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ABSTRACT
The present investigation was carried out to isolate the Bacillus spps. from clinical
and subclinical Bovine mastitis milk and to determine antimicrobial susceptibility.
The samples were collected from North Karnataka, India (09 districts) from March
2012 to August 2012. A total of 392 Milk samples suffering from mastitis were
screened and a total of 221 Bacillus spps. were recovered. The molecular
Keywords
characterization confirmed that the isolates belong to Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus
methylotrophicus, Bacillus gaemokensis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus mycoides.
Bovine The isolates were subjected to the antibiotic resistance screening. The antibiotic
Mastitis, resistance test showed that the isolated Bacillus spps. were resistant Methicillin
Milk, (100%) followed by Penicillin G (91.40%), Oxacillin (80.54%), Cefixime
Bacillus sps. (54.75%), Cefaclor (51.13%), Ampicillin (50.67%), Ceftriaxone (35.29%),
Antibiotics, Streptomycin (28.50%), Erythromycin (20.36%), Amikacin (17.64%), Norfloxacin
Resistance (13.12%), Gentamicin (12.21%), Amoxyclav (10.40%), Cefpodoxime (8.59%),
Tetracycline (7.69%), Chloramphenicol (6.33%), Azithromycin (5.42%),
Ciprofloxacin (4.07%), Ofloxacin (2.26%) and all Bacillus spps. were susceptible
to Vancomycin. The present study demonstrated the presence of alarming level of
resistance of frequently and commonly used antimicrobial agents to the isolated
bacteria. Therefore, an examination of the antibiotic resistance profiles of the
isolates must be done earlier to the use of antibiotics in both to choose appropriate
antibiotic for treatment and prevention of Bovine mastitis.
Introduction
Bovine Mastitis is a common disease industry worldwide and is a matter of great
entity of dairy cows, accompanied by concern for leading milk producing
physical, chemical, pathological and country like India because of the losses
bacteriological changes in milk and incurred due to high morbidity, discarded
glandular tissue (Samad, 2008). It is a milk, treatment costs and reduced milk
harmful disease affecting the dairy production, thus drawing in more attention
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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(4): 360-373
towards its treatment and control ( Nihar et The success of bovine mastitis therapy
al., 2013). Apart from the economic basically depends on the understanding of
losses, mastitis can have serious clinical presentation and antimicrobial
implications on public health. Mastitis susceptibility of the etiological agent,
which is mostly caused by the interaction among various other factors (Miltenburg et
of multiple pathogenic agents (primarily al., 1996) and the increased antimicrobial
bacteria), can expose human beings to resistance of the organisms in animals
various organisms through infected milk, treated with antibiotics and their zoonotic
thus serving as a media for transmission of transmission continues to be a matter of
various zoonotic diseases like T.B, great concern globally (Unakal and
brucellosis, diphtheria, scarlet fever and Q Kaliwal, 2010). The important reason for
fever ( Mahantesh and Kaliwal, 2011). therapy failure in the management of
mastitis could arise from various factors
Mastitis is produced by a variety of involving pathological changes in the
pathogenic microorganisms. The majority udder, etiology, lower efficacy of
of cases in bovines are infectious and it antimicrobials, and improper veterinary
has been estimated that up to 200 services (Adesola, 2012)
microbial species are potential causative
agents (Quinn et al., 1994, Blowey and Isolation, identification and
Edmondson, 1995). Cows and herds vary characterization of mastitis pathogens are
in susceptibility and extent, type and a fundamental aspect of milk quality and
duration of infection, although some of udder health control programs. There is a
mammary pathogens can be isolated from need to discuss public health and food
the environment of the cow, manure and safety issues associated with food borne
bedding, water supplies, soil and pathogens found in the dairy environment.
inadequately cleaned milking machines Because of worries about antimicrobial
(Jain, 1979 Philpot, 1979). In bovine residues, antimicrobial resistance, milk
mastitis bacteria isolated with greatest quality and animal welfare, there is an
frequency are Staphylococcus aureus, increasing demand for development and
Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., evaluation of the milk culture method and
Corynebacterium spp., Escherichia coli, rapid and accurate identification of
Streptococcus spp., Pseudomonas spp., bacterial species. Antibiogram studies of
and Klebsiella spp. (El-Khodery et al., mastitis pathogens are important to
2008). suggest suitable antibiotic treatment to
provide quality milk to the consumers and
to prevent antibiotic resistance, potential
Variation in prevalence of mastitis might health risk for humans (Nadeem et al.,
be due to the different regions, breeds, 2013). Identification of mastitis pathogens,
therapeutic practices, management and their antimicrobial susceptibility is
conditions and presence of important when selecting appropriate
microorganisms in environment (Sadashiv treatment regimen (Sadashiv and Kaliwal,
and Kaliwal, 2013). Bacteria belonging to 2014). Therefore, the present investigation
the genus Bacillus have been associated was designed to isolate, characterize the
with bovine, ovine, and porcine abortions Bacillus spps. and their antibiotic
worldwide. (Agerholm et al., 1995; resistance, isolated from clinical and
Kirkbride et al., 1993). subclinical Bovine mastitis milk.
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conditions, cleaning manure, keeping the antimicrobial agents was conducted and
animals away from the stagnant water, studied against isolated 221 Bacillus spps.
washing udder before milking with The most commonly used antibiotics on
germicidal solution. conventional dairies were Penicillin,
Cephalosporin and Tetracycline s. For
The development of molecular biological mastitis, Penicillin, Ampicillin and
methods, such as nucleic acid analysis, Tetracycline s were commonly used
protein patterns or fatty acid profiles, has (Mohammed et al., 2012). The antibiotic
added possibilities for the rapid resistant of the present study revealed that
identification of bacteria (Busse et al., the isolated Bacillus spps. showed
1996). Species-specific DNA sequences resistant to multi drugs. These results were
can be used for the identification of in line with the reports of Mohammed et
bacterial species. The 16s-23s rDNA has al., (2012), were the resistance of
proven useful for identification of strains Ampicillin(84%), Cefotaxime (77%),
and species (Gurtler & Stanisich, 1996). Ceftizoxime (55%), Amikacin and
The 16s rDNA sequencing makes it Ofloxacin (25%) and Tetracycline (17%).
possible to identify and distinguish closely The reports were higher to the reports of
related bacterial species. In the present Firaol et al., (2013) to the Penicillin G
study the characterization of the Bacillus (66.67%), lower to Chloramphenicol
spps. have been done by using the 16s (88.89%) and Gentamycin (100%). From
rDNA sequence. Similarly, many the study, a large number of isolates were
molecular tools like 16s-23s rRNA spacer found to be resistant to previous and
regions used by Forsma et al., (1997) established antibiotics compared to the
PCR DGGE method used by Ying et al., newer developed antibiotics. Appearance
(2009), 16s rDNA sequencing used by of resistance against a particular antibiotic
Shea Beasley (2004) for the identification in a specific region may be due to its
of the bacterial species. The present frequent and long-term use (Moon et al.,
molecular identification work suggest that, 2007; Kumar et al., 2010)
the 16s rDNA sequencing is more accurate
for the species identification. The resistance to the Penicillin G is also in
line with the work of Nadeem et al.,
In the mastitis the improper or incomplete (2013). The resistance to Penicillin G must
treatment of animals also contributes be of concern, since this antibiotic
significantly to the development of represents the main antibiotic group
bacterial resistance against them. The recommended for mastitis treatment and
usage of antibiotics correlates with the regular use of antibiotics for the treatment
emergence and maintenance of antibiotic- of cows may result in the spread of
resistant traits within pathogenic strains resistant strains (Hulya et al., 2006;
(Shitandi et al., 2004). These traits are Nadeem et al., 2013). The prevalence of
coded for by particular genes that may be antibiotic resistance usually varies
carried on the bacterial chromosome, between isolates from the different
plasmids (Rychlik et al., 2006), hence sampled places and even between isolates
these are easily transferred among isolates. from different herds on the same
In the present study, In vitro antimicrobial farm(Waage et al., 2002).
susceptibility test of twenty one
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Antibiotics Used
Bacterial
G A
Isolates AM AM M CF CP CI N O V
N AK OX P CF CTR E Z E S TE C
C P ET M D P X F A
N M
Bacillus 22 20 11 12
39 23 112 00 178 19 78 09 29 5 27 12 45 63 00 17 14
Spps. 1 2 3 1
17.6 10.4 50. 10 80.5 91. 51. 54. 8.5 4.0 13. 2.2 12. 5.4 20. 28. 7.6 6.3
35.29 00
% 4 0 67 0 4 40 13 75 9 7 12 6 21 2 36 50 9 3
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The present study demonstrated the Interdisciplinary Program for Life Science
presence of alarming level of resistance of Project (BT/PR/4555/INF/22/126/2010
frequently and commonly used dated 30-09-2010), Bioinformatics
antimicrobial agents to the isolated Infrastructure Facility Project
bacteria from Bovine mastitis. Important (BT/BI/25/001/2006 VOL II dt 05-03-
reasons for the failure of treatment of 2012). and P. G Departments of
mastitis are the indiscriminate use of Microbiology and Biotechnology Karnatak
antibiotics without in vitro sensitivity of University, Dharwad for providing the
causal organisms (Amritha and Kaliwal, facilities.
2013). Therefore, an examination of the
antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates References
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