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60-45
881
882 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CONCRETE IN&TlTUTE July 196)
ACI member Phillip I.. Could, structural designer, Wastenhoff b Novick, Chicago,
Ill., obtained his BS and MS degrees in civil engineering from the University of
Illinois in 1959 and 1960, respectively. Mr. Could has had several discussions
appear in the ASCE Proceedings and the ACI JOURNAL.
ANALYSIS
For the analysis the staircase is considered as a frame with the mo-
ment at the intermediate landing being transferred between the legs by
torsion developed through the landing. The method of analysis used
depends again on the support condition at the upper landing. If the
horizontal reaction can be developed, classical moment distribution can
be used with Point B (Fig. 1) considered fixed against translation. On
the other hand if only the vertical reaction can be developed, Point B
can translate. To avoid a deflection correction to the moment distribu-
tion procedure, the* problem can be solved by Castigliano’s theorem of
strain energy.l This is the approach used in the example. For a fixed
support at Point A, moment distribution can again be used and for a
completely free-standing stair, the moment may be solved by statics.
For the case where the upper support is flexible, the structure may be
solved by Castigliano’s theorem as illustrated in the examples.
10.0’ I 4.0’
t
I
MBA =q
M BC= T-w
MBA~MBC- 2T
ToMBA+MDC
2
Additional steel will be provided near the junction of the legs on the
basis of an effective width equal to the depth of the slab. . This addi-
tional steel will be arbitrarily proportioned for half the torsional moment
recognizing the increase in torsional shearing stress near the junction.
In the example the entire torsional shear is assumed to be resisted by
the ties and horizontal bars, although the slab itself provides consider-
able torsional resistance. The formula used for proportioning the steel
and the tabulated values for the constants may be found in Reference 3.
Y?-
have considerable torsional resist- ,
ance, these additional moments
should have only a minor effect on
the design. %
CASE A CAJE E
FOUNDATION
The force and moment acting on
the foundation are shown in Fig. 4.
The moment M and axial load P
applied to the footing by the stair-
case are replaced by an equivalent
axial load P’ acting on the footing.
The moment on the footing is then
Pe’, where e’ is the distance from
the centroid of the footing to the
point of application of the equiva-
lent axial load. To avoid unequal
pressure distribution on the bottom
of the footing, e’ should be kept as
small as possible. If tension is to
be avoided on the bottom of the CASE 0
footing, a fairly large base may be Fig. 3-Support conditions for Cases A
required. through D
886 JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE July 1963
DESIGN EXAMPLES
The staircase shown in Fig. 1 will be analyzed for the various support
conditions at Point A illustrated in Fig. 3. Nominal dimensions are
given in Fig. 5a and the loading in Fig. 1. For Case A detailed computa-
tions are presented for the required torsional reinforcement. Tabulated
values are presented for the various reactions and moments for each of
the supporting conditions.
Case A -Vertical reaction at Point A
The forces acting on the structure are shown in Fig. 6. Castigliano’s
theorem states that
au
av, =Av1 . . . . .._......................................... (1)
where
VA = vertical reaction at Point A, and
AVL = vertical deflection at Point A
u+ E$z (3)
/
au s
-SK=
Mdx aM
EIav, (4)
lNTECRATlON FACTQRS
4to
b - 48”
r0 . 9 9 2 K/;
A
MX = VAX -‘o. 992’+’
VA
g$*= x
SIGN CONVENTION
(bmpression on outside
T
0 )rOVn-49.6=M~~ face represents positive
m o m e n t
I
vi% =un- 9.92
7 NOVA-49.6
(b)
10 VA - 36.6
I
c VA - 16.4
0.992 % B
3 IO VA- 36.6 = MBO
VA- 16.4
t
D M x =(lOV~-36.6)-&A-l6.4)X+O.992~
7
L, MD
=VA(lO-X)-36.6 t16.4X+0.496X2
vb - a. IS-VA
1 ah4 = I O - X
SiVZ
(cl AT X = 5 . 8 3
MD = 4.17 UA +7&
au 1
10
av,=EI s o
(V.4x - 0.496x2) xczx
5.88
1 [0.496x2 + 16.4x - 36.6 + V~(10 -x)-j [lo - x]dx = 0 (5)
+EI/ o
After the necessary integration has been performed:
+ EI = -856 + 642 V., = 0 (6)
1
Hence
VA = 1.33 kips
From the equations given in Fig. 6:
M D = 76.0 + 4.17 x 1.33 = 81 ft-kips
VD = 22.18 - 1.33 = 20.85 kips
MBA = 10 x 1.33 - 49.6 = 36.3 ft-kips (clockwise)
Msn = 10 x 1.33 - 36.6 = 23.3 ft-kips (anticlockwise)
T = 23.3 + 36*3 - 29 8 ft-kips
2 -.
316N CONVENTION
+\On-lLa
For this loading condition the bending moment acting on the base of
the staircase is greatly reduced. However, a horizontal reaction of 9.10
kips must be developed. Also the torsion on the landing is reduced by
a substantial amount.
Then
v* = 858 (lla)
842 f -& "'
. v
or
JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE July 1963
where
EI
CI = 642 + 1.3~,
au
aH, HI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
= - Ka
au 1
10
73-A =EI o s
(VAX - 0.804Hnx - 0.4961)(x)&r
and
au 1 1o (VAX - 0.804 Hnx- 0.4969) (-0.804x)dx
%ii =EIJ o
l.(*t
1 [0.4961+16.43c-36.6 + V,( 10-x) + HA(-8.04-0.85x)1
+EI / o
X
r 0.992 Y/I
HA-
(b)
WA
-d /M 60 = IO VA-8.04 HA - 36.6
1 VSD = V A - 1 6 . 4
,,h(~0VA-8.04HA-36.6)-(V~-16.4)x-kiA~~
+0.992$
=0.4%Xf+16dX-2&6+VA~IO-X)+HA(-8.04-0.t35~)
/
“LMo - 417V*,-l3H*,+76
. sA -‘O-’
a u = $f (-310 + 875H,
- - 688V~) = (15)
aH.i
Solving the Eq. (14) and (15) we obtain
HA = 598,000 + 310 c,
(16)
CG - 474,000 “’
and
v4 = 213,000 + 870 Ct
(17)
GCr - 474,000
where
‘2 = 875 + s
. I
The values for reactions and moments are summarized in Table 1.
The effect of the flexible horizontal support is seen to be considerable
since a small reduction in the horizontal reaction results in a large in-
crease in overturning moment at the base and, in turn, an increased
moment on the footing:
Case F - Partial fixity at Point A
If a restraint to rotation proportional to the angle of twist is assumed
at Point A (KM = Ml+), the effect of the moment may be accounted for
in a similar manner as the elastic deflections of the supports. The
equations of Case E (see Fig. 8) may easily be modified by the addition
of a -MA term to the moment expressions as shown in Fig. 9. An addi-
tional equation is obtained from this condition.
(18)
l-+X
s
Mx = VAX-80( Ha-0 992Xt - MA
IO.0 .L
= x
-HA bM =-0804X
VA bHA
t J
Me*=lO VA-&04HA-49.6
I
V&A = VA - 3.92
(4
(Cl
where
C, = 15.83 + me??!-
1.3Ky
The values for reactions and moments are summarized in Table 1.
The results obtained considering the partial fixity against rotation are
similar to that of Case E, indicating that the added restraint has only
a small influence on the moments and reactions.
Torsion = $tPG
The 20-ft beam will act as two lo-ft cantilevers fixed against rotation:
T=L=-L-
L 120
From Reference 1, t/c = 1.5, /3 = 0.196, and KM = 4240 ft-kips per
radian for each lo-ft cantilever or 8480 ft-kips per radian total.
Staircase
w = 4 ft; d = 6.5 in.;
I = 48 x 6 x 5a - lloo fta
12 -
Constants
C, = 642 + 22,900 = 666 ft8
1.3 x 732
C, = 875 + -22,900 = 929 ft3
1.3 x 324
Cs = 15.83 + 22,900 = 20.00 ft?
1.3 x 4240
CONCLUSION
From the summary of results shown in Table 1, it is apparent that
consideration of the flexibility of the support will result in a reduction
in the horizontal reaction with a corresponding increase in overturning
moment. The torsional moments are also greatly increased.
The results of this example indicate that careful attention should be
given to the supports provided for the staircase, particularly the re-
straint against horizontal movement.
Fig. 10 is a construction photo of a cantilever staircase showing the
formwork still in place.
APPENDIX
TYPICAL DESIGN (CASE A)
Torrional reinforcement
From Fig. 5b and Reference 3
T = 29.8 ft-kips A,,=A,. (+)
REFERENCES
1. Seely and Smith, Advanced Mechanics of Materials, John Wiley & Sonr,
Inc., New York, 2nd Edition, 1957, p. 423.
2. Ibid., pp. 270-271.
3. Cowan, H. J., “Design of Beams Subjected to Torsion Belated to the New
Australian Code,” AC1 JOURNAL, Proceedings V. 56, No. 7, Jan. 1960, pp. 591-618.
4. Siev, Avinada, “Analysis of Free Straight Multiflight Staircases,” Pro-
ceedings, ASCE, V. 88, ST3, Part 1, June 1962, pp. 207-232.
American Concrete Institute, P. 0. Box 4754, Redford Station, Detroit 19, Mich.