CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Historically the synchronous stability, low frequency oscillations (1-3 Hz) and sub-
synchronous resonance phenomenon were the main concern for both the planners and
operators of power systems. The evolution of modern power systems with high levels of
reactive power compensation and increased levels of system stress due to heavier power
wheeling and deferred transmission system expansion have placed voltage stability as one of
the primary concerns in system planning and operation.

Voltage collapse phenomenon occurred in power systems of several developed as

well as developing countries from the seventies onwards and attracted the attention of
researchers in this area. Efficient algorithms for voltage stability assessment and
enhancement are essential to ensure reliable system operation.

Voltage stability like any other stability is a dynamic problem. However, from static
analysis certain useful information such as loadability limit and proximity of the operating
point to this limit can be obtained. The pattern of the voltage decay in the vicinity of voltage
collapse point will not be known from static analysis. Dynamic analysis on the other hand can
be used to study as to how the system proceeds towards voltage instability and collapse. In
dynamic analysis, dynamic models of system components that influence voltage stability are
included. The resultant differential, difference and algebraic equations characterizing the
system dynamics are solved in order to assess the dynamic voltage stability.

1.2 MOTIVATION OF THE PROJECT

1.3 LITERATURE SURVEY

Many interesting state-of-the-art reports and papers discussing the voltage instability
problem and methods of analysis are available. A review of the existing methods of static
voltage stability assessment and enhancement are presented hereunder.

Sterling et al. [1] studied voltage collapse at load buses of the network using the
concept of maximum power transfer between two buses

Moghavvemi [2] proposed an overall system stability index based on the concept of
power flow through a single line. A technique is used to reduce the system into a single line
equivalent network. The index reflects the severity of loading as well as the stability of the
system.

Jasmon and Lee [3] also presented a technique to check the overall system stability.
By reducing the system in a single line network, a system stability factor is calculated, which
is then used to predict voltage collapse.

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 Kessel et aZ. [4] Developed a voltage stability index based on the solution of the
power flow equations. A method for identifying the critical buses in a network is proposed
based on certain local stability indices. The bus with the largest index is said to be the critical
bus in the network. A global indicator has also been proposed to provide a quantitative
measure for the estimation of the distance of the actual state of the system with reference to
the stability limit.

Chang et al. [5] presented two methods for identifying the weak buses in a power
transmission network. One method is based on the right singular vector, corresponding to a
minimum singular value of the power flow Jacobian matrix, indicating the voltage sensitive
areas. The other method calculates a voltage collapse proximity indicator (VCPI) for each
node defined as a ratio of generator reactive power changes to load reactive power change.
The node with the maximum value of VCPI is the weakest node in the network.

Obadina et al. [6] identified weak buses and segments in a power 517 system network,
based on the relative change in the bus voltage going from an initial operating state to the
voltage stability limit.

1.4 PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION AND ITS SOLUTION

1.5 ORGANIOSATION OF THE PROJECT

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 CHAPTER-2
VOLTAGE STABILITY

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO VOLTAGE STABILITY

Voltage stability refer to the ability of power system to maintain steady voltages at
all buses in the system after being subjected to a disturbance from a given initial operating
point. The system state enters the voltage instability region when a disturbance or an increase
in load demand or alteration in system state results in an uncontrollable and continuous drop
in system voltage.

A system is said to be in voltage stable state if at a given operating condition, for

every bus in the system, the bus voltage magnitude increases as the reactive power injection
at the same bus is increased.

A system is voltage unstable if for at least one bus in the system, the bus voltage
magnitude decreases as the reactive power injection at the same bus is increased. It implies
that if, V-Q sensitivity is positive for every bus the system is voltage stable and if V-Q
sensitivity is negative for at least one bus, the system is voltage unstable. The term voltage
collapse is also often used for voltage instability conditions.

2.2 VOLTAGE COLLAPSE

Voltage collapse is a manifestation of voltage instability in the system. Voltage

collapses usually occur on power system which are heavily loaded or faulted or have shortage
of reactive power. Voltage collapse is a system instability involving many power system
components. In fact, a voltage collapse may involve an entire power system. Voltage collapse
is typically associated with reactive power demand of load not being met due to shortage in
reactive power production and transmission.

The driving force for voltage instability is usually the loads and load characteristics, hence,
voltage stability is sometimes also called load stability. In response to a disturbance, the
power consumed by the loads tends to be restored by load dynamics. This in turn increases
the stress on the high voltage network by increasing the reactive power consumption and
further reducing the voltage.

A major factor contributing to voltage instability is the voltage drop in the line
impedances when active and reactive powers flow through it. As a result, the capability of the

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transmission network for power transfer and voltage support reduces. Voltage stability of a
system is endangered when a disturbance increases the reactive power demand beyond the
sustainable capacity of the available reactive power resources.

2.3 CLASSIFICATION OF VOLTAGE STABILITY

The voltage stability has been classified into four categories: Large disturbance voltage
stability, small disturbance voltage stability, short term voltage satiability and long term
voltage stability.

2.3.1 Large disturbance voltage stability

It refers to the system’s ability to maintain steady voltage following large disturbances
such as, system faults, loss of generation or circuit contingencies. This ability is determined
by the system load characteristics and interaction of both continuous and discrete controls
and protections. The study period of interest may be from few seconds to tens of minutes.
This requires long term dynamic simulation study of the system to capture the interactions of
under-load tap changer and generator field current limiter. 298 If following a large
disturbance and subsequent system control actions, voltages at all the buses in the system
settle down at acceptable levels, the system is said to be large disturbance voltage stable.

2.3.2 Small-disturbance voltage stability

This stability is concerned with the ability of the system to maintain acceptable level
of steady voltages, when subjected to small perturbations such as incremental changes in
system load. This form of stability is also influenced by the characteristics of loads,
continuous controls, and discrete controls at a given instant of time. The basic processes
contributing to small disturbance stability are essentially of a steady state nature. Therefore,
static analysis can be effectively used to estimate stability margins.

2.3.3 Short term voltage stability

It involves dynamics of fast acting load components such as induction motors,

electronically controlled loads and HVDC converters. The study period of interest is in the
order of several seconds and the analysis requires solution of appropriate system differential
equations.

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2.3.4 Long term voltage stability

The study of long term voltage stability involves the dynamics of slower acting
equipment such as tap changing transformers, thermostatically controlled loads and generator
current limiters. The study period of interest may extend to several or many minutes, and
requires long term dynamics system simulation.

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 REFERENCES

1) FHEBBO, A.M., IRVING, M.R., and STERLING, M.J.H.: Voltage collapse proximity
indicator: behaviour and implications’, ZEE Proc. C, Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1992, 139, (3)

2) MOGHAVVEMI, M.: ‘New method for indicating voltage stability condition in power
:system’. Proceedings of IEE international Power engineering conference IPEC’97,
Singapore, pp. 223-227 3)JASMON, G.B., and LEE: ‘Prediction of voltage collapse in power
systems using a reduced system model’. IEE international conference on Control, London,
UK, 1991

4) KESSEL, P., and GLAVITSCH, H.: ‘Estimating the voltage sta- bility of a power
sysi.em’, ZEEE Trans. Power Deliv., 1986, PWRD-1, (3), pp. 346-354

5) CHEN, Y.L., CHANG, C.W., and LIU, C.C.: ‘Efficient methods for identifying weak
nodes in electrical power networks’, ZEE Proc. C, Gener. Transm. Distrib., 1995, 142, (3),
pp. 317-322

6) OBADINA, O.O., and IBERG, G. J.: ‘Identifying electrically weak and strong segments of
a power system from a voltage stability viewpoint’, ZEE Proc. C, Gener. Transm. Distrib.,
1990, 137, (3), pp. 205-212