Fei, rae as =a) e ~ Paw ap, chakedin oy Asa wend Cte) a Paashieed, madivin on Alexamdbuia ~ Paafanmuct human distedony ” een pale ~ thdroan 4 brabthy dit © ents pau of watt, = Pathan, \ Araleing ” Stadia d vee Taste. "an = Ton bcf Bo ayape aoe & Benson — Nae & * [daale'aensin’| stat = Ma dsbll potas, said vat bode — poks alien ooton, pee Meath nthincl. p x pecmennl meted to widen do oibik dtinah schvan 3 arene - rare a seh we, & ales cn ewolsume & ot Sag pboeetid - sage 3 opie ze oelometer nave: Powder 9 arm [e&,, vowow byes © oLeanay ag Srak> of touk _ Taboduweeck.” eenyeaonok | Leininbogy”, haus nabs ne th Dae OV Books: — 0% potas ( snphord block flows fem et fuoak= Hoargk axlsicen) tam Hydro pay ( duwwhed Yon alin a bang JT phaaws of chitclback, F diffe * Roman | Sopashitirig )e ‘alia? 7 sonal he Aish i + pabee K othix | Seats, about ef & 7 A oud Acoli » 7 ‘ conve ad, > ams dinewi SUNY egies physavoay. | kcimeolagy | 6, MevaseunentSalen oes (on ~ Relat Poe Sager v = phe lisan fa : - Ben Ww a RSTA * Faas me > el fil ade sce ~ Desseeticl rmvb hs ile peas paporile tats deacon tt ~—V geypeting y howe Sup — bhood Com quid aalnsvebid Soy all, poe —Holbre f Co MAL anichatod) 4 ou olitve, wer = loss bot - Gehetid 9, na.4 pana mM bate. Arpardabulily , paar = Renan tis 2, Paokvbabion of has dcspsdace * — Des srekid ate & ALAR ® avtmals Leyes Bre» — omy we a vibes!” 1 Corndgliat S fey Mas d Ll biotin Venouy (eal) & osigrat Pte bQood + | yenou Ltord gto VB 0B09, Mocks” hues we Rie vnebi& ge + blood venals | abi bach human b4a Ss Credit “veo | =) coliditadk: Ragu, verardbion sega = Betis heQoked, «mone , oplim et jaitdliing, es a 2 si ancl Pe § _ Fetloued — Rowhilian dedture 2 Sf » wank } Qn dnsfark Lm an F + en agen owe cag shady Js in — Hovde preilss, Wane 9 Serpe binvek fecday uel ~ “thesia Pr a Jom EbG Sata daa oan it many cen & ont ah Eau bata ad sapdiim ok hrovt , ase Rowe) * Teed dy) conan prassinias (vita Cas ra“i CA8Q2t 186i) oe Engl shee Peres ey a - 2 USA cn Leadon Cg Sd) pense = (RTs Enka © BE agearegs Herp Zend, ~ muthodsead wr Een Tostsmnsnl pee Rogak tone ahger| Sox jo & Sesig 1 ARINC | bss, tae of ve! scene hummer aye a olf 3 , BoalioW& by? itkaakbos. ye? oe ae v he amncinad', - > (RRQ) Ast Crop” pou fre Aysaslagre, “on ths. shuseige fore] spain [B68] 1 a of Gass Aralonsy 760 pages 263 = fran, eanhs 9 Demensbisted) + aaabrabien 7 ~ Prose dywumshraller, nna emeh or, sghSn ox Gute. [derp ~ [Bey that’ of smalt pox 1 lak of ops of 5 Gray's PK ~ [adn > Rn alieay anoop lve e Soagieas amok Severin pe Seon iey aft T pyawead shle ¥ Bichon Tama, Bereors tee" Lee Dap sie aA umbsitg pe Dh hie = Gok sdry Sap -clos®, Edsavsn ands, shards — dining Sone : “Bechara Dak — oth booles oR finalomi, fo shekonrr > ana i Riley ° 2) ae uN Ut Kegan oR eaters Sind aarca il of Raskin | Kergts ext 9c, |: ~ Pyeiacn »Vralisas” (11-16) Ee Oe - Prradeinst scot y Bein Belgians apie ee at ~ Peale AEs ctwallsiny’ : = aka 4 a Dehwmand Cp ous fplrsen’ #ebew fos Despre Gabe's Woo " ended pablte — chisse dissseliie” 4 Pwadweok fir shiben > welds Ghaty omalemieall prporotens p Betws oysvensal: + Rea i - Qurorbedid Sune & prckin of Aashe nignete . cy tee peeves aoe ~ Prlroenbralor aie ps t Nand “ynatbirah alles” - | = Dororhad "Aayg 09 veins i 2 Ay ae Ghe: f — drobded apes eokloam, Helen, can clotic sr, Sn wor J feck patthrchu, prolamin, prone * — exes of Jopoyima “Laeay an Auumam real > Ralls, O19 mpl S_ chinarooty. . : pve _ dstachons ~ Fowitlantiowy duanelios dj bunan < omiimod, "Lae fone joy woo ety | bene (Glen ~ ~ eon)» « ca cok path, th Hck "pocabcel ie ity aca ten rete craleic/Ansietilan elitioleg y Hemeta’ am — Fa IS 587 Waste TE ptclntc? > chewed bralisl a ered vionesichion — Doel bd Stine Oh 4 ebyewedl small cy Pf Grok ap pete Ruth oko S$ plore reesra ne “Set Asante “ Compteat te Arsletliscn ep haat sas Ha lc By be) — parecer7 — Heppowlis” (pe 4 60-372) — Anelen Grek — physcecam . |? Pogttis, nde Mediocre" 2 Founda. *| Hepporralic Beloct of Meobtome . FL paren wor canard mallviatl, 2 product of wo: {alds, tale & Sevuiog habs - | Mebane "He hnalig power of nallbas”. -L Ret & tmmobehzaber — Re wos gee, danphosee dh on haspuig the plu claate ts eabncnbi oburgs / (= undangeg prucanlion bile & am _ pbeaveliex t doewmulaliva 9 per dita a \ — Ach &d pular ohh sxe fhe pe 5. Daci® — mow disvansa & mad > eondiledrd [= dauilad cabbirg 3 ‘dcppoorie — fongur’. [. dinodhead hippooraliz four» ~ eahdyduarcl Baus as awk, ehwme, 2aldowne, deme. Maps, Yada, parworyrme= —S ~ HR ef empyema - oT Shade cugton”. ie canhiy 7 sa30on Sigalotc a doy Fig of- hai drlen, a a ge med al a" peppooalie _estpus Js 5 mA: wak. hippos Sedlem Ladsbook, te < sssoarel,, neh, phates fhies® vinena . Ss 2 [eppesalie cutie» Bock f propnetle, Sa Suqumen Q Mahl ABAod. — flopporabie oct > Mectifriat In’ a6 by Do daus koragna, joa Prrepee of Sattla, Sehvol ¢ GfacuKE Reowadkvea — YetanesWersisa To siyer-halide in the photographie em "Tew . rrodioaskive Yor bets (6) rays. and the recon the specimen to be examined is placed betw nd the absomption and scattering of radiation by the the spe radiation constts of photographic film. For a souree of radiation and the film, s the squive of the the ation. which originates fm: ra The recondi The first autoradi a blackening was ned accidently around 1867 wh produced on emulsions of silver-chTori work of the Curies in 1898 demonstrated autoradiography befor the discovery of radioactivity. The development of autoradiography as a biologi really started to happen after World war IL with the development of photos and then stripp ilm (see Rogers, 1979) made of silver halide. ) longer the property of a few rare elements of minor biological interest (such as radium, thorium or uranium) as_now any biological compound can be labelled with radioactive isotopes opening up many possibilities in the study of living systems. Radio The mass of the atomic nuclei can vary slightly (isotopes) for a particular element although the number of electrons remains constant and all the isotopes have the same chemical properties. The nucle of radioactive isot able and they disintegrate to produce new atoms and, at the sau rays). Naturally occurring radioisotopes are rare b atom can be produced in nuclear reactors by bomba rradiations (g wlioactive igh-energy se detection methods are ntegrates can be detected. dent o radioactive atom that dis (i) Electrical: This depends on the produetion of ion pairs by the emitted radiation to give an electrical signal that can be amplified and registered: used in Geiger counter, ionisation ‘counter and gas flow counter Scintillation: Some materials have the property of absorbing energy from the radiation ~and re-emitting this in the form of visible light. In a scintillation counter these small flashes of light are converted into electrical impulses. Both of these techniques count the pulses of the disintegrati re fast and quantitative. atoms. They Autoradiography differs from the pulse-counti ues in several ways, Bach emulsion is an independent detector, insulated mulsion by a capsule of gelatin. Each crystal responds to the charged nt by the pracess of cumulative and from the rest of the: particle by the €orma 4» Radiathin uve Kh xBuer goin 6 comallcem Spe fun \ corns Msg ada XW!Sethe" a much slower and morg ditfigull approach. _Apspuate. I pfovidsS infKirmation on the localisation and distulbuti sample (i& Ti-do not do this).CThus there ts little po specimen that is hon n of radioget “doing autoradiography on a eneously labelled? Although it can be quantitative, autoradiog Nuclear emulsions have a very high efficiency for b particles (electrons of nuclear origin), particularly those with low energies. Many of the isotopes of interest to biologists have suitable isotopes. e.g. tritium (= hydrogen-3), carbon-I4, , sulphur-35 and iodine-125. The effective volume of the detector emulsion in the immediate vicinity of the source may be as little as 100 cubie microns. 3 Autoradiography Method 2 cells are briefly exposed to a “pulse” of a speci + The tissue is lefi fora variable time. + Samples are taken, fixed, and processed for + Sections are cut and oyerlaiddvithra thin film of photographic. emulsion, + Left in the gark for days or weeks (while the radioisotope decays). This exposure depends on the activity of the isotope, the temperature and the background radiation (this will produce with time a contaminating increase the film). iphic emulsion issléyeloped (as for conventional photography). g. with toluidine blue, shows the histological details of the tissue, ing must be able 1 penetrate, but not have an adverse affect on the emulsion. 2 + Altematively. pre-stajning of the entire block of tissue can be done (e.g. with Osmium on plastic sections coated with Stripping film for dipping emulsion] as in papers by MeGeachie and Grounds) before exposure to the photographic emulsion. This avoids the need for individually (post-) staining each slide. + IrisGgnnecessary to.coyerstip these slides ec o + The position of the silver grains in the sample is observed by light or electron microscopy Note: the grains are in a different plane of focus in the emulsion overlying the tissue section. Often oil with a x100 objective is used for detailed observation with the light microscope. a + These autoradiographs provide a permayeftLacord. Full details on the batch of emulsion used, dates, exposure time and con be kept for each experiment. ons should > Types of photograhie detection systems D_ Swinping film consists of an even layer of photographic emulsion ma supporting_gelatin nembrane (e.g. Kodak AR1O), itis floated on water and then wrapped around the slide and forms very close contact as it dries (Rogers, Chap 15). This was once widely used but is how (@longermade. It has the major advantage of uniform thickness but the disadvantage that the supporting membrane prevent’ counlerstaining of the seotion and Therefore the sue Block mustbe pre-st ore Sections are coated. (2) kiauid nhowographic emulsion. This isthe method routinely used today (See details below). I simpler and much quicker to do, but the layer of liquid emulsion (e.g. Kodak NB2) can in thickness as it flows down to the bottom of the slide as itis withdrawn “background” silyer grains in 7 tac toefor most purposes this slight variation is not important, unless the number of grains are being strictly counted and comp od across one slide (Rogers. Chap 16). 3K Coating the stides + Wear gloves and work in the darkroom (using only a red safety lig + Allow Kodak-NB2 emulsion (which comes as a thick white gel and is stored in the dark at 4°C) to come to room temperature for 2 hours. Mix equal_ volumes of Kodak-NB2 and double distilled water together (say Sml of each). place in a water bath at 37 ently for about 15 mins. + Dip slides vertically into a small amount of emulsion (about 2ml is all that is required) in a holder designed to take one slide at a time (economises on the amount of emulsion) + Place horizontally for about 15 minutes to 3 hours to dry + Transfer (o a black, light free box and store in the fridge (4°C) with dessica + Allow exposure time as specitied e.g. 2 weeks. Or remove test slides at various times to determine optimal exposure time for your particular situation. ir dry. Then stand vertically for at least 2 loping th + Use a dark room, + Use Kodak D19 developer mixed 5 + Wash in gently running tap wat + Wash in doubie distilled water + Use Ilford Hypan Rapid Fixer (leaflet T1812). Mix 4ml+160ml double distilled water +2ml Hypan hardener. Immerse slides for 5 + Wash in gently running tap water. + Note: once itis fixed can turn the fights on and tidy up. But make sure all sensitive film is put away before you do this. X-ray film This is still widely used for macroscopic analysis of big specimens (not requiring a microscope). This film has much bigger crystal diameters and comes on hard sheets. It is traditionally used for analysing gels where the separated proteins or nucleic acids are labelled With radioisotopes. jon on detection of bands in radioactively labelled (ii) a shorter development time and (iii) a major wal gives a linear increase over a Wide range of labelling wal activates fluorescence in the Phosphoimager screen This is a new var gels This has (i) very hi advantage is that the amo intensities making quar sereen (nothing is visible hooked to a computer wh ture. Can ena the intensity of the signal. Can easily clear the sereen and re-use. ion very easy. Radioactive si latent image). The sereen is scanned on a special densitometer we the image and quantityO Tracer studiev: Radioisotope labs molecules that are chemic ex. radioactivity was used to label various ae s sch as. they were assembled into protein * Suni aluable as a distinguish between ave di for example those that es of autoradiography were for wacer ce technique was essential to understand: Pulse chase is used to sharpen the resolution of oxidative respiration, photosynthesis. the control of protein synthesis by nucle the timing of events throughout the cell cycle (Alberts 730), the fate of populations of cells - i.e number of cell divisions. mig acids, ration, relationship of stem cells to the final differentiated phenotypes (by tritiatedthmyidine labelling of repli Ils - see lecture on Cell Replication) + Comparison of experimental treatments on events such as above many of these experiments. Analytical techniques: Radioactive labelling of various molecules enables the binding of these molecules (as markers ccurately monitored by’ radiois otope of other molecules) to be In molecular biology experiments probes to detect mRNA by in situ hyby + enzyme inhibitors. + antibodies + nucleic acid probes label _nucleic acid ntitation by Northern analysis on gels. Radioisotope labelling has sensitivity but the disadvantage that each time a hybridisation is performed, the probe has to be labelled radioisotope (since it decays rapidly) and this can be tedious and expensive. Furthermore radioisotopes are dangerous (especially I"). For these reasons digoxygenin is now offen favoured for labelling probes for in situ hybridisation studies (it is detected by an antibody and a colour reaction), particularly si months, (> Ingestion; Radioactive isotopes are also used to track ingested materials. Exotic radioisotopes with very short hi ee sf estan a dipm © Tr vos ee of ads ae on MR digoxygenin-labelled probe is stable for many cot Sneafion of Srodintabsla Uigandn $5 vovabos & quark fy Toate neues by aocrnolh Joanspaks ct sracioacliidly SebMiR amore aed, jands a Wamswtix subs Lomes ieee buh podudan, W§dE ann Labde& in Lok tiwag Sssus by sy Game odmoashallss cay Ge lh a GML vn LR ET or Kobold — sok dGipondd.pee ~ Heghly 8 Sel hos acolo set efosaclsae sy sre oH ae) ’ Provides pein of Mapas a sun _ Brabby choudazebier 2 supa on df pte a\ / Phone : 2322917 = EXECUTIVE ENGINEER PROJECT & CONSULTANCY DIVISION WERE KERALA STATE HOUSING BOARD KSHB OFFICE COMPLEX, PANAMPILLY NAGAR, COCHIN -682 036 HISTORY ¢ OF ANATOMY. Pos. Medic | adic Towed » soon 0d ~ Tides Vi rare eae S Misopelaimmn civclrralion - ~ redvoune probit by ae of mage, sis SWRA - cnstony tna sxeoaloin show the saved of comparallcia contigs eh omimaly ulieak orsor a e yen ae wd tolue het would have bella sthe awinal, _ Fah sear Luarirs oF sunfows onal : VEdie ‘Pepto e Suction 1OSambithar (3 Brakmanci @ Raanwakad (4) eparshads — Around ae in Nath Prchia + Tide Eauapsons CAdyamd) aad Vode " 3 tilen (Soild Vyasadsud— 4 vedas — Regus = menboens heals, Saveg sfemach ® \ ~ patho. vedas wan bite habs & mackie oh ants & wendinfel sind of man’! ss brash a + Lobos © ¢ gofs Dhamanis— dards = th ak way = cols ; | sesh = Aad we thin Creer pee 5 dnd é . Nowe ‘ilies ‘nde a whieh Wad & wisonesplinn 4 ee ee apeaty caves~\udas ote ethoed by Rarokmanar , Raany akon & Upen Hae a ~ Wponishads Gans a Aicadibor oY gerbho upamithad Cites Bd Morb Fock, sf oe en 3a “mon Faun cope blood & samen He embsue coma one srishemae = Dusvi eonephitn = kolale (Centr ay oA, \ — yd OF WAN A Budbuda . CaQoatrys) ‘ Ss ephorreal mods ow patrughts 4 Pindar : - fam Mar a 1motk - — had Jered 2 moth - ie 3 mani — Qomb — Sugcons ~ sudo Sone pomd tlle Vag Bhala, Vislmudhora & es ee &_padieondiam ‘to captain > \ ~ Post VEDIC PERID: emo He - 1000 AH THE Gham Pr age of Thdbon Nadtone” Arystne de evoked . i od - ellbaaka's fosehe Artheya. AF eorbiien patany te Suslautthe - jeksakal: Ge 83 chanaka, Sambitha C13) 129 Malyayes wills by Aquino G00 Be - This. os rmbirn of pes. ainbsyolgy & eg . ~ kkpod Boo bens — areludinig hack , fat , ccallingn also _ 550 wards 200 mans & FOO SCA - seeds ssfrred an * ecient + eed. ‘ oe ~ ao ed cus t ela 2 doshal (Pa Vate Cro) ) = cae Cs Sigmokan) © en Coboncalnn & slabshe bp)Se, erprosbad, “Sharhe Sthama' + Analog. i Phone : 2322917 “she- EXECUTIVE ENGINEER PROJECT & CONSULTANCY DIVISION IB KERALA STATE HOUSING BOARD ae omer as ma eee PANY ROHR CREA SSRs ch toes ~ Dares Vedanta 4 F ahs Conlasi liner prom SSienasencs) | | Guslutka | - fala 0 % a Poth Applic | “(5B candi? sinlake “f PPA svat diacdnd body ok G pot q abwantes, Stk sock & qe suman andes, bens , Oey & spews > _ Fdurkihad ee bona “sh on G saldrmibid , Bea 66 on tak, 4 3¢ above awvele Lolamwan Sa Mah © fee septs flena sttat “ali on enthen sects of. La & M a 86 { = t& poss {ee . du at ch tw Voden | Berge evi A hee Oe ea ames voli af pecs \ , she onassy wot, Fe Laddn , ule & von dy 7 maliing plows 9 amy & ae pook & amund, 8804 veaads, Soap e 2. L& \ Mamsa— | Seawar'd ol body ne Gin (Be . | ge AHS 4 Bot bag tat ae hae | Sg \ ; white *> fee eae Boe cmt a el of Rona). Reardad ab § Oy Ge bagi SATE “FASE Cocwwetahione Be 265. (p- 360° Ne $jore Bes, Mata vow ~ eae -40° = no pemes Be OT ae = suo > | —E Rr Modan Polity in Satie § ~ Nadnes Hadiesd sehecd on gas as malian Naked a analimy prrseds Cor, r x ne se 1S iw slaidLends 4 feats a cara wa the ssanen, of ASL ao lar on ros ey 4 Coletta & DR AA ngs! ft ee ee es =| ASC wea He othvamemunb of hay of EGYPTIAN =PERICD: — Oo a Koo Re : ~ Chur Smith Clevo RD, Shor Popysus ( Boone) ~ kohum Gynecology ropes ctsas 82) i ~ Ghar + dem img soem wed, obras madiene Inf, saan of aye, Shaws indoors sd , gpeeyy & Sunguead dentanis ook ~ Ghd Sith a m der onnid = Se Me fad physategy of blood Ree Ag rn Py Syyphinn _Nevmonipot + Proebia baqan S naliirad Poseiehe tr hat somcl . « brad be aap. Adcampschion ae : = Gayp pia ote wae Ran abook the olin hifs x thos, bit ta coveuing Whe bods % tong wood boyd , cola & - 7 Jomsude “We swivel & mfr aw He Etoa! ithe Sqyphiam Seen bos- foqesnd owe a Woy ‘ Se placate prssswalicg qualshes a dant - : tw mn SS sth body -& ey T Sawi , & OO abd % — sualt cert aris sh ‘ : stabs a as Ti Smee — erlivral Aigams gages Nalin’ © Nacodbenaty. Naheose cen o Joes of Nass te we ees Phone : 2322917 . x EXECUTIVE ENGINEER PROJECT & CONSULTANCY DIVISION a “EH KERALA STATE HOUSING BOARD ‘ ISH OFFICE COMPLEX, PANAMPILLY NAGAR, COCHIN 682 096 Paver dwar of Hasina — | = ead cub n. Bd Lame + draw srgorn away from pepabaledr Br. SF L ccaan fe Nake ~ Tock tha body to Tha + ‘Pla of porsfocelstn "+ wot id cn waba, of ey, a} asbeathy ' ms Cte de fe Pa Naps + Houar of Indian: froabiee® & smbalrmad . 3 sips : G®) Removed o enbiiiwasl ane ® Romar < macs Luss @ Probar. sf Arid Semmain ye by dus, Gumgr ., 9 Bah. Samared + Wnssd = palrm Us nbialisan , were pl — Baosk fpr bn scl : ke tw JAW — Fa at fis eau te! di ehTnok — Jans, — Aqam ward daid, paid FT Suan & sh Aw Linn. 7 aoby tool suas & AWA ST Nala <2 kept en Jase coda. = dal pasrd — AGA aed damesed fing an Deractr ° Be ant shiff.R T anaviv soaluh nim, san duh Sond dma, ayitdn a veX Uod S Nar, = Apps doysig, body a pox sect Corum & cptlave (vem) & then eo 3 hat Mame bandagedGREGARN _ PERIOD : Hipporslis: ~ Crash physivian » (460-397 Bd) (Har 30 80 pas ies oe muelashat shuxesir ~ fnew of eofain | Aina (hsdruupy _Desenod Iynotped “valve & aly Jomelosn — Aha of * Heppoadie Caps" —* Poth: I sub — —Hahaqwakd bust ots ofr & sec * ~ Hip sole oot ~ Homaell, Jikay + Hse f body dyomdabion ’ aceaduing fe this @ body humar Jar Hs phyirolage R pothstoyce baa + health 27 Liscact Thal og lbjrod Bagel gts bale, blak {bus blond > Gio, pMrgm Jump, ypllews bike gilt badd &b Spiien ~ fr haatthy poser had o balamen of thes & — E54 82289) Pawlet + - Animal dissadltin e DI 5 one 2 von. nomed aats ~ Founda, compesallive analisiny* —Dislunqueshnd ssophos hom. aot - Dwooksd leah, Shope X sch, die bho veaaly. & Seay of Vode =— “hun, Sgieubped & saqmocd AAG. feast Volum & nramesh jad pe mock. | — Desewosd Ly mphale wean dv wramldiy + || OBROMAN PERGD: : Cajon: - Named t Aastuiguusad loons & SASS - : _ he esdyabiez of volibnes” ~ bent oh anbemlis & this onkenlalcors © Jereghes lasiel ruse 4 morela of marlliealar- Vekxdiud | sad seboodo Ali xomdica \ = perks om Pongnasa , Or. his On, Cokes: = Difaunba saophoges , alowack _selrokie , shops. t alalirship © dinplaagnn: ~ glveke af abd dgams ~ Gruwrdi® — solity , ‘sbvcobuer & shapes of scapula , Leman, dodios laa , esnpat & miocoapal bows gees = ap A Te poate Law: te he pajie re Dem _ San herons Staak blood z sapaets: jomehina _ yenned blood avigtnals pit Sua a aolitiiod bead + hroat-. se ca gh lee7 Phone : 2322917 —shE- EXECUTIVE ENGINEER PROJECT & CONSULTANCY DIVISION REHE~ KERALA STATE HOUSING BOARD ba fala KSHB OFFICE COMPLEX, PANAMPILLY NAGAR, COCHIN - 652 036 al fiw je. ach 1832! ~ Balan [sso Morcha act [E52 > oly enpaa of emo qardom could be ued Jd dissin = 110 + Prnolsimy Sood found - Now BC av Septal by pralemy ack (84 a thm by Human Lisson act 200% Ethel & ‘Ruigeved Lees & Tob . tT pt cenbiiday Ss Gmpad Faden D7 wlhdiad cadouverdun! = Sn BiG ~ Mendis dt Lani ee Mine zie Rissecbin , Rpruner vas eadaka a sypce pace. sledlig prem, dbdndios dein, & Holic - Cons of He fata anaclon amaliing ) 4 Th Stobtam umorslia — devarebtes ar mack L al eornivad (cat heath, prvttely sts eadouit) poems Jone 08 ‘they luhisurd Naren have ho souls . Pop ber againit the mabilahior % umbalvir | cada ~ Cnieee To gexba © oYleued Te dissecbins — Comba Sd UK. USA, Frane have tak oud Poyromns jx donalivw 5 becdbiaa. which Gaby QaeksJROMAN PERIEN: sen © eleians: Corbeabiee + aed od Sg Pee a vie as = ig owe Qos sp & ew ' aaa ah a 7 t es a om Ese watt uate 7 Slomael: apsunsshantak ald. LRadsba Sicha og ebalos ) q Re Gull Von Haggis ¢ Cia4s) ~ Gs doddale from wnivorsif 9 Hse obbun: vals —Srowbcd pasts HM 197 & potiads. othe Jott using ~ founds of * Shsletahé a Pladbinobion “on Hurddbing On 1443 — \ an hibchien orhat. “beds Fapam 19957 _ skies by cathakce chindk & Robbin alabing hel oF a greansesbomt = Saapht Serends RL Lamon body . ~ pdcbdins 98 Combo B > ad mellirn voslay - = Bae wales aby § Dohs H & Aff coulis ,-aminad Leb ar dina Cqde) - sg a kat Ham! wohse oo waht ela gaan pte se en oomakirny cam be — News body 83. chitrving method that pats ‘von than St hide Hum Cem be ee £ - Parkrmd IF pablire Psy Cn BcOQ—4 Twa Bemmal ach md Be ‘ei Anak lagq: tt u com pllocnty & conbftoutes 2S Watt ostomnd eclabelies + ay Stmqaper frm odd 2004 - Manel 201 possi : ia 4x cumboUmad & fBmalline a ra dissect , a Soca eA © swplocd ho vo rend “daleaa sud oe ey = Sars & ‘os alaxen Xobbar SURE Saad AF agke haat & osllaun passa =| %e / i x 4 Phone : 2322917 = EXECUTIVE ENGINEER PROJECT & CONSULTANCY DIVISION WERE KERALA STATE HOUSING BOARD KSHB OFFICE COMPLEX, PANAMPILLY NAGAR, COCHIN - 682 036 of ss0veliie of cadaven: ~ Patan Egypt > Huvnmefcealion | SO Sinaia « = ball prrsawed bods frmd ow china + Spren qua of Ry andi Soll . en eallmtal Sedoalmnsig, 410d dant ow VE eanlusy , eo» NuhinLandd by Fadsick Rusch — & BWA balarnviem. ~ Er 1th a aot enlodor inh olmvis 5 clans. vawing eatnnee aHistory of Embalming 1. Beginnings in Egypt yptis credited with being the land where enbalming began, ately 400,000,000 bodies were During the period from 6000 BC to 600 AD appro mummified. son Embalming in Egypt was done for ovo re .ck historian Herodotus maintained that the Egyptians were the first ieve in the immortality of the soul. people to b They believed that the soul would never fully forsake the body as long as the body remained intact. Embalming was for the purpose of preserving the body so that the soul could return to it after the completion of the cle of necessity” was a 3.000 year journey the soul was required to make jole man would arise from the This" before it could return to the body. Atthat time, the dead and live with the gods forever. Sanitation- The writer Cassius maintained that enbalming was developed to provide a Solution fo the problem of trying to bury the dead in the Nile valley which would be unsanitary condition caused m jan embalmers were members of the priesthood. Some believe that their enbalming method is a "lost art” but in fact it was rather crude and rather than lost, well known and documented, Much of their success was undoubtedly due to the dry hot climate. Dead bodies are destroyed by the action of bacteria, Heat and lack of moisture are natural al survival and growth. ~ The Egyptians practiced three methods of The most expensive method was comprised of 5 steps and would cost over $2,000 todays dollars. The cheapest would have cost about $150. / Step 1. Removal of the brain, The skull was then repacked with resin, ternal organs were removed through an abdominal Step 2. Evisceration. The incision. The organs were either washed and mixed with resins and spices andreturned to the body or were placed in separate burial vases called canopie jars. 7 Step 3. Immersion. The body was immersed in natron (sodium salt). The caustic action of the solution would cause the fingernails and toe nails to-be removed. They were replaced in keeping with the belief that the body must be intact 3,000 later. This immersion lasted for 20-70 days. _-Step 4. Dehydration. The body was cleansed, straightened and allowed to dehydrate inthe sun © Step 8. Wrapping. About 1200 yards of 3 1/4 inch bandage was used to wrap the body. Gum or glue held the clothe together and helped in fitting it around the body while it was still damp. The body was then placed in a sarcophagus and returned to. the family The cheapest method was reserved for the poorest class of people which made up about 80% of the Egyptian population. It basically consisted of immersion in the natron solution. Within a walled suburb known as the Necropolis (Literally, "City of the dead") all death care activities took place. Within these walls resided all those involved in these activities including coffin makers, artists, and the embalmers. Also located here were the crypts and tombs. ILL Other Early Practices ‘The Egyptians were not the only people to practice some type of preservation of the dead. nt Etiiopian tibes preserved their dead in a nx ner similar to the Egyptians. + Aboriginal inhabitants of the Canary Islands from 900 BC practiced mummif of their dead. + Babylonians, Persians, and Syrians preserved their dead by placing them in jars of honey or way. By depriving the bacteria in the body of air, decomposition was prevented + Peruvians practiced mummification 1000 years prior to being conquered by Spain in the early 16th century. + Jewish custom is for simplicity. Embalming and cremation were generally not allowed because they were seen as mutilation of the body. As seen in the scriptures, preparation for burial consisted of wrapping the body and the application of oils and spices, + The Greeks believed that the d re ised must make a journey across the river Styx to the fand of ete coin was placed in the mouth of the deceased to pay passage cover the river. A cake of honey was placed next to the body to appease the three headed dog. Cerebus, who guarded the entrance to Hades. Interment was del: three days to prevent premature burial. Cremation came into practice in about 3+ The Romans also did not practice enbaln daily Tor seven days with hy yy also was to prevent premature burial. A group of sla pollinctores performed this function, Funeral processions were held at night to avoid defilement of the living. The procession was managed by a Designator, who functioned much like the modem day funeral director. Burial later gave way to cremation, At one point cremation was forbidden within the gates of Rome because of the smoke pollution of so many bodies being burned at ‘once. — 1g as such. The body would be washed V. Early Chris tian Customs The early Christians derived their burial customs from the Greeks, Romans, and Jews. They followed the strong Jewish tradition of burial with no enbalming. The sacred status of burial grounds was upheld. as VL Influence of S i¢ Developments g the "dark ages” in Europe. enbalming was generally not practiced. During this period, reat advances were being made in medicine and bodies were needed for dissection purposes. For this sole purpose. some enbalming was done and techniques perfected. Also dun influei ing this time. discoveries made in the world of medicine would have a great e in the development of modern enbalming technique. ‘+ Leonardo DaVinei (1452-1519) produced hundreds of anatomical plates as a result of his dissection of the human body. He undoubtedly used arterial injection to preserve his specimens, Ke Dr. Frederick Ruysch (1665-1717) is generally considered the father of enbalming with overy of the first successful system of arterial enbalming. © Dr, William Harvey (1578-1657) was the English physician who discovered the circulation of blood. + Dr. William Hunter (1718-1783) is credited with being the first to successfully adopt arterial injection as a imeans of preservation. + Jean Gannal (1791-1882) began as an apothecaryOs assistant and became the first to offer enbalming to the French general public. Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) manufactured the microscope and discovered bacteria in 1683. 4& * Alexander Butlerov (1828-1866) and Wilhelm von Hofmann (1818-1892) are credited id lehyde + Dr. Thomas Holmes (1817-1900 is generally considered the father of modem ng. Fle experimented with preservative chemicals while working as a ing his services to the public.vl . Early American Embalming Modem enbalming really got its start during the Civil War period. Dr. Thomas Holmes received a commission as a captain in the Army Medical Corps and was assigned to Washington, D.C. where he embalmed many army officers killed in battle, He reportedly embalmed over 4000 soldiers and officers. President Lincoln took a utilize enbaln eat interest in enbalming and directed the Quartermaster Corps to 1g 10 allow the return of Union dead to their home towns for proper but When he realized the commercial potential of enbalming, Holmes resigned his commission and began offering enbalming to the public for $100. After the Civil War, enbalming fell into disuse because of lack of demand and few to do the procedure. The "undertakers" of the day limited their efforts to ice to ward off decomposition long enough to have a funeral vu Twentieth Century Practices By the tum of the century, wooden coffins were being made to order by the local carpenter or et maker. A few even made coffins beforehand but met with criticism by the public for their boldness. The cabinetmaker rarely became involved in any aspect of the funeral other than providing, the coffin. Even the conveyance of the deceased was done by someone else, the livery man. With the passing of time, these men became more and more involved in provid services and advise to those planning the funeral, other Eventually the person who would " funeral merchandise became kn all the necessary items for the ndertake” to manage all funeral details and provide indertaker." He eventually obtained and provided ral including the hearse, door badges, coffin rests, ete Once it became possible for the undertaker to provide enbalming services, the haste was taken out of the burial process and people were given ample time to arrange and prepare for the funeral The first enbal formaldehyde rapidly replaced when suid companies would travel ation seems wholly inadequate, it should be remembered that physi dentists of the day did not have much education either prior to practicing their profess From the cabinetmaker who simply supplied a coffin, the funeral director today provides over separate services to a family, 4‘The modern method of enbalming is de! human body Ary purpose of enbalming is disinfection. While some pathogens die soon after the dail ofthe host iis aso ue at many dangerous organisms have the ty to survive for long periods of time in dead tissues. Persons coming in direct, contact with the unembalmed body can become infected as well as there being the possibility of flies or other agents transferring pathogens to humans and infe them, + The second purpose of enbalming is preservation. The prevention of putrefaetion and decomposition allows | Sliows the dispoalion of the remains by burial, cremation, or entombment to take place without the odors or other unpleasantness that would accompany an uncared for remains. + The third purpose of enbalming is restoration, Returning the body to a life-like appearance has received many critics, but the custom of viewing the body after death ina state of rest remains a practice of proven psychological worth, ‘The modern enbalming process is designed to retard tissue decomposition for the period of time necessary for disposition as arranged for by the family of the deceased. Under favorable conditions however, modern enbalming has been shown to be able to keep a body intact for decades Rather than prevent the body from returning to its natural elements, enbalming allows the body to decompose by oxidation and dissolution rather than by putrefaction ot rotting, |. Formaldehyde to albuminoids or gel x decomposition. Once ce catalan ESET Completed, the body can only be attacked by air- borne bacteria and molds that can eventually destroy the body exposed to air if sufficient moisture is present to support bacterial and mold growth, In modem enbalming then, an enbalming fluid that is both a disinfectant and a preservative is injected into the circulatory system of the body by an electric pump while the blood is forced . i oa oie ody and disposed of Tn effec, te blood is replaced witha disinfectant and preservative solution. The normal steps to preparation of the body consists of: + The body is placed in a proper position on the enbalming table with the arms laid over the stomach: ‘+ The body is washed and disinfected.The face is shaved as nevessary The eyes are closed. This is usually accomplished with a small curved plastic dise led an “eye cap" placed under the eyelid, Perforations in the cap help hold the eye lid in place. The mouth is closed. This is usually accomplished by the placing of a specially designed "tack" in the upper and lower jaw. Each tack has a fine wire attached. By twisting the two wires together, the jaw is thus closed and the lips are set t0 the natural lip line using a cream to retain the proper position and to prevent dehydration. The enbalming solution is prepared. The modern enbalming machine consists of a 2-3 gallon reservoir and an electric pump. A solution of approximately 8 ounces of fluid to | gallon water is prepared, An incision is made over the carotid artery (where the neck meets the shoulder) or over the femoral artery (inthe leg at the groin), The artery and vein are located and isolated. A tube which is attached to the machine is inserted into the artery. A slightly la tube is placed into the accompanying vein. This tube is attached to a hose to the sewer system, The fluid is injected into the artery under pressure by the enbalming machine. As the blood is displaced by the fh in, its forced out of the vein tube and disposed of. The pressure forces the pillaries and eventually to the cells of the body. After approximately 3 gallons of solution are injected into the body. the blood has thinned and the fluid comin uid. The tubes are removed and the ineision sutured. is treated by the use of a hollow tube called a trocar that is used to aspirate gases and liquid contents under suction. A preservative chemical is introduced. The body is“again washed and cream is pl dehydration, ed on the hands and face to prev ‘The hair is shampooed and the finger nails cleaned. The body is covered with a sheet awaiting dressing and placement in the casket. Cosmetics are later applied to replace the natural color removed by the enbalmin process, much of whieh is created by blood in facial capillaries that is no longer present. In the case of women, cosmetics used in life: may also be used to recreate the “look” the person had durin The hair is combed or set.(>) = 0 De Brg ANATOMICAL SOCIETY OF INDIA Dr, P-L. JahagirdarTalegaon idents: Dr.UshaDhall (Rohtak) Dr ShashiWadhwa (Delhi) + Dr. GS. Longia (Ihansi) Dr.Dhanraj Singh (Lucknow) int Treasurer: Dr. A.K. Srivastava (Lucknow) Editor: Dr.Patnaik VV. Gopichand (Amritsar) * Objects of the Society: The objects of the society shall be:- A) The advancement of the study of and researches in Anatomy and allied subjeets as per schedule of subjects (appended), (B) Holding of the conferences to present papers and communications regarding work carried “Gn by the members of the society and discuss matters relating to the subjects mentioned above. SC) To formulate yiews regarding the standardization of examination and teaching of Anatom). in particular, and the other scheduled subjects in the undergraduate courses and and discuss methods of postewraduate teaching and rescarch work in closest cor ‘operation among the members of the society Ad) The ation of a journal or journals , monographs and dissertations under the auspices of the society and preparation of text books. on the basis of Indian Anatomical data AE) To promote a spirit of close, brotherhood and co-operation amongst the members of the society and to keep close touch and contact with similar societies or Asspeiations agoal for mutual benefit in the furtherance of the objects of the so encour in the schedule are ensured of an (SF) To see that teachers and workers in the subjects figur ¢ their professional engagements and maintain and : standard of their work. _4G) To undertake all such things as are incidental and conducive to the above objects of the society AH) To establish bggaches of the society in different states of India Head Quarters of the Society: The head quarters of the society shall, or the present be in Calcutta Hongrary members, Life Patrons: The society. at its annual general meeting, shall have powers to elect as Patros ts annual general meeting, persons of outstanding eminence whose association with the society is likely to bene! itin the furtherance of its objects. a ###&© ON Office: Bearers of the Society: The office — bearers of the society shall consist of: (Si) A President Atti) Two Vice- Presidents. Aiti) Two Secretaries, a. A General Secretary (the head quarters of the Societ b. A Joint Secretary. one of whom shall be local. residin iv) One Treasurer, residing at the Head Quarters, Executive Committee: , - « th. The society shall have an executive committee consisting of all. the officg-bearers and w¥lve members etegied at the annual general meeting . The society. at its annual general meeting, shall appoint an Auditor and shall fix his remuneration, if any Change of Con: ution: The provisions of the constitution can be altered, modified or added gral meeting of the society and provided that 4/5" of voting shall vote for such alteration, modification or addition members present in Sub-Committee;The society at its annual general meeting or the executive committee during the course of the working year, shall have powers to appoint sub-committees for specific pugposes. Such sub-committees shall submit their report(éo,the appointing body he official year of the society shall be the calendar vear nd b) Foundation: Any member possessing the qualification ofan ordinary membel participating in the inauguration of the society shall be called a Foundation member. ¢) Life: Any ordinary member compounding for the payment of all future annual subscriptions by payment in a single sum of Rs.200/- shall be called a Life Member 1 The ay ally2. The application form for membership shall have to be duly filled by the candidate personally, signed by himself'as well as by his proposer and seconder. 3. This procedure shall not apply in case of foundation members. 4. Validity of membership would only accrue after scheduled admission fee and subscription are duly received by the society. 5. Honorary members shall be elected at the annual general meeting on the recommendation of the executive committee 6. The executive committee shall have the right to refuse admission of a new member without assigning any reason. Same as for honorary member. lection of Patros Removal of Members: Any member (except honorary and life members) shall be liable to have his name removed from the list of valid members in ease > (i) He runs in arrears as regard payment of subscription for more than 6 months, (ii) In the opinion of the executive committee and in the interest of the society such removal is considered desirable. Such removal shall be finally decided in a general meeting by a 3/4" majority of members present and voting, agement of th ic IL The genera | management of the society shall be vested in the executive committee. 2. The executive committee shall continue to hold office till a new committee is elected at the next annual general meeting. 3. The first election of members of the executive committee will be by majority votes at the inaugural meeting of the society 4. For subsequent years, the executive committee shall, not less than one month before the annual general meeting, invite from ordinary, foundation and life members of the society names to be selected as office-bearers and members of the executive committee, These names together with the ones that may be suggested by the executive shall be included in a ballot paper and circulated to all voting members along with the notice of annual general meeting at least 3 weeks before such meeting is due. The ballot papers duly filled in a shall be sent back iat of the society not less than 10 days before the annual general so as to reach the secret meeting. The ballot papers shall be scrutinized by a sub-committee appointed by the executive ‘committee and the result of the election shall be declared at the annual general meeting. No member shall have the right of voting unless he has been a member for at least 6 months previous to the date of voting,8 (d) Honorary Any person of outstanding scientific attainments in any of the scheduled suibjects or any person who has rendered or is likely to render material service in advancing the objects of the society may. on the recommendation of the executive committee of the society. be elected at its general meeting as an Honorary Member ‘oundation and ordinary members shall pay an admission fee of Rs.3/- only In ease of discontinuance of membership for any reason. a member shall pay a re-admission fee of Rs.3/- only Membership Subscriptions: The annual subscription for ordinary and foundation members, shall be Rs.18/- provided that members with el ibility qualification of tess than S years standing may. on the certificate of the Professor or Head of the institution where such members may be working, be required to pay only Rs.10/ Subscriptions are payable within the first month of each year Arrears of Subseriptions: Any member defaultin For 3 in making payment of his subseription months shall be duly notified of his arrears. Ifthe same are not paid within the next 3 months, he shall forfeit all the privileges of membership. Names of such def would be communicated to the ilting members ‘xecutive committee who may recommend removal of his name from the fist of members for final confirmation in the next general meeting of the society Privileges of Membership: Ai) Members shall have the right to be present in all general meetings of the society Ali) Each, member shall have one vote inall general meetings ofthe society provided the subscriptions due are not in arrears for more than 6 months. K ) All members shall be entitled to receive figgthe Journal.of the Society _Aliv) All members shall have the right to presept papers or communications at the annual, or spegial session. Such papers or communications may be published in the Journal of the Society if the editorial board of the journal committee deems it desirable and feasible, (8) All members shall have the right to propose or see nd membership for ngy,gntrants, (vi) Any member shall be entit led « introduce gng visitor only in scientific meeti shall be entitled to the use ofthe Iba of the society Avi) All member of M 1. In order to be elected a member of the society, a candidate satisfying the provisions for membership shall be proposed by an existing member and seconded by another and the executive committee shall finally deal with the proposed candidature.aw @ ‘The secretaries and the treasurer shall prepare the annual budget. MEETINGS Shall_be held in the last comberr firsLweek of January each year, or as soon thereafter as possible. Notice of the annual general meeting shall be issued by the secretariat of the society not less than one month before the date of the annual general meeting. Similar notice shall be needed forall general meetings. Business to be transacted at the annual general meeting shall be := mittee and (i) To receive. discuss and adopt the annual report prepared by the executive e presented by the Secretaries. (ii) To receive and adopt the audited accounts of the previous year as presented by the Treasurer. ii) To discus and adopt the budget estimates of the ensuing year (iv) To consider any resolution by any member and of which due notice has been given to the secretariat of the society at least 15 days before the annual general meeting. (v1 To consider any resolution presented on behalf of the exgcutive committee as also any changes or modifications of the rules as proposed by the executive committee and circulated along with the notice of the Annual General Meet (vi) To declare the result of the ballot election of office- committee. fers and members of the executive (vii) To appoint sub-committees as may be necessary (viii) To appoint an Auditor. (ix) To form bygnches of the sogiety that has at least 5 members at the local center (x) Any other competent business which the meeting may decide to discuss. g shall be convened on requisition signed by not less than 1/3" of members on the roll and stating specifically the purpose of the hall be held within 6 weeks from the receipt of such requ the executive committee, failing which the requisition shall have the r ‘on their ow Requisition General Meetit the total number of ordina requisition. The meeting ition by HL to hold the meet 1g due notice as required for all general meetings. itiative after givir Executive Committee Meetings shall be held as often as necessary during the course of the working year. The notice for executive committee meetin shall be not fess than 15 days.Powers of Executive Committee: The executive committee shall have Iministration of the society. _ Ai) Full power to carry on day to-day _tii) Powers to transact all business, in case of emergency, notwithstanding any limitations herein lay. and deal with all matters not otherwise provided for in these rules. (iii) Powers to frame bye-laws that may appear conducive to the benefit and efficient laws be not inconsistent with administration of the society provided of course that such bye- or contradictory to anything contained in the constitution and the rules of the society. These bye-laws shall be operative so long as they are not rendered inoperative by a general meeting ‘or by a subsequent executive committee decision. Aiv) Powet meeting. tq_propose modification or alteration of existing rules at the annual general _&8) Powers to appoint sub-committees during the course of the year for the smooth and efficient working of the activities of the society During the course of the year: Any vaeaney ar vacancies in the executive committee during the course of the working year shall be filled by the executive committee provided that such vacancies do not exceed 1/3" of the total number of members in the executive committee at a time. Such casual vacancies in the executive committee shall not render the business transacted by the executive committee invalid or inoperative, Pow | Duties of Office-Bearers: The president shall be e\-officio chairman ofall the meetings of the society and shall be the consti ca ociety. He shall originally have one vote and in case of a tie in the voting shall have a casting vote, He shall decide points of order and hiis ruling shall be final. The vice-presidents shall have the powers of the president in the absence of The secretaries shall be the executive officers of the society and in the absen executive committee shall have all executive powers regarding routine administration of the society. They shall prepare all reports of the society and minutes of all meetings, eof the Certain powers of the general secretary may be delegated specifically tothe joint secretary with the consent of the executive committee. The treasurer shall be in charge of all funds of the society . prepare statements of accounts of the society and present the same at the annual meeting. daly audited and along with the auditor's report All_cheques shall be signed jointly by the treasurer and one of the secretaries,In order to decide any matter of great u ney and whenever itis not possible to call a regular nceting of the executive committee due to shortness of time or any other inconvenience. meeting of the executive committee may be held by circulation to elicit the opinion of the members of the executive committee on the subject mooted in the agenda. XVI. The Annual Congress Of The Society The congress of the society shall be held annually along with the annual general meetings and the business atthe congress shall consist GF presentation of papers, communications, womical and ¢ «d subjects and any other matter of academic interest so far as anatomy and the scheduled subjects are concerned. demonstrations. discussions on a her al Schedule of Subjecty The scheduled subjects shall, for the present, be the Following: Human Anatomy including a. Embryology b. Histology ©. Physical Anthropology d. Geneties and Heredity 2. Anatomy. Embryology and Histology of animals in so far as they throw light on the structure of man. 3. Human & Animal Physiology including Nutrition 4, Morbid and Abnormal Anatomy of man and animals. Anatomy and Physiology of growth, 6. Anatomy and Physiology of the child, adolescent and old 7. Eugenics, Race-betterment and Human Biology.ANATOMIC, INTRODUCTION TO CONTRIBUTORS 2 Kamataka in an Siar of The Soumal nat gal pbc ano oF de Baa ane whose purpore ls 1 publul aw TAM ha Evoluyon. Comparative a ropis. uh rer invites reves Armeies. ( Reports, Medica Fhe journal is URI (eaonuady wm Apri, August JEnben PREPARATION OF MANU: att be tpeweitten and double dar Baylis, 10 shouid be subdivided ste amu sequences Tilepage. Abstract, Key intecxtuction. Materials and) Methoxts Revuits, Discussion, Conclusion Ackowtedyenents iT atis) and oi quality. numbered Photouraphs must be ot g sau Tahelana, must be neat and clear Tables must hove heediny or legend and nurnbered, he tits page of the manuserspt shoul state the Wie paper eames of the authors asbhibonal af the author's and sorreqwendence asldress of dhe fir author weth mobile, tax numbers and eral wih REPERENCES: The authors are instructed! wo set ther to Yateoueer sole from August 2010 sue Reterences must appear in the ordet of ce an the (ext Py superenpe Anse references sends spews CHING 4 JOURNAL ARTICLES Should be 23 follows «1. Names of the author's 1 ‘Mention all authors when 6 or jess, when there ate ‘ho moreauthorsinention only the frst 6 3 sosly 2 The Tileorthe article, 3. Jounal Title 4 ‘ea oF the publication, §. Volume Number and numbers stand asp O KARNATAKA Ruurnatshes Chapter of Anatom Ey Bediord JM, Effects of eles ated temperature cute epabidynys and testis experimental saudies sl Experimental Mt Biology 719.52 Citing a Book, Should be as follows. 1 Nasties of the Author 2.Namne of the Chapter. 3, In, Site of the Editors Ful ule ef books. 4 Edition and) Voluse Nur Name aud ? publication andl 7. Fu stand isp 2 publisiers n fe numbers a. Richie JP. Neop PC. Retk AB Noushar FP, Wen TA jade Campbells Urology. Th Eskom 88 Saundes Phiadetphea, 198, pp JONOF MANUSCRIPES. SUBMIS The seticles sntealls be ginal ted by the tora! eon attended gnu the hard cops seth plates The anictermstyret at vith photos an JPEG or PTB the final hard cops, ec aati sent the nisbuters ate vaste Coneemunsif shuld se sent | in MS Word ton While submiton Four the authors will have ts he cops the ster vequsted documents The euttor reserves the 8 the manuserspl as required Also authors sre requested to keep wilh thers the references atest Moai Researe Center (Clubkasandia Hesarsvais Moat Banwalvre S60) Phone 98483 37334 Eman: dravanthy aitorke: oahoo.anKarnataka Chapter of Anatomists Karnataka Chapter of Anatomists is an Association of Anatomists from Karnataka as life members, founded by DreMrs, 8. Kantha, former Vice Chancetto 1999). Under the Suppor URRCE OT REN The association has 2 members to more than three hundred life & associate life members. more than three hundred life & associate life memt Under auspices of the Kamataka Chapter of Anatomists. State Co Workstiop arg held — jE &‘THE KARNATAKA ANATOMY ACT, 1957. ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS. ‘Statement of Objects and Reasons: Sections: 1. Short tt 1nd commencement, 2. Definitions, 3 of Stat rnment thorise officers to act under section 4. 4. Unclaimed dead bodies in hospitals, prisons and public places how to be dealt with, 4A. Donation of bi sf of deceas or anatomical ete. 5. Doubt or dispute as to near relative to be referred to Magistrate of the First Class. 6. Penalty. 7. Duty of Police and other officers to assist in obtaining possession of unclaimed bodies. 8. Protection of persons acting under this Act 9. Power to make rules. 10. Repeal STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND REASONS _ 1 Act 23 of 1957.- Since considerable difficulty is experienced in obtaining bodies of deceased persons for educational purposes in médical institutions it is considered necessary to provide for the supply of unclaimed bodies of deceased persons ‘to hospitals and medical and teaching institutions. Similar Acts are already in force in the areas of the former Madras, Bombay and Hyderabad States which have since integrated with the Mysore State. It is necessary that these ‘cis are repealed and a new Act is enacted so as to have a uniform law in the matter, applicable to all the areas of the State. Hence this Bill. (Obtained from L.A. Bill NO.5661 dated 21st June 1957) (LAW 47 LGN 57). u Amending Act 15 of 1999... It is considered necessary to amend the Karnataka Anatomy Act, neu ‘cmake provision for epaling a peson before is death, fo express an nvertion in wang in the presence of two or more persons, to @onaig his body or part of his body Tor the purpose of ‘anatomical examination or dissection or other similar purpose Hence the Bill. (Obtained from L.A. Bill No. 1 of 1998. File No. stoxjzore 25 wozist 97.)7 Dr. Mrs. §. Kantha IVIMS & RC. Blo Editor in Chief) ) Dr. Jayanthi.\, (SIMS. RE Hones (Advisory Board De Sayeek 7 DECOM. Ramesh — PE MLB. Sanikop “ JIMMIE B SOL ME Kates 2 De Rai / De Balasubramanya DeN.AL Suresh SESE teas SUES MC. 14 ary ‘Associate Editors) Executive Editors: Dr: Balakrishna :Rajasjeshei MC, tore) DEX Ravikumar tsi De Hukkeei Ms, Belgaum Dr, Balachandea Dr. Bh Dr: Shariff ists, etary sedi Kiss 5 De RX. Vembateshu spoMte. kota DEAS. Naglikar 8098 so soe, B hae De Shaiajasnerty oases. De Pradeep Kamar Murudkar s.p.\4¢ ups, De BS. Pe ASI OAR AMMC 6 hy National Advisory Board } International Advisory Board Di Shakuntata Dez al. Kamankay Dre VIR. Aimed gar, MH) + De Lavan aBadamiy \usus 7 Dk, Kejodbar Py West ndies Dr: Arumia.N Annapumeshri MC, Salem, TN) Drs Krishas Rao (PES ME, Kuppu, APv Dr WMS Johnson sii alse MO Chowan TN‘KARNATAKA ACT]' No. 23 OF 1957. (First published in the ‘[Karnataka Gazette]' on the Nineteenth Day of September 1957.) THE '{KARNATAKA]’ ANATOMY ACT, 1957. (Received the assent of the Governor on the Thirteenth Day of September 1957.) (As amended by Act 16 of 1999) An Act to pr med bodies of deceased persons ‘for dont babe a pat ae dace etsngl to oepal red ica and ‘aching institutions for the purpose of anatomical examination and dissection and other similar purposes) WHEREAS it is expedient to provide for the supply of unclaimed bodies of deceased persons ‘[or donated bodies or any part thereof of deceased persons] to hospitals and medical and teaching institutions for the purpose of anatomical examination and dissection and other similar purposes: BE it enacted by the ‘[Karnataka State]' Legislature in the Eighth Year of the Republic of India as follows:— 1 Adapted by the Karnataka Adaptations of Laws Order, 1973 wef 01 11 19 2 Inserted by Act 15 of 1998 wef 01 08 20101 by nettication No HFW 189 PTD 98, datee 28.7 2001 , 1 Short title, extent_and_commencement.- (1) This Act may be called the [Karnataka] Anatomy Act, 1957.) — 1. Adapted by the Karnataka Adaptations of Laws Order, 1973 we. 01.11.1973, (2) It extends to the whole of the ‘[State of Karnatakal'.— 1. Adapted by the Karnataka Adaptations of Laws Order, 1973 wef 01.11.1973, (3) It shall come into force at once in the South Kanara District; and on such | dates]_and in such other area of the State as the State Government may by notifi in the Official - 1. The Act has come ino farce in Mysore and Belry dsticts on 04.09.1959, in Bangalore Cooig, Hasan Mandya, Chikmagalur, Chtracuga, Temi. Kola, Shenoga, Renu on 02 08.1860 and in Gulbarga and Bidar disc om 01.06 1961. The Act has came into fore toughout the State on 1167 2900 by "oiicaton by noticaton No, HFW 189 PTD 99 dated. 117 2000 2. Definitions.- (1) In this Act, unless there is anything repugnant in the ‘subject or context,— {a) “approved institution" means _a hospital or_a medical college or an allied institution 2s may be declared by the State Government by notification in the Official Gazette, to be an approved institution for the purpose of this Act, ~(b) “authorised officer” means an officer authorised under section 3; {0) “hospital” means any hospital_established or maintained the State Government _or_by any municipal corporation, municipal council, municipal borough, district municipality, district board or panchayat, and includes any other hospital which declared by the State Govern no Gazette, to be hospital for the purposes of this Act;4a) “person interested" means a near relative or any other person who is interesteg inthe disposal of the body of the leceased person in accordance with the reli ious nt el co ene en sts an ‘Explai For purposes of this clause, “near relative” Means any of the following relatives of the deceased, namely, wife, husband, Parent, son, daughter, brother or sister and includes any other person who is related to the deceased (i) by Geplatons of Laws Order, 1973 wef 01 11 1973, (2) Every officer authorised-under sub-section wit oI y Tepart the fact fo the ofc Ten ee Stal take possession af the unclamned eos and xcept in the case ceferred io in sub-senian (3) Tee ver to the authority in-charge of 2 approves atin geet ausacton Proved institution, if itis required by that authority, for the purpose of jucting anatomical exarhination and dissection or other similar purpose! of residence and the body of that Person is not claimed by any person interested within {he prescribed time, the authorised officer shall ake possession of such unclaimed body and except in the case referred fo in sub-section (3), hand it over to the authority in charge of an approved institution, if it is equired by that authority, for the purposes specified in sub-section (1) (3) When there is any doubt Legarding the cause of death or when for any reason the authorised officer considers it expedient so to do- he Shall forward the unclaimed body to the police officer referred to in section 174 of the Code of Crimi 1898 ‘ental Act V of 1898), ——_ ~~ (4) Where any unclaimed body taken possession of by the authorised officer under this section is not required by the authority in charge of an approved institution for the Purpose specified in sub-section (1) it shall be disposed-ofir-such manner as may bi prescribed, ‘IAA. Donation of bodies or any part thereof of deceased persons for anatomical examination etc.,- (1) If any person at any time before his death had expressed an intention in writing in the presence of two or more witnesses, that his body or any part of his Body be given to an approved institution for being used after his death for the purpose of conducting anatomical examination and dissection or other similar purpose, ahy person interested may, unless he has reason to believe that the said intention was subsequently revoked authorised the removal of the dead body or Such part thereor to any approved institution for use in accordance with the intention; (2) Without prejudice to the provisions of sub-section (1) such person interested may authorise the removal of the whole body or any part from the body for use for the With after his death, and had not withdrawn such objection; or that any near relative of the deceased referred to the explanation to clause (d) of section 2 objects to the body being so dealt with (3) Subject to the provisions of sub-section (4) and (5), the removal and use of the whole body or any part of a body in accordance with an authority given in pursuance of this section shall be lawful, and shall be sufficient warrant for the removal of the body or any part thereof and it's use for the purposes of this Act. Purposes specified in sub-section (1) unless he has reason to believe, ‘hat the deceased had expressed an objection to his body or any part thereof being so d (4) The body or any part ased person shall not be removed for any of the purposes specifi (i) from any place where such person may have dieg.- ‘within forty-eight hours from the time of such person's death; or (W-antil after twenty-four hours notice, (to be reckoned from the time of such death) to the Executive Magistrate of the intended removal of the body; or (iii) unless a certificate stating in what manner such person came by his death shall, previously to the removal of the body has been signed by the registered medical practitioner who attended such person during the illness whereof he died or, if no ‘such practitioner attended such person during such illness, then by a registered medical prac ner who shall be called in after the death of such person to view his body and who shall state the manner and cause of death according to the bet of his knowledge and belief, but who shall not be concerned in dealing with the body for any of th: foresaid removal, and in case of such removal, such certificate shall be delivered together with the body to the authority in-charge of an approved institution receiving the same for any of the Purposes aforesaid (6) If the person interested has reason to believe that an inquest or a postmortem examination of such body may be required to be held, in accordance with the provisions ofany Taw for the time being if force, the authority for the removal of the body or any partthereof shall not_b8 given under this section excant-wit sept of the authority éipowered to hold an Inquest or such law.) __ 5. Doubt or dispute as to near relative to be referred to ‘[x x x ]' Magistrate of the Fist Cana it) any Gust or apa ates ateher a secoe sore nate person interested for the purpose of section 4 the matter shall be referred to ‘[x x x]' a Magistrate of the First Class and the decision of such Magistrate shail be final. *(2) Pending such decision, the body of the deceased person shall be preseryed from decay iri such manner as may be prescribed] —> 7 Serain words in the heading Omitted by the Kermataka Adoptions of Laws Order, 1973 we f ont. 1973 6, Penalty.- Whoever disposes of, or abets the disposal of, an unclaimed body save as provided by this Act, or obstructs any authority in charge of an approved institution or an authorised officer from hariding over, taking possession of, removing or using, such dead body for the purposes specified in section 4, shall be punish: hich "Tay extend to ve hundred rupees) ma . Duty of Police and other officers to assist in obtaining pos- session of unclaimed bodies.- All officers and servants of the Police, Medical and Public Health Departments, all officers and servants in the service of a local authority, and all village officers and servants shall be bound to take all reasonable measures to assist authorised officers in the discharge of their duties under this Act. "8. Protection of persons acting under this Act.--No suit, prosecution or other legal proceeding shall jie against any person for anything which is in good faith done or intended to be dofe in pursuance of this Act] _— ‘9. Power to make rules.- The State Government, may, by notification in the Official Gazelfe, make rules for carrying out the purposes of this Act. 10. The Madras Anatomy Act, 1951 (Madras Act XVIII of 1951) in force in Bellary District and the ‘[Mangalore and Kollegal Area]’, the Bombay Anatomy Act, 1949 (Bombay Act XI of 1949) in force in the ‘[Belgaum Areal’ and the Hyderabad Pathology and Anatomy Act, 1955 (Hyderabad Act No. X of 1955) in force in the ‘[Gulbarga Area]’ are hereby repealed: Provided that, anything done or any action taken (including any appointment or rules made, notification, order, or direction issued) under the said Acts shall be deemed to have been done or taken under the corresponding provisions of this Act and shall continue to be in force accordingly, unless and until superseded by anything done or any action taken under this Act. 41 Adapted by the Kamataka Adaptations of Laws Order, 1973 wef 01.11.1972,—\ NOTIFICATIONS 1 Bangalore, dated 1st September 1958. [No. LLH 12 MDR 58] In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (3) of Section 1 of the Mysore Anatomy Act 1987 (Mysore Act No. 23 of 1957), the Government of Mysore hereby specifies 4th September 1958 as the date on which the said Act shall come into force in the Districts of Mysore and Bellary, By Order and in the name of the Governor of Mysore, (M. VasUDEVA RAO) Secretary to Government, Local Self-Government and Public Health Department, (Published in PART IV—2-C of the Gazette dated 04.09.1958 at p. 591.) 0 Bangalore, dated the 30th May, 1961.[No. PLM 167 MDA 60] In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (3) of Section 1 of the Mysore Anatomy Act, 1957 (Mysore Act No. 23 of 1957), the Government of Mysore hereby specify 1st June 1961 as the date on which the said Act shall come into force in the following Districts namely — 1. Gulbarga and 2. Bidar. By Order and in the name of the Governor of Mysore, (0. V. RAMAaraH) Under Secretary to Government, P.H. Labour and Municipal ‘Administrative Department. (Published in PART IV—2-C of the Gazette dated 04.9. 1958 at p. 591.) m Bangalore, dated the 13th July 1960 (Ashadha 22, Saka Era 1882). [No. LLH 23 MDA 60], In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (3) of Section 1 of the Mysore Anatomy ‘Act, 1957 (Mysore Act 23 of 1957), the Government of Mysore hereby specifies 2nd August 1960 as the date on which the said Act shall come into force in the following Districts — (6) Chitradurga (1) Bangalore (2) Coorg (7) Tumkur (3) Hassan (8) Kolar (4) Mandya (9) Shimoga (5) Chickmagalur (10) Raichur : By Order and in the name of the Governor of Mysore, (M. CHINNASWaMY) Under Secretary to Government, L.S.G. and P.H. Department.f v Bangalore dated 11th July, 2000 [No.HEW 189 PTD 99] In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (3) of Section 1 of the Karnataka Anatomy ‘Act 1957 (Kamataka Act No.23 of 1957), the Government of Kamataka hereby specify Eleventh day of July 2000 as the date on which the said Act shall come into force in the State. By Order and in the name of the Governor of Karnataka (J. SRINIVASAN) Under Secretary to Government, Health & Family Welfare Department. v Bangalore dated 28th July, 2001 [No.HFW 189 PTD 99] In exercise of the powers conferred by sub-section (2) of Section 1 of the Karnataka Anatomy (Amendment) Act ,1999 (Karnataka Act 15 of 1999), the Govemment of Kamataka hereby ts the first day of August 2001 to be the day on which the said Act come into force. By Order and in the name of the Governor of Karnataka (J. SRINIVASAN) Under Secretary to Government, Health & Family Welfare DepartmentCaspar Friedrich Wolff O Caspar Frisdich Wolff January 13 (79- February 22)1794) was a German physiologist and one of the founders of embryology. Life Wolf sas hora in Bsn, Brandenburg 1759) graduated as an M.D. from the University of Halle with his dissertation "TheoriaGenerationis" where he revived and supported the theory of epigenesis previously proposed by Aristotfe and William Harvey. The paper consisted of three parts devoted to development of plants. 2yevelopment of animals, and (3ytheoretical considerations. It indicated that organs are formed in differenti Ss from undifferentiated cells.Traditional and prevailing theory had speculated that organisms were already preformed in the seed (theory of reformation), that is in the human. a homunculus was already sitting in the sperm. His views were not well received, Albrecht von Haller was a powerful antagonist. During theSeven Years! War, Wolff was required practice asa field doctor in the Prussian Anny. Thereafter he had difficulty entering academic life. Finally, in 1767, with help of the mathématician Leonhard Euler he obtained the chairmanship of anatomy at the St.Petersburg Academy of Sciences (now Russian Academy of Sciences). 2 Wolff's research covered Wolff's research covered embryology, anat anatomy, _and botany botany. He was the discoverer of the primitive kidneys (mesonephros), or "Wall (mesongphros), or "Walffian, bodies" and its excretory ducts. Me described these in his dissertation "TheoriaGenerationis" after observing them in his studies on chick embryos. According to Locy. since he assumed a total lack of organization in the beginning.he was obliged to make development "miraculous" through the action on the eggofa hyperphysical agent; from a total lack of organization, he conceived of its being lifted to the highly organized product through the action of a "yi isessentialiscorporis:” In 1768-1769, he i" published his best work in embryology on the development of the intestine; of which Baer said, "ILis the greatest masterpiece of scientific observation which we possess.” Again, according to Locy, while Wolff's investigations for "TheoriaGenerationis" did not react evel of Marcéllo Malpighi’s, those of the paper of 1768 surpassed them and held the position of the best piece of embryological work up to that of Heinz Christian Panderand Karl Ernst von Baer. py Wollf’s "De Formationetntgstinonum” rather than his "TheoriaGenerationis” embodies his greatest contribution to embryology; in it he foreshadows the idea of gesm layers in the embryo, which, under Pander and von Baer, became the fundamental conception in structural embryology- he laid the foundation for the germ gory. Wolff foreshadowed the germ layer theory by showing that the material out of which the embryo is constructed is, i early stage of development, arranged in the form of leaf-like layers. Locy recognizes Wolff as the foremost investigator in embryology before von Baer. Wolff contended that the organs of ‘ir appearance graduatty and that he could actually follow their successive sfages of formation. (Dye) animals make Wolff's eponyms are: eT pian ducts Wotan cysts Wolifian body or mesonephros @ Vas eyentrali Searpours oe Forwabmeiniehuetin @ Gow coh dross. _ wotl{ on du, oe boeclyAstley Cooper Sir AstleyPaston Cooper, ist Baronet (23 August_1768 - 12 February’ 1841) was an English surgeon and anatomist, who made historical contributions tootology, vascular surgery, the anatomy and pathology of the mammary glands and testicles, and the. pathology AstleyPaston Cooper, the son of Dr. Samuel Cooper, a clergyman, was born in Brooke, Norfolk on 23rd August, 1768. At the age of sixteen he became a medical student at St. ‘Thomas’ Hospital in London, He studied under Henry Cline and John Hunter. Life Cooper was born at Brooke Hall in Brooke, Norfolk on 23 August 1768 and baptised at the parish church on 9 September. His father, Dr. Samuel Cooper, was a clergyman of the Church of England; his mother Maria Susanna Bransby was the author of several novels. “At the age of sixteen he was sent toLondon and placed under Henry Cline (1750-1827), surgeon to St, Thomas’ Hospital. From the first he devoted himself to the study of anatomy, and had the privilege of attending the lectures of John Hunter. In 1789 he was appointed demonstrator of anatomy at St. Thomas's Hospital, where in 1791 he became joint lecturer with Cline in anatomy and surgery, and in 1800 he was appointed surgeon _to Guy's Hospital on the death of his uncle, William Cooper, In 1802 he received the Copley Medal for two papers read before the Royal Society of London on the destruction of the tympanic membrane; and in 1805 he was elected a Fellow ‘of that society. In the same year he took an active part in the formation of the Medical and Chirurgical Society of London, and in 1804 he brought out the first, and in 1807 the second, part of his great work on hemia, which added so largely to his reputation that in 1813 his annual professional income rose to 21,000 pounds sterling. In the same year he was appointed professor of comparative anatomy to the Royal College of Surgeonsand was very popular as a Iecturer,) In 1817 he performed his famous operation of tving the abdominal aorta for aneurism; and in 1820 he removed an infected sebaceous cyst from the head of King George LY. About six months afterwards received a baronetey, which, as he had no son, was to descend to his nephew and adopted son, Astley Cooper. He was subsequently appointed sergeant surgeon to King George IY, King William 1Vand Queen Victoria. He served as president of the Royal College of S ons in 1827 and again in 1836, and he was elected a vice-president of the Royal Society in 1830. In 1821, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedishhe was obliged to make development "miraculous" through the action on the egg of a hyperpitysical agent; from a total lack of organization, he conceived of its being lifted to the , highly organized product through the action of a "yisessentialiscorporis;" In 1768-1769, he . published his best work in embryology on the development of the intestine; of which Baer 4 said, "ILis the greatest masterpiece of scientific observation which we possess.” Again, according to Locy, while Wolff's investigations for "TheoriaGenerationis" did not reach the evel of Marcétlo Malpighi’s, those of the paper of 1768 surpassed them and held the position of the best piece of embryological work up to that of Heinz Christian Panderand Karl Ernst yon Baer. jy Wolf's "De Formationetntgstinazum" rather than his "TheoriaGenerationis", embodies his greatest contribution to embryology; in it he foreshadows the idea of geym layers in the embryo, which, under Pander and von Baer, became the fundamental conception in structural embryology- he laid the foundation for the germy layer theory. Wolff foreshadowed the layer theory by showing that the material out of which the embryo is construct early stage of development, arranged in the form of leaf-like layers. Locy recognizes Wolff as the foremost investigator in embryology before von Baer. Wolff contended that the organs of animals make their appearance gradually and that he could actually follow their stages of formation.(Dye) | Wolff's eponyms are: eC woitan ducts WolsFian cysts Wolffian body or mesonephros . wn wey bet TO Ballo~ ous paren cps helena few sb @ tt ¢ Wal “Hes Oban» “Yheea Gumabors @ Vis epperrtials Searpors Qo Forwotimelmickrvatin OM Gow wit Vat @ werlf arn aud, alee body .Academy of Se nnces. He died on 12 February 1841 in London, and was interred, by his own desire, beneath the chapel of Guy's Hospital. A statue by Edward Hodges Baily was erected in St Paul's Cathedral Cooper lived at Gadebridge House in the market town of Hemel Hempstead. Due to his that the London to Birmingham main railway line was constructed to the south of the town instead of through it, a more natural course. This led to the citizens of Hemel Hempstead having no railway station in their town, instead being obliged to use the one situated at Boxmoor Today, Cooper is remembered in the area with a number of local street names (Astley Road and Paston Road in Heme! Hempstead), and The Astl School, formerly Grovehill school, being renamed after him in 1984. The grounds of his former home are now a public park. Henry Cline had radical views on politics. According to Druin Burgh, the author of Digging up the Dead (2007): "Henry Cline... believed that parliamentary representation should not be the property of rich landlords, and that the payment of taxes brought with it the right to have a say in how they were spent, a right to a voice in the running of the country.” Henry Cline introduced Cooper to friends such as John Thelwall and John Home Tooke, who were active in the campaign for parliamentary reforth. Both men were eventually imprisoned for their beliefs. Cline also supported the French Revolution claiming that the "French revolution was a glorious cause for a man to shed his blood in." Cooper visited Paris during the revolution and observed what became known as the September Massacres when almost 1,500 people were killed. Cooper managed to escape back to London. He later wrote: "A revolution may sometimes be a good thing for posterity, but never for the existing generation for the change is always too sudden and violent." In 1789 Cooper was appointed demonstrator of anatomy at the hospital. Two years later he became joint lecturer with Henry Cline in anatomy and surgery. In 1800 he was appointed surgeon to Guy's Hospital. Works : Sir Astley’s greatest contribution has probably been in the field of vascular surgery, particularly on cerebral circulation. He was the first to demonstrate experimentally the effects of bilateral ligation of the carotid arteries in dogs and to propose treatment of aneurysms by ligation of the vessel. In 1805 he published in the first volume of Medico-Chirurgical Transactions his attempt to tie the commoncarotid artery for treating an aneurysm inapatient. In 1808 he tried the same with the external iliac artery for a femoral aneurysm and in 1817 he ligated the aorta for an iliac aneurysm, Cooper was an indefatigable and original anatomist and. described several new anatomical structures, many of which were named after him: ~~ Cooper's fascia, a covering of the spermatic cord. 2Cooper's pubic ligament, the superior pubic ligament. Cooper's stripes, a fibrous structure in the ulnar ligaments, 2 Cooper's ligaments, the suspensory ligaments of the breasts. He also described a number of new diseases, which likewise became eponymous: Cooper's testis (neuralgia of the testicles) Cooper's disease (benign cysts of the breast) =Tooper's hernia (retroperitoneal hernia) \ Cooper's neuralgia (neuralgia of the breast) His chief published works were: << Anatomy and Surgical Treatment of Hernia (1804-1807); ‘Dislocations and Fractures (1822); Lectures on Surgery (1824-1827); 2 Tilustrations of Diseases of the Breast (1829); Anatomy of the Thymus Gland (1832); (2Anatomy of the Breast (1840). In 1804 Cooper published the first volume of Anatomy and Surgical Treatment of Hernia. The second volume appeared three years later. As a result of this important work he was elected as Fellow of the Royal Society. He was appointed professor of comparative anatomy to the Royal College of Surgeons. In 1817 he performed his famous operation of tying the abdominal aorta for aneurism. Astley Cooper was now one of the most well-known doctors in England and it is reported that he had an annual income of £21,000. In 1820 he removed an infected sebaceous cyst from the head of George IV. The following year he received a baronetcy. Cooper was subsequently appointed sergeant surgeon to George LV, William IV and Queen ctoria. Other publications by Cooper include Dislocations and Fracrures(1822), Lectures (on Surgery (1827), Musirations of Diseases of the Breast (1829), Anatomy of the Thymus Gland (1832) and Anatomy of the Breast (1840). Astley Cooper died in London on 12th February 1841.Os John Hunter (1728- 1793) john. Scottish surgeon regarded as one of the most distinguished scientists a surgeons of his day. He was an early advocate of careful observation and scientific method in medicine. The Hunterian Society of London was named in his honour) Hunter was born at Long Calderwood, An elder brother was William Hunter, the anator When nearly 21 he visited William in London, where his brother had become an admired y. John started as his assistant in dissections (1748), and was soon running jhe practical classes on his own.) 7 teacher of anatom Hunter studied under William _Cheselden at Chelsea _Hospital and Percival Patt at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. After qualifying he became Assistant Surgeon (house surgeon) at St_ George's Hospital (1756) and Surgeon (1768). He was commissioned as an Army surgeon in 1760 and was staff surgeon on expedition to Belle ile in 1761, and served in 1762 with the British Army in the expediti tugal. In 1753 he was made master of anatomy at Surgeon’s Hall, with the duty of reading the lectures. From 1754 to 1756 John was house surgeon at St. George’s Hospial, where he received most. of his practical training, Contributions: — othe summer of 1754 he was busy studying the routes by which the biachés of the olfactory nervecleavd the skyll, traced the course of the nasgpalatine nerve, and the rambling nerve known as the nasal branch of the ophthalnmic division of the fifth. A specimen he dissected to show these nerves exists in the Museum in excellent condition. . 1 cr, The Si is is Es on thehe names the gubernaculum testis «because it connects the testis with the scrotum, and directs its course in its descent.» + Hunter was an excellent anatomist; his knowledge and skill as a surgean was based on sound anatomical background. Among his numerous contributions to medical science ' are: Study of human teeth 27 extensive study of inflammation ©fine work on gun-shot wounds 7 some work on venereal diseases, including possibly inoculating himself with venereal disease in 1767 to Carry out further study * an understanding of the nature of digestion, and verifying that fats_are absorbed ft the Jacteals, a type of small intestine lymphatic capillary, and not into the intestinal blood capillaries as was generally accepted. »~“‘he first complete study of the development ofa child proof that the maternal and foetal blood supplies are separate +, unravelling of one of the major anatomical mysteries of the time — the role of * the lymph atic system In Portugal Hunter made observations on natural history and collected specimens, some of which are preserved in the Museum, but the most important gain was an fasti> __ inspiration to study geology. ep * Hunter in 1762 described the gubernact is. He was the first to study and dow t alte tggth in a scientific way, im T771, and in 1778 introduced artificial nutrition“ . with the aid of a flexible tube which was led down into the stomach. He described the Pais caal in 1786 user Bypotiled tat reduces cook ng exlatsimlanecwsly in the sane ‘organ. Therefore syphilis and gonorrhea were argan ThereTore syphilis and-Bonorthea were belived To be WMTSEnt Sapam. . ae 1 SEXTATTNESS * junter Tirst_ performes EA ‘Seeratigh for poplietl_angurysm-i n December 1785, Hunter undertook an operation on the Sob at Seep To polit ansunen George’s by placing femoral aretial ligatures within the fascial tunnel formed in i femoral triangle and the opening in the adductor magnus muscle. [ ye After years of hard work he set up his own anatomy school in London in 1764 and started in private surgical practice. His recognition rose in 1767 when he was elected as | Fellow of the Royal Socicivand in 1768 he was appointed as surgeon to St. George's Hospital, Later he became a member of the Company of Surgeons. In 1776 he was appointed surgeon to King George Jil; in 1786 he was appointed deputy surgeon to the British Army and in 1789 he was. made Surgeon General.It_has_rees ently been alleged that Hunter's brother William, and_his_brother’s former tutor William Smell, 5 ‘worl n Selig, were responsible for the deaths of many women ‘whose corpses Were for their studi F ir studies on pregnancy. John is alleged to have been connected in some was nese murders) 5¢- 2 : OnOetober 16, 1793. following a mesting of the board of governors at St. George's ‘which he was angered by some of the discussion, he Se eda caia) a / to one of the physicians of the hospital, groaned and dropped dead.) x 2 Memorials: A bust of John Hunter stands on Hospital in Tooting lestal outside t South London, original Hyde Park Comer_buildit along with a lion and unicom taken fro 1g There is also a bust of him in Leicester Square in London's West End and in the South West corner of Lincoln's Inn Fields. ‘The John Hunter Hospital, the largest hospital “{ustralia, and principal teaching hospital of the University of Ne afer Hunter (as well as vo other historically significant John Hunters! <= named ‘ os :~ Herophilus was born i ZIGp in Asia Minor in c. 335 BC. Not much is known about his early life other than that he moved to Alexandria at a fairly young age to begin his schooling.Herophilus studied medicineunder Praxagoras and then at Alexandria, where he rtunityto later taughtand practiced medicine. In Alexandria, Herophilus had the unigue practice human dissection, a research technique not allowed elsewhere. Herophilus even ic dissections. performed pul ieved rhat excecise and a healthy diet were integral to the bodily health of an individual. Herophilos once said that "when health is absent, wisdom cannot reveal if nt ‘cannot manifest, strength cannot fight, wealth becomes useless, and intelligence cannot be applied.” was the rief period in Greek medical history when the ban on human dissection was lifted, Herophilus sg ew ee ) of the brain, the organ he regarded as the centre of the nervous syStent; trated the sinuses of the dura mater (the tough membrane covering the brain) to their junction, known asthe torcularMerophil. — weHie classified the nerve trupks—distinguishing them from tendons and blood vessels-—as motor or sensor * He rendered carefull accounts of the eye, liver, salivary glands, pancreas. and genital organs of both sexes, He described end named the dupdenum. at the lower end of th stomach, and the prostate gland.) ‘+ Tlerophilus emphasized the curative powers of drugs. dietetics, and gymnastics..He was fig 10 measure the pulse. for which he used awater_clock-Hethought that ation was involuntary, rising from dilation and contraction of arteries due {o impulses sent from Tes carry ait rather than blood. JS — ublic dissections on human cadavers; and often called «oe, Herophilos is thought to be one of the foundessmaf the : introduced the experimental method 19 medicine, for he considered it essential 10 ¥ found knowledge om empirical bases. For that he was criticized by Galen for whom the experimental method contradicted rationality. oP ‘Conventional medicine of the time revolved around the theory of the four humors it in which an imbalance between bile, black bile, phlegm, and blood led to to sickness or disease. Veins were believed to be filled with bl a mixture air and water. Through HSTHITGS disse Fe ws le dotc fat wis one Ho After studying the flow of diood, he was able to differentiate betweenarteries and vei He noticed that as blood flowed through arteries, they pulsed or rhythmically th + His work on blood and is idy and analyze the higin. He Proposed that the brain. Hect He was_the first person to differentiate between thecerebrum and the cerebellum and to place indiviawal importance on each portion. He Tooked more indepth into the network of neives located ii th xa Fough his dissection of the eye, he discovered the different sections and layers of {he eye: the comea, the retina, the iris, and the choroid coat. ee Fuurther study of the cranium led him to describe the calamusscriptorius which he believed was the seat of the human + He believed that the sensory and motor nerves shot out from the brain and thatthe neural transmissions occurred by means of pogume, Part of his belief involved the pueuma, which he believed was a substange that flowed through the arteries along with the blood. s also introduced many of the scientific terms used to this day-to describe anatomical phenomena. He was nore the first to introduce the notion of «Gonyentional terminology. as opposed to use of “natural names", using terms he created to deseribe the objects of study, naming them forthe frst time, + Heiseredited wih the discovery ofthe gun. - Books written by Herophilus: — 1. On Pulses- explored the flow of bos trom the heart through the grteries 2._Midwifery- discussed duration and phases of childbirth. He also discusséd the cause: zo tli for dificult chlabin.| 2 ey anak y 00 Eyes. Alter the death of Herophilos in 280 BC. his anatomical findings lived on in the works of n. Even so dissections were performed in the | | i = other important physicians, notably Galfollowing centuries and medieval times only few insights were added. Dissecting with the purpose to. nowledge about human anatomy started again nearly moder. (Vesalius), more than 1600 years after Herophilos' death.) ~ inthe history of the field. He medicine were the most important ppanished several Roman taboos and superstitions when Ht came to the practice of medicine th sat ideas about the inner and personal health. ATE ously 5 public and other scholars about the importance and maintenance of ‘good health. Fis commitment to. accuracy ‘and offerings to the field gave wayat least Foote mnpsovements a-suceenh ST medical practice, ph ssiology and. kinesiology, scientific investigation and many More, as welll fly! to the area of neurosciences Herophilus | contributions to as di |Hippocrates( 460 BC - 370 BC) — Hippocrates of Cos or Hippokrates of Kos was an ancient Greek physician of the Age of Pericles (Classical Athens), and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the father of Western medicine in recognition of his lasting contributions to the field as the founder of the Hippocratic School of medicine. _ Hippocratic theory: \-Atipocrates is eredited with being the fst person to believe that diseases were caused naturally and not asa result of superstition, and Gods. «Hippocrates was credited by the disciples of Pythagoras of allying' philosophy and medicine. He separated the discipline of medicine from religion, believing and arguing that disease was not a punishment inflicted by the gods but rather the product of environmental factors, diet, and living habits.) ‘© Hippocratic medicine and its philosophy are far removed from that of modern medicine. Now, the physician focuses on specific diagnosis and specialized treatment, both of which were espoused by the Knidianschool. This shift in medical thought since Hippocrates’ day has caused serious criticism over the past two millennia, with the passivity of Hippocratic treatment being the subject of particularly strong denunciations; for example, the French doctor M. S. Houdart called the Hippocratic treatment a "meditation upon death’ LC A Another imporiait concept in Fippocratic medicine was that of a.crisis, a point in the progression of disease at which either the illness would begin to triumph and the patient would succumb to death, or the opposite would occur and natural processes NNwould make the patient recover. After a crisis, a relapse might follow, and then another deciding crisis. According to this doctrine. crises tend to occur on critical days, which were supposed to be a fixed time after the contraction of a disease. If a isle occured on 3 day, far om a rica gyn relapse might be expend. Galen believed that this idea originated with Hit ites, though it is possible that_it predated him} 2 * medicine was fumble and 4 ‘The therapeutic approach was based on “the healing power of nature”. According t0:this doctrine, the body contains within itself the power to re-balance the fourhumours and heal itself (piysis) ¢ Hippocratic therapy focused on simply ‘easing this natural Process. To this end, Hippocrates believed “egstand is [were] of capit fla © An general, the Hippdcratic medicine was ‘Yety kind t6 the patient; treatment ~ gentle, and emphasized keeping the patient clean and sterile. For example, only clean water or wine were ever used on wouinds, though “dry” treatment was preferable. Hippocrates was reluctant to administer drugs and engage in specialized treatment iat might prove to be wrongly chosen; generalized therapy followed a generalized $45 Very successfil in treating relatively simple ailments such as broken Which cemuired traction to sreteh thé skeletal syste and relieve’ pressure on Sf 1¢ of the girengths of Hi medicine was its emphasis on prognosis. At ippocrates' time, medicinal therapy was quite immature, and often the best aie that upon data collected in detailed case histories. ‘* The Hippocratic physician paid careful attention to all aspects of his practice: he the patient, and techniques of bandaging and splinting” in the ancientopexating igom. He even kept his fingernails to a precise length.] _Aecumentation. These doctrines dictate that physicians record their findings and their medicinal methods in a very clear and objective manner, so that these records may be note of many symptoms including complexion, pulse, fever, pains, movement, and excretions. He is said to have measured a patient's pulse when taking a case history to QiStory and environment To him medicine owes the art of clinical inspection and observation". For this reason, he may more properly be termed as the "Father soothing balms were sometimes employed. 108i However, potent drugs were. used'on certain occasions. This passive 7 the ined age, ‘The Hinaaeratic bench and otter devices were used to this end, physicians could do was to evaluate an illness and induce its likely progression based followed detailed specifications for, "lighting, personnel, instrunients, positioning of ‘+ The Hippocratic School gave importance to the clinical doctrines of observation and passed down and employed by other physicians.Hippocrates made careful, regular know if the patient lied. Hippocrates extended clinical observations into_family gfClinical Medicine". yzPhone : 2322917 obsabs was X day — adic page (Q foe dane, 90 nat absdh Kdaye — Rodiotuane pew doy baby 10g > Rasdiogtey (9 “They Lave Be dsre fuck 5 podnelp al dunscleid _satoqntncl tn__plone. Kao phos th Add dL HOVadi dans one wy Bel 7 blade fot — ek gy sk Bue / wols — Dials My © Bore = off woh © Coalfcasl — wwolladet (Gq: BA) — boigh” white @Xx da Uuatinakion . nalsioly «TH i saaigh pring x pirtaants © X dep we alate be dakey aden arma Cnobtgn anf wih) - Qronk) Gnplain sbielur) Cwoemar ener KRAD ( Rad pager SPhone : 2322917 tT EXECUTIVE ENGINEER PROJECT & CONSULTANCY DIVISION IB KERALA STATE HOUSING BOARD KSHB OFFICE COMPLEX, PANAMPILLY NAGAR, COCHIN - 682 036 Ty os vow AP VN -PR Vets q = . 2 Lobes = and dobsxe® vi oy ae bya - eae ee ~ Bese Pon ensbemdsiy = \roahieg eyshe wllto gn om — Nowmmes ply. - eenvenkieret Lorna graphy UYES_OF_KRAYS : @ Hades Gnaging © Sed of pathology ef skMEat sys ten, sot Less. @ Kray dayttallegra hey ie / @ Kay maieaas eapve amoflerys tb peda dmagen of vy smo in K 3.04 fuasseeny a cdabipy TE compaihior of He sample w Raye sseurile je Mugg a scanruing XRays CT in Peg~ wlkasme woos C ppt). LE a method of cbkatnrg cmagsd prom tnside the Vio cookie natahie, ay enngad - cbelnce iksttewmch abs be the gpaerebiza ob bar Sound ware te vesrebine thy chbnainn the tender of pregnant Wom on the ambdye ola ° inept bad & the fot Hat eka subeloiw com earns slidrtecl — anirg) ds Soul snngy des VOSA he veo Jotinsduen Cprchs) torloins @ eystol e smeh Wer high Apagauintey Sound wares ow Suaponse ts ( snelabosr By am ahdadead — wu Known oS puroebubite afr’ he Bacau —a. The ame Ttih — Feancl warts ade geflede pack by estan Zante bodys Tha aypecltd bram a om the uated Je Podutt ow akolweek _Sronal 2 analysed by ® tom pula Te prod om nage “Tess su find sth, Souncl WaAWwr voriob by K go ose card be hr “A defor stthogenierly : hypaadere a phodaen doce = don dana cahea hypoe . Namo Patna ~ ap ears ovartoble Boncpits 1” - Noncevastve, porns ~ tgay fe uae _ wand tin py Wee © ~ quid. we i ~ any Y im agen & hood vol Scio rete MS fadin vm He body din ody: dipelly — panbolacy bre _ 90 net pos Teowgh fn, Coloma , dole eat bred) oti a Legh ey cfok) ~ obsarky yap 1 abdemis (Lie, pororor, bubioty sy ris. spltin, kedinty, prsslald — pee VOARO ~ povd, alae ey ~ pe andunmint: jusmnan hod dough HL un of high fiaghinty Sind een” NES ey ve ahe fe Orem align ws PCrallel olfnechow > a eee inne Testtubane, > ar pale Fase CF Ane OY RAM Menawtod tel Hf ehchee Koay tech “etl, eee TOH Schone ead tee gn OH M He Sant bine thy ecco, A special Gounpsle Beqnaim Messen nas es vat bean fellows a spinal Pte, , Cworackol fee, 18 lak, whi ow pa oe pooped 8 ‘S Biome! aiaaeny EXECUTIVE ENGINEER PROJECT & CONSULTANCY tiv ION WEAR eras STATE HOUSING BOARD = KSHB OFFICE COMPLEX, PANAMPILLY NAGAR, COCHIN - 682 036 COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY: ee Ad Ore 4 the baal og foaboa Isat ie sh dying th ehust abdamun ¢ pies bream ib prouidla ottowted , arn SeleReR es of ath ype UEsFuey Yam 9 He game Neckar at thob- of aw abtnany, XM mad an anixt ska of He body can bi mak ! wecbte © ahevt too fw mm del FS er sean eT Sean wad crv # er taxa by th Baokh anginun Gedy N Houmsfibel Sead African phy secs a ae Corma de Tt ws clio knew as CRTC tom plunired frxted Aso gtaphy) team YES He Koy Ag How des s fock: ¢ mB) He How dee ch wake: fn an eT seamniig wks coy tne ke othr Kray Rramenalivex s betk—ep xray Tabs ay bs ewmd compu > image ¢ wk) ahs poy Refementh a hdbrelye” Jedlslogen atlows “mar ef : econ de ohhate omalple ether aia Single dabolnm \ cath & Crabbe a chier eT) C mali det cr) atbeoss Henna she fe he oblatitd & a shale fava of Sem sasullnG oy mAL Glad ¢ oddeleired vie cap abut 4 slat eT Cmogys almbliy Xtop geek ohsaplion £ aedis pagar + WAAL | shay obt —s dackioli uh —oahati bach / MEE) 6 e, aembaals nelital Sud fr \ueay | = Cah, GY A wma) . anhonte es cartes: GPT, palo’ & rms eshte thaw 5 _hangin So wits - 9) chad punal arfitdie , & charmed onl Noa Houmas i KB, adfune sebarot € gard polan et chunhify amedy tind," - oe. ~ AE Z —fo visuauige phe b. € x 3) z g 4 z g & s g) < z “6 % s Y CAST H Ae Risks: > cw) CT oF RK AEMEVTS” CARDING €T t voy Jive sesh & CHV eae Nt = Patel Bots aa cate We prcalKelOe Velo i aH Cy é |i B gy Ji 3 3 403 23 i wo ay ia ok “34 4 2 me + Elctig Be eT Cie HROT = site ccd co 1-2 jeealvg CT Scoay Pega « 3-0 : Fle ynapty Hormme gram (31 fa_anma a4 Ba-sweshous ale er aplogom | Anghonaigan 3a (st = OW enka ‘| throw Shots cig an enlratebar — yeneapaln Siguabiebes rh, thew. aries cv, bgpiiden, MGR ce LE Lou Lobe = Mmall oy RLS Saaiony exletinty ot i. red oder | cobraak inhaneed veaat Ouray from AMR 6 supplyudt He anca of Aypoairss g Buy nie — elt by « Kee spars & de 7% Le cskstak appeanne . canker lad | S poral canak mwah ® ey Din drceak Heat feck alma walib- % dhe pub cay wake matty 4] Lyf [rote Bohs, bypodinse sipndf Rr- Te - by pad onic sopra fotos op a foco® ah@ i tuay chveoudl AL acdveneedt & oh fpoar caleral obscp by ae é mieten 9 Ay & erlang d ofa. CO 997oquehic D> by degen tens, cu PCallel Anchen > / ea m9 1 it plc) > bases saben oor Beiiilen > Re Pole hun OF 2 weer Mh lene Spy aagl io tn ed oot 3 pk > Pickow ~~» sie" He ie Lie eta foe te scp HH wef prt cnn “SMH He * ae cst 6 ont Ea Sa ce Ranworan) The RFansagy Bren Hf io picked Bpne,; 2322917. (4 bowen EXECUTIVE ENGINEER PROJECT & CONSULTANCY onion Cate Fnooe ‘hte 8 ane KERALA STATE HOUSING BOARD Ge hs i sl ee PANAMPILLY NAGAR, COCHIN - 682 036 KR ur (ane rn baste @x wrelbon maguite AMmang, NMR NHR bead tr the diseomny thal Mohs cam give off dacdke seqnale woh, plawe bh & oma. gue pole. prosndts # + (peritrn®) wk * fatty Uisjon an walt + why + hieok vtals & offun fludct pAb arrays black rmagniic fla of conshawt shumgh Cor- IS gla) ; ay hay & his ad: (K) Pome NR Syshd aye ‘How equipped = ae gpreioa fo (pose on be oso Bee da okeate MEM sua, * on Sethe oh oS a) GE te Pn quale vena Emaging packagu & ean MAE WAGRAME | ~ sel Bee (2 bs (HR ANGIOGRAPHY) CASTHAND- Gad — mhallrc clus, pi : ' pectrmebst, prosTrain FUNCTIONAL NRE: Oe a. closophobia Ce ward Se Sook foncbon of shadws Grrrl adkivithy of baoun, myseat.dinn [nage ohtsbt So Eye afomnen Alas, isi | poepata Tha oe hanola 6 eobraals ight Onagu Ti Shosalisk eanopee ss AS a big oobah of srolit nadir prom He high tnagy alate tle, D> ensrgy Slat Ta + maxakte — enrapro © Hr bos of OHS Yee mag bixalor Oeenig oy paral: te 7, glax alg + Ty > plenabron easopnds Ais 18aaf autnall Aeay “+ fa douavebl, RE Rprak. WA a mmmcdlcmtix sem -LOTR poh ie 1 TR oe wee ewes oe ,. wae Th weolagredt melds = higho dingilg than Wah, 28 gh diff | bebote diem otk baw cs eae eanvanh 8 FT, woghticd Crvagus - ate rot + X Cameb Teal 4 Orage waa They af ee magne sequal vosnelicon blood 3 aya. & Bold - Ras, HRT? Com) | r wipes toot ae Uap prcle dowiky , Sack oo fst 1 Shape Shy Ties Hot bond OEE Ta eas Gas Spal ton L Alii quads bane Ligh daily af fut polos > Ha teitad fe peters 2. mentog flood sretn aade te mest Meroe po gn tay 8p md foe Hence au Aephad by untxibed preter » Cornyetiy matig fll apreor beck | ATE Septithin ne’ Tene pnts apitinkions, emt Pie pul hd another BF Pole | TE Eero Hine ¢ Pian pon tee Banker Stee RE Ha pg of, Poot fede So Ha CoRl Ty trntid : > Acta TR y chat TE ofl Melt dom Th autgtd Pooh > Epallent fp dewmeutetig Avaltn, i \\4 Tq Ubiedtedh + wyqod HS z | ih esr y ware mnonenp ht be EES ¢ a % * = Frat (pr cnentelieg Bitelry Pelee ee LG y Ad,» Supowen sep tue (onteat Hereluhion 2 callout 7° 23 £ aa Prtlapead dtscsatabion (Fee? BE g B tontging radi-ven ; : e ue ake pens tectfeg Tron lee Sof 25 a $ Je tattine 3 asenles fds com paper BOP tang \ 2 EBAY: Enpenctinr » (09 Simin Bow ' dugitte vttee (65-1548 | 8 + Choetaepleisa » PHF Ft pabenls ” \ I i w Fico of PG T foeweling cud Qrletn Drputs: ae f . % . a = » Cedorine enbronced MEL 7 Connbot rt) %, & a » Fak suprosions Mvetg Harbin stqued Bt enporok fs pratooge ; #8 NRCP Gobougiop ety) / HR Caegieges) 3 + HR specte sepy > Baber 1 Msplorieg metabolic Mendon fem ah ceA TO is, 1° 49 w/ , eqelever ~ To Cele He wecerons rschepe eet S exe crn Ul 6 FOG aud quid 7 olen’ “4 ¥ Ra fh srestimes wt GAY ork: Cn ressrsucts Ge BE tide op by gers ene ng comput» x pe nadioncdiithy Soky 3 ADmnstoval twee eh rer Phone : 2322947 § posite “ce EXECUTIVE ENGINEER PROJECT & CONSULTANCY DIVISION ST W@HE- KERALA STATE HOUSING BOARD KSHB OFFICE COMPLEX, PANAMPILLY NAGAR, COCHIN - 682 036 nde (rex) pet bo pureltar, imaging Qehkwape © prodines i ba Pecks op font emet Use domino amagr O P t pom aaa ote hs mat omen Pa pe in ids eh rel come dosed wmpounrddy — OP vara > . she hott ter thy oe Coxhoe HW, Nogin |, e haw dak vt Le Cig enka abi Cnjacelion . acum FR ; a a or tf apes eye vig dual uls& 7 bow sen seaming 3 ONE “+ paw ay igo om @ 07 : enters a wmelXBr - pape a} gusto of use AL age fens rapes Pamelor amas 7 _. _ [geese . guranbbabet Te wee. go ss gemah 1 howls & Oe: bs Bitte DINGREME? 7 — 2 gf Lanes & doce meen cmd egy bw mar marred WUNRo OA damon7 ne” — watt PMY sr Ey gunner r Be aenseny Cay dma ALS de aadick gn ot eon be 8 ang & how ' spounsrans 7 wth = ir ica 3 gis bln SEP oa gua ols aninels » & all animal cmagars + (Rok om ™ = ee sobs ear be Und _ aunimah scpasonntnts fyireok per C Re Che, (ccc eee ig nabeke te Pe sabalanee Gbiabte fi ae ae me wn | pare psc ts nS clk ln & ann O~ j ah wi ddnt ou i ruaaltad medians PTT, plush poms (rerel [greets -de ~ outs asin HP Je em omy Reo WN “ O. sean ong tigation thle onage 2 peellicg, — erage em. 7 eo kh suelo 2 brow ome TEM ae x au < puna & & show “a eowh ke boom ah CO stp great nota | aoe el ee: palin} ~ pea fon tog OO =” cydamsie Parvo) ener Dosphaymrg R “mrad? volume onal & QIRGRAKE s stsslon & ne —a8ep Stes FE Spi DNTEGRATED SCAM > | fiat patie ay — cbivphay ag an a whe Sea}ecn ~ Wuslrabs of hah shtton flows of orbs cod A HER gna emakdsoclep nod & dasaclar. -& _ ap RGEONSTRUCTION> TONRINED PET} CT _-¥{SIBUE HUNAN PROTECT > a Tacky? > Pree: ~ slo thee peak ete bear —_ th As of _ bs Yd fig Pak ets Ban Coo oclioe Cosdiac ime by ea Conds caadiae mnarphalo ee ys aki, . : — setting me 1y A foneko oy alt as SS perachh & euchn att ) AD, Cena chat, anabyse TRA, & by paar pelt ls u Suerte cea Welz fh novo per) — Nawal brat. wlh 5 cet et fein — allows cous Pie Pope Combelt& «| aweliiieat — atnaial erhamaleR Coys nts elie afpineln ( earh.5.”Phone : 2322917 EXECUTIVE ENGINEER PROJECT & CONSULTANCY DIVISION “WERE KERALA STATE HOUSING BOARD CHEST XRAY PA _wew: : Tak Soap. bleed winadn Appaan os a the mscbiarkine? scowl aolle ok (qe _krates’) , ~ (Bie huek basta] — a sot tel vs yesschh Contes ppd) Sewshiina fs sup. On’ Jrunk , & LV : re “pe badal« Rt Madiouphale ver sve. Re &tatve Are cee hoot poralitachtoR shiijae C< 3%) ay oamatly gen tHe ovat sethrovshlt ef aay oh axel of aby a ~ ow both ects open earch ‘oy polo. vray Ganemaled © th rootr | the. Gam ga fam hiker cee conldtny cHesT XRAY CATERML VIGW? = €ordice sctheult iy sun above He ont post of dhophragn ~ add A pak eoddiine 8 eas ferme by RV ALA — RiiBeondioe space + alsseundiing cheraare aa & wophagur = gakie anh & BP meciaslrnngn page Cast) Badam _Jetlere Hroogh> - The fiatity appeontmer of smal ak > don fe His pear chuters 2 mets md on pajuwenn penal aan the asmop —pagattinia enbte hy sis: ~ Phieat eh err dherhy domenaindial by this Srehosque -—--->----—-.User Ymagus — Py eum CSRS SL FONE eee ce " ~ a poe Siptelf ¢ achatozen) a“ Dopplr skid, v-tslan sound wows kb a — Weveng ob js qe 7 defied ki pany chamguig the -puquamey of Seu. o| Lel Foworedy ~ Leansdaar 3 doh ancy fe” — blue Foaquuney shift ow andthe Stange of Formed FduBercapy: - piavicls a RL Pe _snalealoe hnoyen. sduchsi ona \a Cmogud GL prietolsin CBa Kas) diophogn mort, cordiac adhe, ule Angcography —Godinalia cobhaak aginbs adr warct Mammography: ~ tan low ebre a & high eonbeaa ~ conned kiss tlebG ay dingy @ absabs Bay eray amidie LeGrad Re sannhg Avinn au Lehkim ~ andecudal ¢ adv-of event HAE ~ gids Sean ~ BME AOL abeak bee — Tomonsinclsox ia eoleifreahiong - okis adus pny Bim te axtal plore = Soft aires ernelrat nat ar gov. Naclror dnogtgt - te heath oy the veeualiabth of = wlan Aisne saahge radio adie ce ~ PET, PGeT, eadeliovarelar Smagiog & bok scanning SPECT + Radkeadkive cubelariy have Long oleay Lona smc g-thgle gamma — dey aollix than doubse 7 Say - ~ Leas Akarmel nag —& Lay sinsaltveliy, flan txpunadve cenctvertales, daging+ tan Thallium _9fGuas Oat TP Sean bs HAL, My Diphy phate aceumileli tn dees of Kigh mak adcioty Cte apt seclh spot) rePhone : 2322917 a EXECUTIVE ENGINEER PROJECT & CONSULTANCY DIVISION WERE KERALA STATE HOUSING BOARD KSHB OFFICE COMPLEX, PANAMPILLY NAGAR, COCHIN - 662 036 cr &eMRE ev or & UR — mee exon bd Nak Taw. Cm aul diety i) gente reunntog: ceo copies, nee elt engat ¢| Qayet jradach, = appr Sport, Sou back sett Lateei) gut & abd MRL _rmechenwin’ arechamnsins ? ue hin the hedy 8 pee ~ a shone wavifeor, whe fe tt ae mm, ON bok & ak mayh ; ' akhegr olimg He aus of ee an They ab mbar ded SF nackowart ol Same poaminsy Uhm necltoway ad Qube of, the sige fe tH santing stake sybase Lngy - ree at a Carta lan] ME watt contin, meat, SG planet Loe skis gdtascdl Swrgy & = awanaldte dude , ampli a ake ts we imag? Sure appre g aq» bai ghee srcer_eppikealiead + —Tommeu Sr ing anfedion. Cake opt) * - sthyswh . - be 2 = porcken ol condiae 8 ban cmegtn (eb 74 Peqronyy. Cy seanda papoose) Chbaod How, Pykans)Botan efieky + Boru swallo’ 3 pose us ot Lrophag un Rerum mbal—+ fe took [A pratima He slon duc dinum Be whoa « paty oF, amocrs Tals songa LN Banton faloos ‘Hsough— ts Sook Je small babe pir Cahn at @ nbdvat of 3° mn Small crhalinh Sarma —> dhs Ley posed down He spphagay ,.tlmmvaeeh a I part of cluodbnin Rortum in poorest down shih . = Rorium titmay te ucsualre erten TFersnals + oan. boii — Co 4drataelte radiorar gre) a oe fh wan bsam hs frowned geet a te Bue snot te wedium Sh Luatey sanall) & ASaln ~ und ale Suignnumed nusrtal Rake; a i P we aneuab : Ge ap the pat Sinner all, Canare Hom Som umohh fo Yrow & sxprodee LT wr WALL shadrke. — echath 2 oad ay a sore [A LOY. Deady et: — seff Je VWaddobtr 3 Lotte — eh PY S okvasy MRE vasdim ~ bran st 6, ahdomin, blood veaads, Joon alive oo [GREE = Nswrasongve oR plornuis “q = pam manage aninlt } : Leshdon “aes pops apical boas ie rusobegicat ~ umdisclamdig the crabaguesl * cognibire & peu oplih om Phys pot basis IePhone : 2322917 a EXECUTIVE ENGINEER PROJECT & CONSULTANCY DIVISION BE KERALA STATE HOUSING BOARD KSHB OFFICE COMPLEX, PANAMPILLY NAGAR, COCHIN - 682 036 ree SPECT : _ ¢PpeeT ean of & rt = eomplr porkal SLAY ~~ buboost flow aye Side hows bas Th. timpoiat Lobe em punch tal Onee of then ab, cen piumsieg Te hon baa camaing Sauer ent geste S 3 Hier eticol actly brow » brn - > er > epbial tackatrs wz 2 vanUliqaswmncd _Seannww = lait DD ayehie stench p&awR T oH tm qualia om apps bof ana feos) Ulstes once: fees anigert < lilac a pe ty cnbs the shut te swaths He FP cocha TBiough Lene eenduelten = oat poawng tough, mvdclle- ror ~ Sv met dbiagus foe applceations , paquiney blusan 2 milloern & eo mitbcon ey sho [sean OL Gad «| 190 - L000 lors hog thon audible soomd Bene Setftets ta ly aul tbia sod senvee* [ Sened phe ST Tbasoond b gerne by pirodledlsar wobsrioks Kile Arak wiseonate Tbedote ree he ee bx enh atns = shubcds om Sanco, pendoet, En, parnckdise cyaltaSs = MS as The PiUsaTeand Bows So tenstosk- pad, by bokeh Ake “cuptt ton bo ealerletich by mtasuring He kay” blir He Syasmusscen & Sulomm he aehoos q ~ - Absapien of FOF eum dapamas eon LE molrelar Sean, ‘woes &. thicknea te He = Uso PS Taper % Bepoler e Ptacel > niolecity ware fr i ~ ad vllsateand + © Colom —Dinschon % flom Fal ~ wee ran) as Map - commondy taanot | CRORE £ low Him detacBion co buew- ~ 8D albaoandk + aD lla sound + - BDF qemclterat LAT Echorandsoprann ~ wllsieeumcl — imoguing, eb Isaak - Lue svat TRL erage of moeng pobank oF opps road « eound wave Be- from movie _ thse. is Bangs rs oo fequinyy of aly sunk weve pls. 2 }faeb ap ee ey ng iat pide th tis fe vos 3 Tasctesio , ae diets Apne, swrtondine crs Pup sear ~ spre seam + grayscale hoppia confit Lies ound : eens cs ks of xy Tire bu bbls Le Sma snoagh fe oe th copiteny bak of sang seb ts wy bhoodk shtam Cuisucla 8 VvRromdioad « reolKens ¢ _ To atk pluie & alodterraive®. abnane dh ey _ detiobSpy > Dasabig ra, = mo} Uf. Ma & cools of ra © Anygaladt bely JS6 aff pathiiong © Hippocampes malian > Grcbypivm grtium Lom cmdune® shoe 5 pee unlate gps, Aippeeanpes, ofew, Honan, jee c Ranke abe + Spat a, sig gyana packypcompel Pe G Hypothaaman, anf nackin «| “fheSamar, habsmalor yurvuon, enligadtimelon puddles, redktain — Jeigimaia werk, shin watellsis flalarnt, mado Jasbsaun bundle, ponksh eloe tml Indy, suliredan Jamelser & Noaluy — azaumbsns dosti preva» CNéslsann Staak aie) | yosen bobs : _ oth pes dagen , poramagdolaid Dagon & ondashonal eal . ~ Repmaize oabimally by man, ank park o[ — poral:ppoeam, Q © Lensted Lelsatly by shin en PPL peetimenn’ gyGhali Ba cae CARH y+ Oe ee ae aN 5 2 ww“ TA pny tay aa ph ods camobior ara ad antads Bgdabt boy — Amend Haga Yam |g wolbx , solnalh eon The Lunia’ pe o slate de the off ma al ha of Sabra ventral sia salatcr Se life relay. YY OF So jut Liflaus Shr ont and of a ee nado ths: owe anh Tito, Leintnoly © Jie Tm te dh amd ho 4 ~ Wha a mp +f rude 3 wadiial, Leliak, onbBola bar ol Baro & Sak Agus. Leretalaae rrey nana he eunial A madced owls salad iw aking Stic Likely — cath a3 salirltct_amaydole = Primary caapcolh "ET small 0 ‘| for eames of a ee oo Bee ydlann soe aha Saleid bode of a i, enbrennndih Sissogh, ook omnitan wba, eters. ty HN Joymol : . ~ Kppecampelt Janae Soonlaps jin gelalie Se dhs adda, sunfae 9, sod conta —hewsphar © alan te charoish poms. o| Sok veel, ~ 055 Janta, 8 andacle Qs by nd alvm ghinibon rm Te coat soo feee of aps eallpoim « Prbixaly A& a oniiew gous & SOT. 2 Upp pa of poralinurat yo - = Wit, Grasladnn gettin HAL ae ‘a bumallan madh ty dak Ang linia abi Pa BSSaly reason gion cmnliste as gyn fareielard & ee = Hippocamp also colliday Anmen's lam emily 03 gubioulum & posehippecam pal gp TB asf and sapandad wasn bin o [ook bance calla 09 po _hippotanp “mp __apmchipnsenmepal yi Sieductie Bism swogsho hh F250 (pee qner proven vy ov sy a aye ‘aeons tj : I pitt oes = Phglbqunbreally alleealiz a hey 3 Sayas Rapper wwoteeuler Lap, a tyke pray hte — sebceudum so Sronetlinc xen & parahippocom eS. gurus ba us pospmcom yeh 94 ~ Hip pocampes is Riydak Cre Rowe, EA, ,H_ LCRS em, Mar dulalir qyrm Ken, Smad subceahumAfounds + - Polson pak ’ from anrhret eaex ~ ASuear poe 3 bom suber ~ Adit ofan alse pes Sop miadie Suonphol gyn 7 cheng’ jb form soskat wach - Naedunsgee how fous eonleus e Sarabeseginse Pom Staph bac of rasebbsiasin ~ Dopoanioudgae po venta ana o| midthrosn ~ fom ppp li, tnsola, pasahippocompal ys & eng oak qs ~ Foro pe ip pecampa via, cominiante of fami Cleon © Hoja olfpand fam Fanig 25 Th beth eenbtarobe 4| fimbca , combing of @ OUR chy oun on catatonia bY Mppocomenl —eemnnuiswur = onlin aa body, ¢ ied OE cabana Sum dauoiverclr ink srw pos 4 enbiroudicealen ountn, Tbgh hypothalam Jar saaeh “vomiting bod eh ae i / ¢ Dealt N93) : ty- ort tn of Baoan tS ssvommattliaSaes fy sy Sn IB, a ;: anes WOH omy Arpad old bby Th. fapem. chet - snlinak eal L & Mppocampus L feos mammllethalamce Snore aude bakin of Ham 1 Ogulatgppan a —“ere~ toa of yy walle” Cmmadialiy ambota fs Lamaner Joorarebs © anh Gonmisurs ~ shaw Vekicaih sofer called kay whi Cd ~ Regen bila Samunn Lominoha & por satay) > peed ae & P uy in post ah oSta in torbinaus faved e Atagtral_bonsk o Brace & supoaly fence tee ngclublodin Paralsippoeompal 1 jandiew buloeim nsocali & otlocaltx - Corsa 36) ~ Bint podis INRnok EE (arte a9) - ont & aigilebe gts smh. cogthmey wagulehe gyn += Pood of Papas edewit Cas, 33) - 6 fomnelipn gna aan parsnh~ ~ Goalie ota, comaetid F Sopplmunhany ol ada, ~ pain sseep lier aa, saivuing offerte from asco Aanaod mw of = Emalitral on , Habis . ft bit arta bstem aig hay ba ddis, pling ~ Vorokirabies ode = frolentmie ORL -

You might also like

• Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  

  From Everand

  Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance

  Angela Duckworth

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (588)
• The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  

  From Everand

  The Yellow House: A Memoir (2019 National Book Award Winner)

  Sarah M. Broom

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (98)
• The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  

  From Everand

  The Subtle Art of Not Giving a F*ck: A Counterintuitive Approach to Living a Good Life

  Mark Manson

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (5795)
• • Magazines
  • Podcasts
  • Sheet music
• Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  

  From Everand

  Never Split the Difference: Negotiating As If Your Life Depended On It

  Chris Voss

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (838)
• Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  

  From Everand

  Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Mathematicians Who Helped Win the Space Race

  Margot Lee Shetterly

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (895)
• The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  

  From Everand

  The Hard Thing About Hard Things: Building a Business When There Are No Easy Answers

  Ben Horowitz

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (345)
• Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  

  From Everand

  Shoe Dog: A Memoir by the Creator of Nike

  Phil Knight

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (537)
• Yes Please

  

  From Everand

  Yes Please

  Amy Poehler

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1891)
• The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  

  From Everand

  The Little Book of Hygge: Danish Secrets to Happy Living

  Meik Wiking

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (400)
• Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  

  From Everand

  Elon Musk: Tesla, SpaceX, and the Quest for a Fantastic Future

  Ashlee Vance

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (474)
• A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  

  From Everand

  A Heartbreaking Work Of Staggering Genius: A Memoir Based on a True Story

  Dave Eggers

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (231)
• On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  

  From Everand

  On Fire: The (Burning) Case for a Green New Deal

  Naomi Klein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (74)
• The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  

  From Everand

  The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

  Siddhartha Mukherjee

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (271)
• Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  Angela's Ashes: A Memoir

  Frank McCourt

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (440)
• Bad Feminist: Essays

  

  From Everand

  Bad Feminist: Essays

  Roxane Gay

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1016)
• Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  

  From Everand

  Devil in the Grove: Thurgood Marshall, the Groveland Boys, and the Dawn of a New America

  Gilbert King

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (266)
• The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  

  From Everand

  The Unwinding: An Inner History of the New America

  George Packer

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (45)
• Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  

  From Everand

  Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln

  Doris Kearns Goodwin

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (234)
• Principles: Life and Work

  

  From Everand

  Principles: Life and Work

  Ray Dalio

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (599)
• Fear: Trump in the White House

  

  From Everand

  Fear: Trump in the White House

  Bob Woodward

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (738)
• The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  

  From Everand

  The World Is Flat 3.0: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century

  Thomas L. Friedman

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2259)
• The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  

  From Everand

  The Gifts of Imperfection: Let Go of Who You Think You're Supposed to Be and Embrace Who You Are

  Brené Brown

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1090)
• Steve Jobs

  

  From Everand

  Steve Jobs

  Walter Isaacson

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (806)
• Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  

  From Everand

  Rise of ISIS: A Threat We Can't Ignore

  Jay Sekulow

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (137)
• John Adams

  

  From Everand

  John Adams

  David McCullough

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2409)
• The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  

  From Everand

  The Glass Castle: A Memoir

  Jeannette Walls

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1713)
• The Outsider: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Outsider: A Novel

  Stephen King

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1839)
• Brooklyn: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Brooklyn: A Novel

  Colm Toibin

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (1937)
• The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  

  From Everand

  The Sympathizer: A Novel (Pulitzer Prize for Fiction)

  Viet Thanh Nguyen

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (121)
• The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Light Between Oceans: A Novel

  M.L. Stedman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (789)
• The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Art of Racing in the Rain: A Novel

  Garth Stein

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (4200)
• Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Manhattan Beach: A Novel

  Jennifer Egan

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (792)
• The Woman in Cabin 10

  

  From Everand

  The Woman in Cabin 10

  Ruth Ware

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (2322)
• The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  

  From Everand

  The Perks of Being a Wallflower

  Stephen Chbosky

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (2104)
• Wolf Hall: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Wolf Hall: A Novel

  Hilary Mantel

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (3811)
• A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  A Man Called Ove: A Novel

  Fredrik Backman

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (4610)
• Little Women

  

  From Everand

  Little Women

  Louisa May Alcott

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (104)
• Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  Sing, Unburied, Sing: A Novel

  Jesmyn Ward

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (1103)
• A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  

  From Everand

  A Tree Grows in Brooklyn

  Betty Smith

  Rating: 4.5 out of 5 stars

  4.5/5 (1929)
• Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  

  From Everand

  Her Body and Other Parties: Stories

  Carmen Maria Machado

  Rating: 4 out of 5 stars

  4/5 (821)
• The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  

  From Everand

  The Constant Gardener: A Novel

  John le Carré

  Rating: 3.5 out of 5 stars

  3.5/5 (104)