-Industrial Technology (CEAT)
EE 12
University of the Philippines Los Baños (UPLB) Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering II
Chapter 2: Sinusoidal AC Circuits
Power Factor
Example:
Determine the total power (real, reactive and apparent)
on the figure shown. Also, determine the power factor
of the system.
Answer:
S = 8000 + j6000 VA
Z = 4.608 + j3.456
Power Calculation
Recall:
S Vrms I rms e j ( v i )
jv ji
S Vrms I rms e e
jv ji
S Vrms e I rms e
S Vrms v I rms i
S VI * Current conjugate method
Capacitor Banks