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460
THE CHARACTERISTICS OF
78 RELATED AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS
IN THE VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL
By EASTMAN N. JACOBS, KENNETH E. WARD
and ROBERT M. PINKERTON
Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory
27077 0-36-1 1
NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
NAVY BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D.C.
(An independent Government establishment, created by act of Congress approved March 3,1915, for the supervision and direction of theselentific
study of the problems of flight. Its membership was increased to 15 by act approved March 2, 1929 (Public, No. 908, 70th Congress). It eonsista
of members who are appointed by the President, all of whom serve se, such without compensation.)
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
of the mean line 2s referred to throughout this report as the If the chord is taken along the x axis from 0 to 1,
camber of the airfoil and the position of the maximum the ordinates y are given by an equation of the form
ordinate of the mean line as the position of the camber. f y = ad ^x + ax + a2 x2 + a3x' + a4x4
An airfoil, produced as described above, is designated by
a number of four digits: the first indicates the camber in The equation was adjusted to give the desired shape
percent of the chord; the second, the position of the camber by imposing the following conditions to determine the
in tenths of the chord from the leading edge; and the last constants:
two, the maximum thickness in percent of the chord.
Thus the N.A.C.A. 2315 airfoil has a maximum camber (1) Maximum ordinate 0.1 at 0.3 chord
of 2 percent of the chord at a position 0.3 of the chord x=0.3 y=0.1
from the leading edge, and a maximum thickness of 15 dy/dx = 0
percent of the chord; the N.A.C.A. 0012 airfoil is a (2) Ordinate at trailing edge
symmetrical airfoil having a maximum thickness of 12
percent of the chord. x=1 y=0.002
In addition to the systematic series of airfoils, (3) Trailing-edge angle
several supplementary airfoils have been included in
order to study the effects of a few changes in the form
x=1 dy/dx= —0.234
of the mean line and in the thickness distribution. (4) Nose shape
Preliminary results which have been published in-
X=0.1 y = 0.078
clude those for 12 symmetrical N.A.C.A. airfoils, the
00 series (reference 2) and other sections having differ- The following equation satisfying approximately the
ent nose shapes (reference 3); and those for 42 cam- above-mentioned conditions represents a profile having
bered airfoils, the 43 and 63 series (reference 4), the 45 a thickness of approximately 20 percent of the chord.
and 65 series (reference 5), the 44 and 64 series (refer- t y = 0.29690. 1/ — 0.12600x — 0.35160x 2 + 028430x3
ence 6), and the 24 series (reference 7). — 0.10150x4
./ - ^^olo^° a - N. A. C. A. family
t_e
r
O ^e
+ Clark Y
o Gdtt. 398
/0 ./; .2 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 /.O
0.12600 x -0.35160x' +0.28430 x' -0.10150x'
±v = 0.29690 Arx_-
Basic ordinates of N.A.C.A. family airfoils (percent of chord)
5.0 1
Ord____.I O 1 31 -
157 4.3581 5.9261 7.0001 10.8051 &9091 9.6031 9.002110.0031 49.0721 8.823107 .sod 1 7d u, 1 84.8721 92.4131 01.344 1 1 0. 210
The tests were made in the variable-density wind This equation was taken to define the basic section.
tunnel of the National Advisory Committee for Aero- The basic profile and a table of ordinates are given in
nautics during the period from April 1931 to February figure 1. Points obtained by removing the camber
1932. from the Gottingen 398 and the Clark Y sections, and
DESCRIPTION OF AIRFOILS applying a factor to the ordinates of the resulting
Well-known airfoils of a certain class including the thickness curves to bring them to the same maximum
Gottingen 398 and the Clark Y, which have proved to thickness, are plotted on the above figure for com-
be efficient, are nearly alike when -their camber is parison. Sections having any desired maximum thick-
removed (mean line straightened) and they are reduced ness were obtained by multiplying the basic ordinates
to the same maximum thickness. A thickness variation by the proper factor; that is
similar to that of these airfoils was therefore chosen for
the development of the N.A.C.A. airfoils. An equation ±y,=6-t (0.29690.1/x-0.12600x-0.35160x2
defining the shape was used as a method of producing
fair profiles. +0,28430e-0.10150x')
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL
y Oa lxa. ya B=Ion-'
dx
./0- 9 yt
v Mean /ins
P1
Chord
p ^ x
A family of related airfoils was derived in the manner models, which are made of duralumin, have a chord
described. Seven values of the maximum thickness, of 5 inches and a span of 30 inches. They were con-
0.06, 0.09, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18, 0.21, and 0.25; four values structed from the computed ordinates by the method
of the camber, 0.00, 0.02, 0.04, and 0.06; and six values described in reference 8.
of the position of the camber, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, and Routine measurements of lift, drag, and pitching
0.7 were used to derive the related sections of this
moment about a point on the chord one quarter of the
family. The profiles of the airfoils derived are shown
collectively in figure 3. chord behind its forward end were made at a Reynolds
For the purposes of this investigation the construc-
Number of approximately 3,000,000 (tank pressure,
tion and tests were limited to 68 of the airfoils. Tables approximately 20 atmospheres). Groups of airfoils
of ordinates at the standard stations are given in the were first tested to study the variations with thickness,
figures presenting the aerodynamic characteristics. each group containing airfoils of different thicknesses
These ordinates were obtained graphically from the but having the same mean line. Finally, all airfoils
computed ordinates for all but the symmetrical sec- having a thickness of 12 percent of the chord were
06
^-----
2206 2306 2406 2,506 2606 2706
L
C -^
^' _.^1 '^
-2421
-^
—
6206 6306 6406 6506 6606 6706
tions. Two sets of trailing-edge ordinates are given. tested to study the variations with changes in the
Those inclosed by parentheses, which are given to mean line.
facilitate construction, represent ordinates to which RESULTS
the surfaces are faired. In the construction of the
The results are presented in the standard graphic
models the trailing edges were rounded off.
form (figs. 4 to 80) as coefficients corrected after the
Three groups of supplementary airfoils were also
constructed and tested. The derivation of these air-
method of reference 8 to give airfoil characteristics for
foils will be considered later with the discussion. infinite aspect ratio and aspect ratio 6. Where more
than one test has been used for the analysis, the infinite
APPARATUS AND, METHODS aspect ratio characteristics from the earlier test have
A description of the variable-density wind tunnel been indicated by additional points on the figure. Table
and the method of testing is given in reference 8. The I gives the important characteristics of all the.,airfoils.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL T
Lw0r.
/2
.947 U i 0 0
- /.307
/.777
yW-
y p /0
-241 O 20 40 60 80 100
-2.673
2.
-2.669
Per cent ofch-d •l0
y
.00/ .44 .09 36 v
-2.902 l
a 7
-2.282
,832
20 .40 G.OB 32
- /.3/2
- .724
,y
u
.4031 1.8 .36 u .07. 28 ^
0 .O
1 L6 .32 8.06 24 0
-0.40 V
28 0 L4 .26% 0.05 20 w
LD c. p. .v
24 0 /.2V .24 ^.04
v 16,
k K
N 20^ 40 20 °.03 12^
u CIE
0l 16 y C .8 8 .16 0 .02 8 ^^
l o O
o /2^ 60./2 .0/ 4,^
u
g0 .4^ .0B 0 0
0
0 4u .2 .04 -4 0
m
v
oQ 0 0 ^-.z -8 a
Airfoil: N.A.C.A. 0006 R.N.:.^21Q000
-4 W
.0
Sze: 5"x30" Ve%(0../sec.): 66.5 _' 2 .3 -/2
Pres.(sthd.. otm.):20.8 Dofe: l-4-32 Airfoil: N.A.C.A. 0006 : i
R.N-
Where felted.L.MA.L. Test.• U.D.T. 744 -.4 -.4 Date.-I-4-32 Test: V L
-9 0 Corrected for tunnel-wo ll effect. Corrected to infinite aspect ro -/6
1? c. p.
/6 p
2421 1.2
G
.24 v.04
^
v
q 2004/ LD
/.0 8.208 Q.03 /2
u
o /6D 6i .88.160 .02 8'^
t ^ 80 0 k
a /2^Bi . 6 .12 .0/ 4^
w
8 0 /0, 11 vi I
•4`1 .08, 0 Op
° 4u C .2 .04 -4 0
.o
20
Sla Up'r.
./2
0 0 0 v o /o
/.25 /.8.94-1.894 ut O
555 -2615
5.03.26/5
2.5
-3555 o
7.5 4.200 -4.200
/0 4.683 -4.683 O 20 40 60 60 00
/55.345 -5345
20 5738 -5.738 Per centofchord ./0-
25 5.941 -5.941
306.002 -6.002 .44 .09
40 5.603 -5603
50 5.294 -5294
604.563-4. 2.0 .40 -08
O 70 3664 -3.664563
t 80 2623 -2623 N
901.445- 1.446
'w 95 .807 - .607 /.8 .36 x.07
%00 (. ^) (-. p 6)
a 1.6 .32 0.06
v
L. E. Rod.: 1.58 C
C1 U
26 0 0 /.4 .281 0.05
,m V
24 0 20 e.p. v.04
v ^=
-0 40 L/ 1.01.208 .03
p /660 A .16 02
o O
12 80 ..6'.12 .0/
9 -/00 .4'.08 0
i
° 4uu
o
.2 .04
0Q 0 0
c Airfoil: N.A. C.A. 0012 R.N:3,230,000 u .2
u
-4 4 Size: SWO" V.I.(k/sec.f: 68.4 -.2 -.3
+^
Pres. (sfnd. otm.):207 Date. , 12-30-31
Where tested.• L.M.A.L. Test., V.D.T. 743
-8 u Corrected for funnel-wol/ effect.
-.4 -.4
-8. -4 0 4 8 /2 16 20 24 26 32 ` -4 .4 .6 8 1.0 /.2 1.4
Angle of oftoch, o: (degrees) Lift coefficient. C.
FI°URE 0.-N.A.C.A. 0012 Oit 0.
g20 40
L / ,.0 208 .113
0 /6 60 .8 w .16 0 .02
l ^ o a
a /2 80 .6 u .12 .0/
v
8,0100 .4 v .08 .0
0 4v t
.g u
.2 .04 j-./
l
O v
0 y -.2
C Airfoih
.A. 0015 R.N.:3,200,000 u
-4 0. Ve/.(ft./sec.): 68.4 -.2 3
fm):2/.O Dote:/2-9-31
.• LMAL. Test: VD.T. 728 -,4
-8 u
For tunnel-wall effect 0-.4
-6 -4 0 4 6 12 16 20 24 28 32 4
Angle of ot/oc/r, of (degrees) Lift coefficient C
Flo- 7.-N.A.C.A. 0015 etrlall.
0 4m .2 .04 -4 0
.o l C, v
0Q 0 0 -.2 -8"'
Airfoil:N.A.CA.00/8 R.N.:,1150.000 3
-,1'Cry Size: S"x30" Ue(.(H./sec.): 68.8
Pres.(stnd. atm.): 20.9 Date: 1-6-32 Airfoil: N.A.C,A. 00/8
u Where tesfed:L.M.A.L. Test.• VD.T, 747 Dote: / - 6 -32
-8 -.4 0-.4k
Corrected for funnel-wolf effect. Corrected to infinite a4
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 -4 2 .4 .6 .8 /.0
V20 0 40 L/D
/.0y.20°u
u
/6t 60 s .l6 0
l o O
/2480 .60
t: ./2
60(00 .4-'.08
0 .2 ,04
.o
4u a
l
C Q 0 0
Airfoil: N.A.C.A. 0021 R.N, 3,190.000
C
Size: 5-"x30" t/ei.(H./sec.): 68.6 -2
Pres.(stnd.atm.):20.8 Date:1-7-32
Where tested'L.M.A.L. Test: VD.T. 748
-8 u Corrected for tunnel-wall effect. -.4
-8 -4 0 4 6 /2 16. 20 24 26 32
Angle of attack, of (degrees) Lift coefficient,
FM 9.-N.A.C.A. 0021 al/3olL
27077 0-35--2
io REPORT NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
Up'r. L'wi: z D /0
V1R
d
2S 5^7 -5497
5.0 7.406 - 7.406 C o-/0
7S 6.750 -6.750 O
/0 9.756-9.756 20 40 60 BO /L
/5//./36-/1./36
20//.953-/1.953 Per centofchord
25/2.378 -/2.378
30 2504 -/2 504 .44
40 2.09 -209
50/1.029-/1.029
l 60 9.507-9.507 2.0 .40
O 70 7.633-7.633
t 80 5.465 -5465
U 90 30/6 -30/6
1.680- /.68 1.8 .36
O 100 (.262) f-.262
U 0 0 0
c LC. Rod.: 6.86 1.6 .32
v
G°
28 1 /.4 .281
3
0
c. p. 1 IC. r
24 0 21 r-'
11
L 2,j. 24
k v
q2004( 1.0 ,y .20
16 61 A.16
v./6^
0 0
0 /281 .6 u./2
B o /Of .4 08
ti0 4 m
C
.2 .04
.o u
l
R 04 Airfoil: MA.CA. 0025 R.N.:3,230,000
0 0
.0
Size: 5"x30 •• Ve/(fl/sec.): 68.3 -.2
4 0.
Pres. (sfnd ofm.J. • 20.9 Date: 1-8-32
V Where tested L.MA.L. Test: VD.T. 749
-8 Corrected for tunnel-wall effect -.4
8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
An of attack, a (degrees) Lift coefficient,
1'..30.-N.A.O.A. 0026 airfoil.
5/a. Up'r. LWr. D 20
0 - O y o !0 2 48
252.44 -/.46 V t 0
25 3.35 -/.96 l
5.0 4.62 -235 R
p -/0 ll 44
7.5 5.55-2
/O 6.27 -3/9
/57.25 O 20 40 60 60 11.
-3.44
20 774 -3.74
Per centofchord ./0 40
25 793 -3.94
30 7.97 -4.03
40 7.66 -392 44 .09 36
a 50 7.02 -3.56'
60 6.07 -3.05
70 4.90 -2.43 2.0 .40
g 60 352 -1.74
90 /.93 - .97 d
.08 32
28
0
0 1.4 .28 0x .05 20
w ^
24 ,3b 20 L/ c.p 2j .24 v .04 16
v
020040 101 20 ^ o .03 /2
l
p /6^ 60 B ` .16 0 .02 8'
l l O O
0 12 80 6u./2 4
8'-/00 4".08 0 p
k c a
0 4v
o u.
C .2 .04
l
R 0Q 0 0 w _.2 -8
Aif.il.-N.A.C.A. 2212 R.N:3,220,000 0
_4 c0. Size: 5"k30" V IMIsec.):68.4 -.2 .3 12
P e5.(5ti7dolm.):208 Dote:12-2-31
u Where tested:L.MA.L. Test.-VDT 719
`c Airfoil.-NA.CA. 2212 R.N:3,220,000
-8
j Corrected for tunnel-watt effect
_4
0 -. 4 -- Dofe:/2-2-3/ Test: VD.T. 7/9 -lB
Corrected to infinite ospecfrot/o
-8 -4 0 4 6 /2 16 20 24 28 32 .4 -2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 /.0 /.2 /.4 t.6 18
Angle of ottack, a (degrees) Lift coeff/cient,C
FIGME 11.-N.A.C.A. 2212 airfoll.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE -DENSITY WIND TUNNEL 11
5^ up'r. L'^ r. D /0 2 48
Z25 1.16 - .73 ° g 0
25 /.70 -.95 ly
5.0 2.43 -/./5 ^ 0-/0 / 44
7.5 30/ -/.22 0 20 40 60 80 /0
/0 3.46 -1.22 1
/0 40
/5 4.18 -/./6 Per centofchord
20 4.65 -1.09
25 4,91 -1.04
30 S.00 -1.00 .44 .09 360
404.86-.94 l
50 4.49 - .8/ V
s0 3.92 - .65 2.0 .40 .06 32 D
0 70 3.19 - .48
60 230 - .33 v
U 90 /.26-.19 /.8 .36 .9 .07--28 b
95 66 - .13
0 l00 (.06) (-.06) O
/00 - 0 24 0
c .O6
C.E. Rod.:0.40 /.6 .32
C3
0
Slope afrod'us
28 lhraugh end of 1.4 .28 P .OS 00,
0 0 chord: 2115
N O N
3
24 a 20 C. . /, 2 ti .24 .04 /6 0
m '^
A20`40 LD C /O.w.20$ 03 z
w
g /6 u 60 eo./sa .02-a 118 0
u /2
u 60 .6^./2
v
.0/<
U
8'-/0 0 .4 .^ .08 0 0^
Y
O
° 4v .2 .04 V` -4 0
Ca v
0 v 1 0 0 v
.c Airfoil: N.A.C.A. 2306 R.N.:3,080,000 0
Size; 5"X30" Vel(ft./ser,4:69.8 -.2
-4 0. Pres.(sfnd.otmJ206 Dofe:3-24-31 c .3 Airfoi/. N.A.CA. 2306 R.N.:3080,'00 -/2
-8 u Where 1-1.1. L,M.A,I, Test: l<D.T. 660 _ q 9ote:9-24-31 Test:. V. D. T. 680 _/6
-4
-6 -4 0
Corrected for tunnel-wall effect -.4
4 6 12 16 20 24 28 32
F
Corrected to infinite aspect ^-otio
-4 .2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 10 /.2 1,4 /.6 18
An of attack, a (degrees) Lift coefficient.0
FIGURE 12.-N.A.C.A. 23N airfoil.
^r.
St. up'r, L'
m^ l0
I25 1.69 -1.16 U t 0
2.5 2.39 -/.56 y _/0
5.0 336 -2.0/ C
7.5 4. 9 -224
to a. 7 -2.36
15 5.54 -250
0 20 40 60. 80 /0 7
20 6.06 -2.52 Per centofchord
25 6.37 -251
30 6.50 -250 .44
40 632 -2.39
50 5.62 -2.13
60 5.07 -1.76 R. .40
O 70 4./1 -1.36
80 2.96 - ,97
U 90 /.64 - .54
0O 95 .66 - .33 /.8 .36
100 (./01 /-./O)
ac loo - 0
C 1.6 .32
L.E.ROd.:0.69
W
oJrod'us V
280 0 5""'
Through end of
chord: 2175 /.4 .261
.v
24 0 20 c. .
w
1
'20 Q 40 L/D 1.0 y.20
u
$1660 8w
./6o
0 0
F12880 .6,"./2
Bolo 0 1 .4 ^ .08
o qm .2 .04
o U
0^ 0 0
.0 Airfoil: N,A.OA. 2309 R.N.:2,970,000
-q 0. Size: 5'x30" l/e%(R/sec.J: 71,0
Ires.(st7d atm.J:203 Dote:9-24-3/ -.2
-8
Where tested.•L.M.A.L. Test. l!O.T.68/ -.4
Corrected for tunne%wa//effect
-8 -4 0 4 8 /216 20 24 28 32
Angle of attack, a (degrees)
Pim. 13,-N.A.C.A. 2909 airfoil.
12 REPORT NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
,
St.. up ,.
20
L'w'r.
0 - 0 wo /o ./2
/.25 2.24 -1.57
2.5 3.//
50 4.3/
-2/6
-285 y
m k _/^ o• x Test A
7.5 5./B -326
10 5.86 -352 0 20 40 60 80 /L 7
/5 6.89 -3.82 Per cent ofchord
20 ].54 -3.94
25 7.88 -3.99
30 B.00
40 ].77 -3.64 .44 .09 36 v
50 7.14 -3.45 l
60 6.21 -z.92
0 70
80
5.02
3.62 -231
-/.63
2.0 .40 .V^-.OB 32
U 90 200 - .9/
0
95 1.09 5Z /.8 .36 ^.07 28 i
/00 / i3 / 0 3 C O
L L. Rod.: 1.58 L6 .32 0.06 24
Slope ofrod'us VQ U l
28 0 0 /harddh2%/dr of 1.4 .26" : ^.05 20
.d
24 0 20 LID l2V .24 v.04 /6 p
k
Q 20 Q 40 40 .20 1)^.03 12
° C
p 16, 60 .8 w .16 0 .02
0 0
l2 g 80 .6^ .12 .0/
u
6,0/00 .4'4 .08 0 Ox
°
4u a
.2 .04 G 4 0
w
0Q O 0 k -.2
Airfoil: N.A.CA.2312 R.N.:,1120,000
-4 0.C
u e
Size: S"x30" Ve%(N./sec.): 69.2
Pres.(sf'nd.otm.):20.9 ofe:12-2-31 Airfoil: N.AC,A.N.:
23/2 R.
Where tested.' L.MA.L. Test.• V.D.T. 720 Dote: 12-2 3l Test:
-B Corrected for tunnet-wall effect -.4 Q -.4 Corrected to infinite aspect
' -8 -4 4 8 /2 /6 20 24 28 32 -4 O .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0 /.2
Angle of attack, a (degrees) Lift co efficient,
F-B 19.-N.A.C.A. 2312.W.R.
20
Sla. Up'r. Lw^.
o - 6- Uv ,^.
o /o 2
/.25 200 -1.,96 0 48
2.5 3B5 -2.74 lU
50 5.26 -3.66
7.5 6.28 -4.25
/ 0 7.06 -4.66 O 40 60 60 10 n
/5 8.25 -5.13
20 8.97 -538
e
P r cent ofchord
6 25 9.3 -5.48
30 9.50 -5.50
40 9.22 -5.29 44 .09 36 v
O 50 7.47 -4.77
l
60 7.36 -4.06
70 5.95 -3.22 2.0 .40 G .OB 32,
60 4.29 -228
90 1.36 -/.26
C LL EE
/.8 .36u.07 28
O
U
v
95 L30 ( .72
/00 /.161 (-./6)
/00 - O
L.E. Rod.: 2.47
5/ape afrodiu5
allC i6
1.6 .32 p,06
t
V u
2B 0 cho(dh^sot 1.4 .28-^ p.OS
.v. a
24 k0 20 c. 42V.24 •^ v.04 /6 0
w
' 20o40 /.0U .20 u ".03 v
l L/D c /2 c
p /6
D6O .8./60 .02 8e
D o 0 0 0
°/2 60 .6 u ./2 .0/
u
8 0 /00 .4^ .08 0
0 4v 0
o u C .2 .04 Ok -. / 40
k W
0 4 Airfoil: N.A.C.A. 23/5 R.N.:3,06C108Ci
O 0 w -.2
0
•8 ^`
Size: 5"x30" Ve1.(fl,/sec.): 69.8 U e
-4 Pres.(s%'d.oim): 2Q8 Date: 9-25-31
V Where tested.• L.M.A.L. Test: Vb. T. 683 _ Airfoil: N.A.C.A. 2315
-8 Corrected for tunne/-wo// effect .4 _.4 Dote: 3-25-31
'gCorrected to infinite os
-8 -4 0 4 6 /2 /6 20 24 28 32 .4 :2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 40
Angle of allock. a (degrees) Lift coefficient, C
F1omz 16.-N.A.O.A, 2315 Wdoll.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL 13
24 20 I I
1.2,j.24.04 /6 p
v
y -0Q40 LID C /.O,n .2011 12.03 /2
u
/6D 60 .8 m .16 0 .02
0 0 v
Q12-co 80 .6.".12 .0/ 4u
8'.100 .4'.08 0 0
^. c s
° 48, .2 .04 C-./ -4 0
v
0Q O 0 y -.2 -8
C Airfoil: N.A.CA. 2406 R.N.:3, 120,000 0
u
-4 0. Size: 5"x30" 3e/.(ft./sec.): 69.3 .2 _3r
Pres. (sfnd. otm):20.7 Dote: 9-8 - 3/
Where tesled.• L.M.A.L. Test. V.D.T. 665
'B U Corrected for tunnel-woll effect -.4-.4 ,.rreC.A.
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 c4 c2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 /.0 /.2 /.4
Angle of ottock, a (degrees) Lift coefficient.
FIGURE 16.-N.A.C.A. 2908 MEN].
40 6.38 -2.62
30 US
S. -2.35 44 .09
50
605. -2.02
O
. 22 -/.63
704 27 -124 2.0 .40 x.08
i BO 3.10 - .85 C
90 1.72 - ,47 /8 .36 x.07
O
95 .94 - ,2B
/00 (./0) (-./0)
too - o
c0 G.E. Rod: 0.89 L6 .320.06
^q U
28 p 0 Ih103gh
/ end of C
chord: 2/20 1,4 .28 0.05
3
N ^
k
24 0 20 c. . L2,j.24M \.04 166
v
0 20 0 40 L L0.20 ,03-- /2 c
w
/6a 60 .8 W .16 .02
0 0
/2g 80 .6" .12 .0/ 4s
U
8'.100 .4".08 0
'• C 0
° 4u a
.2 .04 OE-./ -4 0
0
0 0 m -. 2 .6 P
04 Airfoil., NA.C.A. 2409 R.N.:3,1 /0,000
C °u Q
-4'4 Size. 5"x30" Ve).(ft./sec): 69.3
Pres.(sfnd.otm.):20.8 Dofe.3-9-31 110,000
U Where tesfed:L.MA.L. Test.-VDT. 666 v
9-3/ D.T. 666
-B Corrected for tunnel-wall effect -.4 0 -.4
-6 -4 0 4 8 /2 /6 20 0
24 28 32 -4 :2 .4 .6 .8 /.0
Angle of ottock, a (degrees) Lift coeff/cient,C
FIGURE 17, -N.A.C.A. 2109 Wrtoil.
14 REPORT NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
So. w,
!25 2.15 -465 V s° 0
2.5 4.13
299 -227 vk-/O
50 -3.01 p
7.5 4.96 -346
10 5.63 -3.75 0 20 40 60 80 /6 /
15 6.61 -4.10 Per cent ofchord
20 7.26 -423
25 7.67 -4.22
30 7.68 -4./2 .44 .09 36 ^
a 40 7.60. -3.60
50 724 -3.34
60 6.36 -2.76
70 5.18 -2.14 2.0 .40 U .08 32
60 3.75 -/.50 d
90 2.06 - .82 48 .36 x.07 26 2f
95 1.14 - .46
gi
31
- 0 0
'
L.E.Rad.: 450 /.6 .32 o.06 24 0
v Slope ofradius V U l
Yh -d.- end of
28 p 0 chord: 1.4 .28- 0.05 ?0 w
2/20
•-
24 a 20 /.2V.24^ v.04 16 8-
k v^
V201 40 /.Ov.20 12.03 /2c
u k
0 /6t 60 .8 u .16 .02 L
l l o O k
o /2.2 80 .60 .12 .0/ 4 ^.
8 0 /00 .4 v .08 0 OL
°
k
° 4u C
.2 .04 V`-.l -4 0
.o
0 0 k
v -.2
C 04 Airfoi/: N.A.C.A 2412 R.N.:.250,000 e
.c Size: 5"x30" Ve/. (ft./sec.): 66.0 U
Pres.(stnd.otm.): 2/.0 Dote:/2-3-31 .2
_4 0.
•3 Airfoil:N.A.C.A
-6 U
Where tested.• &A.L. Test: V.O.T. 721 -4
Corrected for funnel-wall effect
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
0-4
-4 -2 0
Date: 12-3-31
Corrected to
. .2 .4 `6
jeTest: V. 721 16
.sct ratio
10 /.2 1.4 16 /.8
Angle of ottock. a (degrees) Lift cot ^t. C
.
F-E 16.-N.A C.A. 2412 aic[oll.
28 0 l p h rdh2%20 f
1.4 .28-, 0.05
24 0 20 c. . /6 0
k v
C 20' 40 LD QUO) /2
g /s .8 v .16 0 .OR--
F 60 o a
o /2 8 0 .6 0 .12 .0/ 4^
k u
80/0 0 .4 ^ .08 0 0^
°
0 4y .2 .04 j-/ -4o
o u m
R 04 0 0 v -.2
c Airfoil: NA.CA. 2415 R.N.:3,060,000 °u e
_4 0. Size: 5"x30" Ve/(fL/sec.):698
Pres. (stud. otm.):20.8 Dote:9-10-31 -.2 c -.3
Where tested'L.M.A.L. Test: VD.T.668 -.4 0-4-- 9-10-31
-8 u Corrected for tunnel-wolleffect. cted to
-6 -4 0 4 6 12 16 20 24 28 32 -4 -2 0 4 .6
Angle of ottock, a (degrees) Lift co
.
Fmv .18.-N.A C.A. 2415 airfoil.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL 15
20 u
0 v
4
24 0 20 a.P. /.2V .24kw^ m.04 /6 0
k v
20 40 40v.208 L..03 /z c.
N ^ u k
L/D
0 6D60 .8v.16^1 .02-- 8.
0 0 -
a 1280 .6./2 .0/ 4su
k
8'.100 .4 08 0 0^
`o
04 n .2 .04 Of-./ '4 0
v
0 Cv 0 0 w -.2 _8 rn
c Airfoil. NA.C.A. 2418 R.N.:3,060,000 0
-4 0. Size: 5'x30" Ve/(f1/sec): 69.8 -.2 -.3
u Pres. (sfnd .1-):20.8 Date: 9-11-3/ %C KA.0 A. 2418
Where tested.-L.MA.L Test: VDT. 669 V
-8 Corrected for tunnel-wall effect. -.4 0 -.4 9-11-31
clad to inhi,it
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 /6 20 24 28 32 -4 .4 .6 .8
Angle of .Hock. a (degrees) Lift coeff/cie/ C
n-RE 20.-N.A.C.A. 2418 airfoil.
sto. UP r. L'wr. Uc
0 - 0 y o /0
/.25 3.87 -2.82 U r 0
2.5 S2/ -4.02
5.0 7.00 -SS/ 4 a -/0
7.5 8.29 -6.48
/0 9.28 -7./8 0 20 40 60 80 /0
151 -6
05
20 //.59 -6,52
Per cent ofchord
3012
25 /2/5 -8.67
40
.36 -8.62 .44 v
U 50 -7.31
l 60 9.79
70
19 -6.17
4 -0.67 2.0 .40 Q.
tU 80 74 1304 a
90 3.18 -1.66
0 /00(.
as /.76 -1,06 LB .36 ri
a
22)
/00 - (-.22) 0 0
L.E.Rad, 4.85 /.6 .32 0l
v 5/ape trod,, a Ci
28 ° 0 thro-1gh end of
chord: 2120 /.4 .28
3 de
v 0
24 ,0 20 c.P. L 2V.24 h
0
v
q20 0 40 /D
LO,v .2000
o /sa so
U
.6x.160
.cv
0 0 k
o 12 yu° 80 .6'- ./2
8,0100 .4.08
° 4u .2 .04 0
v
C 04 0 0
Airfoil.-NA.CA.242/ R.N.:3,000000
c
Size. 5"x30" VeL (ft./sec.): 70.5
-4 0.
ti Pres. (sthd.Ol 7.) 0.6 Oate:9-//-3/ -.2
Where tested. 4.MA.L. Test: VDT. 670
-8 Corrected for tunnel-wa/l effect. -.4
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Angle of attack, Of (degrees) Lift coefficient,C
FIOOEE 21. - N.A.C.A. 2421 airfoil.
16 REPORT NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
.44
U
0 .40
t
u
0 .36
0
ac .32
v G
28 0 .28-,
3 v
24 v .24.0
k hW
q 20F v.20^
.0 b,
0 /6
v./6o
0 0
o /2 U.12
v 80 08
.o 4u .04
OQ 0
C
-4 0.
u
-6
An of allock, a (degrees)
FIGURE 22.-N.A.C.A. 2608 airfoil.
3.59 io
-/0 o v q 674 44
^ll.1LIJ_LJJ_J-L11J ./ /
ssz 0 20 40 60 80 /00
430 Per cent ofchorr( . l0 40
4.43
4.44
36 v
y
%so .44 .03
3.29
zs3
/.97 2.0 .40 • .OB
oa
32 $iU
r 33
:42 1.8 .36 6.07 28 2(
0 /31 k p
a C
1.6 .32 8 .06 24 0
e
a, fins
A
Ci l
26p 0 of 1,4 .26^ 0.05 20
24 R20 LID 1.2V.241 m•04 160
k c. 0 v
q20a 40 LO x.200 Q.0.3
a
a, 12c
1 u
l6 60 .0.160
Q) .02 I 8lo
o O
0 /2 86 .6X ./2 .01
u
8 0 /OO .4'.08 0 00
^- c
° 48 D .2 .04 0^H. -4 0
v
Op 0 0 .2 8 eU
C Airfoil: N.A.C.A.25 /2 R.N.:3,080,000 O
-4 0. Size: 5"x30" VeG/flfsec.:69.4 _ _ _/2
Pres.(sfnd.ofm):21.0 Dote: /2-3-3/ ' 2 v "? Airfoil: N.A.CA. 2512 R.N:3080,000
Where tested: L.htA.L. Te5t. , VD.T. 722 Date: /2-3-3/ Test: V. D. T. 722 -16
-8 u Corrected for funnel-woll effect. -• 4 0 -•4 Corrected /o infinite aspect ratio
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 -.4 ..2 0 .2 4 .6 8 10 /.2 1.4 /.6 l.8
ng/e of oHock, a (degrees) Liff coefficient, C
FrovaE 24. -N.A.C.A. 2612 airfoil.
51a. Op". u
0 - 0 U /0
/.25 2.63 -2.11
2.5 3.63 -2,94
5.0 4.96 -3.96
7.5 5.9/ -4.60 C O _10
/0 6.66 -5.06 0 20 40 60 80 /L
15 7.75 -5.63
20 8.48 -5.87
25
30 6.92
-5.92
9/9 -5.84
40 9./6 -535
NI#RPer cent ofchord
.44
50 6.62 -462
l 60 7.64 -3.76 2.0 .40
O 70 6.28 -2.88
80 4.57 -/.9B
U 90 2.56 -/.07 .36
0 95 L41 -.62 L0
/oo
O /00 !./sl
-
!-.lsl
0 46 .32
C L.E. RW..: 2.41
N S/ape of, ai- UQ
270770-$ 6--3
18 REPORT NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
J/
.44 .09 36
U .40
S
.08 32 aaP
ru v
0 .36 x.07 28 2f
6
.32 0.06 24 p
v V u
28 .26`c 0.05 20 m
•v a
k
24 lu Ci.24v N.04 16 1-11.
v
A 20o v .20 $ 4.03 /2
u p
0 /6^ ao
mo ./6 O
0.02
.
.2 /2 u u ./2 k
.0/ 4u
k U
Bo 1 .08 0 00
0 4u
.o
.04 -4 0
m
0y 0 m -.2 -6",
c uu e
-4 0. -/2
U m .3 Airfoil. N.A.C.A. 2518
o_ -4 Dote: 9-19 3/ -16
-B
Corrected to infinite -
__ .4 c2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 /.0
Angle of attack, a (degrees) Litt coefficient,
FIGURE 2B .-N.A.C.A. 2618 airfoil.
mu ^o /0 2
0
0-/0
0 20 40 60 BO /00
Per centafchord ^ ./G
112`
7 //
L .44
VS
.09 36 v
s
2B 2.0 .40 -.OB 32 O
7 5
U 3
LB .36 x.07 28
7 6J
a [. Rpd.: 4.es 1.6 .32 x.06
.6
24 0
v JPe Ofrod'3S ^j l
28 o^d^'z% s f C 1.4 .28- 0.05 20",v
va
24 0 C.P. /.2V.24 y.04 168-
k _ k
420 4.03 /2
U 11
Slo.
0
u U /0
- 0
[25 2.05 -1.73 Yo' 0
2.5 2.66 -2.37
5.0
7.5
3.95
172
-a/7
-a66 4
1U
p - /0
10 5.34 -403 0 20 40 60 80 /C 7
/5
20 6.25 -4.45
667 -4.6/ Per cenfofchord
25 7.26 -462
30 7.51 -4.52
40 7.56 -4.03 .44
al 50 7.23 -3.36
60 6.56 -2.56 2.0 .40
0u 70 5.56 -/.77
80 4.15
/
h 04 O 0
C Airf.A.., N.A.C.A.26t2 R.N.:3190,000
-q ti Size: 5"x30" Ve4(ltlsec.):68.4 -.2
Pre s. (sthdotm):2/.0
V Where tested: L.M. A.L. Test: VDT. 723
-8 Corrected for tunnel-wo/l effect -.4
-8 -4 O 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Angle of oitock, a (degrees)
Fxomz 28.-N.A.C.A. 2612 tWoll.
6t. UPY. L'^Y.
v P /0
L25 204 -17S
L5 262 -240
Ui O
6. 0 3.90 -323
10 4.66
h 0-10
7.5 5.26 -3.76
-4.12 0 20 40 60 60 /C 7
20 6.73 -4.75
/5 6.13 -456
25 7./2 -4.77
Per cent of 'd
40
30 736 -4.67
7.43 -3.47 .44
D 50 7.13 -4.18
60 6.52 -2.6/ 2.0 .40
0l 70 5.57 -1.67
804.42 - .83
l
U 90 257 - .33
95 1.44 - .19 1.8 .36
O (-. 3)
(113) O
100
l ough end.(
26 o G 1h
chord: 2/35
1.4 .28c
Ci
3 .W
2402( LID c. . 1.2, .24
v
y 1 0 Q 41 /.o'.20
0 /6 6C .8
m
.16
0 0
8( .6 ./2
60/a .4^ .08
0 4m .2 .04
.o u
0 p. 0 0
c Airfoil: N.A.C.A. 2712 R.M-$060.000
-4 0. Size: S"x30" Vel.(ft./sec.): 69.5 -2
ti
P es.(sfnd. 0 Dote:12-4-31
Where tested.•L.M.A.L. Test: V.D.T. 724 -.4
-8 Corrected for tunnel-wall effect
-tl 4 0 4 8 M /6 20 24 28 32
Angle of attack, a (degrees) Lift coefficient.(
M.. 29.-N.A.C.A. 2712 sftM.
20 REPORT NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
0
0 through end of
chor d: -4//0 /.4 .,?8<
,N
24 a 20 L/D c. p. 2,j. 24 i?
k v
20x40 I /0^.20u
A l
I
U
6 16 60 .8m./60
0 0
U
80 .61" ./2
B 0/00 .4 '.08
M
0 4 .2 .04
o u 0
40
20 6.44 .68
25 6.65 B9
30 7.00 %00
40 6.62 /.02 44 09 36
D 50 6.33 /.03
60 5.56 99
0 70 4.54 .86 2.0 .40 V 08 n, 32D
U
BO 329 .65
90 /. ]9 34
cw
s5 .97 /5 L8 .36 .07 28 t
100 LO61 (-.O6)
D /00 O
W
L.E.Rod.:040 1.6 .32 0 06
U° u
0
14:;z
l
'80 0 chord: 4115L/D of
51-
through end 1.4 .28, o OS 20 m
C
24 ,0 20 I
c.p.
I I
/. 2V.24^ti m .04-/6 p
v
q20 0 40 1.0,t .20 4 .03 /2'c
o /6 60
0
.02 8.kC
l P n
o 128 d
O ^
O/ 0
.6x .12
k 4t
u
80/00 .4 .08 0 00
0
4U n .2 .04 C ------ 40
w
OQ 0 0 v
c Airfoil. N.A.C.A.4306 R.N-W,90,000 °u
-4 0. Size: 5'X30" VeL (f1./sec.): 70./ .2 .3
Q
Pres.(s £nd. of 3 Od1.:4-11-31 c Airfoil N.A.C.A. 4306 R.N.:3060.000 _/2
-8 U Where lested.• G.M.A.L. Test: V.O.T. 561
Corrected for funnel-wall effect _•4 F -.4 4-11-31 Test: V. D. T. 561 _/6
0 ' 4 Corrected to infhde aspect ratio
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 /6 20 24 28 32 S` -.4 -2 0 .2 .4 .6 .6 /.0 /.2 /.4 /.6 1.8
Angle of attack, a (degrees) Lift coefficienl,C
-
Fluvaa 31. N.A.C.A. UN aidoll.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL 21
cows
o i0 ./2 48
- 34 0
- %J7 o -l0 44
-1.28 0 20 40 60 60 /00
- 1.0/ Per cenfofchard .l0 40
- so
-_ 60
44 09 36 oip
D -- 29 $
1s
- Os 2.0 40 1.08 Co, 32 O
ao
w
`o
- .05 ).8 .36 u.07 28
(-.09) w O
U
c :T8_9 C 1.6 .32 0.06 24 p
rodi3s cj U t
28 0 s f /.4 .28 c 0.05 20 u
CL
24 0 42 V .24 v.04 16p
Q) 0
0200 4O v.90^ .03 C
t u
p /6U .8 i .16^ 02 n 8t
^ t
p /2 U .6 ku ./2^ .0/ 4yU
.4 .08 0 01)
wo qvu
o n .2 .04 J-.
Ci - / c ^° -4 0
W
a 00. 0 O 2 B -
q 200040 LD 40.^.20va 0
N ^ u a4
o /6' 60
0 0
Sto:
0 o ./2
1.25 4.84 -2./9 ut / 0
25 129 -3./8 l
o -/0
50 6.26 - 4.38 R
44
,0/0. - 564 0 20 40 60 80 /C 7
15 1262 -6.19
2013.72
Per cen/ofchord
-42
S.
25 /4.29 -6.50 h
1450
30 /4.09 -6.50 .44 .09 36 m
40 -6.23
D 50 12.96 -5.56 a
60//. / -4.66 2.0 .40 V .08 32 O
70 9./8 -3.66
t 80 6.64 -258 N
90 3.67 -1.43 18 .36
k 95 2.00 - .84 28 b
O /00 (.221 (-.22) k
D /00 - o 1.6 .32 0.06
L.E. Rod. 4. 65
v s/ape ' C°
ihrou9 =
28 0 0 chord: 1 , 1.4 .28-, 0.05 20 w
4115 C
W ^
24020 c.p. 1.2V .24 x.04 /6 0
a '^ a
20 40 /.0- .20 u x.03
N LID
u a
/6O 60 .8 v '16° .02
o O
o
/2 °C80
u .6X./2 .0/ 4y
k
vi 0
M 8'.100 .4".08 0 O'er
0
C
0 4w Y
u 2 .04 G f -4 0
° C
^° O 4 0 0 m-.2 - 81
C Airfoik NA.CA. 4321 R.N:3/20,000 0
Size. 5"x30" Ve%(f/./sec.): 694
-4 0.
Pres.(sfnd.ofm.):20.7 Dote:4-15-W -.2 c -.3 A/rfo/1.NA.CA 4321 R.N. 3,120, 0001
Where lested.-L.MA.L. Test: V.OT 567 Dole:4-15-3/ Test, VD.7.5671
8 u Corrected for funnel-wo/1 effect 4 1-4
^ Corrected to infinite ospectrobo
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 -4 0 .2 4 .6 8 /.0 /2 1.4 16 LB
Angle of oltock, a (degrees) L/ft coeff/'c/enl, C
.
Ftovaa 38.-N.A C.A. 9321 SIM%
S0. UP r. L'0r. ^D l0 2 48
/.ZS 3.07 -1.79 U 0
2.5 4./7 -2.48 lU
-l0 44
5.0 5.74 -3.27
75 6.91 -3.7/ 4p
/0 7.84 -3.98 0 20 40 60 BO /0
15 9.27 -4./8 Per cent ofchard ./0 40
20 /0.25 -415 -
25 /0.92 -3.9B
30 //.25 -3.75 .44 .09 36
//.25 -3.25
D 5 /0.53 -2.72
60 9.30 -214 2.0 .40 U .08 °° 32.
O 70 7.63 -/.55
80 5.55 -/.03
U 90 308 - .57 LB .36 ._6 .07
_6
28
k 95 1.67 - .36
O 00 (.16) (-.16)
C L. C. Rad.: 2.48
Lc /.6 .32 0 .06 24'
iW 0 slope o7u9 V u
28 through end o7
Chord: 4120 1.4 .28 o^.0$ 20
W ^
24 '3a 20
.
e.p. /.2 V . 24k m 04 l6
ZT
q20040 L/D /.0.200 .03 2
x 80/00 .4'.08 0 0
`•
0 4Cv .2 .04 c
.o u
a0 0 4 0 0 m -.2 -8
.c Airfoil: NA.C.A.44/5 R.N:3 /10.000 0
44 Si- S"x30" Vel.(fl/sec.): 69.5 2
P(sti7d.otm):20.7 Dote:8-26-31 cv Airfoil. NA.CA . 4415 R.M.: 3,110.000 /2
-8 u
Zr. tested: L.MA.L. Test: VOT. 654
Whe _ Dote:8-26-31 Test: l!D.T. 654 -16
Corrected for tunnel-wall effect _4 0 ' 4 Corrected to in fihite aspect rofo
-8 -4 0 4 8 • 12 16 20 24 28 32 -4 720 .2 .4 .6 .B LO L2 /.4 L6 /.8
Angle of attack, a (degrees) Lift coeff can't C
FIGURE 40. -N. A.C.A. 4415 airfoil.
zo -
L^ r ./2
D
10 48
125 4.45 -2.42 g0
2.5 5.B4 -3.46 w _/0
50 7.82 -4.78 hW p 44
]5 924 -5.62
/B %35 -6.15 0 20 40 60 80 l00 ./0 40
15 12.04
2013.17 -6.75
-6.9B. Per cent ofchord r
25
30 1314.27
B6 -6.92
-s.76
n y
.44 .09-- -36 v
4014.16 -6./6 8 ^
D 50 13. lB -5.34
BO //.60 -4.40 2.0 .40V .08 a; 32 U
t 70
60
90
9.50
6.9/
3B5
-•235
-23/
-/.27
N
1.8 .36 u.07 26 e
`o
100 /.- F0 O
l0 0 0 1.6 .32 0.06 24 0^
v LG Bod.: 4.65
Slope ofradius V U
28 0 through end of
chord: 4/20
C /4 .28'^ 005 20 u
3
v ^ Q
241,20 /.2V.24 y v.04 168
.
Q 20x40 r-
c. p
/.'O w .20 um °.03 12
y ^ U R ^
o /6^ 60 L/D B v . /s 0 .02
° o 0
.6 u ./2
b
0/280 .0/ 4
S uk
8 0/00 .4".08 0 0
z 0
0° 4 u C
0Q 0 0 -.2 -8 u'
C Airfoil NA.CA. 442/ R.11:3.110,000 u e
Size: 5"x30" Ve/(H/sec.): 69.4
Pres.(stird ofm): 20B Dote:8-28-31 .2 R.N:3,110,000 /2
-4 0.
w ' 3 Air foil, N. A. A. 4421
Where tested: L.M. A.L. Test: VD.T 656 -.4•4 Dote. B-28-31 Test: VD.T. 656 -16
-B Corrected for tunnel-wall effect Corrected to infinite aspectrotio
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 72 0 .2
R- -4 .4 .6 .8 LO /.2 1.4
Angle of attack, a (degrees) Lift coefficlent,C
FIGURE 42.-N.A.C.A. 4421 airfoil.
5f. UPr.G' r. 10
D
/. 25 -. 7/ UC 0
5.0 260 -/.00
'
.66 U _/0 e 44
2.5
7.5 3.25 - .97 hp
/0 362 -.89 0 20 40 60 80 00
/5 4.74 -.64 Per centofchord 40
20545 -:32
6.36 .02
25 59B
30
40 6.74 ,93
.34 .44 .09 36-0
50 6.65 /.35
0
60 613 /.56
70 5.21 /.53 2.0 .40 -08 ro 0 0^ 32 O
U
60 390 /.25
90 2 /8 .72
95 1.17 35 1.8 .36 .07 28
i°o°o
/- /-0sl
L.E. Rod.: 0.40 /.6 .32^ x.06 24:9
W
51ope odfro us
28 p 0 through entl of
chord: 4125 44 .28 , 0.05 '01N
y
24 0 20 /.2V.24^ y.04 /60
k L D
c. p.
C
k
Q 20F40 /.0.1.200u 0.03 uo 12'
V ^ u
g` /6't 60 .81./60 .02
,o
a
12- BO .6 u .12^ .0/
w 4u
8,0/00 .4 .08 0 0
k c r °
20 4 u
.o 0 v
0Q O O y -.2 -8 ^`
c Airfoil: NA.C.A. 4506 R.N,:$05Q000 °u e
-4 0. Size: S"x30" Ve%(H./sec.) 70.0
Pres.(st'n:d o tm.): 20.6 Dafe: 4-/5-31 •2 c •3 Airfo#-N..A.C.A. 4506 R.N:3.050,000 -l2
_8 d Where fesfed• L.A.L.
M. Test: V.O.T.568 Oote: 4-/5-3/
Corrected for tunne/-/l effect -.4 - 4 Test: V AT 568 _l6
Corrected to infinite aspect ratio
-8 -4 0 4 8 /2 16 20 24 28 32-4 -2 0 .2 .4 -6 .8 /.0 /.2 l.4 46 /.8
Angle of otfock, o: (degrees) Lifl coefficient.
FIGURE 43. N.A.C.A. 4803airfoil.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL 27
20
St.. Up". L'w^-.
0 - o
/.25 2.94 -/.88B
wuo ^/0o .12 48
2. 5 00 -2464
4 0 45. 49 -3 8 0. o 44
7.5 6.60 -398
to ].4s -4.30
IS 8.85 -4.59
0 20 40 60 BO 10 7
Per cen/ofchord 40
20 9.6/-450
25 /0.47 N
3010.80 -4.16 .44 .09
4011.019 -3.44 36 w
D 501062 -262
60 9.56-1.e5 ti
2.0 .40 •x.08 a
70 299 -1.20 32 O
s° BO SB9 - .69
90 332 - .35 v
O 48 .36 x.07 28 ZS
100 - Ci .d
O
cN L. E. Rod.: 246 L6 .32 x.06 24 p
Slope o/ radius v
2B 0 chord: 4125of
I= 9,5 end
/.4 .28- 0.05 20 u
o va
24 0 20 C.P. 1.2V .24^ v.04 /6g
ti
v v
y 20040 /.O.w.20' x.03
l
LID
U
1 h
12
J1
/6^ 60 .B m'/6^ .02 6 ^^
o '0
o /2c80 .6 wu .12 .0/ 4y
k
O
8,0100
0 4 Cv
.4J .08
.2 .04 V-./
Y 4 0
.o C -4 0
u v
04 O 0 w -.2 -B
C Airfoi/-NA.CA.45/5 R.N.:3,080,000
-4 R Size: 5"x30" Vel tft./sec.): 69.6 U
P es.(sfndofm.):20.7 Dote:4-/6-3/
v Where tested'L.MA.L. Test: VD.T. 571
-8 Corrected for funnel-wall effect -.4 0-.4
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 /6 20 24 28 32 -4 -20 .2 .4 .6 .8 /.0
Ang/e of Mock, a (degrees) Lift coefficient,C
y
Fca sE 46.-N.A.C.A. 4518 airfoil.
.2 .04 V`-./
0
4
40
0
o u C m
04 0 0 m -.2
c Airfoil N.A.CA. 45/6 R.N:3130.000 0 e
-4 0. • Size: 5"x30" 3e).(ff./sec.): 66.9 .2 .3
Pres. (sthd afm): 2L0 Dote:4 Airfoi/: NA.CA. 4518 R.N: 3 /30.000
-8 u Wherefested.-L.MA.L. Test.VOT 572 _ _ .4 Dote: 4-16-31 Test, VD. T. 572
Corrected for tunnel-wc , H effect .4 Corrected fo inflhVie ospectrofio
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 -4 -2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 /.0 L2 14 /.6 L
Angle of otfoch, a (degrees) Lift coefficient, 0
Frooxx 47 .-N.A.C.A. 4518 airfoil.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE -DENSITY WIND TUNNEL 29
r
sl. UP' . L'v,
r.
U /O /2 48
1.25 4.23 -2.56 ui 0
2S 5.60
SO 750
7.5 0.90
/0 /0.00
1511.63
-3.B6
-505
-5.90
-6.50
-7.17
N kp -/O
0
94Mm
20 40 60 80 /C 7
Per cent .{chord
.//
./0
V
co
E
44
20 1273 -7.42 P
40
2513.46 - 7.38
30'3.06 - Z/6 .09 311
40 1397 -635 .44
60 13.27 -5.27
50 0 l
70 9.65 -4.
11.86 /2 2.0 .40 .08 h 32 D
-3.00 o,
S 80 7.26 -1.97
90 406 - /.05 W
95 2.24 - .63 L8 .36 o .07 28 tt
0 /00 (22) (-22) 0
100 - 0 1.6 .32 0 06
LE.Rod.: 4.85 24 p
m 5/opeofrodius Ci Ci u l
26 O through end of 1.4 .2Bc 0 .05-
0 chord: 4/25 zo
v
v $
24 t. 20 c. p. L2 V .24 v .04 16 p
k
Q20E LO
v 0 0 .03
y o 40 u
2
16 -60 L/D
ev.160 02 ° B
L 0 o O 0
0/2280 .6^./2 0/ qtu
60100 .4 .08 0
00
c 0
0 4u Co 2 .04 C p -40
v
0Q 0 0 y _2 -80
c Airfoi/: NA.C.A. 452/ R.N.:3,150,000 ou e
-4 6/ie: S°x30" Ve/.(ft./sec.J: 69.0 .3
Pres.(sfnd.otm).•20.6 Dote: 4-/7-3/ .2
c Airfoi..• N.A.CA. 4521 R.N3: /50,000 /2
Where tested:L.MA.L. Test: V.D.T.573 Dote: 4-17-31 Test: VD.T 573 _16
0 -.4
_4
-6 Corrected for tunnel-wall effect Corrected to infinite ospect rotib
-6 -4 0 4 8 /2 16 20 24 28 32 .4 .2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 LO 1.2 /.4 t.6 L8
Angle of otlock, a (degrees) Lift coeff/cient,0
FIGURE 48.-N.A.C.A. 45 toll.
8 0 /00 .4'.08 0
o
4 uu a J
.2 .04 VE
0Q 0 0 y
c Airfoi/.• N.A.C.A.46/2 R.N.:3,2/0,000 0
Si 5"x30" Vel.(fl./sec):68.3
-4 0. P es.(slnd.olro):21,0 Dole: /2-/7-3/ -.2 Airfoi/:NA.C.A. 4612 R:N:3,210,000
Where tested.-LM A.L. Test: V.D.T. 734 _4 Dote: 12-17-31 Test: V D. T. 734 -l(
-8 u Corrected for tunnel-wall effect 0
Corrected to 1/7fhffe aspect rotio
-8 -4 0 4 B l2 /6 20 24 2B 32 -4
Angle of ottock, a (degrees) Lift coeff/cie,L Cc
F-it. 49.-N . A.C.A 4612 airfoil.
30 REPORT NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
St . up L--
No /0 48
/.25 221 -/.6/ U t 0
253.04 -222
50 4.24 -292 y k° -/0 44
10 5.13 -3.32
l0 5.64 -3.56 O 20 40 60 80 /L
/56.95-3. 79 Per ceniofchord 0 40
20774 -377
256.3/ -3.60
30 9.71 -156 44 09 36
40 9.06 -2.56
50 6. - /.64
60 6.4747 - .65 2.0 .40 Uo .08
0 70].6] .34 32
BO 6.21 .95 N
U 90 3.73 .78 18 .36 .0 .07
95 02) .42 Ci 28
100 L/2) (- 0
/00 0 16 .32 0 .06
v L. E. Rod.: 1.56 24
Slope ofrodLs V U
28 D 0 ihraugh4/3s
chord.
endof /4 .28c °.OS 20
3 v ^
24 0 20 A2,j. 24 b .04-/6
v '^
20 0 40 /.Oy.20° .03 ao /2
l u ^4
p 16 ^ 60 .02 8
L 0 0 0
o / t 80 .6 .12 .0/ 4
k
6 °loo .4 .08 0 0
0 40U .2 .04 y` -4
.0 n
v 0 0 y -8
C Airfoil: NA.C.A. 4712 R.N:3,160.000 u
4 Si-S"x30" 1/e/(tf./sec): 68.7 2 .3
0. Pres. (sind.oim):210 Dote:12-18-31 c Z- toil. IV. A.0.A. 4712 R.N.: 3, 160, 000 /2
Where fested'L.MA.L. Test: V.D.T.735 _.4 E _ Dote: 12-18-31 rest: VD. T. 735 lB
-8 Correctedfor iunnel-wo//effect ' 4 Corrected to infhfte aspect ratio
-8 -4 0 4 B /2 /6 20 24 20 32 £ -2 0 .2 .4 .R A CO 12 14 1R 4R
Angle of ottoc/, or (degrees) Lift coe fficienf, C
FIGURE 50.-N.A.C.A. 4712 airfoil.
8 0 /00 .4". 06 0 0
n .2 .04 Ci -41
° 4u
04 0 0 y _.2 _6
c Airfoil: N.A.C.A. 6212 R.N.:,^240,000 u
Size: S"x30" Vel.(ft./sec.): 66. l .3
-4 0.
Pres.(st'nd. ofm):20.9 Dote:12-21-31 Airfoil: N.A.CA. 6212 R.N. 3,240.000 -/2
Where tested: L.M.A. L. Test: V.O.T. 737 Dote: /2-21-3/Test: V D.T 737 _16
0 -4-
_4
-8 Corrected for funnel-wall effect Corrected to infinite ospecf ratio
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 /6 20 24 28 32 c` -4 -2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 LO l.2 /.4 1.6 /.8
Angle of offock, a (degrees) Lift coefficient, C
FIGURE 51 .-N.A.C.A. 6212 airfoil.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL 31
sf.. UP r L r. v ^ /O
125 1.63 - .40 u 0
2.5 246 -.34 l
50 3.79 .OS y 0 -/O
75 4.67 .50 20 40 60 80 100
to SB0 .96 0
/5 7.26 /.79 Per centofchoro ./O
20 8.23 2.45
25
30 8.80 2.64 y
9.00 3.00 .44 .09 36
40 6.76 2.98
50 6.17 2.86 8
60 720 2.62 2.0 .40 x'-.08 32
70 5.90 2.21
u 80 4.27 1,63
90 2.34 .86
k 95 1.24 .43 48 .36 ^.07 28 tt
0 100 (06) (-.06)
l00 - O 0 1.6 .32 0'.06--
L.E.Rod.: 0.40
v 5/ape of'oo- G U
28 0 0 lhra3qh end of
chord: 6//5
1.4 .2B
c 0.05 20 w
.v
24 ^k 20
LID C.P. /2V.24-Z^ v.04 u /6 0
v `^
q 20040 40y.20, k'.03 12'
u O, k
0 /6 60 .8v.16o .02
o a k
/2U 80 .6.12 .0/ 4^
w
0
B 0/00 .4 J .08 0 0p
g
0 4 W C .2 .04 -4 0
.o u ro
v 0 O -.2 -8
02
C
Airfoil: N.A.C.A. 6306 R.N:,$080,000
Size: S"x30" Ile%(fr/secf:69.8
-4 0.
P es. (st'nd. otm.):20.6 Dofe: 4-/7-3/ -.2 c -.3 AirfOi/:NA.CA. 6306 R.N.:3,080,000
Where tested.• L.M.A.L. Tesf: VD.T. 575 -.4-.4 Dote:4-17-31 Test: V D.T. 575
-8 Corrected for tunne%wol/effect Corrected to infinite aspect ratio
-8 -4 0 4 8 /2 16 20 24 28 32 -4 -, O .2 .4 .6 .8 /.0 /,2 44 /.6 /.
Ang/e of aHo'k. a (degrees) Lift coefficient,C
FIGURE 62,-N.A.C.A. 6306 airfoil.
20
Slo.
O 0
/O 2
/.25 -.75 U
25
5.0 r 0S 76
7.5 50
/0 ./B 0204060BO/O
/5 .46 Per Gent ofchord 0 ./0 40
20 9.70 1.02
25 10.29 1.35 h
30 10.50 1.50
40 10.24 1.53 .44 .09 360
50 9.50 1.55 8 l
60 6.35 /.4B 2.0 .40f 32
70 633 /29
S 60 4.94 . 50
90 W
90 2.71 .50
L8 .36 •u.07
U 95 /.45 23 28 tl
/00 cos) !-0 C
a loo - o /.6 .320'0.06
N L.E. Rod.: 0.89 u
Shope ofrad'us
28 0 0 /hrough end of
chord.' 15
1.4 .28-, p.05
3 v$
24 0 20 C.P. /. 2V.24 ,4y v.04 160
L/D v '^ v
q20 0 40 /Ov.20a x.03 c
U ^^
p 16 D 60 .02 6C
l l O ^ O
o /2 ^ 80 .6i .12 .0/ 4^
o u
80)00 .4^ .08 0 0:,L,
0
00 u 4
C
.2 .04 V -./ -4 0
v
^ OQv 0 0 y -.2
C Airfoil: NA.CA.6309 R.h!:3.110,000 O
Size: 5"x30" Vel.(R./sec.): 69.4 -.2 V
^-.3
40. Pres.(sihd.olmJ:20.B Dole:4-18-31
U Where fested: L.MA.L. Test: V.D.T.576 -.4 0 -.4 4-18-31 Test: V. T. 576
-8 Correc led for funnel-wo//effect Gted to fnfnile aspect ratio
-8 -4 0 4 B 12 16 20 24 28 32 `C -.4 .4 ".6 .8 /.0 1.2 /.4 16 1
Angle of otlock a (degrees) Lift coeffi'cient,C
FIUVSE 63.-N.A.C.A. 6308 airfoil.
32 REPORT NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
D 50 10.84 .23 G$
60 9.50 .35 2.0 .40
O 70 7.76 .39 .08 32,
90 5.62 .34 W
90 3.08 ./S
/00
95 1.66 .03 1.8 .36 w .07 28
o0 l00 (./2) (-./?j C
a 1.6 .32 0U 06 24'
W
G. C. Rd.: 158
S/ape ofrod'us
yn endof
28 0 0 chord: 6/I5
1.4 .2,9-, 0 .05 20'
3
24^ 20 C.p. /.2V.24' w .04 /6
L/D v '^
200 40 40 .208 o .03 /2:
q 0
o /sa 60 e`* ./s o .02 8'
0 0
o /2 u 8 0 .6X ./2
w
.O/ 4'
u
8'-/00 .4J.08 0 0
c
0 4v Ile -4'
U .2 .04 G
O C ll
v 0 0 w _2 C. -8
04
Airfoil: N.A.C.A. 6312 R.N.:3.f80,000 i
Ve1.(R../sec.): 68.5 .2 ou
size: 5"x30" -4 0.
Pres.(sfnd.otm):2/.0 Dote:12-22-31 c ' 3 Airfoil: N.A.CA. 6312 R.N.:3,180,000 -/2
- 8 u Where lested: L.MA.L. Test: V.D.T. 738 v _ Dole: /2-22 3/ Test: V. 0. 738 -/B
Corrected for tunnel-wa//effect -.4 0 ' 4 Corrected to infinile ospect rolio
-6 -4 O 4 8 12 /6 20 24 28 32 F -4 -2 n .2 .4 .6 .,9 LO L2 14 L6 1.8
Angle of attack, o: (degrees) Lift coefficient.0
FIOVAB 64.-N.A.C.A. e: W.H.
0
Sic. up'r. LM, U /0
o l2ru 8 0 .6X./2 a° 4
k
8 0 /00 .4 .08 0
0 4v .2 .04 G 4
o u C
0 0 m
0 4 Airfoil. N.A. C.A. 6315 R.N:3,100,000
-8
w o /0 2
u^O
o -/0
0 20 4060 60 /00
Per cent ofchord 1 ./0
h
'z.e2 .44 .09 v
O 1.40 U
0 5
45 2.0 .40 ..08
e
v
D
V
0 .36
-./9l
LB .36 a
D
0
.5a 16 .32 0.06
v 0
Y'us C U
28 0 5f 1.4 .28 0,05
3 my
24 a c.R L2V .24'M x.04 160
k v `^ v
q 20 0
0l 16
i L/D
l.Ov,208 11.03--
U 4
.8^.16^ .02
l2c
k
0 0
0 /2 6Xk .12 .0/ 4
4y
U
90 .4' .08 0 03
Y 0
0 4N n
2 .04 -4 0
.0 U
v
DC W
0 O U 2 k _
4^ 12 u 80
.6U./2 O/ 4'
S
8 0 /00 4^ .08 0 0:
kc
° 4 u°
.o C .2 .04 C
u
04 0Oo
c Airfoil: N.A.C.A. 6406 R.N.:3,100,000 u
i
Size: 5"x30 •' Vel. (ft./sec.J: 69.2 -.2
-4 0. Pres. (stud. ofm.): 2/.0 'Dote: 8-31-31 Airfoi/: N.A.CA. 6406 R.N: $ /00,000 -/2
Where tested.• L.hLA.L. Test V.O.T. 65B v _ 4 Dote: 8-31-31 Test: U. D. T. 658 _16
-8 u Corrected for tunnel-wolf effect -.4 Corrected to infinite aspect ratio
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Angle of offock, a (degrees)
.4 -2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 LO L2 /.4 1.6 1.8
Lift coeffic/ent, 6i
F-.. 66.-N.A.C.A. 6406 W.H.
S1a. up}. L'wY. C C /O
(25 206 -, 0BB U•C O
252.96-L// 40_/0
5.0 4.30 -/./B
5.421 O 20 40 60 80 /0
1 /0 .66 -/
/5 7.78 -.36 Per cenfofchord
20 966 ./7
25 965 69
3010.13 %/2 .44
40 /035 665
SO 9.B/ 486
60 8.78 1.92 2.0 .40
^p 70 7.28 L76
U 80 5.34 /.36
90 2.95 .74
95 /.57 35 C, 1.8 .36
0 /00 /.091 (-.09)
/00 O
L.E. Rod.: 0.89 1.6 .32
v S/ape ofrodius d
28 p 0 lhrough end pf /.4 .28 c
chord: sFzo
3 .w
24
0 20
p. /.2V .24
420040 40 . .20 u
p /6 60 A./6
./6
O O
£'2 71 80 .6 ° .12
8 0 /00 .4-'.08
o 4m .2 .04
.o °
l
0 O
C 04 Airfoil: NA.CA. 6409 R.N.:3,060,000
c Size: S"x30" 1/eL (f/./sec.): 698
-4
Pres.lst 3 otm):20.8 Date: 9-/-3/ -.2
u Where tested.• L.0 L. Test: l!D.T 659 -.4
8 Corrected for tunnel-wo//effect
-8 -4 O 4 8 /2 16 20 24 28 32
Angle of offock, a (degrees)
FILM. 69.-N.A.C.A. 64W .M.11.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL 35
8 `0/00 .4 .08 0 0^
k c
0 4m 2 .04 C -4 0
.O
' C v
0R O 0 v
_, 2 C ^, _ 8 0`
C Airfoih N.A.C.A.64/2 R.N:3,090,000 U
Size: S VeG(f//sec.): 69.5 _, 2
-4 4
sf7dolm):20.8 Dote:12-22-31 e .3 Airfoi/NA.CA.
.• 6412 R.N.: 3,0917,000
12
Where tested•L.MA.L. Test: V D.T. 739
E0 -.4-- De:/2-22-31 Test: VD.T 739 _16
-B o Corrected for tunnel-wall effect _.4 1co _ -cfed to infinite os ect rofb
-8 -4 0 4 8 /2 /6 20 24 28 32 -4 .2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 /.O l.2 L4 L6 L8
Angle of attack, a (degrees) Lift coefficienl,C
FIX 60. N.A.C.A. 6412airfoil.
U
BO //. /O - .34 V$
r
706.70
80 9./6 -.04
.09
2.0 .40 -
N
.08 a
90 372 .04 1.8 .36 .u.07
ti 95 2.01 -.05
too 1'161 f-.16/
C III
28
through end of
0 chord: 6/20 1.4 .28 0.05
0 W
3
24 0 20 C. p. 1.2V.24^E- x.04 /6 p
o k v
20 0 40 L/D /.0 .0 .20 0.03 /2'c
y ^ U
16; 60 .8'.16 0 .02 8'11
l l o O k
/2U 6 0 .6,', .12
k
.0/ 4s
0
h 8 0/00 .4'.08 0 Oo
` C
o 4v .2 .04 tj -4 o
o u a v
0Q 0 0 Q̀, -. 2 'B 0,
c Airfoil: NA.CA. 6415 R.N:3,060,000 U
e
-4 0. Si-5"x30" Vel(ft/sec.): 69.8 -/2
Pres.(sthdotm):208 Dofe:9-3-3/ v
ti Where fested.- L.MA.L. Test: V.D.T. 661 Dote:9-3-3/ Test:
-8 Corrected for tunnel-wolf effect -.4 0 -.4 Corrected to infinite aspect
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 -4 .2 .4 .6 .8 LO 12
Angle of attack, a (degrees) Lift coefficient,C
Frovas 61. -N.A.C.A. 6416 airfoil.
36 REPORT NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
0 0 ur / 0
1. 25 4.26 -1.92
25 7.62 -2.59 v.; O
3.0 7.53 -346 Cp
].5 9.99 -39/
l0 10.06 -4./5 0 20 40 60 60 /0
05 1202 -4.26 Per cent oFchord /0
20 /332 -4.0]
25 14./7 -3.75 h
30 14.64 -340 .44 36 m
40 14.70 -2.70
50 13.60 -205 l
60 1224 -447 2.0 .40
U^
32 U
70 7.40
60 /0.1/--.94
.54
u 90 4.12 - v
k 95 2.24 - .23 46 .36 .0 28 b
100 (./91 (-./9) .0
b /00 0 24 p
L E. Rod.. 3.56 C /.6 .32 0
l
v Slope ofrodius U° U
28 0 0 1hro3qh end of
chord: 6/20 1.4 .28-, o 20 u
3
.v a a
24 0 20 42V.24;^ v 16,
c.p. v k v
q20040 44 .20 8 12:c
.0 p a `c
o 16 O 60 L/D Bv.16^
0 a ^° o
o /2^8 0 .6X ./2 4r
k 0
8 v l0 0 .4 .68 00
n a
0 4u 2 .04 C -4 0
w
v
C _8 0
^0a Airfoil: NA.C.A.6418 R.N.:3.100,000
0 0 v0
Q
- 4 0. Size: 5"x30" Ve%(R../sec.): 69.4 2 c 2
Pres.(st'nd.ofm.): 20.6 Oate: 9-4-3/ 7: NA.C.A. 6418 R.N: 3.100,000
8u Where tesled: L M.A.L. Test: V.O.T 662 _4 e 9-4-31 Test. VO..T 662 _16
Corrected for tunnel-wo/t effect tied to infinite aspect rcho
-8 -4 0 48 12 16 20 24 28 32 -.4 .4 .6 .8 10 12 1.4 L6 7.8
Angle of attach, a (degrees) Lift Coefficienf.0
FIGURE 62 .-N.A.C.A. 6415.W.11.
.0
Airfoil: NA.C.A. 642/ R.N.:3,030,000 u
Q
4
14EE: 5"x30" Ve1.(fl./sec.): 70.5 .2 .3
Prss.(sf'7d.olm.):20.4 Ooie:9-4-31 Airfoit: N.A.CA. 6421
U Where tested: L.M.A.L.. Test: V.OT. 663 Dole: .9-4 -31 V O. T. 663
-8 Corrected far lunnel-wall effect -.4 F a._ 4 Corrected to infnits os
-8 -4 O 48 12 /6 20 24 28 32 -.4 -2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 10
Angle of offpch, a (degrees) Lift coefficient. C
FIGURE 63. -N.A.C.A. 6421 airfoil.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL 37
s . Up ^. G' Y'. D /O
0 ./2
1.25 1.36 - .60 C0
2.5 2.00 - .70 0 _l0
50 301 -.62
7.5 3.65 - .43
O
/0 4.58 - . l9 20 40 60 60 / 00
15 5.76 .37 Per centofoh-d ./O
20 6.74 .95
25 7.49 /.51
30 8.06 2.03 36
40 6.66 264 44 .09
v 50
60
8.65
8.06
3.35
3.48
70 6.69 321 2.0 .40 Ci.09 32
80 5.17 L52 W
U 90 2.90 1.43 /.8 .36.07
95 /.57 73 ?6 ^
100 (.06) (-.06)
/00 - 0 /.6 .32 0.06 ?4 p
v L.E. Rod.: 0.40
V u l
,,, ,he ndof 44 28C 0.05 ?0
chord: 6125 C
1,111
04 0 200 42, .24^u \y',.04 /6p
k LD c. p. v
0120040 1.q.2004.03
U
01660 .d .160 .02
12 80 .6U.12 .0/ 4,
60/0 .4'4 .08 0
04u C .2 .04 yr
s
.v u m
lC ^
0Q 0 0 -.2 8
C
Airfoi/:N.A.C.A.6506 R.K:,$17Q000 0u
-4 0. Size: 5"x30" Ve/. (R./sec.): 68.5 -2 e-3
Pres.(stnol-):2/./
d. Date:4-23-31 -foil: N.A.C.A. 6506 R.N: $170,000 -/2
Where tested: L.MA.L. Test. • V.O.T. 586 4 te: 4-23-31 Test: V D.T. 586 _/8
-8 v Corrected for tunnel-wall effect rrected to infinite aspect ratio
-6 -4 0 4 8 /2 16 20 24 28 32 4 .2 .4 .6 .8 /.0 1.2 /.4 L6 1.8
Angle of attack, a (degrees) Lift coefficient,'C
FIOME 64.-N.A.C.A. 8608 airfoil.
5/ape ofrodius G °
28 'b 0 chord: 6
/hrough endoi
25
1.4 .28-, 0
N U
3
24 0 20 L2V.24 ^- /6
p. y v`
20 a 40 /.Ov.20^ o /2
V u U^
p /8 1t 60 6 /6° 8
0 0
a /2 u 80 .6u./2 4
8"0 100 .4'.08 0
C x
°o 4uU .2 .04 C
OQv 0 0 y
.c Airfoil:NA.C.A.6509 R.N.:3,110.000 0
Size: 5"x30" Ve1.0../sec.): 69.4
-4, Pres.(51'ld. 11-120.6 Dote: 422-3/ -.2
Where tested.• I'll"L. Tes1:VD.T.585 v Dote:
-8 Corrected for funnel-wo/l eff ct -.4 a
Angle of oNock, a (degrees)
-8 -4 O 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 -.4 -
L 1ff coetfiaenf, c^
Fmvaa 86 .-N.A.C.A. 8600 airfoil.
38 REPORT NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
20
5fa LPL-. RLI 1111
a -
tzs 2n -/..la
o 46
OQ 0 0
C Airfoi/..NA.CA.6515 R.N:3,100,000
Size: S"x30" Ve1.(ff./sec.): 69.4
v
Pres.(sthd.otm.J:20.11 Dofe: 4-22-3/ -.2
Where lesled•L. .40 Test: V.DT. 583 -.4
-B Correcfed for tunneFwof/effect
-6 -4 O 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32
Angle of attack, a (degrees) Lift coefficienf,C
FIOU88 87.-N.A.C.A. 8616 slRoll.
w^ /o ./2 48
u °c 0
C o -/0 EFFF 44
0 20 40 60 60
p
er cent ofchord 40
zss 44 / 0, 1
^0
/, C 36
Ls4
a Los 2.0 .40 1 .08
.41 °p 32
05 0
U S /.B .36
w
-
07 ° 28
v 0B1 C
56 l.6 .32 0.06 24
m dlls
28 0 Sf 14 .281 0.05 ZO
w a
24 0 I
c. P.
I
II I 1.2V .24 x.04 /6
k k
m
N'0o
Pf
/.0 4 .20 ^.03 /2
u u,
0 16^ .02 0 8'
t ^ 0 4
u .6'./2 0/ 4
k 8 0/ .4'.08 0 0:
0 4 vu
C
.2 .04
o
l
02 0 0 v-.2 Cw-8
C Airfoi/: NA.C.A. 65/6 1?.1:3, IOQ000 o
-4 R Size: 5"x30" Ve%(ft./sec.//: 693 _ 2
-8 u
Pres.(sti]dolm):20.8 D&.%1_31
w_' 3 Airfoi/.•N.A.CA. 65/6 R.N:3,/00,000 -/2
Where tested.-L.M.A.L. Test:VD.T. 582 Dote:4-21-31 Test., V.O. T. 582 -16
Corrected for tunnel-wall effect 4 '4 Corrected to infinite aspect ratio
4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 -4 ..2 0 .2
ng/e of a//ock, a (degrees)
.4 .6 .8 /0 /.2 /.4 /.6 t.8
Oft coeff/clent,C
r'. 68.-N.A.C.A. 6618 airfoiL
/6 60
o rJ
o /2.g 80 .6'./2
q,-/00 ix I
.4'.06
c
0 4v C .2 .04
o u
N 0 0
R 04 Airfoil: N.A.C.A. 66/2 R.N.:.1250,000
C Size: 5"x30" Vel.(N./sec.): 68.0
-4 0.
Pres. W s 7d.otm.): 21.0 Dote:/2-28-3/ -.2
Ci Where tested.• L.A.L.
M Test.• D.T. 741 -.4
-8 Corrected for funnel-wall effect
-8 -4 0 4 8 l2 16 20 24. 28 32
Angle of ot/ock, a (degrees) Lift coefficient.
Fl°II88 70.-N.A.C.A. 6812.11M.
44
U 40
0
s
u 36
ti
0
U .32
C
v V
28 p '28-,
3 v
24 0 V .24•^
w
k v
v.20a
N 20 u p,
0 16 ^ v./60
O ^
O O
o /2 u
u /2
V
k 8° .08
° 46 .04
OQv 0
C
-4 0.
U
-8
cD
u
50 2.79 -2.79 Q
60 2.49-2.49 '.0 .40 1 .08
-204 D
i 70 2.04
80 /.46 -/.46
90 .77 -.7]
W
95 4/ - .41 !8 .36 ^.07 b
0 tD0 (.06) (-06)
too 0 0
cN L. E. ROd.: /.19 !6 .32
^q U
0.06
k v
Airfoih N.A.CA. 00127 R.N.:3.120,000 0 0 0U -.2
0y
.c Si- 5"x30" e
_4 4 Ve/.(fL/sec.): 69.5
ti
P es.(sti+d.otm):20.5 Dole.' 4-3-31 v
Where ies7ed L.M. A.L. Test: V D.T. 548 Dole: 4-3-3/ Test: U. D. T. 5481
-8 Corrected for tunnel-walleffect -.4 1-.4--- Corrected to inf'niie aspect ratio j-
-8 -4 O 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 -.4 .2 .2 .4 .6 .8 /.O 1.2 44 L6 1.8
Angle of attach, a (degrees) Lift coefffcient.0
Fioasa 74-N . A.C.A. 0012T SW0.
c l /o 2 48
125 ze4 -1 e4 0 -
25 3.69 -3.69 y -10
50 4.59 -4.59 Ra 44
75 S.5.08 -5.06 0 20 40 60 80 1C 7
10 S. -536
f5 -574 Per cent ofch.rd ./0 40
20 592 -5.92
25 6.00 -600
30 6.00 -6. 0 .44 .09 36
40 593 -5.93 CPo
50. 5.59 -559 V$
60 4.07
4.98 -4.96 2.0 .40 - .08
0 70
80 2.91
- 4.07
-2.91
32
90 1.55 -1.55 W
u 95 63 -83 /.B .36 .0 .07 28
0 100 ( ..12)
(-.. /2)
D loo 0 0
f.6 .32 0U t06
v L.E.Rod.: 360 24
L<
28 Do 0 1.4 .28-, o .05 20
c.p. ma
24 w0 20 /.2V .24* v .04 6
v ':
20040 401 .20 0 .03-- /2
0 /6 D 60 .8x./60 .02 ° 8'
0 0
a /2 u 80 w
.0/ 4
w
8 /00 0 .4^ .08 0
C .ro 0.
^. c
0 u 4
Ca
.2 .04 -4
v
0V 0 0 m -.2 -8'
.c Airfoil: N.A.C.A.00128 R.N.:3.060.000 oU
Size: 5"x30" Ve/.(ft..Isec.)_ 70./ 2
4 0. Pres.(sthd.otmf:20.3 Date: 4-3/
Where tested: LM.A.L. Tesf: V. D.T.550 _4
c '3 A/rf0lL• NA.CA. 00/28 R.N.:3.080,000 -I2
-8 v -4 Dole: 4-4-3/ Tesf:V. D. T. 550 _/6
Corrected for tunnel-waf/effect Corrected to Infinite aspect rotio
-8 -4 0 4 8 /2 16 20 24 26 32 -.4 :2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 40 /.2 44 l.8 1.8
Angle of attach, a (degrees) Lifl coefficient,C
Rama 76.-N.A.C.A. 00128 airfoil.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL 43
25 283 -2.83 U
SO
Z5
4.28 -4.28
5.4/ -.£4/ R p -/D
to 6.32 - 6.32 0 20 40 60 80 /O
/5 164 -7.64 Per centofchord
20 8.46
25 B.88 -8.88
30 9.00 -846
-9.00
40 662 -8.62
.44
U 50 767 -761
0
60 6.44 -6.44
70 S09 -5.09 2.0 .40
t B0 3.65 - 365
U 90 205 -205
o 95 /./7 -1.17 /.8 .36
0 l00 (./B) !-.7Bi
/o0 0 0 /.6 32
c
N L. E. Rad.: O.B9
z8 ° 1 C 1.4 .281
c. p. v
24021 2,j. 04
k v
LID
V 20o4i /.0120U
u a
o /6 & 8 = ./6 v
^ t 0 0
a /2 t 8 .6X./2
r U
8,/0 .4 .08
0 4v .2 .04
O U C
0 0
04 Airfoi/NA.CA: 00/BT R. N:3,/50,000
C Size: S"x30" Ve%(ft./sec./: 69.2
4 0. Pres.(sfndatin):20.6 Dofe:4-7-3/ -.2
u Where tested:L.MA.L. Test:VOT 552 -.4
-8 Corrected for tunnel-watt effect
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 /6 20 24 28 32
Angle of attack. a (degrees) Lift coefficient,C
F/evas 78.-N.A.C.A. 081ST slrfolL
^a
i^
u
8'-/00 .4'1 .06 0 00
= o
0 4v .2 .04 vr -. / C .i.
o u 0 3 -4o
v
0Q 0 O "Q:) -.2 _g a
c Airfoil: N.A.CA. 2R2/2 R.N.:3,130,000 o U Q
Size: S"x30" sec.): 69.4 .2
4 4
Pres.(stnd otm.J:20.5 Ye'TI
Dole: 2-26-32 3 Airfoi/.-NA.CA. 2RZ 12 R.N:3,130,000 -l2
-8 u Where tested-L.R.A.L. Test: l!D.T. 765 w Date: 2-26-32 Test: V. D. 765 _/6
Corrected for tunnel-wol/effect -.4 0 -.4 Corrected to inf/Hite aspect ratio
-8 -4 0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 04 -2 0 .2 .4 .6 .8 /.0 1.2 /.4 /.6 1.8
Angle of atlock, a (degrees) Lift coefficient,C
Flovaa 79,-N.A. C.A. 2Rt12 airfoil.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL 45
48
0 0 0 0 0 o+x NA.C.A. 0012E
L251.9 -1.99 /.89-/.89 10
25 261 -261 2.61 -26/ 0 00 0012E $4
50 .55 -3.55 3.55 -3.55 O 20 40 60 BO 100
10 20 -4.20 4.20 -4.20 I0
/0469 - 4.69 4.68-4.69 Per centofcha'd /(
/55.35-5.35 5.35 -535
205.74 -574 5.74-5.74
360)I
255.94 -594 594 -594 .44 .D:
30.00 -.00 .00 -6.00
0 40 .74 -55.74 5.74-5. 74 C L1$
p 50 .3/ -4.3/ 4.31-4.31 2.0 .40 -.01 3z o
t 60 /.96 -/.96 /.96-/96 Q
70 .So - .50 .50-50 W
90.50- .50- .4/ -/.43 /.6 .36 .0;
O 90 .50 - .50 -3.23 4.30
95 5 - .50 -45-6.5
5. 7 X8.0'
se i- /.6 .32 0.01 04 '4 0
98.79 U oe
0011501(-.591
28 0 GO
O E.Rnd. ^.5e C 1 /4 .28-- ^.0: ?0 t
240 20 c.p. /. a.24v ro.0, 162
^ C.P . _ vk m
20 40 .20 o!o
/z ^c
0 40 e C .04 4t
v
0 4m \
0 4:_ '' C 8 ^'
NA .CA.0012 0 8 0012F R. N: 3,230.000 0 •^
-4 0. 5Ve%(ft/sec.):
"x30" 68.1 U ./2e
Pres.(sti7dotm.):210 Dote:7(V 14-32 `^c N. AC 002 a80012F, I R.N.:3,230,000
u Where tested. L.MA.L. VD.T. 7519753 Da1e: 1-(9812)-32 Test: I D.T 751 8 753
Corrected for tunnel-wall effect -•' Corrected to infinite ospectmtio /6
velocity measurements resulting from a reduction in For the purpose of comparing the results from differ-
the apparent weight of the manometer liquid when the ent wind tunnels and of applying these results to air-
density of the air in the tunnel is raised to that cor- planes in flight, it is also necessary to consider the
responding to a pressure of 20 atmospheres. The effects of air-stream turbulence. In air streams having
effects of this error, however, are reduced by the pres- different degrees of turbulence, the value of the
ence of another error in the air-velocity measurements Reynolds Number cannot be considered as a sufficient
due to the blocking effects of the model in the tunnel. measure of the effective dynamic scale of the flow
The measured coefficients, obtained by dividing the The airfoil characteristics presented in this report were
measured forces by %pV 2 , as well as the derived coef- obtained at a value of the Reynolds Number of approx-
ficients are, of course, affected by errors in the air- imately 3,000,000, which corresponds roughly to the
velocity measurement. Aside from this source of Reynolds Number attained in flight by a medium-
error, it is believed that only two other sources need sized airplane flying near its stalling speed. Consid-
be considered: first, the deflection of the model and eration of the effects of the turbulence present in the
supports under the air load; and second, the inter- variable-density tunnel (see references 11 and 12) leads,
ference of the airfoil supports on the airfoil. The however, to the belief that these results are more
angle of attack and the moment coefficient are affected nearly directly applicable to the characteristics that
by the deflection of the airfoil and supports. The would be obtained in flight at larger values of the
error in angle of attack, which is proportional to Reynolds Number.
Cmcl,, was found to be approximately —0.1° for an N./2
oma
,ar tSymmetrii al ai^R!
foi i I I 27 per rodlan
04 x 4%
Vy + 6%
ro
0
° Maximum thickness in per cent of chord Camber position in fraction of chord
F1aunE 81.—Variation of liftcurve slope with thickness. (Abscissa of maximum mean-line ordinate)
FIGURE 82.—Variation of lifGcurve slope with camber. Results for 12 percent thick
airfoil having a moment coefficient of —0.075. The airfoils.
error from this source in the moment coefficient is
DISCUSSION
inappreciable at zero lift, but at a lift coefficient of 1
may amount to —0.001. The errors resulting from The results of this investigation are here discussed
the support interference are more difficult to evaluate, and analyzed to indicate the variation of the aero-
but tests of airfoils with different support arrangements dynamic characteristics with variations in thickness
lead to the belief that they are within the limits indi- and in mean-line form. For the analysis of the effect
cated in the following table: of thickness, test data from consecutive tests of airfoils
« ±0.05° having different thicknesses and the same mean-line
0.00 form are used. The analysis of the effect of the mean-
CLmax — 0.02 line form is made with respect to consecutive tests of
Cmcl4
10.001 airfoils of the same thickness (12 percent of the chord)
CDa(CL=0) f 0.0002 and related mean-line forms. The results are com-
1 0.0000
CDa (CZ =1) ±0.0010 pared, where possible, with the results predicted by
thin-airfoil theory, a summary of which is presented
The tunnel-wall and induced-drag corrections ap- in the appendix.
LIFT
plied to obtain the airfoil section characteristics might
also be treated as sources of systematic errors. Such Lift curve.—In the usual working range of an air-
errors need not be considered, however, if the section foil section the lift coefficient may be expressed as a
characteristics are defined as the measured character- linear function of the angle of attack
istics with certain calculated corrections applied.
Errors in the tunnel-wall corrections, however, should CL =ao (ao — aaa)
be considered when the results from different wind where a n is the slope of the lift curve for the wing of
tunnels are compared. For consideration of these infinite aspect ratio and a Le is the angle of attack at
errors, the reader is referred to references 9 and 10. zero lift.
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL 47
The variation of the lift-curve slope with thickness given mean line without altering the camber position.
is shown in figure 81. The points on the figure rep- The theory also predicts an increased negative angle
resent the deduced slopes as measured in the angular as the position of the camber moves back along the
range of low profile drag. These results confirm chord. The experimental values are compared with
previous results (reference 1) in that they show the the theoretical values in figures 83 and 84. The ex-
lift-curve slope to decrease with increasing thickness.
The camber has very little effect on the slope, as 003 0 43 o63
indicated in figure 82, although a rearward movement 024 0 44 0 64
of the position of the camber tends to decrease the 0 25 0 45 0 65
lot
a.9t
u, X 63
E v, a
v o
av `64
v^
g14.& y
a,
v
i
65
Comber position in froction of chord
fAbscisso of maximum --line ordinate) 704 8 12 16 20 24
FIGURE 83.—Variation of angle of zero lift with camber. Points shown are for 12
Maximum thickness in percent of chord
percent thick airfoils. Curves indicate general trends for the different thick- Francs 84.—Variation of angle of zero lift with thickness. Numbers refer to mean-
nesses. camber designation.
/.f
/. E
I
/.5
/.e b
/.t
CL_ ° 'Symmefrfcol series
.t
04 6 /2 16 20 4 8 /2 16 20 4 8 e 16 20 24
Maximum thickness in percent of chord
FmURE 85.—Variation of maximum lift with thickness.
slope slightly. Table II gives the numerical values of perimental values lie between 100 and 75 percent,
the slope in convenient form for noting the general approximately, of the theoretical values, the depar-
trends with respect to variations in thickness and in ture becoming greater with a rearward movement of
camber.It will be noted that all values of the slope the position of the camber and with increased thickness
lie below the approximate theoretical value for thin (above 9 to 12 percent of the chord). Numerical
wings, 2a per radian; the measured values lie between values of the angle of zero lift are given in table III.
95 and 81 percent, approximately, of the theoretical. Maximum lift.—The variation of the maximum lift
The angle of zero lift is best analyzed by means of a coefficient with thickness is shown in figure 85. It
comparison with that predicted by the theory. Thin- will be noted that the highest values are obtained with
airfoil theory states that the angle of zero lift is pro- moderately thick sections (9 to 12 percent of the chord
portional to the camber if the camber is varied, as thick, except for the symmetrical sections for which
with these related airfoils, by scaling the ordinates of a the highest values are obtained with somewhat thicker
s
48 REPORT NATIONAL ADVISORY ;OMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
sections). The variation with camber, shown in bar (for airfoils having normal camber positions;
figure 86, confirms the expected increase in maximum i.e., 0.3c to 0.5c).
lift with camber. The gain is small, however, for the MOMENT
normal positions of the camber, but becomes larger Thin-airfoil theory separates the air forces acting on
as the camber moves either rearward or forward. It any airfoil into two parts: First, the forces that pro-
will be seen by reference to figure 85 that the camber duce a couple but no lift (they are dependent only on
becomes less effective as the thickness is increased. the shape of the mean line); second, the forces that
This reduced effectiveness of the camber is in agree- produce the lift only, the resultant of which acts at
ment with a conclusion reached in reference 13 that
for airfoils having a thickness ratio of approximately Maximum thickness in per cent •,
-.05
20 percent of the chord, camber is of questionable
value. Numerical values of the maximum lift co-
i
69
efficient are given in table IV. -.04 j.
Air-flow discontinuities.—These and other wind- Theoretico/ curvy ' L5
tunnel tests indicate that at the attitude of maximum 2/
w -.03
^E U
o -.02
-.0/
_L
4
Comber position in fraction of chord
(Abscissa of maximum mean-tine ordinate)
FIGURE 87.—Variation of moment at zero lift with Camber. Points shown an for
12 percent thick airfoils. Craves Indicate general trends for the different thick-
nasses.
Ca„
.90
0 23 — 0 43 0 63
024 _1 0 44 0 64
o25 o 45 0 65
o ,.BL
E m
Qt
V$ C• 74
i
_L
4
Comber position to rrau/on or enora 4 8 12. 16 20 a4
(Abscissa of maximum mean-line ordinate) Maximum thickness in percent of chord
FIGURE 88. —Variation of maximum lift with camber. Results for 12 percent thick FIGURE 88.—Variation of moment at zero lift with thickness. Numbers refer to
airfoils. mean-camber designation.
lift the air forces on certain airfoils exhibit sudden a fixed point. We then have in the working range an
changes which in many instances result in a serious expression for the total moment taken about any
loss of lift. The probable cause of these air-flow dis- point
continuities is discussed briefly in reference 13. The Cm = C,ea+nCL
stability or instability of the air flow at maximum
lift may be judged by the character of the lift-curve where Co is the moment coefficient at zero lift and
peaks indicated for the various airfoils. The curves nCL is the additional moment due to lift.
are classified into three general types as noted in As with the angle of zero lift, the theory states that
table IV, but the degree of stability is difficult to the moment at zero lift is proportional to the camber
judge. It may be generally concluded that improved and predicts an increase in the magnitude of the
stability may be obtained by (1) having a small moment as the camber moves back along the chord.
leading-edge radius, which causes an early break- Figures 87 and 88 show the values of the moment
down of the flow with a consequent low value of the coefficient as affected by variations of camber and
maximum lift, (2) increasing the thickness (beyond the thickness compared with the theoretical values. Re-
normal thickness ratios), or (3) increasing the cam- ferring to figure 87, the plotted data indicate that the
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FROM TESTS IN VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL 49
moment coefficients are nearly proportional to the the profile drag as the minim um value plus an addi-
camber. It will also be noted that the curves repre- tional drag dependent upon the attitude of the airfoil,
senting the ratios of the experimental coefficients to we have in coefficient form
the camber are nearly parallel to the equivalent curve
representing the theoretical ratios except that the CD = CD,+ (CDamtn + ACDa)
curves tend to diverge for positions of the camber The induced-drag coefficient C U, which is computed
well back. Figure 88 shows that the experimental by means of the formula given in reference 8, is con-
values lie between 87 and 64 percent, approximately, sidered to be independent of the airfoil section. The
of the theoretical. Numerical values of the moment variation of the profile-drag coefficient with the shape
coefficient at zero lift are given in table V. variables of the airfoil section is analyzed with respect
The effect of camber is small except for the highly This function is represented in figure 93 as the curve
cambered sections having the maximum camber well determined from the results for the symmetrical air-
back. Numerical values of CDamr° are given in table VII. foils and for the airfoils having a camber of 2 percent
Additional proflle drag.—The additional profile of the chord. As the camber is increased, the dis-
drag, which is dependent upon the attitude of the air- persion of the plotted points from the curve becomes
foil, has previously been expressed as a function of the greater. In general the points above the curve corre-
lift (reference 4) by the equation spond to thick sections and sections in which the maxi-
mum camber is well back. The departure from the
ACDe = CDO — CDOmtn = 0.0062 (CL — C,,.,,)'
curve becomes greater with increased thickness and
where CL °n, may be called the optimum lift coefficient; with a rearward movement of the maximum-camber
that is, the lift coefficient corresponding to the mini- position. The points well below the curve correspond
mum profile-drag coefficient. This equation holds to the thin airfoils.
.028
.024 x °-1
0
x
OX mean comber
2 —
I°
n 4 % .,
.020 6%
016
J xX#•
11.012
.008
.004 :° tx
.2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 40
a-a-,
F—E 93.—Addaioml pmdle drag.
reasonably well for the normally shaped airfoils at Because the additional profile drag is not a simple
values of the lift coefficient below unity. function of the lift, and also because the results as
A convenient practical method of allowing for the presented in figure 93 are difficult to follow, generalized
increased values of CD, at moderately high values of curves for the relation
the lift coefficient is to include the additional profile
OCDe = f (CL— CLavr)
drag with the induced drag, as suggested in reference
2. For the symmetrical airfoils of moderate thickness are given in figure 94. These curves are given to
the term to be added to the induced-drag coefficient
represent more accurately the additional profile drag
was given as 0.0062 CLE . The relative importance of for the normally shaped sections.
this term may be better appreciated by considering Optimum lift.—The optimum lift, as defined above,
that it represents 11.7 percent of the induced drag of is the value of the lift corresponding to the minimum
an elliptical airfoil of aspect ratio 6. The same profile drag. As the determination of this value of the
method may also be applied to other airfoils if the lift is largely dependent upon the fairing of the profile-
value of the optimum lift is not too large. drag curves, special curves were faired for this purpose
Andrews (reference 14), using the part of these data on enlarged-scale plots corresponding to certain related
published in references 2, 4, and 5, suggests for the airfoils grouped together. The values of the optimum
additional profile drag the form
lift coefficients obtained in this manner are given in
A D0 =f1 CL— CL
ODr 1 table VIII. It may be noted by reference to this table
that the optimum lift coefficient increases with camber
CL _%L,
CHARACTERISTICS OF AIRFOIL SECTIONS FRO] I TESTS IN VARIABLE-DENSITY WIND TUNNEL 51
and for the highly cambered sections a definite increase it is not primarily dependent upon the shape of the
accompanies a forward movement of the camber. mean line. Nevertheless it is interesting to compare
.02 the optimum lift coefficients with the values included
2..16. "eon in table VIII representing the theoretical lift coeffi-
Max, lhickness 69. 4. 0 07. comber
.0/
v-
ma
p
x
o 49,
29,—•• cients at the "ideal" angle of attack for the mean
line; i.e., the angle of attack for which the thin-airfoil
0
I " -T1
,*
1 1 1
u + 6%—
6
I.
410'2-
IT theory gives a finite velocity at the nose. (See the
appendix.)
.02
GENERAL EFFICIENCY
Maximum lhickness 9% The general efficiency of an airfoil cannot be ex-
.o/ 0 pressed by means of a single number. The ratio of
0
`6 4° 2 0° 20 Symmetrical airfoil
.02
6 O,
.02
200 Symmetrical
series
160
V^/20
More important than these variations, however, is the given by the sections between 9 and 12 percent of the
variation with thickness. The rapid decrease in the chord thick. The variation with camber, shown in
optimum lift with increased thickness indicates that figure 96, is less important. An increase in the camber
52 REPORT NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
SUPPLEMENTARY AIRFOILS
For the purpose of investigating briefly the effects The aerodynamic characteristics of the modified
of certain shape variables other than those discussed sections are given in figures 72 to 77. These may be
in the main body of the report, 10 supplementary air- compared with the characteristics of the normal sec-
foils were tested. The airfoil sections were as follows: tions given in figures 4, 6, and 8. The maximum lift
6 symmetrical sections with modified nose shapes, 2 coefficients of the modified and the normal sections
sections with reflexed mean lines, and 2 sections simu- are plotted against the leading-edge rad ii in figure 97.
lating those of a wing having a flexible trailing edge. It is interesting to note that the leading-edge radius is
very critical in its effect on the maximum lift when
Maximum thickness 0.12c the radius is small. This critical effect is also indicated
by the rapid increase in the maximum lift with increas-
ing thickness for the thin sections as shown in figure 85.
/.4 Airfoils with reflexed mean lines.-Previous inves-
^Moximum thickness 0.18c tigations have shown that the pitching moment of
/.2 cambered airfoils can be reduced by altering the form
of the mean line toward the trailing edge, with a con-
sequent loss of maximum lift but only a small reduction
/.0 in drag. In order to compare the characteristics of
sections of this type with those of the related sections
Moximum thickness 006e of normal form, two airfoils were developed with the
basic thickness distribution of the N.A.C.A. 0012 dis-
posed about certain mean lines of the form given in
.6
reference 15
y^=hx(1-x) (1-Tx)
.4
The values of h in this equation were chosen to give a
camber of 0.02 and the values of X were chosen to give
.2 the airfoil designated the N.A.C.A. 2R 112 a small
negative moment and the airfoil designated the
O / 2 3 4 5 6 7
N.A.C.A. 2R 212 a small positive moment. Charac-
i-Hnn-eons radus in Der cent of chord teristic curves for the two airfoils are given in figures
F-RE 97.-Variation of maximum lift with nose radius. 78 and 79. The principal characteristics of the sec-
tions may be conveniently compared with those of the
Airfoils with modified nose shapes.-The airfoils of related symmetrical section, the N.A.C.A. 0012, and
the first supplementary group investigated were de- a related normal section having a camber of 2 percent
veloped from three of the symmetrical N.A.C.A. family of the chord, the N.A.C.A. 2412, by means of the
airfoils: The N.A.C.A. 0006, the N.A.C.A. 0012, and following table arranged in the order of increasing
the N.A.C.A. 0018. For each of these basic (or nor- pitching-moment coefficients.
mal) sections one thinner-nosed section, denoted by
the suffix T, and one blunter-nosed section, denoted
section Cam„ CDC- CDC-
c. C.p
by the suffix B, were developed and tested. The
derivation of each modified section was similar to that 211M 1.47 0.0086 171 0.004
of the normal section and was accomplished by a sys- 0012
2R^12
1.53
1.63
.0083
.0083
184
184
-.002
-.020
tematic change in the equation that defines the normal 2912 1.02 .0085 IN -.044
MI i
cp
........... ................
s
tngR ttSS2 22 tgma
-8 115
I- ri I rri I I I I I I rl I I I I rl I I I I I I I I I I I
as 2vM222
Thickness
designa-
06 gg 12 15 Is 21 25 112
\
bC
b Th'
d
d__
or des.
- - 13 M A , Z 12
tgnntinn
Thickness
desire-
\ t on 06 09 12 15 18 21 25 12 Theor.
b ell
desX
ig-tion
00 ___-__._.___ -0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.1 0.0 0.0 - 0go
4
2 ------- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
- 3 .4 -3.60
43 ------------ -3.8 -3.6 -3.7 -3.6 8 -3.5 -3.6 ------ 3 -3.84
-3. 9 -3.
4. - 8.1 1. -1
_,: 9 -3. 4 --- .15
46......... . _. 3 4.1 - 4. -4.1 -3. 4 ... -4.2 -4.58
40_ ___________ ------- ------- - -4.6 -5.18
47 ____________ ------- ------- - -5.0 -6.09
I Based on straight portion of lift curve extended. Bee curve for actual value.
58 REPORT NATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS
Thickness
06 09 12 16 18 21 25 12 Theor.
ber des
ignation
00_. ._.____. -0.002 -0. ON -0.002 0.000 -0. 002 - 0.001 -0.003 -0.002 0
2
2 ------------ ------------ ------------ -0.029 -0.0370
23 ------------
.__.._.____. ------------
-.036 ------------
-.038 ------------01 6 ------------
-.034 ------------ ------ ------ ------ ------
3 -.038 - . 0447
24 __._-______ -.039 -.044 W -.010 -.037 -.036 --- --------- -.044 -.0531
25 -- - ---- ---- -.048 062 -.050 -.019 -.047 -.043 ------------ -.054 om
28_ ___________ ____________ ---- -------- ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ -.000 0749
27 ____________ ------------ ------------ ------------ -- ---------- ------------ ------------ ------------ - . 076 -.0912
41 ___________ _ ------------ ----- ------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ -.059 -.0739
43 .___.__.____ -.075 -.073 -.072 -.008 -.066 -.057 -------- ---- -.075 -.0994
44 ------------ -.087 - 086 - . 087 -.083 -:078 -.071 ---- : --- : --- -.039 -.1062
46 _-._.__-___ - 109 -:106 -:102 -.097 - . 094 -:082 ---- --- --- -:105 -.1257
46 ____________ ____________ -.124 -.1497
47 ____________ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ ------------ -------- --- -.143 -.1825
62 __ _ _________ ------------ ---- -------- ------------
---- ---- ---- ------ ------ -------
------------ -------------------- ----
----- ------------------------ _.087 -.1109
63__ _ __ .__-__. --------III
---- ------------
110
I il -:106 -:097 -.090 ------------ _.II0 -.1342
64 . . _ __ _.___._ 29 as 29 -.125 -.118 -.110 .... ------- -.132 -.1594
65_ ______ __._ 159 .158 -.154 x-.160 -.139 -.129 __ - . 169
86_.________ :186 2W
67 - ----- ---------- -.206 2737
portion
A Based on straight of moment curve attended. See curve far actual value.
th"' 00 09 12 15 IS 21 25 12
Cam-
Thick-
Thickness go
\d^
bar
am
Coca ion i gnatim
• designs-
if.. is Ig
ber des- 00 _____.______ 0.00 0.00 0.00 Q. 00 0.00 0 00 0 0D0.00 - . . 0
fgnation
22_ ___________ -- ---- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ---- - .17 0.308
00 _--_.____-_- 0. 7 0.7 0.9 - 1.1 1.4 IT - a - ed -
0.9
23- :: _ ::::::: :17 : 1171 15 272
24 ...... . 21 :1 1, :1If 0 ----- ------ ------ : 20 : 250
22 25-- 18 .16 . , IS , :11 08 :03 , - ::::: .23 .251
23::::::::::::
----3 ---- ------3 -- ------3 -- ------5-- 20 ____________ ------- ------- ------ ------ --- -- ------ ------ .20 .256
24_ ___________ .1 .3 .4 .7 1.0 1.5 ....... .0 27____________ ------- ------- ------ ------ --- -- ------ ------ .20 .272
25 .-_______ ._ .0 .2 .3 .6 1.0 1.7 ------- .7
26 ----------- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------- .8 42 ____________ ------- ---- _ _ ---- ------ --- -- ------ ------ .36 .616
27 ----- ----- ------- ----- - ------- ------- ------- .8 93 ____________ .35 .30 .23 .12 .20 .05 ------ .34 .544
42 ------ ---- ------- ------- ------- ------- ------
: 1 :36 : 33 : 22 : 16 : 10 _ _: -- - : 1 512
43_ ____ _______ .3 .4 .5 .7 1.2 to 34 27 22 16 30 08 :50
1.6
44_____ _______ .3 .3 5 . 10 L4 1,7 1.0
:5
40 _ -_________ ------- ------- ------ ------ ------- ------ ------ .30 .512
46 :: -------- 47 ---------_ ------- ------- -- --- ------ ----------- ------ .33 .51A
-1 .3 :-8 :9 1.4 1.7
46_ _____ _____ -----
62 ____________ -- ---- ------- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------
- ------
47 ___ _ __ _____ .55 .923
------- ----- '
I: 63 63 40 M 24 13 47 81
62 ------ ------- .2 6460 : :466 42 _^:: 33 j 21 ^15
10 -- --- - - j 4 45
-----
- ------ 1 . :117
66____ .60 .53 .42 .33 1 _gg "M
64_ ___________ 7 .0 .6 .9 1.3 1.7 ------- .8
86___________ _ .0 .0 .7 1.6 1.8 1.9 ------- 1.5 6
667:::: ---- so :'
816
66__ ___ __ _
67:-:.::.. 1^^ -------- --------------- -------- ---- 1:::::::Il 2: of
I Theoretical lift coefficient at "Ideal" ougle of attack.
TABLE
V II.-MINIMUM PROFILE-DRAG COEFFI- TABLE IX.-RATIO OF MAXIMUM LIFT COEFFICIENT
CIENT, Cna_ TO MINIMUM PROFILE-DRAG COEFFICIENT,
CL... 147DO.-
Thickness
_ des na Thickness
'1" 06 9 12 15 18 21 ig 25 0
12
d gs gg ig S.
i is
bar
C des, 18 26 12
Ignation, \^d
I
0.
^z
d ^o^
x
p ^ ,^ "^^^rt'
H
o
CL Q o vn
a.
^d y CD >
C/)
cn
Cyi7 2
D 0 PV
00 A ,^„^ ^'
Z
d
O
r "^
o