Carlos Videla Seminar PDF

11-04-2013
REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

FAILURES
CAUSES AND RESPONSABILITIES
CONTENTS
Lights & Shadows

Technical Causes
Carlos Videla C.
ESCUELA DE INGENIERÍA
PONTIFICIA UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA DE CHILE
The Human Factor
Responsibilities for Construction Faults
Conclusions
Carlos Videla © 2010 2
R.C. Lights
REINFORCED CONCRETE: Panteón de Agripa, Roma, 120 DC / Marriot,

Arq. Apolodoro de Damasco
LIGHTS & SHADOWS 145 m
1999
Metro
Línea 4,
2004
Federico Assler,
Carlos Videla © 2010 Premio Nacional de Arte Carlos
2009 Videla © 2010
3 4
1
11-04-2013
Challengues of R.C. Construction Height: Kingdom Tower, Arabia Saudita

Tall Buildings Costanera Center
Height: 300 metros
Stories: 60 160 pisos
Titanium La Portada fc’ = 70 MPa 705 m.
Height: 192 metros Stories: 52 20xx -??
fc’ = 60 MPa
2007-2010
Marriot,
145 m, 1999

Shapes: Spiral Tower – Songdo, Korea New Technologies
Concrete Pumping Test over

600 m,
Dubai (Feb. 2005) SCC
David Scott, 175 m, 52 stories, giro 110°
ARUP Carlos Videla © 2010 Carlos Videla © 2010
7 8
2
11-04-2013
Dificulties of Design
Ronald Klemencic,
Magnusson Klemencic
Associates
Wind Tunnel
Costanera Center SHADOWS OF
CONCRETE
CONSTRUCTION
The dark side
of the force

Pittsburg garage parking
3
11-04-2013
Even the collapse of the building can be Collapse of the works even without loads
produced
The document detected

three types of deficiencies
in the structure: bonding
in the horizontal
concrete construction
joints,...…
Alto Río Building

27 de Marzo de 2010 13 stories building under construction tilt in Shangai
Concepción, CHILE 29 of June, 2009
http://cache.daqi.com/view/2617990.html
Carlos Videla © 2010 13 Carlos Videla © 2010 14
and Reduce the Service Life of the Structures
TECHNICAL
CAUSES
February 27th, 2010 – Chile

Degradación del hormigón producto de la corrosión de las CHILEAN EQ. CASE
armaduras de la losa
4
11-04-2013
Disclaimer
This presentation uses a large number of pictures and
evidence that professor Videla has gathered as an
evidence of the Earthquake and Tsunami in Chile.
Most photographs where taken personally or by members

of his company however, others have been obtained from
internet and other sources and makes it very difficult to SOME FIGURES ABOUT THE 27F
independently acknowledge some of the sources.
CHILEAN EARTHQUAKE
However special thanks are given to:
• Augusto Holmberg, CEO, ICH
• René Lagos, renelagos engineers
• Rodrigo Mujica, VMB Ingeniería Estructural
• Carl Luders, SIRVE S.A.
• Patricio Bonelli, Universidad Santa María
• Leonardo Massone, University of Chile
• René Guerra y Daniel Díaz, Videla y Asociados
Accelerations …
Some Figures about the 27F EQ
• Chile 2010 EQ Mw = 8.8
• Epicenter close to Concepción
• Depth: 35 Km
• Subduction zone - Length of
rupture 500km (approx.)
• RC building damage
• Affected cities - Concepción, Viña
del Mar, Santiago, among others
Informe preliminar Nº 3 - 15 de Marzo de 2010

Red Nacional de Acelerógrafos
Boroschek R, P. Soto, R. Leon,, D. Comte
Maipú, Renadic – 10/05 report www.renadic.cl
5
11-04-2013
The Very Bad Earthquake Effects...

• Dead or missed people: less than 500
(mainly by tsunami)
• Houses damaged: 300,000 to 500,000
(mainly adobe)
THE GOOD AND THE BAD
OF THE 27F EARTHQUAKE • Reconstruction: 30 US billions (15% GDP)
ICH Non oficial figures

• Maremoto = Tsunami • Water run-up
Courtesy Univesidad
Catolica
Recognition group

6
11-04-2013
Historical Buildings

• Curico Church
Museo Nacional
de Bellas Artes
7
11-04-2013
Adobe construction
Typical Chilean
Farm House
Adobe Construction
Adobe construction Adobe construction
8
11-04-2013
• “Modern” adobe construction RC Buildings - Good & Bad

How did buildings performed?
Considering only buildings between 1985 to 2009 (CChC)
• Buildings that collapsed: 4

• Buildings to be demolished: 25 - 50 (estimate)
• Buildings heavily damaged: 50 – 100 (< 1% stock
of bulidings)
• Non structural components: extensive damage
• Number of buildings 3 + story 9.974
• Number of buildings 9 + story 1.939
V&A • Failures 3 + story buildings: 0.5%
• Failures 9 + story buildings: 2.8%
Titanium Tower – Santiago, Chile

52 storIes
192 meters high
EXAMPLES OF BUILDINGS
WITHOUT STRUCTURAL DAMAGE

9
11-04-2013
Titanium Tower Telefónica Building – Santiago, Chile
• Construction Area:
65.000 m2 total
35.000 m2 main tower
• Tower typical floor: 20m. x 47m.
• Building height 140 meters
• Stories 33 + 3
• Year of Completion: 1996
Energy dissipation
devises
Isidora 3000 – Chile (2008) Isidora 3000

Structure Singularities:
Mix use
Column Deviations
3rd floor
Carlos Videla © 2010 Carlos Videla © 2010 2nd floor

39 40
10
11-04-2013
Justice Buiding Office buildings (2008)

Santiago Chile. (2003) Isidora Foster + Magdalena – Chile
• 25 stories
• 9 basement
• 72.000 m2

Concepción
EXAMPLES OF BUILDING
FAILURES
11
11-04-2013
Edificio Salas 1343 Torre A - Concepción Edificio San Pedro Concepción
Edificio Centro Mayor - Concepción Edificio Obispo Salas - Concepción
12
11-04-2013
Edificio Alto Río Edificio Alto Río
Edificio Alto Río - Concepción Concepción
13
11-04-2013
Edificio O´Higgins 241 Viña del Mar
Edificio Toledo – Viña del Mar Edificio Tricahue – Viña del Mar
14
11-04-2013
Edificio Tenerife – Viña del Mar Santiago
Emerald - Santiago Condominio los Robles - Huechuraba
15
11-04-2013
Central Park - Santiago Edificio DonTristán - Maipu
Design Failures Walls

• T & rectangular walls with
 Flexural-compression brittle failures flexural-compression damage at
1st floor or basement
 Concrete crushing and rebar buckling • T walls with damage at web
 Overall buckling of thin walls • No SBE – concrete crushing and
rebar buckling
 Splice failure
• Splice failure
 Soft floor (irregularities) Rebar Fracture
 Lack of concrete confinement
 Deficient reinforcement detailing
 Few shear failures
 Walls too slender (thickness 20 cm)
Splice
 Very heavy loaded walls failure
P. Bonelli J. Wallace
Carlos Videla © 2010
16
11-04-2013
Diagrama de Piso Blando

Walls Soft floor
• No SBE – concrete crushing
and rebar buckling & fracture
• Overall buckling – thin walls
J. Wallace
Muro discontinuo de zócalo

(Edificio Hipódromo Chile)
J. Wallace
Carlos Videla © 2010 Carlos Videla © 2010
Lack of concrete confinement Compression failure and buckling of

vertical bars
Armaduras abiertas en muro discontinuo

(Edificio Sol Oriente)
Edificio El Parque
Diagrama Armadura Transversal

Carlos Videla © 2010 Carlos Videla © 2010 68
17
11-04-2013
Detailing of reinforcement Detailing of reinforcement
Reinforcement bent at 90°

(Edificio Emerald)
Falta de retorno de la malla horizontal (Edificio El Parque)

Detailing of reinforcement - splice Flexural-compression failure
Anclaje vertical de
armaduras
horizontales
(Edificio El Parque)
Edificio Los Cerezos Edificio Emerald

18
11-04-2013
Few shear failures Walls too slender (thickness 20 cm)
Edificio El Parque (fisura corte 0,5 mm)
Edificio Toledo, Viña
Edificio Alto Río, Concepción
Edificio Central Park Carlos Videla © 2010 73

Very heavy loaded walls Car Park
Edificio El Parque
Edificio Central Park Torre Bilbao, Santiago

19
11-04-2013
After the 2010 Chilean Earthquake

• After the 1985 Chilean Earthquake it was
thought: some things have to be revised:
Concrete Design Code
The typical structural wall in a Chilean building
• Limit slenderness of the shear walls
need not have boundary elements or special
transverse reinforcement. • Limit the compression in shear walls
• Confinement of boundary elements
The good performance of the majority of these • Confinement at longitudinal splices
buildings during the March 3, 1985 earthquake
suggests that bearing walls with limited Earthquake Loading
detailing may be an effective construction form • Revise the design spectrum
for earthquake resistance • Revise the soil amplification effects
• Define displacements and rotational demands
Construction Failures Reinforcement detailing

De most frequent encountered problems
were:
• Confinement
• Reinforcement detailing (Missing • Location
confinement reinforcement) • Righteousness
• Bad construction joints
• Cleaning
• Lack of concrete continuity
• Stirrups
• Excess reinforcement cover, reducing
the lever arm • Ties
• Movement joints • Splices
• Low strength concrete

20
11-04-2013
Reinforcement detailing: confinement Reinforcement detailing
• Horizontal mesh reinforcement not closed

• Missing confinement reinforcement
Reinforcement detailing Reinforcement detailing: stirrups
I never thought that this could really happen.
If we where following
ISO why we did not get
the right spacing.
In this case at least they
should have place the
steel.
21
11-04-2013
Reinforcement detailing: detailing Reinforcement detailing: location
Eccentric
reinforced
bars
• Different to drawings

Reinforcement detailing: location Bad construction joints
• No cover

22
11-04-2013
Lack of concrete continuity Movement joints

Excess reinforcement cover Low strength concrete (poor)
(furtive – covert)

23
11-04-2013
Failure of Non Structural Members
• Partition walls
• Ceilings
FAILURES OF NON STRUCTURAL
MEMBERS • Glasses
• Equipment
• Feetings
• Finishing

Partition walls Ceilings

Gypsum
Pudahuel Airport
The Chilean International
Tabiques de yeso Airport was out of service
(Edificio en Santiago, Ñuñoa) at the most critical time for
Chile.
24
11-04-2013
Glasses Glasses Glass Doors

Windows
3m
Concepción Airport
Equipment Fittings
Machine room and heaters equipment Daños en sistema de aire acondicionado y protección
(Ciudad Empresarial Building, Santiago) contra el fuego (Santiago y Concepción)
25
11-04-2013
Furniture Finishing
• Veneer  90% OK
DUOC; San Carlos de Apoquindo

V&A
Daños del contenido (Edificio Stgo., Ciudad Empresarial)
Finishing • Stucco Finishing

• Architectural Details
V&A
Excessive thickness of stucco to Universidad del Desarrollo

rectify plumbs

103
26
11-04-2013
Finishing Secondary Structures

• Curtain Walls
OK
Pudahuel Airport

Mall Portal La Dehesa

Schools
V&A
27
11-04-2013
Causes of the Pathologies of

RC Structures
Ignorance
or
Inexperience
Irresponsability?
THE HUMAN FACTOR or
Negligence?
Incapacity
or
Indifference? Incompetency
or
lack of
foresight? 110
The human factor

García Messeguer A.
CAUSES:  Ignorance
 Carelessness
 Negligence LET SEE THE
 Excess of confidence KNOWLEDGE
 Apathy
 Lust
The Pareto variable of construction quality, whose
improvement has the largest impact on the
improvement of the total, been equal the rest of the
factors is
THE HUMAN FACTOR
28
11-04-2013
From an Ancient English Proverb Books

...... (Structural) Engineering is the art of moulding
materials we do not wholly understand into shapes we
cannot precisely analyse, so as to withstand forces we
cannot assess, in such a way that the community has no
reason to suspect our ignorance........
Ironbridge,
Cast-iron arch bridge-1779,
River Severn,
Coalbrookdale, Shropshire,
England
A. Neville (1981)
If the reader is unable to design
a satisfactory mix he should
seriouly consider the alternative IF WE KNOW SO MUCH,
of construction in steel WHY THE FOLLOWING
FAILURES OCCUR?
29
11-04-2013
Postensioning of Flat Slabs Unshoring of slabs

(Quito, Octubre 2002)
V&A
V&A
Slab camber and make

perpendicular walls during
construction
COULD BE THAT WE ARE NOT

DOING AND APLYING SOUND
ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES?
V&A
V&A
Slab
Wall 119 Carlos Videla © 2010 120
30
11-04-2013
Sophisticated modeling programs tools for Divorce between Structural Engineering and
structural design, but… Construction Engineering
Possible weakness: Uncertainty on structural
modeling
• Modeling of foundations:
– Vertical rigidity of the soil
– Empotramiento at the base versus
foundation rotation
– Lateral confinement of the Excessive cracking due to
underground construction sequence
• Modeling of structural elements: Structural Engineers

– Use of finite elements versus uniaxial elements do not consider the
– Rigid or flexible diaphragms construction process
– Geometrical properties with or without cracking in the design stage
– Etc.
renelagosengineers Carlos Videla © 2010
Magellines Pier, V&A 2012
121 122
Forensic Engineering (post construction Construction Engineers used to

structural evaluation) point out that structural engineers
were standing far from the actual
constructions sites. This still
remains true but, …
Magellines Pier, V&A 2012

G. Thenoux
31
11-04-2013
Divorce between Structural Engineers and

Reality
Massive R.C. Mat Foundations,

Costanera Center Building, 2010
SCC – 50 MPa
Designing something difficult to built Divorce between Construction Engineering

(common sense) and Construction Management
Sup. 16@20 + E 12@40
Inf. 18@ Since construction
Sup. 25@10 + Suple 28@10 management arrived in
Inf. 25@10 + Suple 28@10 our field we have been
talking to different
language.
G. Thenoux
R.C. Slab
V&A, 2008
Moving reinforcing
bars with a bar to
vibrate concrete
32
11-04-2013
Divorce between Construction Engineering Many construction engineers are also looking the
and Construction Management construction site through the computer screen. This
is ok since they make take advantage of many new
Since construction management arrived in our application tools for planning, programming and
field we have been talking to different language. building however…..
Carlos Videla © 2010 Carlos Videla © 2010
Some phrases about Constructors

• Drawings must be very detailed to avoid
constructors to think o interpret
(design office).
• Information for in situ engineers must be very
concise and simple and a maximum of 2 pages
extension because they don’t read.
(visiting engineer of a construction company).
• Constructors don´t have the capacity nor the
knowledge allowing them to place in doubt
structural design drawings
(owner of a construction company).
Drawings are a window
through which the knowledge • In situ professionals don´t like to write to register
is seen (or measured) anything (all the previous).
33
11-04-2013
Construction Engineering =
More phrases
Rule of Thumb?
• Constructors are only worried about administrative

duties like acquisitions, quotations, budgets,
programming; they don´t care about the execution
of the work in-situ and rely on the work of the
technical labor Casting mas
(me). concrete
• The main work of the ITO is adminsitration of

the contract: approve payment, check
productivity, evaluate time, etc.; they don´t
verify the quality of the construction
(structural engineers).

Carlos Videla © 2010 133 Carlos Videla © 2010
 134
Mass Concrete Case
HOW GOOD ARE WE DOING WITH

QC/QA IN BUILDING
CONSTRUCTION?
34
11-04-2013
LUST
Carlos Videla © 2010 139 140
35
11-04-2013
Concrete- testing company says NYC results

were not faked Concrete SmartBrief aci@smartbrief.com
August 5, 2011
American Standard Testing and Consulting Laboratories denies allegations
that it falsified thousands of test results on several New York City projects,
including a La Guardia Airport control tower and the new Yankee Stadium.
Company President Alan Fortich and five staff members Thursday pleaded
not guilty to racketeering and other charges. The company's defense
attorney, Richard Leff, said the concrete strength tests were done correctly.
RESPONSIBILITIES
• The New York Times
• The Associated Press FOR CONSTRUCTION
DEFECTS
The six defendants accused of

falsifying concrete tests in State
Supreme Court on Thursday.
By William K. Rashbaum
Published: August 4, 2011
DEVELOPERS = RESPONSIBLE HOW DEVELOPERS WERE SEEN

(Guilty)
Article 18: The first vendor owner of a

construction will be responsible for all the
damages and financial losses due to faults
or defects on it, whether…..
ENASEI 2010 ‐ Institutode la Construcción

ENASEI 2010 ‐ Institutode la Construcción

36
11-04-2013
Construction Process and Responsibilities

SCIENTISTS STAGE COMPETENCE RESULT
Design Structural Structure Specified

L'Aquila EQ Architect
Quality
Engineer
Construction Resistencia
Fabrication prevista en
Engineer
función de los
 Selección de Materiales y
materiales más Diseño Proceso
adecuados y Constructivo
económicos.
 Fabricación
 Transporte Labour
Construction In situ Structure

QA&QC
Supervisor Potential
in-situ Quality
 Colocación
 Armaduras
The Globe and  Moldajes Labour
Mail  Hormigón
 Compactación Inspection
October 23, 2012  Curado
Finished Structure
Project Actual Quality
Would you buy this

Lamborghini
Murciélago?
HIDDEN CONSTRUCTION
DEFECTS
And now?
¿ ?

37
11-04-2013
El Mercurio, 3 de Septiembre 2010
HIDDEN CONSTRUCTION
DEFECTS
It affects the
public faith
What can we expect of these

Ethic? cases?
“I put less cement on the
foundations, but nobody
will never notice”
38
11-04-2013
Movement and distribution moulds Construction Joints

ARCHITECTURAL
CONCRETE??
Vertical moulds
Movement
El Alma Project,
V&A, 2008
Horizontal moulds
Embedded pipes in reinforced concrete

elements
Slab Wall
CONCLUSIONS
Cover failure

39
11-04-2013
¡ Thanks !
Dr. Carlos Videla

October, 2012
Carlos Videla © 2010 157 158
40

Carlos Videla Seminar PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Carlos Videla Seminar PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

11-04-2013

REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Lights & Shadows

REINFORCED CONCRETE: Panteón de Agripa, Roma, 120 DC / Marriot,

Challengues of R.C. Construction Height: Kingdom Tower, Arabia Saudita

Carlos Videla © 2010 5

Shapes: Spiral Tower – Songdo, Korea New Technologies

Concrete Pumping Test over

Carlos Videla © 2010 9

Pittsburg garage parking

Carlos Videla © 2010 11

The document detected

Alto Río Building

and Reduce the Service Life of the Structures

February 27th, 2010 – Chile

Most photographs where taken personally or by members

Informe preliminar Nº 3 - 15 de Marzo de 2010

The Very Bad Earthquake Effects...

Carlos Videla © 2010 21

• Maremoto = Tsunami • Water run-up

Carlos Videla © 2010 23

Carlos Videla © 2010 25

Carlos Videla © 2010 28

Carlos Videla © 2010 29

Adobe construction Adobe construction

• “Modern” adobe construction RC Buildings - Good & Bad

• Buildings that collapsed: 4

Titanium Tower – Santiago, Chile

Carlos Videla © 2010 35

Titanium Tower Telefónica Building – Santiago, Chile

Isidora 3000 – Chile (2008) Isidora 3000

Carlos Videla © 2010 Carlos Videla © 2010 2nd floor

Justice Buiding Office buildings (2008)

Carlos Videla © 2010 41

Carlos Videla © 2010 43

Edificio Salas 1343 Torre A - Concepción Edificio San Pedro Concepción

Edificio Centro Mayor - Concepción Edificio Obispo Salas - Concepción

Edificio Alto Río Edificio Alto Río

Edificio Alto Río - Concepción Concepción

Edificio O´Higgins 241 Viña del Mar

Edificio Tenerife – Viña del Mar Santiago

Emerald - Santiago Condominio los Robles - Huechuraba

Central Park - Santiago Edificio DonTristán - Maipu

Design Failures Walls

Diagrama de Piso Blando

Muro discontinuo de zócalo

Lack of concrete confinement Compression failure and buckling of

Armaduras abiertas en muro discontinuo

Diagrama Armadura Transversal

Detailing of reinforcement Detailing of reinforcement

Reinforcement bent at 90°

Falta de retorno de la malla horizontal (Edificio El Parque)

Detailing of reinforcement - splice Flexural-compression failure

Edificio Los Cerezos Edificio Emerald

Carlos Videla © 2010 71

Few shear failures Walls too slender (thickness 20 cm)

Edificio El Parque (fisura corte 0,5 mm)

Edificio Toledo, Viña

Edificio Alto Río, Concepción

Edificio Central Park Carlos Videla © 2010 73

Very heavy loaded walls Car Park

Edificio Central Park Torre Bilbao, Santiago

Carlos Videla © 2010 75