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393
O N THE HARMONIC COMPENSATION IN NONSINUSOIDAL SYSTEMS
Abstract
This paper analyzes six methods for power factor correction
in nonsinusoidal systems. The conventional methods based on
shunt capacitance and LC tuned filters are compared with tech-
niques relying on the use of solid-state compensators or active
n NONSINUSOIDAL
POWER
SYSTEM
e*
factor is unity. A
INTRODUCTION
0
Electrical engineers interested in reducing power system losses,
as well as the negative effects of harmonic pollution on equip-
ment, have longed for the time when active power line condi-
tioners would become available. Line conditioners are referred ut
-L
i = zi'v = ~i'
h=l
h ~ , + Oh)
sin(hwt (6)
(7)
If the network impedances have the property Rl/XI =
where Rz/Xz (this is quite often true) and we refer again to the
elementary case PA = PB, results Pc = PA and
PA,PC = Load A and Compensator C'active powers.
The compensator C can be a nonlinear load designed as
a wattless system PC = 0, or may be incorporated in an
energy converter operating as a generator or load, Pcz 0. This is exactly the same result as in case d and is a most
395
encouraging fact; it indicates that minimum voltage dis- CASE I: A three-phase capacitor bank of 1050 kVA is installed
tortion at a large customer bus in a network may also yield at bus (B2). The 60 Hz power loss is reduced by 21% to 158.68
minimum harmonic power loss in the system. kW, the harmonic power loss increases 8.81 times to 32.21 kW.
What is gained at 60 Hz is lost at the harmonic frequencies
POWER FACTOR STUDY due to near-resonance conditions. The total harmonic voltage
The examined subdistribution system is sketched in Fig. 3. distribution a t bus (B2) is THD = 15.8%, and at the buses
The loads, induction motors, fluorescent and incandescent lights (Bl) and (B3) 8.3% and 9.2%. The voltage and current waves
and adjustable speed drives (six-pulse converters) are concen- at (B2) are given in Fig. 5b. This example demonstrates that
trated at the three buses, (Bl), (B2) and (B3). The mean co- even in systems with a history of acceptable voltage distortion,
incident demand and power factor a t each bus, for each type of (THD = 5.74% for the basic case is a moderate distortion quite
load, is given in Table I. The harmonic current spectrum of the harmless to the equipment) the connectihn of shunt capacitances
nonlinear loads is shown in Fig. 4. can sometimes be disadvantageous. In certain situations the
capacitors are already connected and operating satisfactorily;
Table I - Power Factor and Mean Coincident Demand however when a new large nonlinear load is added in the system
of the Loads the power quality at the user’s end becomes compromised by
the objectionable levels of voltage distortion.
Fluoresc. Incand. 6-pulse Total
Motors
CASE II:The capacitor bank is modified; Two LC filters tuned
Lights Lights Conv. (kVA)
for the 5th and 7th harmonics are used to correct the power
Bus 1 500 170 100 310 1080 factor at bus (B2). The filter components, 60 Hz values, are
Power Bus2 I 625 I 330 I 100 I 1040 11 2095 given in Table 111.
(kVAI Bus3
. I
I 500 I 165 I 70 II 205 11 940
.~
I
M - Moton
IL - Incandescent Lights 0.9 mi
FL - Fluorsscent Lights
VS - Adjustable Speed Drives
(S-puln converter)
T1 M U P L V S M U P L V S
H U FL VS * 6 7 11 1s 16
7
................. ....... ....... .." .. ...........
" .......... .........,.. ....."...........
^ ......
.... .... ..... ..... .....
imm ............ ........... 2u.m , .
. . at B u s (B2)
Fig. 5 Voltage and Current Waveforms ~ ~~
1a.1) .........
-11.1) .......
-'
km (b) CASE IV SINUSOIDAL CURRENT
* o r . . . .V . . . . .
......" ........
Ll.1)
......... ,......... . . . . I:
. . .......,
v. ......................
I
i ,i , :. ..
.. i.....;............i.......... ...........i..........*..........i.........."........i........:
I
I 5 11 1s n IS 1 S IO I5 21 25
TIME ("is) TIME (ms)
:i
LllDI
10TOTAL
hsI RATED (6OH.7)
IHARMONICS
1-7‘~’~
-
E
20-
162 (b)
x
15’
T .
0
BUS I
BSS 2
d
10-
01 0
00
-
0 60HZ . (c)
Fig. 8 Comparison Among the Seven Cases
1
(a) Power Factor
HARMONICS
(b) Total Apparent Power Supplied
t o t h e Compensator
00 8
a the total power loss, Fig. 7c,d. There is not a strong economic
741 726 728
incentive to compensate harmonic currents for the sake of reduc-
ing harmonic losses. Nevertheless, one should keep in mind that
harmonic losses are a powerful indicator of the degree of cur-
rent distortion and, in certain situations, harmonic currents can
contribute significantly to the equipment loss of life.
Due to the near-resonance conditions at bus (B2) it is impos-
sible to correct the power factor by means of simple capacitors,
101 (case I). Tuned LC filters proved to be an effective means of cor-
rection, yielding 20% reduction in the power system losses and
lowering the voltage distortions to reasonable levels < 3.5%.
HARMONIC LOSSES Nevertheless, the current distortion a t bus (B2) is still large,
FILTER LOSSES lO.l%, and when compared with the base case a slight increase
, (FUNDAMENTAL in current distortion is observed at (Bl) and (B3), Fig. 7b. These
INCLUDED)
results are due to the “harmonic sinking effect” at the LC filter.
An effective power factor correction device is equipped with
instrumentation which keeps track of the reactive power flow in
the system, (or at least at the point of common coupling) and
adjusts the compensator output to deliver an optimum amount
of reactive power. Tuned LC filters lack the flexibility required
from adaptively controlled compensators. Solid-state compen-
sators and some power conditioners are known to be able to vary
the amount of 60 Hz reactive power generated or absorbed, as
well as the harmonic currents injected. In case I11 a solid-state
compensator generates only 60 Hz reactive power, injecting a
purely sinusoidal current, leading the fundamental with 90 de-
grees. The effect of such a compensator on voltage distortion,
Fig. 7 Comparison Among the Seven Cases
Fig. 7a, is insignificant. The total system losses are, however,
(a) Total Harmonic Voltage Distortion a t Buses
slightly improved, Fig. 7c, and considering that such a compen-
(BI), (B2), and (B3)
(b) Total Harmonic Current Distortion at Buses sator can be continuously adjusted, it means that such a device
( B l ) , (B2) and (B3) is ideal for 60 Hz reactive power control.
(c) Power System Losses (60 H z a n d Harmonic) Many publications on the subject of power factor correction
(d) Harmonic Power System Loss in nonsinusoidal systems [7] advocate the need for unity power
398
factor, case V, or for a nearly sinusoidal line current, case IV. APPENDIX I: OPTIMUM COMPENSATING CURRENT
The values of the power factor at bus (B2) are given in Fig. Sa.
Neither the case when the line current is sinusoidal, nor the case The harmonic voltages in a N-bus power system are governed
when PF=1, provides minimum power system loss or minimum by the equation
voltage distortion. Both cases, IV and V, demonstrate a great Vbus = ZbusIbur
improvement in voltage and current distortion at bus (B2), nev-
ertheless, we believe that case VI offers a better compensating or in expanded form
strategy: The voltage distortion at all the consumers is less than
1.5%, and the system power losses are reaching the lowest value.
This is important since it indicates that harmonic rms current
flow in the feeder and the 0.3 mi sections has reached a mini-
mum and will have the least effect on communication systems
sharing the same right of way with the overhead lines. We wish
to stress that the power factor for case VI is significantly dif-
ferent than unity. Part of the reason is that the fundamental
current is leading the voltage, (see Fig. 6f), and part is due to
the harmonic currents still injected through the transformer T2, where Vbus,Ibrr = Bus voltage and current vectors
and meant to cancel the harmonics generated at (Bl) and (B3). Zbur =Bus impedance matrix
The engineering economics of the problem presented in this The equation (A-1) is used to relate the voltage and cur-
paper cannot b e tackled without knowing the unit cost, $/kVA rent for a given harmonic or order h. The harmonic current
for the solid-state compensators. At this time this information sources 11,I z . . . , are generated by the nonlinear loads. The
is not available, making it impossible to compare LC filters and compensator is connected at the bus IC and draws the current
compensator costs. The apparent powers demanded by each IC = k(ms pc 3 sin pc). +
case are presented in Fig. Sb. This bar graph is given to assist The power loss due to the harmonic of order h is
in forming an idea about the size of the compensators. Based
on the actual experience with TCRs one can figure that such 1
units will be considered major investments. Fortunately the new
AP=-C CrmnIvm-vnlZ/~~,
2 m = 1 n=l
(A-2 )
m#n n#m
generation of power conditioners and converters can control not
only the active power but also the reactive and distortion powers where V,, V, are the phasor’s harmonic voltage at the buses
(harmonic current phasors) as well. By creating the economic m and n respectively. The actual impedance between m and n
incentive for customers to prefer converters able to operate with
optimum power factors, i.e. t o inject desirable harmonic currents
1s Zmn = f m n 3xmn. +
From (A-1) results
and generate 60 Hz reactive power, it will be possible in the
next decades to keep abreast with the proliferation of power
electronics equipment at all levels of power and voltages.
V m = ZmKIc
1
Zmtt+ (A-3 1
ics and Applications, Grenoble, France, Sept. 19S7, pp. 7m1 = C ( R m i sin Pt + X,, COS P,)I,
1
1293-99
Substitution of (A-5,6,7) in (A-2) gives
W.M. Grady, M.J. Samotyj, A.H. Noyola, “Survey of Ac-
tive Power Line Conditioning Methodologies”, IEEE, PES
Winter Meeting, Atlanta, GA, Feb. 1990, Paper WM 048-9 Ap=
m n
{ - on, + ( r m c - r n c ) ~ c ]+’
[om*
- Yn1 + ( F m c - F~c)Ic]’
[~ms } rmn
PWRD
The optimum harmonic current IC, which gives minimum
Project IEEE-419lD5, IEEE Recommended Practices and
A P is found from the equations aAP/apc = dAP/dIc = 0.
Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electric Svstems,
The first partial derivative
April 6, 1990. (updated IEEE Std. 519).
W. Shepherd, P. Zand, Energv Flow and Power Factor in
Nonsinusoidal Circuits, Cambridge University Press, 1979.
399
The real and the imaginary components of (A-13) give
*mn
where