Professional Documents
Culture Documents
!#"%$!'&(*)
+,$-/.021'-3(54*2678)'9;:'45$<=6>)?
"%-@=656>A2-'B:'4*$<'6*)?
45$!'&2(*)DCFE34HGJIK'45$L6>)'MGN-HO
'
P -3)?(5<?-Q"6>)ESRDTU=
VF-H&!'(W6>TX-3L6
)'9ZYK)?T[&O6>-H("E3-HE3-
\]ES$2<L'^"6S_6>-`.a21?-H(*45267
b'456ac'45<Bd\^e
456>)ESRDTU=dCF&gf%-3AhGNEH&43GJTX4*OMGJ-3O
!#"$"%"
B3B3$$&~v
#B3$&#%¤#rSaTS(22e%**.H.H247474z.1.1.HI+I+(0J030V4mZ^"l3KL2472;*;.1203.&474kYX.1I+$?')0"$>´ l/NX$?G5L(%$>.&{]^/$?.1.10/NX$?Yµ2;$@08$?$?4z.&I%$>$>03$?$?(%G$>$>@$?$?(9$?$?5L( $>$>$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$@$@$@$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$@$@$@$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$$$### Q$%w
B3B3$&$&##Q§')CF(+*-K7,/57..1803*;2.&46(%57Gª,8¬F(92;5:l3ªKL2(%(GªKL¬F0 25-$?4$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$$##QtQ+fP
B3$&#;Bum2;h}2;KL2;03*;24O$?$>$?$>$?$>$?$?$@$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$>$?$@$?$?$>$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$@$?$>$?$?$>$#;B#
mP"$&# ©t9,3(5F30/2; 2^/@4 /".&/0/Yt%< $> $?$? $@/$?8$>] $?$>$?$?$>$?$>$?$@$?$?$>$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$@$?$>$?$?$>$ #;B]P
P"P"$&$&#%#%$&$ # C:I90VpTUW´ NOG&2;(%+Y%2;2>G h}0/22;(257^/l/4TKL2UW4TNXN®E/l3KLI94q5F%2;M NX2b2^"0+2;5X572$>*57$?2$>^D$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$$#;#;BtBtff
P"P"$$gBv W
U P"NO$ Q/($ Y+2?n"umN2I]NXI%I957,/(%.&0/G`YIh$?n]$>NO$?(G&$?ik$@I%$?NX$>E $?I%0/$>2$?0+5-$?4 $>$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$$##$PP%Q
PD'P"$gP"2$&^"# .&(%0ikI+.&NG1572;E3KLl".&0/57.&Y 0/Yc$?(0)$>$?RS$?l"5L$@E/$?l"5F$>UW$?NO$>(Y+$?2S$?h}KL$>I%$?N $>($?0J$@UW0/$?E/$?l"5F$>UW$?NO$>(%$?Y%2$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$$##P%PBf
P"$ fvSP"$ 2f/57$&2# *5L.10/SY . 2j;^"KL2;Y+082*46.&0/l3Y47.10/#YO=Sn]. .&2Y%;08KL(2;GH084£*.&0/$>Yc$?')$?(%$>47{"$?4±$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$$##P%P%fw
!
P"$&#%#P"P"9C:$&$&##%033#+($$1Q
# G&e"4zC .H4TIt347I47I%h.1l/M347KLG1E32@.12(9E3KF5L.&(aT(%K-G(%(h}47G&K7.&2;24G`+$?l3.&N2;$@03E3$?*;G12ec$>Nl3$?2470t.1$>0/5L$?(9YO5L$?47.1I+.10]$>03l34V$?47I%$>$>.H^/$?$?4 $@$@$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$@$@$@$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$$$###~~~+Q
$
P"P"$&$&#%#%#+#+$$ Q
S%=.&4L*KL2.H*5L5L2bl//K72?I+l/3K7l/.&2;03Km*5LZ.1I+KL(%03034 4zh}I%$?KLN $>$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$$##~+~]~s
P"P"$&$&#%#%#+#+$$ BPaTS(.&4L08*^"l8E34747(%.14LI+4m0 I%.1hG 575L2,/K7.&2b0/Y=/I+l/$?KL$>.12$?KT$>ZK-$?($?034z$>h}I%$?KLN $>$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$$3+Q#
P"P"$&$&##Q¤¤numP"]l/$&2;#%NXh}#+2;$KLNOf 2;03(KL*;eZT24O,/(%2\03$?^Vik$>I%:$?0].H$>%47*;I+$?l3G1l"4L$>4z5L.&$?.1I%I+0$?0 $@ZT$?$?,/2$>$>I%KL$?$?2;$>$>ND$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$@$@$@$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$@$@$@$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$$$+ttQPP
« f/®$&8#©3cn]I+3N2b j,]e]347.H*;46I hjikI%G&I%K$?$@$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$>$?$@$?$?$>$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$@$?$>$?$?$>$
"#
~/$ fvum2;h}2;KL2;03*;24O$?$>$?$>$?$>$?$?$@$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$>$?$@$?$?$>$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$@$?$>$?$?$>$ªQ%+Q
*
##33$1$1#+#+$1$ u# mikG&2l3Y%4z.&57I%2;0KL.&[@0/YOK7I9'pm.&20/5LY,/I"^/$@4$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$ª$ªQ%Q/]#Ps
#3$ §um#32$ E//$K712# 4z2RS0t57+.&2;0/KLYOG&(ume"4>2;Y+$>.1I+$?03$>46$?$?$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$ª$ªQ/Q/##ww
##33$$ /$/$ Q
a6(I%Ml32;03G&^/2(^VKLUWe NOik(I"Y%^"2.&4V0/YX$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$ª$ªQ$Q/%#w
#3$ /$ B Sl3(+^ ZKL2;24 $>$?$?$@$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$>$?$@$?$?$>$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$@$?$>$?$?$>$ª$Q %
s
#3$ Q§Uq##^"332$$ Q3/$0+$15LP# .h}e]jZ.&0/KLK7Y(+I+*-E8ik{]2.1I%Kz0/5q0tYXec5LI%Zl/"(K-M/.H4±4qG&5L2.1$?4
03YX$?uF$@$@2;$?$?Y%$>$>.&I%$?$?0J$>$>a6$?$?I%l/$?$?08$>$>^/$?$?(KL$>$>.12$?$?46$@$@$@$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$@$@$@$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$ª$ª$ªQ$$QQ$%Q$$
##33$$ Q3Q3$$ Q
ZTC:,/Y%Y%2®KLi62;Yt(%(90/5L0].10/eYcjik^/I%Y%082>4z:.H4q2;5L2;5720t*5F57¬FI+K:2.1(Y+03,t^VM I%ªKL.&.&0/0/{+Y2;Kk^"$?Y%2$?G&4T$>.&0t$?57$>I$?ik$>l/KL$?%2$?4
$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$ª$ª$Q$Q %f%~
##33$$ BP Uq#^"3.572$ Q3570+.&$5L0/B .Yh}e].&'0/I%YI"l/^"Y+2,V.&G&Y%46Z,35LKL2;I(%K703´ n]G&4z2;2;h}+Y+I%2;NXKLGªN 2;nt0t57h}5LKLI%4 l3KF*$>57l/.1$?0/KL22)$>4m$?$?(03$?$?^$>$>ik$?$?.&$>$>KL*;$?$?l/G&$@$@(%KF$?$?CF$?$?K-$>$>*;4J$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$@$@$@$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$ª$ª$ªQ%QQB8BtQ+f#
##33$$ P/P/$1$ # umS.&2M/5LM2*I%5L03.1034§Y $>ik$?I%$>KL0/$?2;K-$?4 $@$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$ª$ªQQBtBtfw
#3$ fn]#32Y%$ f3NX$1# 2;0ta65L(I%57l3.&I%030V^/(l3KL47.&.120/46Yc.10)')n]IE857.&(%I%*0)2;´ ikZTI%.&NX,32;2)KL2;$?03$?*;2=$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$ª$ªQQ+BtP%~
#3$gs um#32;$ h}f32;$KLC2;03:*;2Y%4OY%KL$?2;Y+$>KL$?(57$>.&0/$?Y®$>')$?I$?57.&$@I%0J$?Z$>KL$?(¯q$>2*$?5LI%$?KL$>.12$?4>$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$ª$ªQ+Q+P%P/#
=#%#+$1"#r um2Y%.H 4q5LKL(57.&
I%0VI h %=@(95L(²$@$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$>$?$@$?$?$>$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$@$?$>$?$?$>$ª! Q+Pts
# /$ 3
f 1
$ # k
q
4 -
5
( /
M &
G . 7
4 /
, &
. /
0
Y k
i %
I L
K 7
K
2 z
4 E %
I 8
0 "
^ ;
2 3
0 ;
*
2 V
4 >
$ ?
$ >
$ ?
$ @
$
## /$/$gws¤ikI%ZT08,/*2?G&l3ZT^",/.&0/.&0Yc:ª2;.H4L08*4Fl34L4zt.&I%l30(57.&$?I%0 $@$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$`$`B+B%B8Q+w#
?
$ ?
$ >
$ ?
$ >
$ ?
$ >
$ ?
$ ?
$ >
$ ?
$ @
$ ?
$ >
$ ?
$ ?
$ >
$ `
$ +
B %
Q B
# /$ ~¤um2;h}2;KL2;03*;24O$?$>$?$>$?$>$?$?$@$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$>$?$@$?$?$>$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$@$?$>$?$?$>$`B%#B
w
!#"$"%"
"! !# Q3$1# [@]2;032;K-(rG/nt5L2; KL2;Iik I%]0 %8 Y%l/:K- (95L.1 I+0¡® $? $>$?$?/$>$? $> $?$@$?$?$>$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$@$?$>$?$?$>$`B%Btf
#;#;B8B8$1$1#+#+$1$
n# Q+]=l3Kzh'(+*2247´W,Jj^/'Y%I"2^"´ 2;GH2;4K7572;$@c$?'$>I"$?^"$>2;GH4?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$$P"P"##ww
#;#;B8B8$1$1#+#+$$ BAQ [@R@2*570/KL2;2;K-2(4 G&. 2$>^]$?´zik$>e]$?G1.&03$?^"$@2Km$?'$>$?I"^"$>2;$?GH4 $?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$$%PP%/#B
#;#;B8B8$$ Q¤§Z#;B8K7,]l/$1e"#+2b47$ P
.&Q+*4q n]´ M3l3'(%E847I"22K^"^ t2;l3(GH4m(+03^"+^VK72;.HSK-*;4z4F2l3h}4$?I%KLS$?NO.1$@2(pTM/$?G&´q$>2?ik$?'GH(%$>4LI"4m^"$?'2;$?GH4I"$>^"$?$?2;GH$>$>4S$?$?$?$@$@$@$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$@$@$@$?$?$?$>$>$>$?$?$?$?$?$?$>$>$>$$$%PP%%P %f%w+P
~
#;#;B8B8$$ Q3Q3$1$ a#=Tn]08((G& {%It2I+4 0VCS')*I]57^/.&%2;2®GH46ikh}I%I+KF0t57Q%I%|l3KT$?')$>I]$?^/2;$?GH4O$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$$P%PQ3%w#
n]e"24zKz57h}I+2K7N NOS(082*472y
$
.1Y+0 $?$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$?$?$@$@$?$?$>$>$?$?$?$?$>$>$ª$ªf%f%%]Bs
!
#f3$ /$ B um2;h}2;KL2;03*;24S$?$>$?$?$@$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$>$?$@$?$?$>$?$>$?$>$?$?$>$?$@$?$>$?$?$>$ªf%+~
#
!#"$"%"
²
/3E 2KLI9G&^/]ZT4 .&,/^"pm.H24?4\,/M 203K7It22I+*{24z47.&4L.HY%4?(0/KL.&. e0+85L*572;(,/030t2^/5I%2KL.&^re0"h}(%I%(4bKL03NO^§(%0r(9257/.1.&0tI%(%570NKLI"E3N®^"G1l3l324\4z*557h}.&I+I%M KO0 2 4q575L2;I l3t^"5L*;KL2;I%(+0tNX*5-5LE/4O2l"^(5L032;(^§K?l/]57E/I%.&K-47NO(%.&I%*(05L57.&.H*;h}*;.1I%(I+K\G&0/e2;(VK-4®h}M/KLKLI%pmI+N(+,/^I .&NX(%pml3(%.&G^"Y%m.&22;pk4;03$ I+*;K72%{ZT$ ,3.&U 0 25
MM It2;Y%I+.&{0/0/47,/.&0/I%Y l/GHY%^ K-(%M8^"2bl3(®(57l32c472*;h}I%l/l/GªK-KL4z22474;I%_ l3(KL08*;2S^ M (I]I%K72{O4zI+h}I+l/K6K-*E32XK7I%h}I%h}2K®4L4z2;.&0/I%KL03.H(%*-,/G&4NX_"(®2;0t575®2]I%5Thmh}*;I%I%KmG&1M 2IY%5L2c,JI+l/Kb032;^"+22;K70Y+KL,3(+.1^"Y+l3,(95L472S*-,/(%I]03I+^ G
.&**-NX,3I+l/(%(%E"K-Y%4z5722+2K7$6KLeJ4Z_9h}II+M/K>l"4z55757KL,/.12;52 0/47Y%3,/57K-I+,/4zl/5>2G&0 ^®2G15LM2,/%262\220.&(%0t47*-57e@,3l/(%h}.1I%57E".&K%57222®KL"4>(E E/2;(%E/KL03.1KL^2I+03(+,8**-2(,ª^b%_"2O.&p603^"2b4z2;57,3GHKL(l3(e%*%25L2b^ I%4zK-Q+5L4( 5Le+IS2*KL^VI%2NX47pm2 E/.1t57l/l/,J5722;5703K?,3*2\2k].H57E/4z,3KL.&I%2;I"0N *2l/4L5L470tI .1570//.&YXG5j5LI%(S,/h E32O.H(%*G&KzI+(5L0/57.&2*.H*K´
3 ik,3(E"5L2;KFQ3_"pm.5L,VM3K7.&2h4zl3NNO(%K7eOI%hik,3(%E"572!K
Cik,3N(E".&0/5L2;.&N\KFl/Q3N_"pml3.5L47,)2(4zY+I+2>Npk2>I+M3l/(+G&^ *-{]M Y%2OKLI%#l/´W03Q®^cG&2h}*K757I+l/N°KL2ik4T,3.&0(%E"(O572^/K (95-*(X4qI%5L0tK75-l3(*.&5703l/4TKL2NX4mI(%5703.&9^J(95L(.1G&I+Y%03I+(K7Gª.157(%,/E/NOE/4TG&. **(9I+57l/.&K-I%4z082+4 $
I%(03E ^2;K-(9E/57KL.&I%I%Y%0K-(h}I%NXKFNX472.&0/5-4;Y$ 2;]2KL*;.&4724>I+0 % (KLKL(e"4_ª^"2;E/57,"´ 3K-4q5b472(K-*-,ª_(%03^ 57,/2cdS¬FU7R@¬m´WUq¬:
(E/[@08KL,3I9^ (]9.&^"((%N.&0/G12YX0t(%57*^".&I+0J2K7,ªKLu:_82*( ¬:57;.&.&NXI%*-{03I946S$.&0l"5z5L5-,/2>(/2>_ 5L(%>h}l"{%2;5L2?]l/KL.&K70 22+47$ a6E8I+I903pm4ze%.&M/2;K.&G1_3. 5qCSeO^/h}(I+NK:(ik0]ecGH(KL2{K7KL_ I%K-46l"´ K72NXl(%ik.103,/.1I+0/lªYO_ .&0V(57M/,/.&2\M M8C:I]M/I%.{V´WuF((+03*-^ ,/2h}I+^`K _
8V!!,.!#"%>W"X$'&(8C-/&*.H)+$',">%-/$!.07!,B,.;21X141435&Y&(6!"479>C><8:Z*15;&D[<&<.+3\>^14]!&=-*15F_!>?G9B;$9><34R*&2FT-*-*6A8V!@9,.>C!B#60>S"E&*;.DE`"a8CG'&*>WFH8^G!1X7IFH15>C;B,3B;,&*J2.`#"4"E;&<&/.LDbKNB,;cMO<<P11\5!$9&*7!7!B;$H1Q@`-=B,-*6IF_&<7!>W$I.21S15"\R'FT-*.9-/6 U
FH(7!;BFT,>W"?-/.q&/D>Cf<Dd-/>_$9D[34&*#8T3Y>W79-<"48V>Ce3n#66!I-g>Wf*.<K015P@'h%8C7!-r1415&*;&<FT.e-/14-/#8.9H6q14>W8CB;-*B,>C353i"Q9FH-g-<J<8V>H!,.$`!>W>W>C"=.ojkhE6I35N;J<l >C.s"Vmn$(9fp-gJ<-+>T8^$`&<F_>W>CG9.o7I$!14>W793Y;B;1Y79"414;.&p!c0"48W8W-/-/.qFH14>C93V->
,.J(!,6!G!>W7I"1SKt"a&<B;7!914,"u,&*8V.99"W-/KxGIh%15>CDy143\>W,.3z2143535>W&I-<6I6I79,.!8^cY>S"\15!"4>C,"J*>W8V359-*-*BIGI;FH14>WG'3WR(&*f<3415&*-*7{.<1u"4!G!&*3479&<B,$!6TB,>C`Fv-gJ*-*>34>S-?-*$!"t35wN&<-*!6=>W34J2>,>C8^w|&*FH&/G!D}7!"414&*>CFH3X>~J2#"G94;&34<&<._$!B;G9>W34FT&*"U
-/.`6{FH>^15!&I6!"N&*Dt8C&*FHG!7I15>C3NJ(,"4,&*.LKX
{*¡d£CHV^!k(?y
Lr#b T[}C
V^:9Yi¡Vg2CWV/ AX/= VCrC~!C'VI HCyiHSW#<:^dCr¤ #H+HS*=(CdVI\ *VC#:dr!{<¡5/I~4V/'!(¢g:dVr
"4"5&*-gf=FH¥>014.{`6I-r&<>W135"56![8^>C!353\n;G!15214&i,&W*FT/.t-*a&<)*i3T>V6!FHr>W~&(8^#"6!'4>CI;&<BN.9C&/Y"uD-*W14#$`!:&<d>W/7IFs134D[#>SY35&*-/[F§B'!&*T$I15V!¦/>S>0!8:15:,F"WHkR(:9-*P1c*C«><#"dzK©r-*s¨zB;FHa>Wn&28W-/"C179V^"4-/>ªB,wzH&/-gD~ *fI^15"\^!C.9#":C>W Rz'8^>S«FT"4dr"5-/-/9.(35zfofiV414>^/&H]IG'8^>C&*y34.`H15""H15W34<wN79^,B8^C;1 B¤
h%6I35B;>W149"5"a&*>S7!6bc<Ktª¬u&<357!;143~#8C"a-/14B<79,"6!5"4f{7!&/>WDE"}358^-*&<,"FH4>WG!67I,.14n>W3%15!J(,","t4,&8V*9.+-*GI,"%14>WG!3}34-*&<.9$!6YB,>CF_"a1479U«&<6I34,>,>WC6?.215;.Y>W6b14R(!D[>u7!34.`>W6!FH-/FH-*;.`>C.26I1V>C-/3xBL&/#"DI4"4157!!>S>\"N15>^wN](;B1x,BL,.9$'8C>?B;79-*6!6I> U
149>D[&*B,B;&rwN,.!c9K
&/¸®°Dx¯2±}14±x¹<9²SºL>n³d»}±xwu¯(´°&<»qµ\34B#¶ ¼^6b±x&rRI½¾w"aº97`¿r6I8VÀoª&n"aÁI-<>WÂS".9³dFHº'"4&*±X-/3Vµ\14"}>W¶&<34$I#-&r/15w©B«-*R!;.6!"a_`&Q,F-/H,FG'T-*>*-/c*R!c<>S,B;>W"}B,"t7!&*FHf(D9;>15,.W!9B,6_>N-r15wu,.;&I<&<D[.ª34&*B#3569-*FT.9· -r6+¶ 15;&"a&r<G9w©.i-/14D[6I#-&</&Q3EBb147!35!>C.9>NB#6I-r,F>W15T35;&<"a-/15.9c*-*"a>S.99"x6I;G9>C,.!.9"V·c8C&(146!9>z>%G9Ã*34ÄO&<G`wz>W&*3a1535;>B,S6L" R
,.Å 98^¯2B,Æx79¿r6I¯2,.!²ScH¯(±14ÂW9ÁI>nÂSc*³dº'>C±}&<FH²<µ >^14MO35f*`R2-r151>^](3414>W7!G!3534>*>SR9"a>WF_.2&*15-r1415,&*;&<.L.9R!"X-*"4.9!6ª&<7!,6!B,6{>C.2$`14;1>Qf=79"4&/>WDt6=&*D[$!&*¦3>W8:"1V15"&*35;.>W+6=;1V6I· >S"48C34,GI15;&<.9"z&/DL&*$!¦>W8:1V"CR
14Ç{9Èk>C´`,3%º`¿rG9³[-/ÂS34É}15Ào"WR(²<G!µ35&*MOG'>C934-r141u,>WF_"N-/>C14.`!6A&I6!35>C"uB#-r-/1535;&><.914!"4!>W34;G`>%"514· &YG!35&I8^>S"4"t,FT-/c*>~;.ID[&<34FT-/14,&*.T-/.96T8C&*.9"a1435798^1X6I>W"58^35;G!U
14,&*.`"&/Dx14!>nwz&*35B,6A-/.96ª;15"N&<$I¦>W8^15"V·
Jr-/35;&<79!">S"a-/>AG!G9,"5B;"a#879C-/>W14"_,&*-/.9.9"N6e-*&*.9146A!>W"435&*"iFHwN>,B,F;_B$'G'>ª&*34"a1514-*79.26!1%;>S,"56o"a79,.>Wo"z14149`>{-r1~D[&<-/B;35B,&r#"awN>Q;.;.9ªcp158V!9>C-*,3%GI148^>W&<35.<"W15KÊ>^](Ms1WK >A.9&rw;.21435&I6I798C>
ðóÔ:ÔaßN×bËögÌyØÍQñ^ÞSØÎkΫØÚ4ÏSÚ°Ö°ÐÒÑ}ñW×bÐÒÓ/ØYÑ«ÔCÐÒÔ:ÔVÔ:Í%ò;Õ*ÎkÖr×°ØÍ+×bРΫØ\Ï~ÞgÙ:ѫΫØØÏgÍgØtÎkØÏgÚ¾÷gÛVØYØaÜÒÜÒΫêÝØÚkÐÒÞgÍQßÑkØtÙ:ß%ØΫÍgÏgÛVØØ\ó¾Ú¾ÏgÛVÎkØaÐÒÜ#ÍSïÚkßNØÑEñSÐÒàÑkÐÒÔ:á^ͪâãWäPÐÒÍAå/æÎkÏgç5äPØYè¾ä,óé:Ô:å%ÍCÛVÎkØÍSôWêHÎâ¾ÔVé:òuàxÐÒë/ÍSìSêgí#Þgæ4ÑkîXÎkÚ«ç5ÐõäPÛVè¾Ütä,é:ÛVåNögÎkögÔNÜÒÐ óaßNÛ5ΫØaÐÒÛVÔ:ÍÍSÑÎkÏgÛVØ\ÍgѾêªÛVßNÎkÏgØtØnÎkÏgÎkØaÐÒÍgÚkßÙgï
øÃ
ø
!#"$"%"
& ' ( ) * + , -
&
'
øø Ã%Ã%.. øø $/$/ øø Ã*Ã*ÃÃ 021
20 4 $/ 4
3 ø 3
3ø
ø /$/$44 363 5ø
)
( øø %Ã%Ã 00 øø $/%Ã 0 øø $/%Ã 0 ø
4%.
2/
$/ 4
øø Ã ø*ø Ã$ø 03 ø*ø Ã$ø 04 ø*ø Ã%ø 03 ø<ø Ã%ø .0 1%1 1%1 1%1
*
+ ø $/ ø 24
ø Ã%0 ø Ã%0 øø Ã%%Ã 00 $0
$0 øø Ã øø Ã$1%00 øø 2Ã2/ øø 4%101 øø Ã%100
, ø 1/ ø 10 ø 10 1%0
- ø /%5 ø 10 ø 1/ ø 1%0 ø 1%0 ø 1%0 ø Ã%0 ø 10
>CJr7xf<-/;c<>B,7!7!34>W35>W"z> c*D[,&ø35*&*K.Lø$F R98 j[1414jk&<°!G_>&<Gp355/,c];*B,>^5H2Dy1V1:"4m}m~7!>C$!¥f<FT,F>NT-*B;-/c*&Ic*>_8W><-r&/Kt14Dz,&¥*FH-A.H-*Dd6I-<c*>C8^>S14>*"N>WR\8^8^14j[&*14>S79&<6i3aGs15$(>Wf_8C"4>CfT-Q.214&/8C>WD &*3VFH<EmQ>CG!"43V7!7I-_$!15>C¨,FH3\-*G9-*)234c*#8&</>_Kc*&/3V-/D9F+5r]:R/5=-/.9G!6ª;]Ij[>C$'B#"Q&/14D[1434&<&<FTF mE14;.2914>_>W.935,c"4*P12f 1
=?>@= A BDCFEHGJILK!MONELBPNQMKRKTS
7 x6I79;c<8C7!>W356ª> $(ø f{K 4 -/8 .ª¥FT,FH-/-*c*c*> >nV26!7!-/>C1535-/f0$`-*$("4fª>>C"4]!fI-/"FH15>CG!F B,> jX8 ¬uV27!&<7!>W3434f014>W,F"4Tf=-/&*c<Dx><xj[B,-/>^)*Dy1:>Wm~.!&*-*$9.97A60¥1c2wz-/&ª3V-*F_"4!&2#m"^1nK "4;FH,B,-*3,FT-/c*>S"~G934&*U
¼^±x²CÆu¯2¹*ÂW³k±}´q¹/¿rº'²W² +tÁI¿r²T½«º`¿{Éxº`Èk¯(²
"1443579798C8V8C¥)=>W.+"58C"14&*D[97!FH>YB,B,G9fªB,-/-/148C.9> &*;>S7!ø "z.202146!36>S.>C6ªFT! "N14-/-*!.9.0>i6!>W>C.(.!6{7!c<F?14;.99$'-/>C>C1%>C33~>C&/J*;.DE >W$`34l0fT&<BP,B8C1Q,34wz!&2-*"4&*7!"4B,$9>W)*"~-/>W3z>n;.p$';FH>Q8^35G!,.&<9B,"5>C"4"aFHG`$9>S>C-*8:.23515"15>W>W6ªFT60$`-<-T6I>CD[>nFT&*35D[-*&*>8V3~9$';.14>C!35,.79>n!8VcTJ()+#""4a!8^,&*&*;G9.0FHG`G9"4>SfI-*6{".!1515,>>CW&?F "W15K!14>C9F+9-/>1 R
14$'wz9>W&*>i8C35-*)*-*79>C"5"43x"4>H>CFHF?-+;c$9<FH2B;fª1\#"4;cB;"4<,.!,..!!>_&*c+35wu>u$`&<&<G97!BPB,1YB#-<6+8^!,.9&<!-gB;cn>TJ*->n&<35.s15>@&{V2-+$'7!G`,3>_5-/>W"a346Y1414&<B,$'fÊG!&*G'-*B;>W1\"560"a,._>WwNF?&<!$!35,B6!B,,>W>Y>C6Ê3x1414914&35>i79)*.!8V>W) >W>C>WGiw6I14>S-*!60"n>N!-+G9&<34J<B;&I>Y>C6I35wf 79-*8^8^14"Q&2,&*6I"._1535B;;BfÊB;,,.B,!>W6!6b>N>^R'D[35>W7!&*8^3.!1W.!Kwu,.!&< \35c`;1"44K}>*!}R'>W&- 3
B,w8^;.35!-*>W>_"u-/1415-/>~-*.9)*-i6Ê>C6I.°-=,cKt*6IÄQ;1,c5*-/-/;1B'355)H-/,FHBxG!8C-*;]-*(c*F_>W>%B,">W&*35Db,.-{914!"4-/,6>!$'>~&r1435J*1579>n!8V>n;1)HW"aK~8^935MO-<&<6I"59"a&r$`>Cw .Ê-/3S&*-AR*DLB,14;c8^<!35<&<>n1V"5"\8C"a$934wz&2-*"4>C3%"435$9>%8C-*-/G!F_3uB#-*wu>i8C>W>W;.3426T>Q15&T$'35>C>C14G!.!!35>S>?>W-r"415@9>C=>C.2B#141460>S96=>~&*D\>^-*]IJ2" #",>Cø 15wn! "z;.9R,.cY9-/6I.Ê143V#8C-/;FT-r.`15"-/;.D[9c<>Wc>3
"a6I1435>C;B>W,B,Bk>WRt6b-/KE.`6q!G!>QP]I.(>W7!B,F?"?$';.q>C315&/!D}>=!$!&*35B,;c>W<"z28C1Y-*!.=&*$`B,>W>n"?8Cwu&*FH>W34G!>T7I3515>C>WG!6{35>W-<"4"\>C15.2!15>W>Q6s.279-*F??" $'. >C! "W3R°&/,.9D 6I #8#<C¾-/C14:,.'!/c0L1559/-r:'1YC15V! >{FH9;.&*(B,79>T"uwz149-<>"
.(-A7!$9F?-*$'8V)(>Cc*335&*&*D 79y.996+C&/:D 'r! ø °! "WV/KY:h%'C. V #<-/¾B,CBb:6I';J(/\#6I5>W/6A:'$(CfH D[#"&*u7!¦3S79K"7x1n;cL- <7!4T34> ] ø 4{K Ã_"a>C"a!1Q&r&*w%DX"X.!14>C9,c*34(>W>$'&*$!3535;.,c9*c{21zG!9;]I&*>CB,B#>W"Q"8Cj&*! ..2! 15"5-*mu;.!,. U
,.>^!]!cA-<8:>C14]!B,fq-*8:ÃH15B;fp[C>WÃ{34&(&<>W.!"W>WK"Q EwN]!!-/,BFH;>TG!-*B,>=. G!y935&IC8^:>S'"4"4r;.X9c0V/&/:'D%C-/ .o#"Q,FTH- -/4=c<>T] wN4AP15"a >C13ª&*35DX&r.!w%>W"Y;c<-/2.9$'6&*35Ã*,.!Ã0cA8^G9&<P]B;I79>CF_B#".`"Y8^&<#".<i1V"4-/!,.!&r,.wN!.c
,.FT -/14.(9f=>?"4@9;FHc<7!G!35B,>i>*RI-/$!.`7!6Ê1-{G'&r"4wz)*>W>CB;34>CD[147!&<B.Ê&*G'-/B,>Cc*3V&<-r3414;1,&4*!.`F"XG'#"&<"5-/"aB#,$"a!&{B,>"4wN!&rP15wNª.L6IK ,c*¶ ;15&*-*B,>WB8^;F&<T7!-/.2c<14>W,.!"WKzc{jk#"h~Q"z&*.!15!B,f+>&*>^]I.!>C>_3V>^8^]!#"a-*>SF_"X$'G9>CB;>iB,&r&/w D
"48^!&<.!&rwn.!>SR*8:1514!>S>Q6 !&*B,>W8C&*1597!-r.21H14,.!#"Cc_RX-/14B,!c*>W&*fe35;149!-gFJ*>A,".!&p8C&*$`3534-*>S8V8:)(1Xc*&<35&*.!7!B;fH.`6q;DLG!149P]I>>W!B,"_&<B;,.>S9"u"a#6-*I34>A> 14!/U>W8^F+&<K.!.!>S8:!14>W>S"46>+Y8^-*&*.9.`6 8^>CG!"415,F_"HG9-/35B;f >
6I#"48C79"5"a>S6=D[7!34 149>C3%,.ʬu9-/GI15>C3%ÃH-/.`6{,.+F_&<34>n6I>C15-*;Bb,.ª14!>15>^](1%$(f N&2"a>W.ID[>CB#6bKÒm
¸ Á!Ào³d±x³d±x´ ÂSÉ}¯Ê³d±x²W³k»}¯+º'½%ÁpÉ /xÀoÁ!±OÉx¯(Á!»
&*&/D!$!FT¦>Wl 8:-/1V14-*"C>Cc*K35.!#-7x/>CB«14;c<RS#8A"47!&N3435> 14>W9"4ø &*,"K }%".`,"-/4x!.9-*&r8C8^w%>{1479"L,FH-*-NB;B,-*"4f>Wc*8^,.-%!14,&G!cO*#8.:jd15
l 157!!34%34>X&<¥a&/7!mHD!c*6I$!n>CB,&(-J(&(#8(^67!>W"TFT8W-/-/.n. K9>W"a-*>W.9.96 >X"48 8C>ª$!-*34FT. ,c*-/2"41415>C>C.!>35#->W/"5;FB#"bH"H#"LG';. 35&*>C3414B#15-r!-/14>0.2>S1x6,.2$!1414B;&%>W&(34FH&I,&6*&r3TJ*J*>W>S&*FH"4DQ"4>C>CÃ*B#.2Ä "W1 K
@ 6
2 ø3
¥.!G!7!1~-i$9;.9-*34f{;FT-/c<>n-/.96ª&*7!14G!7I1N15!>n.(7!F?$'>C3N&*Dx9&*B,>W";1~8^&*.21V-/,.9"CK
,"%-_$!,.9-*34f=,FT-/c<>Q&*DxÅ 35&rw%"&/D 8^&<B;7!FH.9"WK
! ø !I35>CG!35>W"4>C.215"zFT-r15>C35,-*B14!35&*79c*ªwN!,8V+B,;c<21`-*".!&*1%G9-*"5"a>S6bZ
! .!I35>CG!35>W"4>C.215"-*$9"a>W.98^>&*DxFT-r15>C35,-*Bb;.`6I,8W-r15>W6A$2fAB;,c*21NG9-<"4"4;.9c9K
X-<8V{35>Cc<;&<.A&*D ! .! "F?79"a1%$`D
¸¼ ,"z#"1514!!>Y>Y8^8C&<&*7!7!.2.21%1N&/&/D D y9 #*^C::'rr}°V> Vr/:*U:¾'8C^C&*VV.! .9jEjE>Wà 8:Ã_15[C>W&*>C6ª.!35&<>S-/""N.9-*6ª-/.9.9-/6 6 B,Bbø ø ,FH&<[C.!>W-*34>Yc*&T>m m $'&*3V6I>C3NG!;]I>CB#"F?79"a1%$'> ! ø ! "WK
;. 215>Cc*>W3 Æ}¿rºL¹<¯(» /}¿r¯ ¬u&*7!.21 ¶ &*B,>W"Sj m
>C8C]!&*7!-/FH.21N;.9>^>Q](15>W>C.23514.9,3-/4>BL8C,FH&*35-*.!c*>C><3VR"4?¸?35Z &rw%"-r1~-i14,FH>*Z
3 58C>^&*157!7!.2351N.°,.j[<.(157!>CFi35.9$`-/>WBL3 8C&/&*D 35.!9>C&*3VB," >W" ¼ Z jk¸U ¼ m 2m^Z
Ç{Èd´'º`¿g³dÂWÉxÀ ' µ U )<>CB,>^15&*.ª&/Dx-*B;c<&*35P15!FD[&<3%8^&*79.<15;.9c_9&*B,>W",.+-_$!,.9-*34f=,FT-/c<>*K
¸
¯<¿r¹<³d²S¯ ' ¶ &<B;>n8^&<7!.214,.!c
¬uø&*.`"a#6ø I>C3ø 15!>ø D[&*B,B,&rø wN;.!ci14934>Wø >n;FTø -/c<>Wø"WR(wNø!,8V0-*34>P/]1IR;*]ø ;9RIø -/.96 ø *]:1?ø 35>W"4ø G`>S8:14,J*>WB;f<K
øø .. øø .. øø øø .ø .ø øø øø .. .ø .. øø
¥14.A9ø >N"58C14!-*ø .!35>C.!>N,.!ø ,FTcY-/D[&<øc<3z>W"E8C&*-/ø 35$'.!&r>CJ*3u><G9K -r u1414-*>W8Vø 34 .94g"Wø]R 4ø 4I.!#R ø >C0!,c*RI(-*ø $'.9&*6 35!ø &(4&I4g6?] 4nFT.9-r>C1V8V,cø *!(>W$`"\ø&<&*35.!"u>N-/ø &*35D`>158Vø!!>W>S"48V>N)*ø G9>S6H-r14$214>WfT34.9h~" B;c<! >&*!;35R P15! 5!!,FR ! .!,ø R*D[D[&<&<33
>^>W](-<158V>CL 35.94r]-/B'4Y8^G9&*-/351a.!15>W>C3W35R<.+;.2-*1434>W>34.`149-/B`>C358C>S&*·e35.!jd>C$`3SmNR<-*Ä.9&26T>S"z.!>W14!P15>n!>C93S&*KNB,>Wjd8^-2&<m 7!7!.2&<143X,.!>Sc_-*8VD[&*T35&/F?Db7!15B#!-i>%wu15!&<3435)H>C>%D[&<,FT3~-/-/c*B,B>S14"C!R235!>C&r>w ,FTFT-/-/c*.(>Sf_"5· &/D
ø5
!#"$"%"
øø .ø øø .ø .ø øø .ø øø
jd-2m 4Y]L4 >^](15>C35.9-/Bb8^&<34.9>C3 ?G9-/1a15>C35.9"
. . . ø ø . .ø ..
. ø . . . .
j[$`m 4?H] 4 ;.215>C35.9-/Bb8^&<34.9>C3 ?G9-/1a15>C35.9"
jd8Sm!34>W>$!34,c*21N!&<B;>S";.06!-*34)T$9-<8V)(c*35&*7!.96
& ' ( ) * + , - & ' ( ) * + ¯ ³
ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø
&
' ø . . . ø ø ø ø ø . . ø ø . . ø
)
( øø .ø .ø .ø øø .ø .ø øø øø øø .. .ø øø .ø .. øø
*
+
øø øø øø øø .ø .. .. .ø øø øø .ø .ø .ø .ø .ø øø
, ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø ø
jd6`m¨u,.9-*34f=,.!G!7!1%;FT-/c<?> 3Y35&rw%"z!,c*0-/.96 ø /H8C&*B,7!FH.9"wN,6!>
& ' ( ) * + , - & ' ( ) * + ¯ ³
> > > > > > /ø .ø
&
( >
'
> > > > > > / 4
*
) >> >> > > 4
4
,
+ > > . .
4 .
!14$7x9,.;c9<&<-/7!"4>Q3535f{> $',F>Cø TB,K&r-/w 8 c<>=4%l .%j[355i-*;cc*<14.!<& >C1:14.9m#8KE+35>W¥34FH"4>S7!"a-*BP&<15c*;..9>9-/cH8^.`&<D[8^7!34>+&<3a15F ;F>WT"48Vf=-*9c*&/-*>oD.!<c*j[B,,.-*>^!FHDy1:cTmT>W-/" wNB,B°U !,>G9C>WP]$'34I>0>C>C34B#$9"N1WR934wN,cl *;124,8 14V.9!Jr>W,c<-*"5-*B;"H7!. >?34>WU 4%B,15-/.%-r145H15>W> "T&<3~%14&o-/-*$'6!$!;&&r<B,J*&(B;>Q&<&Ic*6 14f*& K)`4%&r1%w 1_-*-*.9.966
¸ ¯<¿r¹<³d²S¯ ( ¶ &rw FH-*.(f=G!;](>WB,"G'>C3~!&*B,>S·
G'"4¬u7!&<&*G!"4.`>nG'"a&<#614I"49>%>C-/3z1~14`1515!-r!>n1X>?15-/-/!G!35#"G!z>WB,-H#8-*C34&*-r>SDt15-n;&14<!-/.{B,>_FH&*8^Dx&<35"a&<8^1X&<"5"a7!@9$9.2B,B,-*14"u3,.!7!14c_Gª9-/!-?1~&*6IB,#">W~,c*"z,F;1T,.5{-*-/B915c*,F34H>S796ª8V-*)Ac*,"P>8^135&/&<.TD "5"aø,.9$9.$8V-*.n!3535>S"u&r"%-rw%B,1%&*"\-i.!-/c=.9F_6 -*&<.93416>.%.?6Iø >C.H8^15&*-/,.B,9,B7!,8V>WFH!6A>S.9"%B;"u>WwNJ*&/>CDL#6B«IG!K >?;]UI-*7!>C.9B#GI"C6 U K
¸ ¯<¿r¹<³d²S¯ ) ¥FT-/c*,.!cH8^&<;.9"N-<"G!;](>WB,"WK
wz;15"Q&*!7!#"8^HB#,36+5G!8C$`357!&*>iF_$!c*D[B,>C>C&(35F&I>C69.9#"m%8CH> -*835.9>C6I60B#-r&T14- >S15!6eV2#"79~15-*&p@`3a15J*15>C>Y!3S>0K 15;F%H&*.9-/>S>+.`"C6IKP-*&*$`7!FH&*&rJ<3QB,fA>*>WK G!-<8VB#-*08C$I>n&/15DE-*14915;. !> >?"aV2&<@`79FHJ*-/>?34>ª14G9>Wc<3~B,35-<-*&<8^G!.+>CFH14!>WG`.<>i-/1VG'c*"CR'>C3V-/30>WG!"aj140.9,FTK G94$-r-*1 15G`>Y,.>W93148V9O-*>i.9"6+-/V2357914>W3V-*-=-*348C>S&/>"D
14&*93E>~.9,F&/H1-*jd.!c*>%&&*D[35Db-<148:!15>P;&<V2.979"5mt-/34-*14.9>W6+3X,.j[=$`mtG!;]D[(&*>W3\B9>S7!-*.98V_P1V"QG!P]jkI-<>Wm\B`$28^fH7!1\6I$2>S8^fi#6I149;.9>%c?8^wN,35!8C7!>C14F_!D[>W>C3u35>C-Y.9G98C>*P]IR*>C>SB'"#"15\;FTG9-/-*143a>1X&*14&Db1415!!>P>%V2.!79>S-/-/353414>W>W"a13
14FH>W.2>W-<14="a7!&*35D°>CFH-Y>WG!.<;]I1V"C>CR`B'8^!&*&rFHw G!F?7!1479>n8V=15!&*>YDbFH14!>W>-*. G!;](-/>W.9B`60#"u"a15G9-*-/.9346!1u-/&*3VDb6ª14!6I>>CJ(;F#-Tr14-/,&c<*>%.0&/&*DbDt1514!!T> >YV<,F7`T-/-/34c<14>C>Y3S-/K}35h%>W-HDy14>W"a3>WG96!-/&*3V,.-r!15cn>CB,14f=9>WD[&<"4>3
FH>^15!&I6!"Yjd-2m-/.96sj[$'m:K
FT7x8^&<;c-*<7!8V7!34!1435>W,.> !"4fT>{ø K &/18C&*D 8 7!<j B#&*L>6e!^.ª-/Dy1:7!mYMp14&*¬u>WFT!.!,.c9-/!14Z9>W#8G`C"4-/>T&(B,>CB,8VFfÊ9-/15;.3V35-*-*8^.9 X14"a.!>CB#-r3Vc*"Q15B,,">T4-/{.9&*.!6©$(>{f j[35;.U2;c<14142&I&Ê1V8Vm)(14!FT \>A-/.!&/.Lc<15B;K #"!4>CÊ3:· @> V27!¬u,J!r,.-/!B,>C>W.2"4>{1WK_8V9¥"-*35;1-<8:G'15>C&<3V"5"n"4;$-/!.9B,>_6e14G'9&(-/1Y>CF -
6!-/15-/$`-*"4>*R(,"~-i`-/3V6I>C3G!35&*$!B,>CF+K
Ç{¹<¹*º /}±ÂS³d±x´e½¾º9¿{²S±xº ¹*º '¯<¿ /}²S³d±x´qÁp²SÁIÂS¯2ÈkÈd³dÂW¯+³dÀoÁ9´`¯
@ 6
2 4 ø
35"4-/G`>W.`-*>W6A60>W6q"4-{&IB,8^;F8C#-H-//3BL;1W! 8^"NK &2B;"#8U ^1V>C"N>WJ<.98^>C"4&<3V>?F_-/G!B\G`B#c<-/-r343515&<>~>*7!K 15G9&HU "n7914-*c*!34c*>n>=>SFT"6I1Q-*>W-/J*8V. 9>WB;;.&<!-/G!B;>14;.>W9J(34c0#".`a,&-r&**143Y.+,J*9-/>-gG!15J<G9&{>T34&2FT6I-*>C-*8VJ<`8V>C9· B,&*;.!G'>?>W6qJ2#"4FT;&<-*.L8VK!,.¶ !>T&rw J(#"6Ia,&&=*.q14!FH>i>^>W158^!&<&I.!6!&*"nFH15#8&
@ 6
2 *Ã
4
=?> K BPNG ILM I B KRM
6I\X!'#">W?34>W$'.2&(1_&*)q8C-/G!14>W35c*>W&*"4>C35.2,>W15"Y"i6I-0>WG`B#-/>W35.9c*6I>=,.!Jrcs-/35&*,>^.e1fs15!&/>CD%,3_,FH"a14-*35c*79>=8^14&<7!G`35>W>*35Rt-/B,14>C,&J**>W.9Bk"WREK.&<3?G'G!79>C3V34-rG'15&<;&<"4>*.9K "?U8W-/&*.oFH>{$'>{&<G`c<>W3435&<-/7!14G`,&*>S.96q"i;.2-/1535&>
D[>^&*](3153515-<!8:>n14,.G!!7!c=35G',.I&<D["4&<>Q34FT&*Dx-r15,FH;&<G!.+35D[&r&*J23,.!6Ici&rwN14!.9>n"a14,FT35>W-/-*c<F >-/"4&*7!B,14>C&*B,FTfT-/D[&<143N#8Y2G!7935FH&I8^-*>W.0"5"48^;.&*!.`c`"aK 7!UFH&*GIFH15;&>i<.L&*G'RI>CwN3V!-r,B14;,&>n*.`&*"~14!8^>W3535>W"N-/14-*>Y34>Q.9D[>C&<w 3
&*,FH7!14-*G!c*7I>1Q&*;FG'T>C-*3V-rc*15>W;&"W<R!.9wN"u!D[&*,B,B,>YB;&r&/wn15K!>C3V"%&<7I14G!7!1~.!&*.!U«,FT-/c*>Y6!>W"58^35;GI15;&<.9"WKhD[>Cw;FHG'&*3415-*.<1Q8C-r15>Cc<&*35;>S"&/D
É}Á9±}´'³d±x´sÆx³ ¯2Èk²H³d± ²WÀÁ!ÈdÈ\±x¯(³d´'É +Xº`¿gÉxºLºL»x²
¥$'¸
6I&* >W35.<¯<!15¿r&(PD¹<[&(fA³d6A²S¯"a&*&<G',F_>C>3V-r6I15>C;&<D[>W.98:"u1V"14934-/>W1%FTwN-/,.;B!,BL;.9,FHciG!,.{34&r15J<!>~>1534!,c>n*2,FH1;F-*Tc*><-*c*K >Q&/D 7x,c*7!35> ø K 5_-/.`6A6I>S"48C34,$'>Q"4;FHG!B,>.!>C,c*!U
$(35>CfpFH-ª&rJ*Dd>S-<6 8:14&<$(3nfÊ&/35DR>CG!4AB#-*148C&0;.9,Fc{HG!15!34&r>=J<Jr>H-/P1B,V7!"Y>H6I&/#"DaG!>CB#J<-g>Cf*35>Sf 6q;.9-/G!G!G'7I>W1Y-*G!35;]-*I.9>C8^B\><wNK;1%&4q*#"154!>T>=&*-g3nJ*7!>W.!35-*.9c*>W>?8^>S&*"4D"5-/-*35B;fÊBE.96I;.>C!15>T-*;BG9XP]8WI-/>C.qB#"n$',. >
;1Jr5-/"zB,7!;FH>~FH$(fi>W6!14!,-/>Q14>Q8^&<.!.<>C15,c35*-<("$'1u&*$`35>C!1&(wu&(>W6L>CKx.=h~;1zBP15-*>C.935.96H-rP115V;J"X<>C.9B,>Cf*,cRI*6I(>^$`1V&<-/35,B"W," K 8W7}-/,c.=*79$'34>> >Wø .!K 0?9-*"a!.9&r8^>Sw%6="u$(-YfH"4;F34H>WG!G!B,B,-<>8^,.8C!&*c?.214>S3V-*-*8V"a=1u8^G9&<P]IF_>CUB
G!-/357I>~1V-rwz15>C;&<B,BL. 6I-/>CG!14>WG!8^B,14,>W>S606bK\-r1Q!-/B,>QB°&*G!7I;]I15G!>CB#7I"%1N&/;FD\T-*-*.0c*>Q;.!34G9>S7I"a7!1B;15,FT"XD[-/35c*&*><F K~&8^&</FH15>YG!!7I15&r-/w 14,&14*!.9>?"z$`FT&<-*7!6!.9>6!&<-*.!34,>B;WfT"~&<&/.{DE15FH!&<>Q"aB;1~&I&*8C-*$IBb¦>SÃr8:]!1VÃ "
.!%t>W>C;c35<92-*$'G9&*"\35!-/.T&(&I,F6!T"\-/&*c<DL>%14,"9X>15-*,.!)*G!>W.T7I179,F"aH,.!-*c?c*><-nKE@`¬u"a{9-*>CGIf*14>~>WB;93 >W1i.9"u6I-*>S.9"48C6H34,$wz`>~>S"Xw"4-/>C.2J<1\>C3V14-/&iB98^&*35DL>W14-r915>W>~"4-/>~.T)(&<;.`7I6!14"zG97I&/1zDL&*,FTG'>C-/3Vc<-r>%15;&wN<.9P15"W K
B,,F>WH"5-*"Yc*6I>Q#"1415&T&*34FH14,&&r*J<. >~8 15,.!s>CF14!#"8^?B,&<8W"4-*>C"43z>*14RL&Hwz15>T!>n9-g,FHJ*>_-*c*15& >n8^>WFH.2&r14>CJ*3S> K =U 1579!8V>=0G!-*;]I.ª>C&<B\G`Jr>W-/35B,-/7!14>S,&"*.A14&0,"%&*8W14-/!B,>WB;>S3n6 B;&Iy8CH-/W14,&<* .9"Xr,.q«14y92>
-/.`6{#"%8^&rJ<>C35>W6{;.ʬu9-*GI14>W3 ø*ø K
¶"479-g8CJ(8C,.>W!"5c{"u#"8CzP1579>W"46079-/FTB,B;-/f{.(f09-/-/3VG96=G!wzB;#8&*C-/.L14K,&*~.9Dy"~15>C&/.LDERIFT,FH-*8VG!!B;>W,.!FH>i>C.2J214#"4&<;&35<"z.L9R`-gwzJ<>?>%8W14-/&T.!-<.!8C&*8^1>WGIG!135&I>C8^.(>WJ(>W;36+5&*wN.!FH;14!>W.<&<1V7I-/1QB"58^-g&<f(.9;."!15c=35-*14;.92-/1V1"
148^`&<.2-r1Q14358C&*&*B,B;FH>S6bG!Rr35&*&*3tFH&*#"$!a>Y¦>W"48:fI1V""t15FH>CF ;c<<)91E>^]I9,$-g!J<;B,>X;115f*&K!$`79>&*FH3%>C>W]I8V9-*-*FH.!G!#8CB;><-/R'B,B,"5fY8^>W"a>W.!G9>Y-/B,3V;c-r<152>W146Y,.!&<c=3tFHG`&2;c<"a2;141~,&*9.!-g>SJ*6?>Y$'14>^&=D[&<$'34>i>,F8WT-/35-/>^c*D[7!,.!B,B;c`f K
14&/9DL!>Q&<#"Q$I$'¦>W,">WQ"a8^1%$'15"W8^>WKE&<8CF_-*h%79G9G!"47IG'>Y14>W14>W-*9335>i-*-*.9B;35c<8^>W&*>-*35B}&/P15wzD°!-/&*FT.{35B,"X6 &*,.$I=f2¦,>>S15C8:!B#1z6!>C",38W-/>^15.=]I-<&*"aJr35)T-*$!34&*;1fT5D°-*"4>^.<;c](<1Q15.!35JrP@-<-/'8:358C14,--//,.!.21415,&c?*B;fH.914!"6I> 7!;.Ê>>S1414"4!&_"4>_>C8V.`9,.8^!-/> G!.!?7Ic<&*1>W3"X;FT;.y=9-*r,Bc*r,>*B;:7!RbdFH/8V99,.9'-*-rB;^B,515>C/;&.9<kc*.{I,.5!&<:c 3
G!,. 35>W7x"4>C,c*.97!8C>35> &/Dtø K&/3Ê149-/>C.`3N6 &*$!7x¦;c>W<8:7!1V35"C> R9wNø K!09,8KVªl0FH&*;c35<>C2&r1%J<>C$`3S>nRE7!6I.9>W>^8C]I,"4G`;&<>S.98:15"H>W6b-/$'KN&*¬u7I&*1T.9&<"4,6$I!¦>C>W3S8^R(1HD[&*"a143N35>^79]!8:-*157!F_35G9>AB;><FiR(7914!"1T>?&*"49Dy14-<>C6I.©&rw%$'> "
14FT&/9Dz-*>=146I9$!>?>=35$2;cwz<fA<-*15;.B;2.!B«Rt15>W>C"5"ac*"&03V&/-r.!15Dz&0;.9149c<cHB,>H-<-="414"a&*JgU¾G`-*wz34"n-*,>^B;&/1BtDzf{$'14&/&*!DE7!>{.9;.!c*69D[B#-/&*-*3535"5fÊFH"a>S#"-/"n14&<,&>C*.sJ(.ª#614ID[!>C35>{&*.2F1i8C&*-/FT7!1n.2-*1415.2!>Cfª>=3nG!,.G9;]P]II7x>C>CB#BX,c"N*B;7!>W&/35J*Dt> >C14B«9K{ø >YK 0ª¥;F.eT,"n&<-*1435c*!6!>*>{>CK 3"57!14-/&<&ÊFH3%34>T>^>S]!8^-*-/&*"nFHc<14.!G!9[B,-/C>*>1 R
>W-<8VÊc<B,-<"4"-*"-ª"a>WG9-/3V-r15>i&<$I¦>W8^1WRbG!;]I>CB#"QD[34&<F -AwN,6I>W3n-/35>W-AF?79"a1n$`>Hc*35&*79G`>S6Ê-/.`6Ê&<34c2-/.![C>S6bK
@ 6
2 423
Nw8^¬u&<;1&*FH4FH=G!G!,F7IT7!1414>W-/>C35c*3V"X>S"Q&*"E-/3u935;.-<>?="EB,G9>Cc*c*34&<&I>W.!.96I>N6!79&*-*8^.H3414fA,&*D[&<.=D[3\&*"43n&r!J*-*&*>W8WG`3X8^"\7!Ã%wN.3V-r;1f<154>W>?A-/-*"43VG'8W" 8^>W'i&<8^7!#-,./!.2B;;114U¾4G!,.#-!/7!c{B,35B;f_G`&*&2DFFH"aV<>%&<7`"a8C-/14&*B,.2FHf?14;1G!,.5=7I-/141534,J>C>S*3V"a>?"C>SK-/,.I3VN8VD[i>W&<8C34B#>CFT-/.2$`-r14"E15B,f*;&wN<R(.LP1B#5-/K?=35c*¬uFT>N&*-/,.FH!,.I>^G!D[]I7I3VG'-/15>C;.FH9.Ic> U
G'!"4;J>W&/<3%14>=>W6I.2FH;.149#->C;./FH!B\cT&*1535& 35;>&(S>C&*"?J<F+>C-*35.9K f 6eF?!79,c*BP15;FH"4G'>W6!>C>W,-06oG'c*>C>C3V.9"4>C&*3V.9-/-*B;U«BXG!8^79&<34F_G'&<G9"47I>T14>WG!3?35&(798C"4>W>C"53S"aR}&<,.359"8C`B;79-g6!J*;.>=!c $!3514&*!79>=c*291?&*$!,FH$(f(-*,"c*a1?>{wz8C&*&*FH35)(G!;.7I!15c+;.9,.c
&/"4>WDN8^,F&<T.9!-/6I>%c*B,f*>SG`R!""a"afID[14&*8V793?!6!&<f{2B;79&<&/FHc*DxfY-*149&*.oD>8^(14&<7!35.9>CFT"aFH79-*>CF_.T.9G!6!G`14&*>W,&3579*8C".q>CGI(F?157!;&79FT<"a.T-/1?.0,"$'X8W>{J*-/>CG9-g35w-*f?$!-/,F;BH35,>_;1G`f=&*&<D3a;.+1V14-/!,F.2>{T1E8V-/D[`&*c*3X-/>3V17!-*wu.`8:&n156I>C>C3535>W3V,""-<a1V14"a-/#8&<C.9.9"6!"W&*;.Z/!Du@9cT153V!"8W1S>A-/R/.ª158C!B;c*,>>C7!.2#68CI1S34Rx>n>S-r-*&*14.979&<6 33
6I-/.`>WJ*6o>CB,8^&*&<G9c*F_.!;1>W4.2,&*1.L&/RtDX;1-*5"_B;c<-/&*G!35P1G9534!&2FT-*"C8VeKQMO#"?!G!,B35;>i,FH149-*34,"~,B,fp14>C9]21-*.9,.96!8^"aU«B,79&<.e6I>SG!"Q35"4&*&*$!FHB,>C>_F 6I,""a5&<8^B;7`J("4,.!"4;&c9<Ks.0&/DX!(>{7!G9FT2-*fI. "4,8WG`"Y>W35&*8CD%>CGIB;,c15*;&2<1W. R
,.FT98^-rB,1579>C6I35,-,.*!B\cq.!&*>WGI8C>W15,8"5W"4"H-*34-/f.9Zx6 !&r8^wz&*B,>C&*J*3H>W3W"5R°8^,>34C>S.9-*8C6I>*>WR\35#""HwN;FH!&0G'&*w34-/15-*.2.<1n1_15& 14&s$`&*>{79>^3H]I"aG`14>W7`3a6I1V"nf*K &*.eMp,B>ª,B;7!wNFH;B,,.BN9-rG!1535;&>W<"4.L>CRt.21_"a>W14.9!"a>+,.!$9c`-<R}"a&<#83
B,79>C"4.9>W"46ª>W"{15!wN34&<;B,7!Bc*.99>C&*>W7I6©1N1515&!>n-<148C>C8^](>S1W"4Z`"TD[14&*!3%>pFT34-*>W"aB,14-/>W1434>Wf<6 RI14B,;194>Y>C3V34-r>S15-*7!6I35>W>*3%K F?h 7`"Jr1~-*$'34>?,>^18Cf &*F_&/D[DY&*FT3415-*-r$!15!B;>>CFTwN-r;14150,8W-/15!B>YF_.!&I&*6I14>W,&*B,"A.9"%-/35&/> D
D[G!7!35.9&I8^8^14>W,&"5*"4.9;.!"WcHREG!&*35Dy14&*>C$9.0-*$!"a14,B;35;1>Cf*.!REc*148C!-*>WB,8C.{7!15B,79!"?>Y-*FT.9-r6o15!-/>C.`FT-/B,-/f<1415#8,8CW-/-/B}B\8^c<&*>C.`&<8^F_>CG!>C1514"W35Kf*KÊ7},.9-*9B;>{B,f*,.R'<-/15.(7!f=;14,J$'*&2>A&<8C){&*.9-/$'8C>C&*GI7!1V1~"Y8^&*&*D%FH;FG!T7!-/14c<>C>3
J(&*$!,"4¦,&>W*8:.01V"F?-/7`35">i1QJ($`,>>HCwz">W15346Ê&<.!-*.9c*B,6 f{935&r>CB#w -r15&*>W$I6ª¦15>S&A8:1V8^"Q&<-*FH34>_G!7IFH14>W&I36I>Cc<B,35>W-*6bG!ZL!14#8!C"W>HK%G!¨z35;F&/H14 >T@96I>C#"B#6!15;."~`8:-*1434,&>i*.p8^&*,".`8^&<>C.!35.!>_>S&/6+DzwN6!P1;355Ê>W8^!14,&&r*w .
'o8^&*FHG!7!14>C3HJ(#"a,&*. ,"H8^&<.98^>W34.9>W6ewN;14 6I>W"58^35,GI14,&*.©-/.9634>S8^&*c<.!;14,&*.o&*D~&*$I¦>S8:1V"?D[35&*F§,FT-/c<>W"WR
wNN!>S8^,B;>C>T.2158CB;&*f<FHR915G!!7I>C1535>C>?3n9c*-<3V"%-/G9$'!>C,8>WW.Ê"Q-T,"nc*8C35&*>W.9-/8C1>C6I35.!>S-/>W6pB°&*wND\P1;.52q15>Cc*c*>C3V.9-r>C153V;&<-r.+14,&*&/.ÊDE14&/9D>W;F"4T>Y-/1c<wz>W&{"-/D[3535&*>WF-<" 8 &<8^$I&*¦FH>W8^G!1n7!6!14>W>C"53Q8^35c*;G3VI-/15G9;&<!.9,8W"W" K
#"FH%&I.!6I>W>C>WB#6I"C>SK\6{Ä15,c&{*;156I-/#"aBbG9,FTB,-gfª-/c<8^>W&*"NFH-/G!35>n7!148^>C&<3~F_J2FH#"4&<;&<.!.ªB;f{35>W79"4"a7!>SB;6A15"%-<-*".9;.6+9G!8^7I&<1NF_D[G9&*37I148^>W&*3~FHJ(G!,"47!,&14*>C.+3N,"c<%35.!-*>CG!>S!6I#8C>W"z6ªG!1535&T&IFH6I79-*8:)*1V>n"CK &<$I¦>W8^1
=?> P ELK KRMN N ELK .0
8C-/!14>ª>S6ªG!1435!>CJ(>?;&<8V`79-/"?GI"415>W>C8^3V14"N,&*;..90"iwN,.9I,8D[V&*+35FT15!-/>CB,B;f0fq-/,.<35>153414&I356I>W7`-/148^>S>W6b6oKzFH-*9.(>Yfs34>S&*-*D%6I14>W93~>A"4!8^&<&*.97!8^B#6+>WGI.!15&r"_w,.e-/G!149G9>A34>S$'8^#-&(r&*14)o>15-/!.`>Y6e3V;.-/`.!6Ic<PU>
&/FHDz>WG!6I35#-r&*15$!>CB,B,>Cf FTD["n&<B;-rB,&r1415w -<8V6I)*>S>W"46Ê8C34$(,$`f0> FH4*-<Ä8V!FT,.!-*>H8V!J2,.#"!4;&>T<.sJ(,"-*4,&.9*6p.LKH-A¥D[.s>Ww 14!&/&2Dz"a>TP1V"8V9FH-*GI>^14149>W35&("W69Rb"C15KT!>T!;FT>=-*8Vc*9>H-*GI,"n14>W-*35.9"-/15B,9f#-r[C1n>S6Ê,Fi,. U
>W$'"4>C6!>^B;c*1DywzU«>~35>C>^-*>CD[$`>W.s&<34>W7I,FH.91u8^-*!,.!c*&rcY>Hw©15G!15>C;]!35I>~FT>CB#,F"u"nT&*-/-/D}.9c*G!6p>~;]Iwz34>C>S-<B#-/"C"EB;RIU«15wz35-*&r&*)*w%35>WB#.H"W6+R<D[,.>C342B,&<14>CF >CFH3V"4>C15>W.2!8:15>~15";&35<#">W.9-*"WB`&*R(Ã*$(8CÄJ(&*,&B,*&*wz793V&*"C" 35R<' B,146_>C&*](#"X.!147!B,G!f03535>W>W15"W"4!R(>C>T.2>^151S"48*R<8WK\-/$!B,°7!>_1X&_#"14n$'9>6I>~\X"4'357!>C>W35B#34-r>*>W14R(.2,&)(*1W.!.`K &r"a7!!wN&<,GB;3U
>^)(]!.!-*&rF_wN,.G9!B;cA><R2Fi-n793V-*8Vp6!;&<-*B;$`&<&<c*7I#"11X148W!-/>H.TG!35(>W-*fI6!"4,8;BW,f?"15&*>CDXB,B915!D[35>T&*F"a>W.9-*"a.T&<3;FT&<-/3nc<-/>%$';D&*°7I-n1n$!wNB,&29&I-/6T1J<G'>W&*"534"a14>W,&B9*#".pX&/8C&*Du.914"a!14>H35,8$'^14&(>S6!6TfÊwN-{P15G9!P]&*I7!>C1 B
35.!>C;14G!,&35*>W.©"4>C-/.2B,15c*"W&*K 35;1U 4&+!F8C-*.p9-*-A"iFT.!&*-*148V!!,.,.!!c >_15J2&p#"46I;&<&s.pwNG!;1354&*ec<3515-*!F+>AK 35>WU -*;FBXHD[,B&<,-*.2341_B,f*"4Rb\[W15>{!>H$'>C>W,."5!"acs>W.9"58^8C>_-*.!&/.!Dz>S-A6b8VKe9-*¬u35&<-<.98:"415>@>CV23Q7!34>C>S.28^15&*B;c*f<U R
149>?FT-r15>C35,-*BL;.q¬u9-/GI15>C3V!" 4_15& ø*ø `-*"~- 4/Ä 8V`-/3V-*8:15>C3%-*.960#"%FH&*35>nc*>W.!>C35,8?-/.960"4;FHG!B,>C3~149-*.
@ 6
2 4%0
Â*/}&2"a¿g>W¯ G!RTL4gRIU
l0¥Qj 8:ø 1 0$5ø (m0$:5*K Ã9R%}-*F_G`-!R 7 XRh~FH>C35,8W-/. U &(8C;>C1fO&/Dih~c*35,8C7!B;147!3V-/B \.!c<;.9>C>C3V"WR U 1WK
4!K%Ä?K ¶ Kg¨-*B;B#-/3V6Y-/.`6H¬KrleK/¨z35&rwN.{j ø 0%5$4<m:R º`ÀoÆ /}ÂW¯2¿ A³d²S³dº'± 2R %X34>W.214#8^>^U ¶ -*B;B«R \.!c<B;>Wwu&(&I6
¬uB;\X"WR 9K
Ã9K%leº`½~WK ÂW7xÉxB,>W¯ 8V)¸ R//°Äi¿rWK º`79ÆX&*¯(3VÁ!"af2± 14i -/º`.9±x6i½¾¯2¬¿gK ¯(%X±x34¹*>W¯pc*B,>Cº`3X± j ø 0%º'0$/<Àem^R Æ /°yÂS'¯< /¿ y2AY³d'²SW³dº'<V± uR 9U 5G!V35';.;9 c*«>Cy3 =<EyT>W34CB#-/2c : j R*ø ,.0$0%/<m ¿r1ºL0<¹ÃrU
/%.$4!K
`K¯2¬±xK`¹*hY¯(K² R3Q*B#&<-*!"4$(.ªfAMO-/.`;B,6 >Cfª3_-/K`.9M6 UK &*¶ .`&<"C34R'c2¬u-/.e9,8Vj !ø 0%>S02"151*>Cm:3SR R¼^ \Ào.!Á!c<´'B,-*¯Ê.96bÇAK ±}Á9È 1L²S³d²{½¾º`¿+ÂWÉx¯ _³dº'Èdº'´`³k¹*Á!È%®°¹*³
1!K nK ¶ -/3V-/B,#8V)+-*.96 XK U 9-/G9;35&pj ø 0%024 /Ã<m:R º`ÀoÆ /}ÂW¯2¿0Á!±x» Å º +uº9 A³d²S³dº'± nº`È /}À¯2²A¼
Á!±}»O¼g¼ R`h~6!6I#"4&*.IU¾Mp>S"aB,>Cf
ø .9KN14Ä?,&*K . "&*G(fI® 6IB,) &rw%( "a'#)(& LjR øU 0%&I5<8^Ã<,>^m:1R f=&*Dtl -*!.(7I«!Dd-*VC8^k14d7!/35 ;.9c X.!4rc*V,.!^¡V>W/>CV3V"CRI(Ä:y>W2-/ 35$'Ê&*35*.LV(RIyl0¥Qj °ø #0$:5*d/Ã< m^K,R %\7!$9B;#8C-/U
ø*ø KNleK ÄiK °>CJ(;.9>Hj ø 0$5$1*m^R A³k²W³kº`±©³d± Á!±OÁ9±}» Á!¹gÉ}³k±}¯ R9l 8 3Q35-gwU ¶ ,B,BkK
ø 4!K 3_^/K I~-4V*:c* RfÊ%Xj 34ø &I0#8^3>W4*>Wm^6IR ,.!c2P/"uy¥ r ~T2R C<E2&< B z/%4.9SR 5%&^V9:Ky2ø .+~5j QC«8:yW1 yø :02Y3%y4* m ø<ø C3$T3SU rø 4 .$.!bK ^9Vy(Q^r N/:y 4
ø Ã9KNle³d±xK´`²YB,º'B;7`½z"?ÂWÉxj[>S¯ 6bKÒ' mp²WÂ?j ø ¼ 0$Ç523/m^ R ?ºP/9y¿ Lrx²SÉ}yTº`ÆC2~¸ '²W4ÆXSVºL:º V:yN³2ªd±xyÈdqÁ9±}y'» /(';:k& :d';/t( V*/x'±xPd5¯ /k' d/! , 8 R %t>W¿r34ºLc2¹*-/¯(FH¯(&*» .
ø `KMø 0%0K ø %\K 3V-r141+j ø 0%0 ø m^R *ª³d´'³[ÂWÁ9ÈT¼^ÀoÁ!´'¯ ¿rºL¹*¯(²S²W³k±}´ ( ±}» ¸ » R *&<!.©MO;B,>Cf<R ~>Cw \&*35)R
ø 1!K ±}nÁI¬zÂSh ³dº'< ±}Á9j øÈ 0% 0$0<º'm^±}R ½~9º'r± õy-0«¢ /}Á!rÈk³[` k1 4/ xº`¡C¢ ±ÂW¿g:º'«È u+ C10drÇ= ¿g°ÂW#³ :xdr¹< ³dÁ!8 È ¿rªºL³d¹<²S¯2³dº'¯(±»x³dRg±x}´`34&<²{,"aº`U ½~%ÂW;J(Éx,>¯C35>W+ "WÂWRgÉ ¬z-/¼^±.`ÂS-*¯26!¿ -9R
&% ' (
ø /9KN\&hY*K 35%)'R &<"4ø >C0%.I/%D[09>WK B,6j ø 0%/$0<m^R ³k¹/Â /°¿r¯ ¿rºL¹*¯(²S²W³k±}´ + 1 º`ÀeÆ /}ÂW¯2¿ Rh8C-<6I>CFH#8 %\35>W"5"CR ~>Cw
=?>,+
S S GN G L
I B
.-0/ K CRG MKRM
z¨V279>C-/B,&r.2w 15P1V-*-r3414>Y,J*"4>?>CJ<14>C!3V,.-/!Bb)(,.15!!c9&*K79c*l021&<"aV217!&*>WD\"a1414,&9*>W.`"4"N> 34V2>W7!V27!>W"a;3514,.,&!*.`cT"~>WwN"5"4,B-g;f2BtU«$'1f(>iG`35>Y>CJ(-*#".9a;1"a4wz>S6+>C3V;."WpKzhFH&*D[35>W>iw 6IV2>C7!15-/>W,B"ax14,&B,*-/.914>C"%3Q34>W,. V<7914;395>>
14>C](1WK
¸ ¯<¿r¹<³d²S¯ !>G!35&*$!B,>CF &/Dx"4>CB,B,;.!cHG!35&I6I798C>*K
835^¬u>W&I&*-*6I.`6!>~"a>C#6143_I>S>C8V7!3~!.2.!1414!,B&*~B,>i&*-/c<G!.©f?35&*-*FT$!8VB,)(-/>C)<.!F>W&r"uwN-T"aB,&<>Wc*6IF_35&Ic<>~;.8^!>WP15c 34>CfªFT"$'"X15>C&*>S>W35-*G >?"4Êf8V!Z2#"H>W-i8V!"a)<&<>S>C7!-/3N3VG=96b-<8CK -*"~.=,. .!!>C#"8VT>S96T-*"4f(34&*c<"a.9;.14!B;>Wf_cTF$`f<>6I&*&(7+6I>W3VD["H-/&<c<3~.!c*&*f*>W1T&<6_7!wu&r3~J<&<G9>C343E)s7!3515D[8V!&*`>~3H-*$9"4G!>W-*35"W3u&IK6I8C¨&(796!8C-*>>3
G!"4G`#8V>S)*8^>S#-/6AB$(-*fA8:1514;&<!.9>i"W"aKx!MO&<G!`G'-r>C1z3~-<,.8:015;&Jr<-/.935"5,-*·+$!ÄB,>n&?7!f<.!&*G97T-<8V15)g!-*,.!c*)H>S6 149V2-/791-*-i.2148C;14-*,>F_W"%>W35-*-?.96ª8^&*1479!B,>i6T8V$'!>Q>W8VG!)<B,-<>C3%8^>S96=-<-/"$'14&r&AJ*">%15&<&*3uG+,.149&="4,66!!&>
14U 97!> G9G`8^&2&*"aFi>H$!79,.!"4;.>W96©cª"4FH8W-/>CB,14> !r&I$96!-/"34U¾&*8CDX&I6I149>^U¾,"34Q>S15-*>^6I](>W143n$'14&(&s&*)Ê15>C-AB,BNFT14!-*> 8V!8W,.!-*>H"4 J(,"354>C;&c<<,".pa14"4>WfI3H"15wN>C9F -r1T8C&*)(7!;.`B#6 6 15&*>CDB,BtG!1435!&I>T6I796I\X8C>ª>C35;1=>C.9#"8C5·>
14$'!9>W>^,"B;1nGªwzFT>C14>C9-<.=>Y8V!"48VG!!;.9,.>W9>T8V-*)<J28V>C#"H3N4;&c<8^<&<34.s>WF_>C"4.9G9fI"\7I"1514-*>C>.9F f*6T&<8^wz7!&<3N&*B;B#79$!-/B,,B3V6p;6_B«K ;.c*23515>C>C>Wc*.93V-r"C15R$>H7!7rwN¦-P15/pG!15G9!B;>S>T"\&/J*15>W!35>C"43Y79"E14>Wl 8V9-<.!8^¥&*.2B,&*14&2c<"af °-/R*B,>^341V>S8/-*KE6IÄf >W,."5q8^35G!;$'B#-*>%8^!>_&r15w &
@ 6
2 Ãø
¸ ¯<¿r¹<³d²S¯ ¬u&*7!.215;.!cH$9-<8:15>C35,-
D[ E-*>W8W]!-/8^-*147!7!F_3V35-*,.>W!8C"zf*>{,.RI14"4!!7x>+&r,cwN*,F7!H.A35-*> ,.ªc*ø >A14K ø!&/4I#"DNKx$`>C¥-*"u]I8:-*1415FH!>C>W35G!34,-ÊB;>Q>g·G';. &/ E147x>W]I.2;cG!<14B#7!#--//34,.BL> D[K &*ø 3K 5Ê&<$I-*15.9-*6e;.!15,.!!>0cH-i"4-*8CFH&*7!G!.2B;>ª1&/&/DQDx$9-/-*7I8^1514&*>CFT35#--r!15R(,8W"4-/-gB,fTB;fewN8^;14&<!FH,. G!7Iø 14.>S 6
-ª-gJrG`-/,B>W,35-*"4$!&*B,.s>*KtwÄ~-/&YB,)2f<,.!&*c07H15-/!35&*;.979)H.96 14915-/!1u>Tf*&*&<7!7=158^"4&<,6I7!>=B,6H-*FT.96p-*)*;.9>~"4-n#6I35>T>W-<&/"aDz&<14.9!-/>=$9B;8W>%-rÃ<15!Ä|>W6IFH3V&I-/6IB«Z}>CB'"4&+&/DbFT159-/.(-r1fÊ8CJ(-/,>14C!wN>SG'6I&*35-*,.<B!1V79"n"4;.-/935c>
&*!.9&rwB;f_8^14&*979>B,J(6A#6If*>C&<&(7ª·q8C&*j[¥¾.9D}"af<1435&*797=8:1%B#-*-H8V)TÃ*8CÄ &*.IF_@`&I6!6I>C>W.9BL8C>*wNRI!-*>W"5.+"a79-*F_B;Bb>f<f*&*&<7ª7 9! 35-*>~6A-*wz.{>C-/353V>D8V!4*Ä;14>W;F8^T1WKÒ-*mYc*¥¾>WD}"V.!· &/1SRIwN2fH.!&*1V·ª¥¾Dt"a&`R
¸ ¯<¿r¹<³d²S¯ ' ' .+8^&<FHG!7I14,.!cT8^&<.2143V-*"a1
#".+N!-/"a,.!.9!&r6 )_wN4%&/.ª1$Db1{-n,. -*FH7x.9>^6 ,c14*97!15&(9356_> -r115ø 9K150!-r!KE1z>Hh~8^&*&*"57IFH"a1579G!G!F_7I7!>1Y14>W15G!"E9;]14I-r!>C1>~BE15Jr8C!&*-/> .2B,7!0_14>H3V;.-*!,""anG91E7I-ª&/1%DL"4G!-n;.!;](Ãrc<]!>WB;>HBLÃJrJr,F-/T-/B,B,7!-/7!>Wc*>_">$`-*.!>C34>W1>;cwu<$!>W(35>C$`;c. <&<234.+!14.!&(-/>S&I.9"46H6"z"aJr4%,F-/H1$B,1T7!;B#>W-/FH"3\>W$'14-<&n>^"a17!wNwz359>C,.!>W-/.c 1
14-/935>i,"%14-*!$!>W,BfI;;1·|f=¥¾Du>^]If<#"&*1V7Ê"z14D[!&*3N,.!()07!15FT9-/-r.`1n"C,FKtH¥¾-*Dtc*f*>i&*7{D[>W-/14!147!,.!35)A>W"P1%-/35wz>?&*.97!&/B#6A1n$`79>n"4>W$96b-<Rb"a15>S!6{>C.s&<.A>^]I,FTG!B#-/-/c<,.Ê>~D[9>S&r-rw 147934(>S7!"CFTR(15-/!.9>C"Q.+FHwN;c9<2-/11
FT-/)<>"4798V+6I>W8C,"4,&*.9"V·
¸ ¯<¿r¹<³d²S¯ '#) ¥"N-_G!#8:157!35>nwu&<3a15A-_149&*79"5-/.96Awz&*3V6!"5·
¬uj<&*;..`2"a1V#6-/Ic*>C>A3{¨u14!&(>Ê&<)(D["&*B, uB;&r6IwN;1,.4!,&*co.LRG`-*ø "50$"452-*3(c*RE>+¬uD[&*35&*G(F f(34,c*Y2Éx1 ¯ ø 0$®L5º +$/}(±xf »<;BÁ!,B±x»7`-/7!ÂSÉ}B,)(¯ .!>C3 /°U 2¿ 7!1 FH$(FHf©>C3VMO"CRt;BG9,B,-*,-*c*F > ø 7902-/1*79m^B;KA)(.!Ä>W& 3
D[&*B,B,&rwN;.!cT"58^>W.!>W"WKt¥.ªf<&*7!3&<G!;.9;&<.LRIwN(f{8C-*.ª&<3N8C-/. ! 1%wz>n8^35>W-r15>n"a798V+-_$!,.9-/35f=,FH-*c*>g·
ø K%!7!>u3X,.&r!J<G!>C7!3V-/1tB,,FB!T&*-/$Ic<¦>S>u8:#"15x;J<&/>%D`-,"XG914-/&iG'34>C>S3E8^&<8C&*c*.2.!15[C-*>%;.!FH,.!&2c"1z1f(&/G!Db;.9149cQ>%-*1.9f(6YG`;1>SE6{,"t8V9"58C-*-/35.9-<8:.!15>W>C6?3V"E79-/"a,..9!6TcFT-~-*G`)*-/>c*>z-*.="48Wh-/.!U .9¬u>C¥43S¥ K
@9B;>n"4&_149-/1%wu>n8C-*.+>W6I;1N14!>15>^](1%79"4;.9cH-_wz&*3V6=G!35&I8^>S"4"4&*3SK
4!K%!>+;.!G97I1=;FT-*c*>+,"{-/. %U¾35-gfe&*DQ"4&*FH>C&<.!> ! "_!>W-<6bKOMp>0wz&*79B,6 B;,)*>ª15&p@`.96©$!7!B,B;>C15"T&<3
147!FH&*3V"N-*"35>Cc<;&<.9"z&/ D .! ";.0-_$9-*8V)(c<34&<7!.96=&*D ø ! "WK
>5D@')3\Em(+[+36*-3B,/]^,/]d?>On.+0_02D@3l14`aoK363/58D/VR7:M49/pNbc3;3B5>D/]^,=?d*q</0&5>,/?>36ON.+,@7:?A1e0r140Ufs3BDK,@,@*-7:C45&3\D/?8D/EF7:Em*-7:.47:*-36EGD/0&5>,/f+*H</,/3B,I0>0_?>087J*L36DK0;.L(+?>]d,@ONOiMF5>D/D/D/(N(NEt<K?2?8OeON?8ON3-D/3;M40UPQ?8bc5>3BD/(+]^5>?>]^C:0)?>1R(N?8?858DgON3k5>]\D/D@5>Eu(+36,I</?8?>OLON3h3H?8,@ONv/.i36w7J527J*H369S.Z7T,@0U9S<K(+7:3R58,/DKCND/.N0U.j*-36.+?>3lON08.Z3/3k?&VX587TWY3l0r?87J<K7:14.+OZ3\, ?x
5>D/7JMN9Kbc36361y]^VH?d0lz{@,/ON.+3H1g7:*-|]6fsDK085U3l?d.+,@08.Z7:.N?R<_]\?>D/ON*-3{fF7JC:D/C:.N(N36*-.Z7J?>.+0R,@,/?87:58D/3L.L?858OS3l(+[+0}36]\|~?8,K7:r.N<&,jD/0>`H]\3l?8.+ON3k3{D/DKEQM4bcDK36M4]\bc?>360{]\|G?>DK065mfs|Ms,/=0>0U7J7:C:.NC:(N<)*-?>ON7J.+5>D/,@(N?87:<KD/OR.a?8D@O+EQ3l*}?8O+^3 V
fNwOSo4z{D/0U7T5=ON]l,/3Rv/C+w*HPQ,@D/08]lbc5>D/3lC:1H5;.N3BfN]60l,@(NV=.}5>fFw_MFDK7J3r`083R3l0U5>36D@3l.+EA.Z0U?&?83BO+1HS7:0&7:MS.+oH]d1NO+0&14,@7D@f4`Et?>3l3l5>5d5)3l,/.Z147T0;?Q7T,I?>7J?>*HD7JDK,@14.j<K3B7J08?8.+]lO+<h58,@7:?&Ms143l3h5>9S3\ON7T[+]\DI3B3BP]^0l?_V208EGz{3l5>.sD/ON0U*3 DK5>
DK0;w5_f+14fF58D47J3l<K14.N7(+3l?d,@?8]l5dCF3R,I7J?814*H3L7:</,/D/7J</?>M43),@bcCX7T3B0{]^7J*H?d,@0).},/7:</. ,@365>0)?85dO+,D@o3 E
D@MSE2ok7:,R.Z?8*-3l.s,K0U]d7JON?co7:.N0>3;,@D/*-5ufN]lC:D/36*-0;fN5>3\(4[s?>363l]^5m?>fN36158DKEG</5>5dD/,@**DK7:.}5;?8DK5d5>,@14.s360U5A*-?8DR7J?U?8*H3B1g,//?83_ON5>14D/3B(+]\7T</0UOj7:D/D/.sM40tbc,@3BMF]^?dD/0l(42?u?>?8ONON7T3=0)087:*-]l3l,/.N</3K3V27T_0;EfN?>3l5>D4.]\S36, 0>08
36w 1
7:*H*-,/,/]d</ON3;7:.N5>3R3lfN9S5>7T360U087:D/3l.Z. ?d,/02.+,1efN7:5>.eD@bc?836O+]\7:?80_7:D/Ms.kDSD@D/E,V_v/Qw?&?808ON]l3l3L.N3l3K.+/1 ?>OND@7T0tEA?87T0AON3k?8ON]d3_O+*k,@fNDZ?80c3l?Q5B]\FD/Pm*-3h*-1ND/7:0>.-]\(+5>0>3l0_fN5>0836D/08*-3l.Z3R?d,I5>3l?87:CTD/,I?>.k7JDK(+.+080836ON1-7Jfs7:. 0
MF3\?cPQ3l3l.e0U?85>(+]^?>(N5>360Q7J.g?>ON3Rv/wPQD/5>CT1,@.s1g0U?85>(+]\?8(N5>360{7:.?>ON3
w7J*H,@<K3/V
.?8NO+7T]l7:0;,/tCXfF,@14D/5>3l7:7:.ZD/?>,@?6(+V7:0mCT0;0U3B?8]^Os?8,I7:?=D/.s]60m,@.eD/EMF?83LO+7:080{S]d7JfNO+fF,/f4361 ?8365QMZoj,/58,H3&5>*-36,K,/1458K3l365)1HP;MSO+o}D},/7:0_. .N4D@Z?=?8f+Dk,@7J58.+?81N7T]\7:]6(+,IC:,/?83&58C:o}?8Os7:,I.K?Q?>3l?85>ON36360Uo}?83BfN1e5>DI7J.j9Z7T?>14ON3;3l?>*36]dO4,@?x
- 6 _ j¡A¢l j£¤¥¢\£k¦k§
¨e083l.+(+08]d3;O©,@D/.+E{1k?8fNON5>3D4ON147:(+0U]\?83;DK5814on7J`D@3lE)5>3l0>.Z]\?27:3l?c.+oS]lfs33B02]l,/D@.©E3lMsC:363H]\?>?8D/5>D@CT1ax«*-7J.ª,/</?8.N3l3l5>?8*H7T]u0R5d,/D/1NEQ7:?>,@ON?83}7:D/.fN5>/D/08<K(+58]d3BO-080r,/0AD/5dE),/14143l7:Dr9S7TPQ]\36,0L9K36]\065>36I,@¬)?8x«365>1n,o4?>06D
*-|GC:7:7:</]lOZ58DI?d_P{P;,9/7?>3BOn0l/P{3\?>,]/9/Vt36z{CJ36ON.N3r<@?>]dO+ON0)3l*-5d,@7T.+]l</,@7:CT.N0m<H7J.EG5>?8D/ON*3=5>5>36D/]\(N36<Kf4ON?8DKCJog5>0mKD@®KEY®}?8ON.+3=,/.NOSD/(N*-*H3l,@?8.3l5d360ko/|G3r9S7J,@DK5>CJ3&3l?d08)3l.+?8Dj087J?8¯/7:9/®K3)®H?>.+DL,@5d.+,/D/1N*-7:,@3\?8?>7:3lD/5d. 0
?8C:|GD/5>3636.N5>1s0&<-^|G5dVt7:.4,/°S14EG.+5d7:,@D-,/5>/36PQ361+,0m\9K,@VA36.+z{061gVO+w&±;3l5>7±Q3_`w3l,@5>5>3l083_.Z3l14?).+3608P{9ZD/,5d7T]\0)9/3B36|~0tCJ0U3636?>.NDh3_<@MF14?>O+3l3l?8C:0QDI36D@P_]\?QEAt5>9K]l,K3l,/145>.}oL7:,@0U08?836ON7:D/.+D/.g08583_?mO+P{C:,3l,9/.+9/3r<@3l?814C:OH3l7J`F.+¬_36<@58x²?85d36Os,.Z02o4?)CJ0uDKfN.N,/58.+</DK36fs1k5236?85U?8ON?>OsDZ7J,@3B0U.0l3&S¯KP;EGDK®/ON5;®7T]d3\.+O³N,/,@.N14*-3\D/?>*-fN36C:]\3l3/?x
¬)x«5d,oS0k]l,/.¥fF3l.N3l?85d,I?>3gOS(N*H,/.¥MFD/.N3jP;ON7:CJ3jC:D/.N<K3l5kPQ,9K3lC:3l.N</?8Oª7:.4EG5d,@5>361¥*k7:</OZ?H.ND/?kfF3l.N3l?85d,I?>3
v/v
v@
"!#!$!
OBJECT
point source of
surface element illumination
θ
surface N
normal
surface
reflectance
radiance CAMERA
irradiance
Z
optical axis
p 7J<K(N583
V&%K')3\[+3B]^?87:D/.jD/EX5d,/147T,I?>7JDK.5>36]l3l7:9/361}EG58DK*,H087J.N<KCJ308D/(N5d]\3=D@EA7:CJC:(N*-7J.s,I?87:D/.YV
sensor element
3l9K3l.j]\C:D/(+1+0lV
MS083loª.+08,ap367J0k<K0U7:(N7J.N?k5></3 9SC:3j
7T,nV&0U%{DK]d0U(NONO+5>36DI]l*-P)3n7:0X]6|G?8,@,rONCT0h083 7J*-DK08.)(NfN.C:(+3mC:D/*-*j5-D4V ,i1436¨e[FC4,/DKD@0858EFO¥3g]lD/14MN*-3\(N?d*-C:,@Ms7:D/kC:.L0k5>3\fND@[+E&ON3BD@?8]^?>ON?dD/7T0L0-<K5>5d0U,/,/7JfN1N?8(sOS7:,@,IoF?8?87:7:D/D/,r.©. 08(N?>,@DI585>EPQ3g,/,/]\]l5>3mDI1a3l9/C:36?>3l58ON*-3B3e1a3l.Z]l7J,/?B. /*k7:±mCJ36C:5>(NO+,+*-,@tfN7JP;.s?83l,ION5?87T3B]d*NO1 V
?8+a7:.HO+3),?89/ON0U3l(N7T0mC:583lEMs.+,/DS<@]l?8D/3{OsD@0rZEON7JD/. DIM4PQ?8bc3BO+3l]^9/3}?>3606CJ567:V /</+nPmOZ?3)3)5dP;,/,@7:58.NC:3;Cs<K]\(+3kDK085>.+(+36]\,/0836CJ(NC:58oLCJ.+?36<KEG1L7J589KDKP;3_* 7,?>Ok<K,Z3l(+*H.N,/,/36CJ7J5>.Z?>,@oh,@?8?87:fN7:.N9/58<3)DKfs14DK3653B5U08?>58]l7J3l583B[+7:0Af436D@?8]\7:E?8D/7:3l.H.NC:36<eD/]\E?8*-5>fND@36ONx«]d36*-O+.N,/,/D/.N</*-7T.N0U3l*H3l.s?87T0r,R]u9/,@5d36.+,/581N1-oi7:,@C:.N36?8,367:D/9K,/. 35
?8SO+.N3 DIP;,Z(+C:36,@14.Z<K?83&7J?>D/,@EX?87:?>9/ON3;314*H3l?>,I,@?87:CT360A587T?8,@DCyMFMFDS3lD/7:.N4<H0A7J08.H3l.+f+08OZ36o41g087:,@]6.+0A1D/5t?>ONDK3f4?85>7T,K]l14067TVA,I)?87:fND/.gfNC:7T,@]l.+,I1j?>7JDK083l.-.+3l08.ND/<K5{7J(+.N0836363l15>7JV .+<=5>-3 ,Z(N7:5>360208D/*-3
-^ .0/21£L¢l j4 £ 3 6 58¢ 7;_¡
z{083lON.+360858363)1j,/,/580_3{Pm*H36,@CJ.SCXoh,/0;147:7J`.j3l?85>ON3l36.Z7J?u5&143l3lC:369S]\7T]\?85>3BD@0Ax«?8*kO+3B,@]d?uO+fN,@5>.+D47:14]6(+,@C]\3;143B140U7:7:</</7J.?>,/V;CN°S7:*-369/,/3l</5d3B,@0lCV1Nz{7`ON3l3l5>ok3l.Z14?&7`083l3l5m.+087J.kD/5d?>0;ON,@3)5>fN3RON14363B.N08D/]l*-587:Ms36.+3B1,
7:,@. .e?8DKONf47T?80g7:D/]d.sO+,@,@CXf408?>363l]\5B?8_7:D/?>.jON3iCT,I*-?836DZ5_0c7:?j.e]\?8D/O+*-3h*-]dO+D/,@. fN?8DK3l.N5B36V_0&,@(N5>5_3i7:14.Z7T?80836]l.K(+?=0>0U7:0)3B1 ?8D7J. 1N7:?>0>ON]\C:7TDK0083r0836?8]\ON?83L7:D/7J.*-;fFD/D/?858ON?>36,/5>.K0?_,@EG5>(N3 .+]^CJ?>3l7JEDK?.+?>,@D C
,@.s1R]\DK.+]\36f4?8(+,/C4,/08fs3B]^?>0XD@EN3B,/]dOh083l.s0UDK56C:36,9S7J.+<)*-DK0U?X?>36]dON.N7T]l,/CK7:.4EGDK58*H,I?>7JDK.?8D=D/(N?>087:143m583B,/147:.N<sV
99;:=<#>@?)ACBD>@E
6 alternative
lens 7 analog to
3D TV TV
scene signal
image
plane
@,]\DK5>5d*-,
«fNogEA(4?8D/?8ONE{363L5), 14MF,Z7JDK<K(+,@7?d,/5d,@5U1yCX?>N3l7J5r]6*H,@D@,@C:CJE;<K3B3R1g,jO+,*-,K
7J0 C:C:F@7JDK®K. ®-MS58DIoZP)?83B0;0r,/7:.+0RQ1 P;D/M4F@O+?d®K7:,@]d®HOe7:.N]\36]\D/1yDKC:(N.ZV}*-?>,@.+7:.+0_±;0{D@±Q*-E2w MS3l*-oK]l?>DK,/3\58*kx oH0U736lEG5>3BDK,g1g5;08?8</D/O+5d*-3,o}3\7J?>*H9I7J*-,@,@C:<K36(N3R0r3606,@f+s.+CJ(N,H1g<Z*-fF03l367:5>.K*kO+?>,@DKDefs58o, 0
?8]\]lO+DK,/3.Z. ?8
5>0UH D/?8DKCyH 58D@HG3gEA, ?>%6ONvEG3h!/36eP ]l,/0c*-14?d,@D3l.+l5d3l1N,N. ,/V5>)7J1s*H^3lVP,/</zX3614D40L3B1N0U7:7:,. </oi.s*-0;*H3l.N,@*-DIbcPD/DK5h58oa,@]6C:CJ,@P;DI*-P7J?83lON5dEG7:D/,g.¥5_*-?>1NON,/7J5>3e.S36(4]\]l?&E,/,/*k14]\?87:36</(N5>7J5>,i?>3l,@5dCXMs0D4]\D@D/14`*-o¥3l*L5L7?d(N140U36.N7J<KC7TEc]l7;?d,I,@08?>CQD/7JDK*-]l.©,@3g*-|G3/]l36V D/<+5>.Z,KVQ?>0=(+,/?87J08.O+7J.+,@<, ?
[+?87:DK*-fN3/fSV{o p147J<K7T08(Nn583 EGDK
5hV vH?>ON087T/0h3l?>fN]d(+ON583BfF0;DK,@08.j3/Vi3l.Zz{?>O+7J5>363R083]\DK7:*k*-f+,/(4</3B?8360h5&]l08,/oS.©0U?8Ms363g*7:.NP;fN7J?8(4Oe?kMFEGD/D@5k?>O ]\D/]l*-,@*-fN(N365>?8,k3l5k7:.NfNfN5>(4D4?&]\36,/0>.+087J1j.N< </5d,@,@?kf+ON,/7:.Z]6o 0
D/7T0&(N,/?8fNC:08(4DH?BVk?coSz{fN7TO+]l7:,@0rCX7TEG0D/#5,}#?coS$&fN%(7T'*]l)+,/Ct0U,o4)-L0U?8]\36DK**kEGf+D/(45?8,@365>. 06s7J.sP;14O+(+7:0U]d?8O 5>7:*H,/C2,9Zoj7T08O+7JDK,. 9K3h?>,K,@0U. e7:.NDK3l5r³S*kfF3l3B.s140U7T]l7:9/,@3kC27:]l*H,@*-,@<K367J5>.N,H<,?>9I,K,@0U7:CT,@V"MN
«C:3?
?8D ?>,@K3}7:*-,/</3B0rEGD/5h?83lC:36]lD/.4EG365836.+]\7:.N<efN(+58fFDK083606Vez{ON35>D/C:3HD@E),
./0$213,/0h, ON7J<KOª0UfF3l3B1
Machine Graphic
Vision
Display
Algorithms
lens
A/D Display
Processor
3D scene Frame
Buffer
CCD
@D7:.KE2?>?>3lz{ON.+3L08ON7J3r?cvKow</36,ID/0>?{]\*-?836O+.N3\3?>3R587JoH?>*HOND/5>,@EXD/<K(N7:3r*H<KfsOj,@DK</?87J3&.ZON?;EG3)D/7:5>0{(*H*5> 3l,I' CT?>,I7J+?>DK36. 1
-]l?8,/, Dk./?8.MFO+03R3(2' ]\7J)%.ZDK1?8.+j36]\.+D/3608f45"7?8?c% o}(s*,@5dC:+,/7 61N(367:1,@ ?8,K'7:.N0Q;<h?8D/ONEG.Z5>3rD/?>fN*DH5>?8D@?8ONbcON3L3B3R]^7J?>*HvK7JDKw,/.</0U3RD@(NEA58fNE36CT,/,K,@]l]d.+3rO3/fsV&fFDKz{D/7J.Z7:O+.Z?63?
?8]lO+,/3RCJC:oL,/]^bc?>(+(+0c,@?>7 CY(s5836361 C:,@08?87J7:.sD/]\.+3L08ON,27:f, )7T0)34]\DK*-% =fN]6CJ3l,@³*-,/3l5d0),}Pm]l3K,/ C:. CyC:,/,@]\?8?836(+5),/CJCJ3BC:o,@5>MF.3hVtz{*HON,K7T140;3RfNMS5>D@ojbc3B(+]^0U?87:.N7:D/<.g,*-]lD4,@14*-3lCY365>]6,-,@.gMFDMs³g3hP;fN7JOS?8oSOn087J, x
08#v *-F@*-,/CJ* CXON(sD/CJC:* 3R,@]6.s,@1j*-.N3l5dD},/0uC:3l(+.+0U0&3B,I1-?&EGD/,/5mCJC²VQE,@*-7:±;CJoH±Qf+w OND@]6?>,@DK*-06V3l5d,-0U(+7:.N08(+<K,@CJ3&C:CJoCJ36.+P;0u7JC:P;C7J3l?8*-OfN?cC:PmDIDko}]\?8DKO+.Z3h9K083\,/³H*-0U3R(+5USE7J,K.+]\1j360uD/7:E20{CJ0836ON.+DI0_P;,K. 0
7:z{.ONp36587J<K3k(N,@5>5>3 3R
?cV PQ
SDMN9K(43l?{5>o*-DK7:*-0U?Qfs,KDK]^5U?8?d(s,@,@.ZCF?=CJfF36.+D/0U7:.Z3B?>0m0&,/?858Dg3&]\MFD/3L*-*HfF,/D/1N(N3/.sVR1HpP;7J75d?>0UO?6*-?8O+D/3L5>3)C:3l?>.+O+0=,@.}7T0r?cPm,}DLC:7J<K583lOKEG?5>,K]\]^DK?8CJ7:C:.N36<h]\?808DK(N5658;E,/C:7J]l<K36OZ06? V
5>z{36ON,/5>]d3lO+3&360h5>,?8o4ON0u3j,/7:58*-3&,/0UON</3gDIP;fs.DK7JfN.Z58?HD/bc9S367:]\, ?87:,@.N. <EG3l5>.ZD/?8*7:5>3g?8ON]l3&D/.N?8DK3gf}D@D@E=Ey5>?>,ONo43=0L958,K3B0U,/3&]dON7J.g7:.Np< 7J<K?>(NON583j3 CJ
36.+V
0LZ?8EG58ONDK3B* 0U3=?814ON3\3e?>3lvK5>*-w7J.Nfs3&DK7J?8.ZO+?63 V
3\]\³SDK.N?>583;36*kD@Ey3B5d0r,o4D@02EQ3\?8³4ON7T3}0c?d]l0AD/EG.ND/3H5QD/,@EmC:CN5dD@,?>o4ON03l5Q]\D/08C:]lC:3l36.N]^?>3;36fF1nD/MS7:.Zo ?>06?86V O+5Q3H3BCJ]l36,@.+(s0r0UEG3;D/D/5EDK<K.N3lC:DKoe*k?83lON?83}5>7:?8]{D/7:fa*-D/fsEu365U?8EGO+3B3}]^?>9I7JDK,/.+083/0tV}7:.-$?8ON083_7J*-CJ367:.+C:,/0l5
5?8>14O+367J`F083&(N36±;C58?d36±Q0A.Z7Jw ?m.HMF0U, 3l36.+.+(+140U.+DK7:7.N?>523;<L,@D/5>D@5>52E,MN14orC:7J(N`F7T025>3658]\583BD/361L.K.s?{0c08?>fs]\58D/DK(+?tCJ]\DK?8D/5>3B.k021RD/?8D@O+EyEF3;CJ7:fN</7JOS*HOZo4?6,@0US<K7T,@]l3{.s,/fNCJ1HC:C:oR,/D@.N14?>ON3;7T083l]l]l5m,/583lfNCJC:?8ON363{1L3l(N.+?8.ND/O+*-7J37?>0t3l(2.+,/)+,+.+(@1L% 8?>.NON D@3&
?2]l(97:D/
. .N(+
3).N$D/7J ?8E)%3B15>0Us,7:*HVto40t°S,@36C4,K]l]^fFD/?>D/(+.+7:.K,@14C:?dC:CJo/0lo
-
D C v
c0=?8
.+ON0U36fF583}36]\,?;?8*-ON363L,@±;.s0r±QD@w E
,@,k5>*H5d,,@o/</VA.+')7EGDIoSP 7:.N<-CT,@5></</CT,/3=0>7:00; ?8ON3,/]\?87:9/3083l.+087J.+<-,/583B,e±Q,@.go/DK(g083l3=?>ON37J.s147J9S7T14(+,/C]\3lC:CT0 }1NDkoKD/(g.N3l3B1
7TO+0Q,/?c.+P;1N7:0;]l3rD/EX?8ON?>ON33RP;]\7TC:1SD4?8]dOjD/PQEX3=?>ON.+33l36*-17J?>.SD}(4?>083]6,@O+.g,@.+?8ON13MNf+(47?=³43l®NCTV0;r?D/>EX7J*-?>ON363R0)714?d7:0;</7JCJ?>36,@.NCY<@7J?>*HOVt,@<KzX3rDk7J. C:D4]l,-,@]\?83r7:5d]\?8(NO+CT3,@5{7J*HE,K,@0U<KON367:0QD/.YD@EV_?8|O+,Z3
,ONI ?uDK7:9/58?87 3rONl3)DK,R.K7:EG*H?dDK,@58,@C+*L<K,@3)(N³47:C:]\06,R3lVQ.ZEGD/?>|Ms3l5;5 ]\
cDK0t*-?8 fNON(43658?83=7:.N ,< fNB K5>|D/P;UQMNONC:,@3l3l.+5>*-31 7JA<.7T|%0AU]\uD/?8ON.ZEGD/3=?>5{58,@DKfN.NCJC:7J<K7J³S.+CJ363;< C:0 *HA,K08 DB143;?><O+Ms ,I3lD/?{?c.Pm,36,k(N3l.N]\.-7:7 5d,Z?>]\ON(NC:3&3)3&5dD/08,-3EYoR,Z5>(N,K?83614D .+7:(+]\03)BD/<Ey ]\fN,/3l7.+³4.Z?>1k363lC:0u?85>O+36D@1 3 E
,,@.s,.1) .5>)+3l' fF%D/58(?;)+D/(2.e%_,k7T0)fN<K5>3l,K.N]^?>367:5>]6,@,@?8C3B*-1 3\?8|²O+@DS]61)w&EGDKD5;</08D/3l*-.+3l3R5d,IDK?8(47:.N?>08<H7:1N083h(+]d5>Og36,/,-1N7J14.N7:<H</7J?>7:. ,/C,-]\7:?>5>3\]l³SCJ3K?&V DK. ]\D/*-fN(N?83l5=</5d,@f+ON7:]60
!$ A <$>
?)ACB>
E
5d,I?83Q_D@7TE14v/36DR®&]lfs,@36*-520U363B5>]\,KD/02.s]\1y5>36@,I3l?>.s7J,@.+MN<C:7J7J.+*H<=,@,&<K3l585>36ofN5>EG36D/085u3lOZ.Z(+?>,@*-?87:,/D/.H.R]\D/D/Es.sD/0UMN(Nbc*-36]^f4?2?>7J*-DK.HD@?>587JDK3B]\.hDKDI5>9K1k3l0U5X3 ?8,Z7:(N*k3l3{.+]l7:.k3602,KD/1NEF147:7J*H?87:D/,@.L<K36?80tD=,@?8?uO+,3
v/¯
"!#!$!
iris retina
( rods
and
pupil cones )
fovea
I?8, O+?-3?>±mON7:.+5>3e(+087:D/1414(43l3C:?doe0UD@7TE;140UfF3g?>36ONEG,/3gD4S]\087J(+.N(N08<s587:EF.N,/?8< ]lON3}3-?8OND@OS3eE)(N?>7:*H*HON3,@,@.n</08fN3g3lONo/D/363k. 5837T0=?8O+|,083 3l0U3gf+2ONpX' 3l)7:</5>7:(+g]658,@P;3 CAO+]l
7:,/V ]dF/*kO ^36V 7:5>0-,z{DKONP;fN3 7fF?>DKO)+ 08) 7, h?>3
]\D/®/?>.Z*kON?>3e*58DKC:3lC:EG0R.+D40H]6?8ON,@,/CA3g.+CJ1),@36.N*-(+<@D/³S?>(NOi3B.Z1¥C:?k3lDK.+D@. 0 E
C:147J<K5>36OK1n?*-f+,K7J08C:CJ087:7:D/.N. <5>?>36ON]\5>36D/f4(N?8<KDKO 5]\?83lO+C:3kCT0C:3l .s,Z0r(NMZ7Jon?83H]\,gD/.ZC:?>D@58?RDKCJ]\C:DK7J.+*k<}fs?8,@O+5>3-361e087?>lDe3-,D@Em?coS?8ONfN3+7T]l,,/Cm$, ±;)+%±QV w Hu,K,@]d5>Oi5d,3lo/oKVh3L¨eOsDK,/580r36DID/9/.+363L56FOS(N?8O+.43 x
?85>]\O+3\36?8.Z3 7:?8.+
3l,L5B7:0{?8@O+(+X3k.NO+3l14,K9K360r3l.+.N,08C:7oH?c9Koe3lfs5>D/DKo EmfN14(N]\3lDKCT,I.+.N?>0836363-0r1]\14P;D/3B.s7]\?>]\5>Og363l,/.Z0808?>3l365>.+,@0&08?8D/P;7:D/5;ON.i]l7:CJ3l3LD/C:C:EQ06?8O+]lV2D/3-)C:D/1N.j5=3l,@.+585>3B08367]\?c,R3loefN.+?8D/36D/Eu,@5d5QMN06CT?>,/ON]6]d,@3ZC:CJx«]\3BP;3l1 .ZON?>7(03l?>
3h5{ D@5>36EXd]lVk?83lONf4)3r?>P{D/5>3\5d,?80loj7:F.+EG?8,+58O+DKS3 *]6,@9C:?8CJ,13BO+d1 3
7:,g.+]\0U5>7:.N36</,KC:0U3H3B0l0UV(+5Uz{E,KO+]\3H3-OZ0U(+fF*-D@?,/.©7:*-3l,/oK</3-7:.N08<g3l.sD/0U. 3B0r?>ON?8ON3-5>EG3lDI3}9/3B083l,Nfs,@MF5d36,I]l?8,/3-(+7:08.Z3L?83l?>.sON0U3-7J?8CJ7:7:36</0ROZ?EGD/5>536]\?>36ON7J589K36363}1 ]\EGDK58.+DK0c*?>7?>?8(NO+3l,@.Z??h08]lfFD/D@C:?rD/5dE0r,@C:D@C:0 E
-
D C v!
-
l / ¡¢6 3 ¢l£L¢d§1 .0/ 1£h_¡
:Cw&E 3l>@.+7`?)0m3l9IA5>3l,@E.Z5><$7J?3BA0uPQ&P;,A 9K7J?8E3lO&C:3lPQ.N"</,?89K*HO+3l0_C:,3lokD@.NEu</,K?8]^C:7:Os?></(+\OZV,@?rC:&CJ,/o-0m587:3k,h*HMF58,@3B3l</0U.Z3=(N?rCJ,r?61NSEG73l`36P .N3l5>3l3lfN5>.Z</7³4?8okC:36o 7JC:.g0QMS,@14o f+7J`F,/,365U?m58CJ3636D/.+.K.H0-?{?>P{|ON?8,O+3=9/3 1N3lC:3\)3l ?8.+3B,<@]^?8?># OsD/5B02 VA
"D@p+EYD/-C:
7:5m</3\OZ³N(2?%',@$)%*-B11jfN? C:D/3/EuZ" ?8?8
O+O+A 33
7:*-.-,/</,3LD/D@EEm7:.Z,?83l9/.s3l0U5>7Joe?co0UOs]d,@O+5>,/f .N</MN3CT,/08]dfNZ58x²3BP;,/O+17?>DI3h9/3lMF5;D/08(N3l.+9K1+3l,@5d,@5>ogCfN7:. 7J³S36?>C:ON0{3-7:.gfs36?858ON7:fN3ON7:*H3658,@oj<KD/3/EtV ?8ON3-0>]\3l.+3L*H,oj583B0U(+C?=7J. ,
'(! 0."*) ."/,0 ,+ $ .)
+ 3u.NDIPª147T0>]\(+0>0Y08D/*-3m]lD/.+]l3lf4?d0X,/.+1r.ND/?>,I?>7JDK.R7:*kfFD/58?>,/.Z?YEGD/5XMsD/?8Oh?8ON3u?8ON36D/5>o=,/.+1fN5>D/<K5>,/*k*-7:.N<
D@EA7:*-,/</3=fN5>DS]l360>0U7:.N<-D/fF3l5d,I?>7JDK.+06V
) "% )
F [i + 1, j]
y y [W/2, H/2]
I [0, 0] F [ M-1, N-1] F [ i , j]
c
x
. ..
.
x
[0, 0]
r I [M-1, 0] [x , y ]
[-W/2, -H/2] 0 0
F [ 0, 0]
I [M-1, N-1] [ x + i ∆ x, y + j∆ y]
0 0
p]\DK7J<KCJ(+(N*k5>3 .j
]\VDSSDK{5>w_147:7J.+`,@3l?85>363l0{.Z?=0U?>]l,/DZ5UDK?>7J5>.N1N<-7J.+,I,@? ?83R ® 08 o4® 0c ?>3lEG58*HDK*0)(+?808ON363r1e?>EGD/D/fg5_CJ7:3l*HE?6,@Y<K|36Ms06;&±Q|,Z,@58?83B10U 7T' ,@.g+]\DS D/)-*5d14'7:.+,R,I?>(s3_0UEG3B5d0),@5>*-DI3rPP;,/7.+?>O1
® ® ,I?r?8ON3-C:DIPm365&C:3\E?BQ|~]6±Q,@58?83B0U7T,@. ]\DSD/5d147:.+,I?>3hEG5d,@*-3kP;7?>O ® ® ,I?r?>ON3-7J*H,@<K3k]l3l.Z?83656Vg|1+
';36C:,@?87:D/.+08ON7:fD/EfN7J³43lC]l3l.Z?8365;fsDK7J.Z? 8 :9 ?>D},@5>36,L3lC:3l*-3l.Z?)0>,@*-fNC:361g7J.e,/585d,o-3lC:3l*-3l.Z? V
"! # > A # A $ ?)> A ) ,.) .)+' % )+/ B< ,!1 , ) # % % $ _08oS*hMFD/CT0
. >. )+' .% , ' 1 9.% %($
2, ) #2%,*'.' ' $&' (0
* ,9() )%1
,
.' ' , ) #2% 1 2%' , (01'( , '4 "
A"?)>#" $ < $ ?)> A
, &E A <7#% BA $ ?)> A 1
08]\oSDK0U.+?808367:*j0U?836V .K
?g.nP;?87ON?>7TO 0MF*HDZ,IDK?>ON3l*H]\D/,I.s?>]\7:3l]6fN0}?>?>03\³S,@5>?>3h0g(sP;0UON(+7:,/C:3iCJC:oi7:*-14,/7T0></]\3 (+0>f+0U583BD41 ]\3B(+0808087:7:.N.N<e<¥,j,@C:±Q</,/DK5U58?>7J?836O+087:*-,/.n0(+]\DS08(+DK5>,@14C:CJ7:o .+,@(+?8083L3i08o45d,/0c?>0U3l?8*365
]\DSDK5>147:.+,@?83606V
! 0-") -"%,0 0(&% -" ! .
) ( 0
u,/0r,K]d7T0RO08fNON7J³4DIP;3lCy. D/E7J.©,kp147J7J<K<K(N7?d5>,@3 Cy
7:*HV
,@V/</3=
«Em5>?>3lONfF3H3608fN3l7J.Z³S?>360{Ct,-7T008,/fN*-5>D@fNbcCJ363=]\?8D@3BEA1 0UDKEG5>*-D/*3&36?>CJ36ON*k3H367:.Z*-?>,/,@</Cy3-5>3lfN<KCT7J,@DK.N.3HD/MsEY,/?8]dO+e3=D/5>36(N,/?C?87JDj*H,@?8O+<K33
H
08D/(N5d]\3L*-,@?836587T,@CX7J.i?8ON3H0>]\3l.+3/F?8ON36. ?>ON3k087l3kD@E2?8Os,I?08]l3l.N3k3lC:3l*-3l.Z?r7:0_?8O+3 #) % *% $&'*)%
-
D C Zv
|~,K |GMF
| ]B |1s
p]\5>7J36<K,@(N?85>3B3 1}
MSV ¯Noh,9/p+36D/5>(N,/5h</7:1N.N7J<R<K73B?d,@,/Cu]dO 7:*H
,@<K36
0.ND/3lEm7:</?cPQOSMFDjD/E5>,/ON]lDS36DS061{|~D@,KE{|,K% {
5,/.+>1DIP)58360fND@CJ7TE ]l,@% ?8*7:e.N<L]\D/?8C:ON(N3R*-,.+9K063l;5d,@|G</Ms3)EG| D/% (N
5{*I³?>7J% *-*K360
?8| D¥%
fN®@³58D4% 14D*(sZ]\)3 ]\5>, 36,@
?83B1i
7:.©,089/,/36*k5>,/3H</3g*HMN,/.NCJD4.N]d3l5rLEG5>|~]6D/e*| % |]6
\@V ³ % H2*`K36L]\?8]\7:5>9/363H,I?>.N36DK1 *-7:.7J.+,/08C2,/*k583B3e0UDK*HCJ(N,/?87:.ND/.N.+3l05,/EG58583jDK*| %
|B³Ms^-% D*|K1+\
(+pN| *K085dvI(+,@³N.+,@¯/C: C:¯ZoH5Q^2ON7JD43l|v
]lC:f+]6%\0Q,N³4V/MSSoH^MN2CJ| (+%58F5>³ 7J.+
/<R
{?8O+5>363r08,/fs.N3B]^.N?8DI7:oS9/7:36.NCJoK<hV08O+|zX,@5>5>oefMFCJDSD/D/(NS.s7:.N1N<,@5>,@7J3B?&0u?>D/ONE3-?8O+MN3rC:DS0]d,ZS(+oj,@7:5>*-3606,/V</ 3Bt0&O+MSD@o ?8Dk0 ,Z]\(NDK7J(N.Z5U?>?>7J36.N08<so-D@7J? E
D@F@EQ®K®j?8O+143}7J<K0U736?d.+,@0UCmDK7J56*HV},@p+<KD/3/5RY?83lON³N36,@.©*-?8fNONC:3/3Y.N7JE;D/*-, 7:.+%6®g,@Ct7J.s5>36]d08OaD/C:0 (4,Z?>(+7JDK,@.5>3-D/0UE{ON?836ON3\?h3D/083lEQ.sfs0U,@DKfF53l7:50L7T®N0V ® 7J*H
,/7J.s</]d36ON1i36?806DjVeEGz{DKON58* 7:0h]\, D/F@.s®K]\®}3lfN³ ?
*HP;7:,CJCmoj9.N,/D@58?=on*-P;,/7?>/Oª3h14083l3l.sfN0U?83LOª7Et,@.s?>ON1©3L0U(N0>]\5836E,/.N]l3h3HOsD/,/5>0=7J36,}.Z?>C:,ID@?>?&7JDKD/.EuV143lz{fNON?8Oi@3 . 9I,/58% ,7T,I?> 7J
DK. )-FB08, 7:.+D/]\3hE;,/?8ON.a3L7J*H.ND/,@*-<K7J7:.+.+< ,@C0U58363B.+0U0UDKDKCJ5(N?87:7:0hD/.,
*-fN5>3636,K]l0U7:08(N7J5>DK3-. D@7:E;. ON*HDIP,@S7J*h.+<(+]d08O©f+,ID/?>Em7:,/?>CXON3*-360>]\,K3l0U.+(+3H58367*k?h36]6.Z,@?>.©0&0UD/365=3/7JVg.iz{1NON3\?83 3B]^?>7J*.N< %($&(+' )%.N13LeEGD/36E;,@?8,e(N5>08363l06.sV-0UDK| 5+ 7:7J0?8Oa5>3l]lCT,I,@?>5>363\1nEG(+?8CXDe(+087J?>3/0
?8,@DH.s1 ,/.j0UDK,K*-]l]l3h(N*-5>,KD4]\14oH3lD/CE 7J.N%rEGD/f+5>,@*-58?;,@?87J. 7:D/.F/®/y®/, ®+SF@®/P;®HON7:³ ]dOjF/®/7T0;®H]lf+,/7CJ³4C:363l1C7:*-$ ,/ ,</3k) # ]l%,@.iMs*3L% $&(+'*0U)%3B
1e+V?> D*H,@K3R*-36,/08(N5>3l*-3l.Z?d0
& ? %$ &>#BDA"E # "$%'&
' **) ' )
' * ( "% /* '
'' )+ ' 2 ).% -, ) # %!
' )+/-, %1 01
I$ ' #' BA"E # "$%'& *
20 ' ' , 0(2) )%
'7.)
.) 13
$&/* '454 2$&')
. /.%+% , . , ) ,) 13* 'H,
B1-
",F. , ) .% , . % , ' 2 +54 )+'/
. $ ' ' )'.") %.%($&' )%14"1 ) ' *.%($&'*)%
'&) *(1 ) )
2' 1 '
$# ,
./)+'31 ) '
$&
/%() , )+0 ,/")+%+% )+/' '.'(1 *% ,
,) ' ) $&) ' , )+ /1 ! ' .' .%+% ,) 13* ' (01 ( , ' ) ' $&2
, ) #2% )+%%
, )/
/
"!#!$!
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 8 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 0 2 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 0
0 0 0 4 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 4 4 4 4
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 4 4 4 4
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
4 4 4 4 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
(a) (b)
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 8 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 8 8 0 0 2 0 4 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
4 4 4 4
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
pF³
7J<KF(N7:5>*-3 ,/
</V 3-!NªD@EQ|,ZfN 5>36%6]\® 7T083lC:oe%6®?8ON(+3H36M+C:1 587:</D/OZE&?8.+?>7J36C:360>00(+D@3lErCT1aMN58,I7:</?rOZ?8?>ON.N3360>CJ0H3lE®a?RP;D/5ON3l¯+5>V3-36|G,/MF]dO
.ZfN?87J³436.+3lCu0U7J08?83l7:36.+0}0836580=3B]\?>D/ON5d3}14,3B1¥9/365>7:. ,/</, 3
(c) (d)
9I),@C:C:C:(NDIP360&?>,@ON5>3)3R5>®H36]\D/?>5 ,@.+%h</14C:3{3lfF?8D3l.s?>145>,/7J.+.+<0UCT,I(N?>fF3;D/P;.e7P;?>OHON73l?d?80mON08367T5)1436?>ON023hfs,@fN5d7J³4,@C:3lCJC36C40U36?8D360)?>ON*-3=DK±;583±QDKwM4bc5836DI]\P)?_02D/,/5&.+*k1HDK]\58DK3CJ(+Ms*k,/]d.sS0l</V5>+D/(NO+.s,@1y? V
7T0Q?8ON3R08*H,@C:CJ3B0c?_,/583B,h7:.jfN7³436C:0{7:.g?8ON3MN7:.+,/58o}7:*H,@<K3=DK(4?8f+(4? + Os,I?)7T0Q?8ON3CT,@5></3B0c?),@5>36,
m36± ,KD/]d.sO A#0UBD7TC:<147J.N$ 3lE 3k5RA 7T?c0&Pmi®+D V ¯&M+58.gfN7:7</C:³4OZDK36?h0>C:0{0=f+D@D/,/EY. 5>?>,/ON?8CJC:ON7:3l.3kCuEGCJ7J3B7:*H.N,I36,/?>0h(N</583hD@3BE)f+0 C:]\,/DK.N.+3/14V (+
c]\0&?8DK?85hON36D/58.ª3k, ,08fN7J58?87:(+.Z,@?8?83B7:1©D/. ]\7:P;5>]lON(N36758?L3LMsD/DZ.N,@3k5d1yC:7JV .N3kz{,@ON.+3}1iP;.N7T1SD@?8?=O¥?8O+D@3 E
D@?>ON3l5;PQD/(+C:1g147T08,/fNfs3B,@5;7:.e,LM+7J.+,/58o7J*H,@<K3=]l583B,I?>361g,/0{7:.?>ON33\³4365>]l7:083=,/MsDI9K3 Ht³Sf+C:,/7J.V
05>8fs36,/3B1N]^
?-.3l5h?8±mDP;O+7:ON,/C:CmDIf4P$MF?8363g5 7J?-,/%6MN5>v+C:3l3HCT,I?8?8ON?>D 3630k(N?8]l.+ON,/147:*k.ª365>36C:0U3l5>?>,i.+,/0L.+5813B-3 0U,ZDK?8(+OsCJ,@(N,I?8?8?H7:7:D/D/0U.a.3B2]^EG?85>7:7:*HD/D/* . ,@</,ID/3?hf4MN?>?>7:C:ON]6(N7T0h560hQ7TfF0R,@D/.+5>7:3l1 .Z9S?67:14Va3l3lPQfN'_36?8,1©O¥9S7J,@D/.+.sE <e1a(+?>367:,/0kC:/10c3l}?>. (+?814O+0UDK7:336*k1©7:.Z3P;?8]l3l7J,@5>?836O¥5>0U3H?8583B?>3l1D x
O+*-147T,7J089K<K]l3ROZ(+?m0>3l0A.NP{?8DK,@ON(N.Z3=</?tOi]d?8O+DM+,@,/(+5d,/]d.+S]\1?8</365>]l58D/3l7T(+580c?>?>.+,/7:1]67J0.H?8D@DgDKEM4Ms0Ubc363636.+</]\08?>7:. 7J0t.N(s<RPm0UDK,/7:.N58.+S<L1k7:.N,R?8<}O+*k3)DK7T.i.N]\5>D@DK]\?>360>7JDK]\5U?dDK.+,@fs027:3K. D//E
7:5>.+w360808fsD/*H3BC:]^(4,/?Q?>]d7JON, DK7:.-.NQ3h,/±¥.+9SMF1-7T0UDK*-7:,@D/5d. 7³41y3B,/Z1-fND/fN5mfNC:5877:³43B]636]\,IC:D/?>067J<K/DK.NPQ.+70ll3)V3{.N?8+ DIO+P 33
EG080836O+7J<K,@,/.N?814(N7 (FDI5>P]l36,@0_.ZD/?8?tEQOsv/,I,w?rM+*h,/]dO+]d(+S,@0UC:5d?&7,/?RMF]\vK?83k3lw5A083l5>DK363lM4.i*Hbc36,@,@]\5>7:?63R.NV-7:D/.Nz{Et<rON?87JON.k3k3L?>7J*HONfN3;5>,@D/<K7JfF*H7J.+3l,/5r<</0U3;367 .Zl,I3L9SE?>7:7J583l.iDK52.N?>?8*-ONON3)3L3l.Z087J*H]6?r,@*h,@C:7J<K.+(+3/<&0UVr?EG_5>MsD/0>3-* 0U(+3lPm.+*k</DK7:7:.N58.NCT<1R3l36?8?>58O+D3B,@1i7J?&*H08?>,/DON</3l?>3{5>O+3h7:,I0u?r7T]\0_?8D/.+O+.ND3 x
087:1436583B1yI?>ON3)7:*-,/</3B02]l,@.L?8O+3l.HMF3),@.+,/CJo l3B1h(s0U7:.N<=?8ON3
w *-3\?>OND41N02D/Es?>ON3;.N3\³S?u083l9K3l5d,@C4]dO+,@fN?83l5d06V
- 3 ¢l£L¢d§1 .0/ 1£h / 1=§A¡
?814Di3l?8(+36]\0U3K?87:t.No/<RDK]\(©DK(N.N.Z3l?83B361a5UEG.N367D@?2?-MN147:CJ36CT0608V{7:</|4.ª5Q3),e0U5>(N365>]l3QD/</?8Dr.+7D/?>MN7JDK?>.a,@7:.H,/CJ<K0UDKD/*-5>7?>3{ON0>*j,@*-X.+fND/C:365L0A08MFON3\DKEGDK(N58C:1a3;,/oK.+D/0U(©PQ3lMF5>37:.N]l<+D/V.+]l_3l5>0>.N08(N361a*-3{,@MF?8D/O+(N,@??
D?8@,kO+EtCJ37:C:.N3lCJ.s3B7:.N,@0_365=,@,/±;.s5)1e±Q,@5>wP;5>,O+,/o ,I58 ?&5d,ZH2o-7:³4.+*hfN1eCT(+,@D/0U7:Et?).7JV MFC:C:3R(N*-(+087J36.+1,@?8?87:D}D/.i147:08</ON7JDK?87(NlC:3R1j,kMFMN3h7:CJ(sC0U,/3B0{1 7J?)|3lMs.Z_?836'_5>0QDIP?>ON*-3*H,/.S,/o]dONfN7:7J.N³43K3lV_CT0_|,Z,/583R+ .+O+3l36,I1N?)36S1e7:.+7:.1
application
(doc proc)
application
( scanner ) device,
write IF database IF read application
image image ( OCR )
file file file
file or
application channel
(web search)
application
...
?)> A : >#"->
5>*H36,I]\36?B¨ 7JVi9K,/36°S.Z1D/oe*-EG5>D/D/3}Em* PQ?>ON3l,3-5>3}]\7JD/*H08C:]6C:,/36,@</,@.N36<K.+0r(N3637:1 . D/EG5_?85>OND/587T* 3l0r?85>MFf+7JDZ36ON9/DKD@36 ?>1DKf+0hEG,K5>,/D/0808.+*361 1i,@?8?8.eO+ON3l7:5>7:*-D/5h(+,/D/</</5>O 3R7:</1N*h7:.+,@(N,@?>CJCu,/?8M+7:1NfN,/7JC:<K083-37?dEG,@7JD/. Ct5>*-EGDK,@ 58 *H?>06,@V-
?R °4PQ D/*-,KDK0 3H5)3l7J*H9K 3l,/. </D/365
0= PQ EG3lD/5>583 x V
D/]\°SDKfF7:*-*-3l5dfN*k,ICJ?>3LDK7JDK.N7J*H.+C:og0t,/PQ(s</0U3R3l3B5>fN1e3_5>14EGD4D/DK]\5>3B.N*H083_08,I7JP;.+?d0&7J<k?8O,/*-583R7:</M+OZt58?&7:?>3\OsDS[+,D/o 9/CT0u31NDK36MF5u0>3l]\3lP;5>.n7J7JMF?814O36D/1e08.NfFMF3h363l]\(+C:7TDI0U,@P7:C.NV <H ?>D/?)ON53h>!7: "*HA$,@#&<K% fN3r5>BD?8D/> DS<K& D/5>
C,/*-$<$H06E V,@
.s°4#D/1jA *-*k$ 3_DKD/BD58E?)3L?8]\ON>#D/"3&*-E *-fN> DKC:BD3\0U³A ?
E " $F# #A 7# $%& P;7?>O,?>5836.+1HEGDK5m3B,/]dO-?>DLMF3&*-DK583&7J.+]lCJ(s0U7:9/3KVz{ON3=5>36,/1N3l5m08ONDK(NC:1}Ms3r,PQ,/583)?8O+,@?
0814D/D4*-]\(+3h*kD/36Et.Z?8?6ONV 3-143l?>,@7:CT0&<K7J9K3l. MF3lC:DIPP;7:CJCAO+,9K3R?8DgMF3L(Nf1N,@?8361iMSo ]\D/.s0U(NCJ?87:.N<?8ON3kC:,@?83B0c?r583lEG3l5>3l.+]l3
B ! & < A $%&> B $ ?)> A"E
7:(N¥.K5>?>3]l3lD/.+
C:08D/V %7J5X?c
on7JV *H9I&,@,@0U<KC:7:(N3u.N3B<R]l0,/oK.REGD/D/MF(N5L3m5t36]\3B,KD414]d147JO ?83BD/1f+5B7K7:³4. ]l3l58C² 3B2,I5{0U?>7:¨3)*-, 7JEGCTDK(+,@585RC:*H3 ?8,IDe?X?>MZON or3(+]l08DS7:.N1N <;361a?8O+3l*-3m.s*HD/]\D4.N,@14D4<K7:]d.N7:ON]t<R5>9D/vR,/*-CJ]\(+3DK3 7J.s]\m3l
v .Z ;?>58,/(+7T.+];C:31=]\7:08?85>ONON]lDI5>(N3lP;CT3=,@.a5t| '5>7:.¥3l <K p7JDK 7J5{.+</0x
D@5d,IE_?81NO+73l`5{3l?85>Os3l.Z,@?k.j]l3lD/.+C:]lD/D45d140lV 7J.+<Lp+D/?>5kON5>363l,K3R]dO©083lf+fN,/7³45>36,@C~?8A3=?>*kON3}DK.N?>D4ON]d58ON3635>D/]l*-D/3&C:D/7:5h*H9I,@,/<KCJ(N360;3B0,/0{EGDK7TCJ0)C:DI14P$DK.N7J3r.¥7J7J.e*-08*-D/*-361437T,ID@?>?>3ON3l085{(+]lEGDK]l36580>*H0U7:,@D/?>.Y06V
BF1GHIH KJLJ1M 1N
w&7:08fNCT,o}o/DK(N5{fN7:]\?8(N5>3(+087J.+<-,/.j7J*H,@<K3_?>DSD/CDK5QPQ3lMjMN5>DIP)083l5BV
@®
F
"!#!$!
!
%!,6%$ &
8
,%!
!, (
3 !& !#$%*
(6 (
&
6
&
,
&
&
&
(
,
&
( 6
&
&
&
(
,
&
( 6
&
&
&
( ,
&
,
&
&
&
( ,
&
(,
&
&
&
(
,
&
(,
&
&
&
(
,
&
(,
&
&
&
6
&
,
&
&
F(+M C:3l363l0Q.ez{,@ON(s5>3 3)0U3B5>% 13lCT5>?>,I,/DH?8fN7:3l9/ON.+367TCJ]l]lok20D41436^,K3h.Z0U?8,-oL365>OS?8]dDL(NOs</,@Pm3r.NDK<K.S583k(N*LP; Ms7JDK?83658O5)*HSD@,IMNE2?e(47:?;*-| ]l,/,/ </ .N3Bk.N0{D/DKD/?u58.g7:Ms</3=?87:.+ON(+,@3 08?836+361-1ª+ EGEGDK58+5mDK*O+7JDK<K5)±mO4x²D/7:.jf+*-58]l3BfN(N]\(s5>7T°40U587:363lD/.K5>.H9/?_3/]\1+DK,ICJ
DK?>.+,/56]@M+SV ,/087J08.+,@36]l.+063)V1 D/ O+.+
c,KCJp o 0
¯I]\DKx«MN*-7J?>fN0R(4,/?8365853-14(+7:080836fN1nCT,?>o/De3B1 3l.+7:*-]lDS,/1N</3}3B0l]\D/,C:D/5B*-V}D/z{5>3kON3]lD/
*-Ff+*j,/]\]\DK? CJDK% 5*Ix 9]\,/DKCJCJ(+DK365_0RD/,fN9I?8,@7:D/7:CT.n,@MN]6C:,@3H. ,@,@5>3LCT0UD?coSMsfN3-7T]l,/(+CJ08C:36oi1y08Vk( W} ]\+ 7:3l.Z?R.ND/EGDK.N5x
C:DK0>0Uo]lD/*-fN5>360>0U7:D/.7:0;,9I,/7JCT,@MNC:3/V
$ ?)> A
# A $
BD?)>"
@,08(NC:CtfNfFfF&D/D/5>fN587J<K?>(+0A7JC:.+,/*h,@5?8(+3BfNC1H?>C:,@7JfNMS?UC:EGo3)DK58)7:*H*HCT140R,@(+</,/0_3B.+0±m1 P;DK7:7580?>fO D/V:$E%{?8 36?>.aD
?8rONDK3-MN5 7JEG?> DK0258 *HD/ E7T,I]l0{?RD/9/C:(sD/360U585A3BoHfs1n<K36MS523l.No fN367J08³S5>]6,/36,@CFC~.NVu,/.N.+&361f45>06?>9K7JV 3lDK5>.+ o}02,/]\,@< DK5>*k3;^*H,f+9ICJ,@3l,@</³7:3C:V,/MN
«?)CJ7:3mC:7T3 0QEGD/(+ 520UD/363B5>71?>*-ONDK,@3l. 5?
C:DK0>0Uo}DK5{CJDZ0808CJ3B080{]lD/*-fN5>360>0U7:D/.V
< % $
BD?)>#" $
B E*"$F#F#&
" E
< E "
<B1$ &"
4</1 5>7:D+D/6(+¨ ?8f 3l ³ZD@H ?EQ,@58.+361=fN|58¨</3B5d0U,@36f+.Z ON?>@,I7:]6¨ ?>0l7J9KV 36H 0)¨ EG58 x DK% H*I ¨ 7J{.+ 1N0cH ?d(+,@ 0c.+?>x 581+
o 0XEG,/7:D/0{.+5 1n,L0c</?>D@DI58?89/3B7:36,@D/58*k. .+x²r*kDK7T5836]^7:.Z?>3l?>(N.Z0658?>Vr3361-z{_3lO+³4.s3-fs]\36¨D45U14?d 07:.NH % <L 5>0>D/]dE(NON,/f3l*-*-7J,@C:3&.ro EG7:D/D@.Z5QEQ?83l9S0c5>?d7:.+14,@,@.+36?8D+1N7:4,/D/,@5>.+1+(N,/0xC
B<
?)> A$ # A) BD?)>#" " ACE $ " A"EC9;> DB E
@%6®v/!+¯+
v
A A
F.!#F F &%
%!
6¯
v@%%-C*/"%®+FNKZvK@¯v//¯ ®v
!@%
%.F !
%
*
|CJDZ0808CJ3B080d
!+& % */®
I®/®
*/¯@
|CJDZ0808oN *@%!
!+ F/®/®
</zp5>,@7J3l<KMNo (NC:35>C:3 3l
9/
V&36%KV&C%B&vNpV '47:CJ
/3-i0U7J7*Hl3B,@0-<K3|G7:.n08ONMSDIoZP;?83B.ª0>)7:.¥EGD/p5=7J?8<KO+(N3 583 08
,/V*-%
3 H,/.+7:*H1ª,@v/</3k3l.s]\KD4¯14!i361i]\D/7JC:.aD/5 147J`F±Q36,@58365d90.Ze?&7JEG*HDK58,/*H</,I3?d0l08ON=DI¯ P;.ª% 7:.*
*H]l,/,@.h.Sbco©(s0c5>?_3l</367:.+D/]\.sD40k143R1NDn]dOs.N,@D/.N?}<K36]d0{O+,@,@.N.+<K1g336*L9/3l(+.g]dOªfN5>EG365>14D/7T*]^?;D/EG5d.N,@3*-EG3B5>0Q,/*-EG58DK3*$?>DiEG5>?>,/ON*-3e36.N0;3lMF³Z3\?}EGDK,/58.+31¥,@.s,/1g. ,@36E.+?8]\36D45;147J.g7:.N?8<©O+3R08]d9SO+7:3l14*-36D3
08]\-3D4,Z14(N3Q3l?>.sD]\3/</V 3l.+|~3lpN5d(4,I?>?8(N3m5>?83}O+3l9/7:36525>7J08*H7JDK,@.+<K0=3606D@VE;R¨ ¨e 3614H 7T , ,ZP;(+7:,@CJCmC:7J?cO+oR,9/7:023-1N]\3\D4?81436583B*-0r7:EG.ND/3651k5>36,I]l?2D/?><KON.N3{7 6?8367:*-1n3{D/M4D@Ebc3B3l]^.+?d]l0DS,@1N.+7J.N1 <sfNV 5>
D/<K
5> ,/
*
7T0=,HOSoZM+587T1e08]dO+3l*-3RP;ON7T]dOHbc(+0U?=,/fNfNC:7J3B0 H ]lD/*-fN5>360>0U7:D/.g?8D9S7:1436D087J.N<KCJ3REG5>,/*k3B0_,/.+1
(+MF14DS0837J36.+fF0A< DZ.+DKD@
58?A36?>5 ,/
?8/Os3;,@,/
.ª14 9IP;,/7J.K?8OX?d,@]\<KD/3m*-D/fNE+5> ?836360>V *-08_7JDKfs08.nDK35>7T,/D/0C4E).N58*-3BD/14?hD@(N?8,/.+7:D/01N.©,/<K.+DZ9K]\D436oK1y]\V?8D/+ 0U5dDj0ON*-MS7:C:o 3;3l*-3l.+DK]l58DSon1N 7J(+.N0UEG<3BD/,@5k,/<K.+]\3-1LD/,/*-1N.+36fN1n]\5>D436?8140>5d087:,@.N7J.+DK<r08. *-7T0tD/7:0UE;0>7:08*-9Z7JDK7TfN14.nC:367 D (+P;3B7:7:CJ1 0 C
143B08]l587:Ms3B17:.i±mO+,@fN?83l45 !+V
z{0>
,@F$ON*-*H7T0 3h]\DK(+9SCJ.+7:DK3l,/5>PQC0{365>1j3- ,Z D/(N. (+7:58C:?83B3HON1 3}O+%6,/± v/1n¯+'AEGzr
36*PmVhM36z{5SO+oZMN3 ?8736?d
006 s7:,/.a .+?81eON(s3}CJ, 3k]l D/D/.N C: D/3h5R(s?8CJ]\ON3hD47:5d141N1e3B3l0l5>7?dX7J9K0&MN3608(41g7 ?hlEG3L5>,/D/fN,/* fsC:083BD?>,@O+5>14,I367T08?=1ifN58?8C:3,De,ZoK(N36MF1j7J3 5>36?>,Z1 ON(+3L%,@"%C:0>7J,@/?>,I*- K?>vK3K7J9K®hIV 3lC:+MSoeoZON?8?83BO+7:C:0l33 V
?8P;O+ON3R7T]dCJOjDZ08*-08o ,
oH5>-3 ,Z (N7T7:0)5>3=,HOs]l,@CJ5d3B14,@PQ5),/P;587:3_.N.NEGD/365)5)5>7J36.g,/?>Cx²3l?85>7:*-*-0_3&D@fFE23l580UEGfsD/,/5>]\*H3K4,@.+?8O+]l7:3/0_V 7:0),@?_,H]\DZ0c?)D/E21N36]\D4147:.N<}]lD/*-fNC:3\³47?co
?8P;]\OsC:367:,@CJ,/CF. 58MsC:oH?83&ON*h]\3}C:DK(+]608]d,@3lO5B5QV 0U?8*HDL3,@?8C:O+% C:3l3r' 5t) 08 ?>3l
O+.s,@0U DK.}) 5ur?8?>ONO+7:3&0h,@7J.,@*HCT0U?8,@DeON<K3r3),@P{. D@EY,@7:C:*k,LC~V2fF]l,/D/5 58?>fF%6,/3l®R.Z5d?0U*kDK]l3l.(N?8363/5>5>36V0m]\DKz{,</PQON.N3-,7loK7J3B/*H1H3l,@9KMF<K3l3l.-3-ON?>D@7:.+ONE;1gD/,g(N,L<K]6OH,@]6,@5 ?85{O+
7:3)®0mEE*-,@,/5Q5U3l?>?8]lON3l,/5d3l5u05;*-,,7JP{P{<K,,OZoo ?
p 7J<K(N583
V&%BvN2]\D/*-fNC:3\³j08]l3l.N3rP;7J?8Oj*H,@.So}S7:.+1N0;D/E1436f4?8Oe]\(+360{EGDK5;OZ(+*-,/.fF3l5d]\36f4?87:D/.YV
?8*HO+,@3&fN9SC:3r7:3lCJPQ3B3l,5m9/3B,/0u.+(N1Hfj?>ON]\3rC:DK0U08(N3/S58EP;,/]lON3)7:C:3&D/5>E7:,/3l5).Z?>,,@PQ?87:,D/ok.PQV 3r
.}083l?>3=ON3&D/.+fsCJ,@o}5>F<KZ5836PQ3l3&.g]l]\,/D/.C:D/085B3lVA3_z{7:.+ON1437:9S]dO+7:1N,@(+.N,@<KC3_MND/CT,/EX147:*-3B0u,/D/</E3&</?85d3l,/³Z0>?>0t(NDK5>35
14±m(NO+3Q,/f4?>D=?836fF5 3l%5d08
fs</3B7:]^9/?83B7:9/0m3{*L9S(+7:3l]dP;Oj7:*-.N<rD/5>D@3=EF,r147T080>(N]\58(+E0>,/0U]\7:D/3Q.g5>36D@]\E3B14?8O+7:.N3<r7:0>7J.L0U(+?836ON03)bc(+1N0U7:0U?)?>,/*-.+3l]\.Z3{?87T7:02D/.N]l3B,@1yC:C:V361h?8ON3 ' #' $& ,.)- '~V
A#BD<$ E A gDKM+083l5>9/3&,K0;,@.e,@58?87T0U?
v/083(+w*]d
2Oe0>]\,/360; .N(36]\DK06V.Z
?8pX5>D/7:9/C:CJ3L7:.NLEG<k5d,@,@5>D/*-3fF363l.+0&5d3l,ID@36?8Eu1N7:D/365>.s13\0{EG367J7J58. .e36.+D/,k]\5d3kPm143lDK,@5L585>3h?8Da.N]\3l3614C:36CyDa14P;3B3l1e7J7J?8?8OeO+EGDK3l5>5=5 D/<KMF,Z3lD@(+.N?>,@360;C:5>7,/?d,/.+,ICY?>1gfN7J9K5>0U3D/36M+.+DKCJ0U365DK*-5>,Z0{0=(+DK,/7:5;.n.Z?8fNvK7J5>?>wDI,I9Z?>0>7J7T9K14]\3g367:.N.N,/<-3L.+,-,/,@.+C:9Zo4,@7:0UC:587To4?80L(+0U7TD@,/06EC
5>fFv/D/w3lMF5d]\D@3l3l?8.SfN7T9S]l?8067J7:5>D/yD/.MN.+V(4*k?Rz{36,/.ZON58?;33-EGD/,@(s5)CT9/0U3OSDg(N?c7:*HoZ*kfF,@fF36.eD/0-587:?>D/.Z,/E)?8.Z36EG?&5>5d,K,@?>]^*-Dg?87:36fsD/0-.Y0Uo4V{,@]d5>°SON3g36DK9/7JCJC:DK36CJ</(s5>,/7T0c0cCy?>?d5>D@0&,@EA?8,/36?8.+ON1¥1e3B7J0U?>. 3RON3-EGp5>,/7J(N<K*k.+(N143B5>3630)5>,@0U
?>5>V&,/3%6.++.N14{D/7:,/?_.N]^<D/?>.N(+D/C:,@EmoC:C:OSo/7:(N*- *Hfs*n,@DK58.a5U3l?dEG,@083lf+.Z5>?),I3l?>.+EG7:DK]l,/35 C
EG365d,K,@]d*-On36P;0;7J,/?8Oa583r7J0U?>O+0DIDIP;P;.g. 085>7J.s3\EG]\3l3=5>3l?8.sON]\363k583REG5>,/,/58*-3&3/?cPQV D-
.©1N7,@`C:3lC25>D@3lEQ.Z?;?8OND/3BM40Ubc3}3B]^]l?dDS0;D/7J5d.147J?8.sO+,I3R?83k08]lEG3l5d.N,@3K*-N36,L06YM+CJ]lD4DZ]dDK5>1N,/7J.+.+1j,@?8,L3B0=fSoS,/585d3-,@*-5>367:1,/C
.SD@E;(N*h?>ONMF33l5df+0_7³4,/3lCJDKC{.N,@<}5>5d]\,DKo/.ZVe?87:pN.ZDK(+5RD/(+?8O+0)3,@³43\36³N06,/+*k3\³Nf+]lCJ3B3l0Rf4?)7:.©EGDK?85)ON7:3j*-14,/7T</083h]l(+]l0>DS0UD/7:D/5d.©147J.sMF,I3l?8C:DI3BP0l+P;o/D/ON(ª7:]dO 08ON,/DK58(N3C:1©7:.Z,/?836C:08</D 3l5=7:*H0U(+,@M+</087:.N]l5837:f4,/?d. 0
7:,@..s,@?>ONC:D/3R</DK0>]\(+3l0t.+083r7?>,/(+58,I3=?>7J?>DKON.}3P;fNONCT,36o/583l3;5d?>06ONK3rM+,K]l0U,@3B*-0l436Ms5>,r,@C:7TC:0m064,LM+z{,I?d0l+]63\,@?>*-]/V 3l5d,R]\DI9K3l5>7J.+<R,M+,/083lMs,@C:C+<K,/*-3&,@.s1HD/M4bc3B]^?d0
-
D C F#F
y
c x
c y z
C f c w
f
I b
xf
F
a
z
b
r
B
z
c
W y
w
x y
z b b
p
A
x y
w p
xp
SfpoS7J<K5>(N,/*k5>3 7T1
V%l+ tpD/5;7:9/MN3RC:D4]l]dDZ DK5>1N7J .+\,@+?8]l3r,/EG*k5d,@36*-5>, 360)9 .N43l5>3B3614,@36Cy17:*HEGD/,@5&<K3v/w >0 @, ]\.s361.N3RfN,@7J³4.s3l,@CC:oS7:*H087T0l,@2<K3 PQID/V5>C:1 +DKM4bc36]\? |EGD/5
P
8?
,@.aO+.s3}1g?8O+?8]l7:3}D/f¥C:fN(ND/7J*-³SE;36.?8CuONN,@3g5>5>365dfS08,fsoSo/3B5>,/]^?>*k3B7J,/9K7T]d13lOaC:o/
fsV2DK¨ E7J,/.Z,@CJ?hCT.S0LoOsP;,/?80ON7?>7:7:ON.N.Z7J<K?8. 3l0;<KfN,/3l7JMs5R³SDK36f+(4C 7?_³4> 3l,HCm 0>]\]\DS3l D/.+5d
3r14 ]67:.+,@ ,I.j?>P;36MF06ON3RV 361458
33\.©?>3lp5>
*k7J<K,@7:(N.+.N5813B3 1
MSk&V %6o+,@,/5>Y3}.+?8,@ON7:C:.Z3}o4?80U3l7:7T*H<K0{3l,@D@5L<KE3H58?8DIO+D@P 3 E
7:D@*-?>ON,/3l</5R3L?87J5d.i,@.+?83l0UEG5>3l*H5R0=*-D@3BEu]dDKO+.N,@CJ.Noj7T08fN* 7J³4,/3lCACJP{5>,DIo4P)0=0_1N,@3l.sC:7J1i9K3l]\5>DK36CJ1a(+*k,e.sMN0lC:VD4]dpN DK5r|GDK3\5R³N,@MF*-D³ fNC:3/D/E{7JCTEm,@(+,.+f+147:5>]donZx 14,@.+3l?81S3lx«5>fN</CT36,/.Z]l?d3R=585>DKD/Ms(ND/<K?&ONDKCJo 5
EG?85>O+D/3L.Z?>7:*H,/CS,@?8</D3L?>,/ON0=3),}]l,/*H*k,I36?>5>58,+7J³eI?8O+D@Et3l.-5>DI?8P)O+3)0_*H,@.s,@1 5>Z]\7:DK.NCJ<Z(N0X*-DK.+.H0&7?dD@0AEtEGf+5>7D/³4.Z3l?>CT,/06CNV 0U
(N.i58E?8,/ON]l3L3)M+]\DK,/(N083lC:1kM+,/MFCJ3)C<K7:.+,/0U*-fF3h36]\,@?8.+3B1-,/CJ(+DK</0U7:oK.N+<r(+D/08.+7J.+CJo<
D/ON.+DIPQCJoH3l?>9KON3l3R5BN7:,@*H.+,@1j</3K.N4DHD/D/.N?83ON36]lD/5)(N7:.4CT1jEGD/145>*H3\?>3l,I5>?8*k7:D/7:.Y.N+3PQ7JEA3R,-]l,@Ms.+,I.N?UD@?>3l?&5;1NP{3\?8,/360{58*-(+087:7:.N.N3R<}P;,kONMN7T]dC:,KOj]dD/}M4M+bc3B,@]^?6?_V 7T&0_0U,K7:.N]^?><-(+D/,@.NC:CJC:ooC:7:,/*H58<K,@3l<K5;3 7:
^. ,
v/wD/5{P;ON3\?>ON3l5_D/5{.ND@?)DKM4bc36]\?>0;,/583rD/.j,-]\DKCJC:7:087:D/.j]\D/(+5>083/V
$ & "%0 -
)]\DK.n*-D/fNM4(4bc?83B36]^5r?9Z]\7TDS087JD/DK5d.14Vh7:.+pN,IDK?>35rEG3\5d³N,@,@*-*-3hfN7TC:0=3/(+p0U3B7:</1e(N?>5>D3 *-
V&D4%6g143l08CAON7TDI14P)36,/0_CX?cDKPmM4Dgbc36D/]\MN?>bc0=367J]^.n?Ms]\DSD/DK?8O5>14]\7:.+D/,@*-?83RfN(NEG5d?83l,@5=*-</3B5d0l,@yf+DKON.N7:3h]60_EGDK,/5.+1,
?8MNONO+C:DID43_P ]dD/ ?>MNONbc 3r36]^ MN?{C:,/DS]\.+DS]dH1©D/5d7T14D/0Q7:.+.+fs3},IDZ?>0UEG3{D/3B15HEG5>,i5>,/3l*-CTfZ,I3_oS?>5d7J,@9K,@5>3)*-3 ?>7T Dh18 ?> ON® 3ryVªPm DK z{V258CTONz{1}3gONDK36]\5mDS083&PQD/5dD/]l14DZ5>7:4DK.+0U5>,If+1N?>,K7J36.+]\0L,@3=?8D@]\3BE_DS02D/vK585dwq3614*H7:]l.+,@D/,I7:5>.-?>.N3)?83lEGON5L5d3=,@fs*-08DK,/7J3*k.Z? 3KK5>Vt3lz{<Z5836,@O+C:5d3&,@14?8DKC:7:369/M40>3Hbc0A36?>]\D@D ? E
A
>fN0±Q,CT,@,@o/*-.NN3L7:36.+5>,I]d,k?&ON]\3B]lDS0)DZD/DKD/5d5>5_141N7:*k7J.+.+,I* ,@?>?8363B 0{0 ,@) 85>3=(2s%($589 3B,.+,@)CD .S (NP;'*hON/MF363l,583>5d 0l, Dn4'(s7T0U0)(0(+?>,/.ONCJC:3o},EG)D47:.]l,/'?>CYONC:3R 3ll.N0>V),@</*-v/?8Ow3rV (NfF8.ND/}7J7:?>.Z,/0;?>.+0),/1 0Qf+589?>D/ONbc3r36,@]^Pm5>?_3DK?858.ND-CTD@1g?8?&O+]\08DS3h(ND/M+5>5d360>14,@]\7:CY5>.+7:7J,If4*H?>?>360_,@0 <KD@ 3 E
fN,I³47J³47T023lCT7:0).-7:?8.jON?83&ON7J3R*H7:,@*H<K,@3/<KV 3R
.},@5>p5>7J,<KoK(N458MN3 (4
?=V&%6,/+58@3MF5>D@3l?>CT,IO?>36]\1DSDK?85>D}147:?8.+ON,@3R?836f+0A7³4D/3lEyC580U3B7,@lCN3L7:*H,@.+,@1j</3;fNfF7J³4D/3l7:CX.Z?fsDZ> 0U7J5>?83l7:CTD/,I.j?>7J9KD@3{EA?>?8ONDr3hEG5dDK,@f4*-?87T3 ]l,/ C
7:,@*-5>3,/</.N3r36<K7:.,I?>?>7J9KON3/3V)fNp+7J³45>,/3l*kC,@3 5>5d ,
o ]\IDKV .K?d,@7:.+09k?8ON3Rf+7:]\?8(N5>3REG(N.s]^?87:D/. ?8O+,@?_7:0=147:</7J?87l3B1g?8D}EGDK58* ?8O+3h147:</7J?>,@C
, & & "%0 -
/Dz{]\365ONCJ.NC+3uD/D/]l?5tDS,)9SD/5d7:5>5U14(N?>7J(+.N.s,@.+,ICN3l?853A36.S7:EG0Y5d9Z,@7:E5>,@*-D/5.N3 D@*-7
`}3l,).ZT?BMs0Y/,/.N,/0836]\3u36?814D/(+3B5X,@1=7?8E+D/?8?85dD)ON025>3Q,@3l58.sCT,I(+1k?>.N3t08.N3lD/3l.sMN5A0Ubc,@DK36.s5>]^0A1R?d0yD/0U7:E3B.h?8]\3lDKv/.H.+wL]l1\D/EGM+*-DK,K5Y*h0U3\36(N³N*-.+,/,/7:*k]6.,If+?8P;CJ3;3K7JC:69SC4?>7T]\D_,rDK14PmCJC:3l7:DK?81N583l3/CT5>1kV *-
]\.k7JDS.+D/,)3t5dP;5>14D/7:ONMF.+3\D@,I?>?>?>ON367:3l]60650
EG7:.+D/5_0U363\5U³N?;,@7J*-?6V fNC:3/+?8ON3L7J*H,@<K3R0U36.+08D/5;?>3lC:C:0)?8ON3R5>D/MFD@?)P;O+3l5>3?8D}f+7:]d(Nfi,-MFD/CJ?=,@.s17:. P;ON7T]dOeONDKCJ3r?>D
7:7:*k.4EGfFD/ 5>D/*H583l?>DK,I,/*-?8.Z7:?rD/3\?8.RCT5>,I7T]l?>]lD/3l,@.Z5CK?>,@7:,/..+7J.+1?836ON*H1r3H,@7:.MF?8ONDS?836OND/*-3mVH,@fN?87JpN³S7T]lD/36,/CZ5rC/,/5>?>583lON5dCT3H,,Io)?8.N7:(ND/3l.s.s³Z?R140UON3l087:5X3lf+9K?80ON3l,/5d3Q*-,@,/C2D/0>]d0U.NO+(+<;,@*k?>fNONfN?836?83l7:085dD/3u06.r]lDZ?8ONOsDKDI,I5>PQ1N?Y3l7J?>9/.+ON36,@3l56?85>3t3tPQ087To40X3-0c,_?>fN3l0c58*H?>D45>]l0Y,/367JP;0><K0rOK7:C:?8D/C/EG.NMFD/C:3u5>oePQ9/,/?836O+5>58o13
fF]\±mDK3lO+585d,/5>0U36f4fF08?836fF36]\5D/?87:.+9/% 14
3k36?8.+?8DH5d]\,@3 0U.+?80U?8(+EGD 14D/5>o?8*HON?83 ,ION?>3587JDK3BfF.i,@3lC=5dD/08Pm5fsDK3B7J58?>]^CT0h?81y7:9/08V]63r,@z{7:C:*H7J.NON,@<g3 </3\7:58.N`3B<-,/3614]\*-?R365D4P;14P;7J3lC:CtONC²V DMF3}*h,@(+MN0UC:?j3HPm,I?DK58?> ON7:0rP;fF7?>D/O 7:.Z?>?ON?83aDe,@<KC:</D3lEGM+DK5>58,©P{,@D/5dER1e?8O+?>D3
- §A¦j
)¡ _ j¡ 2¡
z{0836ON]^7T?>07JDK0U.©3B]^D/?>. 7JDK.n(+5d7:0U.+?L]\C:5>(+3614,/3B1N0r7J.N?8<sO+X3}(+14.N36CJ3B0>08]\0L5>7JfN,e?87:f+D/,/.i5U?>D/7:]lE{(N08C:3l,/9K5h3l5d08,@3l.+C08*-D/5LD/5>7:3-0h089/3l3l.s5>0UoiDK5>7:*-06VkfsDK5U?d5>,@36.Z,K?h143l?>5rDi*-,@.ª7J<KOZ,/?RfNfNMZC:oS7:]6f+,I,K?>087J0&DK.©?>OND@7:0 E
]\083l(+.+585>083lD/.Z5d0Q?h7J7:.g.Z?8?83lO+5>3r360UEG?6(4Vi?8(N°45>3l3/.++08MND/(45h?_?8,@36CT]d08O+Dk.NMFD/C:3\D/?8<K?836oi5)7Tfs0h36,/5U1NEGDK958,/*H.+]\,/7:.+.N]\< 3=5dD@,@E2f+]\7:(N145>C:o5>3l2.ZPm?{31N3l0U9SON7:DK]l(N36CT061©V 3\³4fF36]^?L.ND@?kD/.NC:on.+3lP
$ <$B1 A&E $%" ?)A "-ACB
boresight
prism
linear
array
earth
8?5>,/O+361N]^3l9?d5>,/,@3=.Z.N08?><KON,@(N<KD/CT3-(+,@C:527:1H0R,@MF5>?8363=O+,&,@CJ3B?h7:0208*H0Q0>]l9I,@,/,@.S.N5>on.N7:,@3B*-?81y7:D/DKV.H58'&3H7:,.5>9SDI7:7JP).Z.N?8<r036,r.+,@0U.+0U7J7:1©?c.No-<K]l9ICJD/3;,@C:(NC:08(N3l*-36.+0{.+08D/0R145A(N]6</3&,@7:.©9/?8DL3BMF0A*H3}D/,@.ND/.S3;M4(4?d,KE,@14,/7:9I.N]\?8,@36(N.Z15>?>Ve7:,/.N</°4<L3Q(+14DI]d7JOª9/`3l3l,@5X5>.a?83lO+.+7:3&]l.+360c±;06?>VA58±Q(+_w *k.N,@36D@.Z5>?>5>?hON,3loK7:50
08CJDIPONDIPm369/365Q,/.+1j]l,@.+.ND@?;MF3(+0U3B17:.e,@(4?>D/*H,I?>7JDK.36.S9Z7:5>D/.N*-3l.Z?d0lV
.NfN75>,ZD4(N]\z{3/36ON0>V 308
7J.N.5>36<a?>,KON147:.3 3l5;% ?8!*-ONI®3 7:+</EGOZ0QD/6? C:7:CJ.gDI(+P;.+?81eON7:.N3R<©08D/CT,@*-*HMj3,@D/.N7:EA.K.+?>3 3l3l5Bl5>V 5>367J0U365Q?)C C:7J';,K.g]dDK?>08ON3l3,/.N.+EGEG3l1D/CTC:1yC:P;DINP;ON*H7J7J.N?8,@3 .S<-ofNON7Tf+7T]^0U7:?>?8]\(ND/?85>5>(No365>0H36D/0;PQEAPQ,-3l5>3l5>3j5>3l3rCT?>,I7J,/.+?>/36fN3l1j(4. ?)0>]l,/EG,@DK.+.+5)1 .N]\7JP;D/.+*-5><L,/fN?>fN(N36fs]d?83BO43l1 5x
,@]\oS5>D/C:7J(+.s.+141j3l5L,}PQ0c,K?>3l036fNCXCT]\,/oS]\C:3B7J.s1a147J3l. 5BV , _0c08?d(+,@,@.+C:1+CJo ,@5d!-1n0³ CT,I!-?>ON7J3}.s]dP;O ONfN7T]d7T]^Oª?8(+08fN583B(N0;.¥D/5=,/CJ]\CQD/0UC:fFCT,@D@</?d3B0R0{D@PmE{36?>58ON3R30>fN]l,/7T]^.N?>.N(N3B5>1e3,I,@?_5>36DK,j.+]\7:.©3KV{EG5>z{D/O+.Z3?
M+,k,/?8.+O+5Q1N7J. 0636@]65>7,@3\?t(+EG*H5d08,/3,]\?8oR?8O+7:.NMF3L<3)OS]l(+(N,/C:*H*CJC:36,@1kbc.i(s,#0c3l?_o/"3L7:.j$&O+% '*EG,/5>) 0= D/, .Z089?_3l(f+' D@,/EA5>%I?>,@ON08?83l33k.+5>±;0836D/±Q]\5B36Vw f4°S?8,/DKDK585>*-5d0),3{EGo/D/]lVm5rD/z{C:0UD/36ON5u.+3R±;085>7J±Q.N3\EG<w 5d,/CJ]67:]^</,@?>OZ7J*-.+?=<3l7J5d. (+,/0ACJ0U*36,@f+5>143Q,@7T5dMN0U,IfF(N?>3l7:3RC5d?t08PQ36MS,0)oh9K,}3lf+C:C:083l,K7:.N.N]\</7:</.N?8C:O<3
MF7:*-36,@,/* </3RD@7JEs?&P;f+O+58D47?>143;(+CJ]l7:</36OZ0)?A]67J,@.Z.e?8DrMFr3RMF?>ON36D/,@(N*H<K0OZE?_,/CJD@C:Eu7J.+,K<=0)DK,}.h08r3\?&.N36D/7JEA<KEGOZD/MF(ND/5&5>7:7J.N.Z<=?836]l583lC:36C:C:,0A9KD/36E+1j?>ON]\DK3_CJDK±;5)±Q7:w*-,/,@</5>3B5>,0lsoKVD/.Nz{3ON3;EGDK145_7:</3B,/7J?>]d,@O C
?8D@5>5dD@Em,/?>?81N,@ON?8363H3B1g1 eEGD/7:.i145&7J`,H?>ON3lCJ3-5>DZ3l08D/.Z0)f4?8C:7J?>o .i7:]65>08,@3\f+CAEG,@5df+?8,/,I7T]^,@?>?>OSC36PQ5>1n36,08PQo D/,C:08(49KD?83l7:C:D/?>3lO+.Y.N,IV</?R?8
Oi. 14(+]l,58D/7:*-14.N7<gfF`D/3lD/5>.N.N3l363k.Z.K?&fs?d0l361NVH58367:08D4z{7J1i<KON.3-D/sEu<Z,},@?>7J]l7:*-.nD/C:3-D/7:.©5)D/.NP;0UfFC:O+oe363l]\5>3l?836CX5d1n,@7:0&C2CJ7:0U7:</.4oSOZEG.+D/?r]d5>O+7:*H0r58DK,If+.N?8,K7:D/D/08(+08.n36081C:7:o 0
?808O+36]^3l?>. D/5dMN02C:(ND@Ey3/m3B,/?8]dONOH36. ]\DK<KCJDK5836563lVR.Vz{ON|3r±;]l±QD/wC:D/5-,@5>P;5d,ONoR3l367:C;0u7:580=3B,/bc1-(s0cvr??>,a7J*-14367T0m0U¥14(ND@5>E_7J.+?><5>,/D/.+.N083)f+,@5>D@5>3l?d.Z,I??>7JDK(+.kCJ*D/EP;?8ON7?>3_O ]lD/3 C:,ZD/(+5t,@P;C;O+083l7 63l3 C
?8fFDD/7:D/.KM4?;?dDK,@.7:.i,Lv}5>,/083lfNf+7:1N,/CJ5>oH,@?8*-3RDI7:9S*H7J.+,@<K<h36D/06MN4V bc
36.e]^?{?8O+*H7:0=,o}1436,/08]\7:?8</(+.,/yCJC:08oH3l.+7J*H087J.+,/</<3)0U?>fFDH3l3B141e7`7T3l0)5>?>3l5>.Z,K?{14fN367J1g³S36EGDKC:0{5=DK]l.}D/C:?>D/ON5&3r087J3l*H.s0U,@7J<K?87:3_9SfN7?cCTo,@.+,3
14(N5>7:.N<H,/] ,Z(N7T087?>7JDK.D/EX?>ON3Rv-0U36f+,@5d,I?>3&7:*H,@</3B0lV
360>,@,/*-5U?>°SO 3}DK*k7:7T.+0&3r0c9S?d0>,@7:3l,I.ZPQ?8?L3636CJD/1jC:7JE;?8?>36?8ON0Q7:*-5>(+D/3/08(N3&2<KOiP;?8ONON,37:CJ]\30DK.5>.+,K]\1436) f47T ,I?{?8'27:D@D/E08.aD}*EG?85>OsD/ ,I* )?R ,@D/C:?8'CX&ON5d36,/5L1N$087: ,@fs0?8D/7:?>D/0L.e 7:' EG0h5> D/*-, *q,K.0U?8KOs360,I1y.?V 0UfF°S) D@3l ?r3g'²7:pX20r7:36</]l,KD/(+]dC:58CJO33B]^08
?8fs3BVD/% 1 ?QF4,IV D/?=EYz{?8?8O+O+O+333
MF36,@*D@EY5d,/147T,I?>7JDK.}7T0{f+,/0>0U3B1-?8O+58DK(N</Og,hfN5>7T0U* P;O+7:]dOg147:08fF3l5d0U3B0u?>ON3147J`F365836.K?{P{,9/3lC:3l.+<@?8Os0uDK.K?>D
F @¯
"!#!$!
NMfF(4D/7:?.K¬)?d,@x«0QCT5d08D/,Dor.HPQ1N?>3lON3lCT9S3_147:36E]l1e,/365Q0f+08?>7J7T5>fF14,/363&.+0r0UD/*-,@Ey.s?87J?21HON3=¬)bU,@x«3l5d5>*-0&,or7JD@?U?>Eu5d3l,/,@5{14f+7T7JfN,I.?>CJ3B7J*hDK08,/.R(+(+]d?8O]\O+3K58?8VrDKON(N°43r</3l0>OL.+,@08*-*-D/5d3_,@0_?8*H365>5836,@7T]l,@.+D/C².N5d@3l1gD@5{E?8?>,/5d3l0m,@.k.+P;f+087*-,@?>58O}7?>?80?>?8ON3BD/3&1 E+?8*-3lO+.+7T3;]\3l5>OZ5>D4</(+14oj*-3l,I.+,/?r.L087J7J?8MF*HD/D4*-,@14<K3lo/3 x
?8,@36C:D/56VH.+<WY?8DIONP 3=3l3l.+.Z?>3l7J5>5></3_o 5d,,Io-?fNDK.N58D/3Hbc360U]\36?8.+360U1k3B1iEG5>D/7:*H*,@?><KON3k3=fF3lD/*-7:.Z7?R?8?87J36.s5614V 7:
«]6?{,I?>7:0m36036,K,@0U.aok,/?8DL]6]\7J(N*H*L,/(N</CT7:,I.N?83&7:D/, .n
D@wE{*H¬)x«,I5>?8,36o;587T(+,@C:C2*$1436Ms.+36087J7.+?co<
3\0>]l³4,@fF.+DK.N08363l51 | ?>D ]6,I¬)9? x«i5>,08o4]60,@.Nfs.N,/360>5d0U\7:A.N<jP;ON?8O+7:]d58O©DK(N*H</Oª,@?8ON,e36MF*-D4,@14?8o/7T]lVn,/CJv/C:owq]l0UD/36.+.+0U0U?87:5>.N(+< ]\?>]60h,@.©,iMFv/3w ,/9/]6D/]\C:DK(N*k*-f+3}CJ7T0UD/O+E;361N1a3l.+(+080877J?c.+o <i9I,n,@C:±Q(N36z 0
EG?85>O+D/3=* 5>7:</1NOZ,@?;?>,j7J.j]\DKpCJ7JC:<K36]\(N?858363 1i
MSV%-o *LfN7T0;5>D@, bc36
]\w?87:.N]\<DK*k¬_f+x²5d(4,?8o4360&5Q<K,/CJ5>DK,/.NfN<gON7T*-]_5>,/3l.S.so 143l145>7`7J.+3l<L5>3lD/.ZEX?ON5d7:,</oSOj0_14?83lO+.s580UDK7J(N?co</Oiv/w?8ON9K3-DMF³4DS3lCT1N0to/EGV-5>D/Q* ?
,©08(N5U±QE,Kz ]\3B080h]6,@08. 3l3l.aD@E=EG5>, D/*14DK<+,eHfs?>,@ON5836?8087T3j]\(N9/CT,@D5R³43l9SCT7:0L3lP;,/58fF3D/7:58.Z36?6.+Vi1436q583B1¥147T,@,/</0L.+7JDKE_0U?8?87TO+]\3l7T,@oª.©PQ]l3l,/5>.©33\.N³NDK,@.Z*-?85d7:,@.N.+3}08f+?>ON,@5>33l.Z083l?k.+58083l36[+1a36]\MF?8D/7:.N.+<3
0U?85>(+]^?>(N583=EG5>D/*,/.So}9S7J36P;fsDK7J.Z?6V
z{1436ON.+7:A#.N0UBD3=n<?>$ ,/DZE MsD/A DK?8Oj(4?RD/5{0UDK?>*-ON3R3k08D/D@EmE?8oK36D/5)(N]l5r,DI9SP;7J?co.a 14+ 3l.ZOS?>,/oC2 ¬)x«5>,o406&P;Os,I?RP{,/0=MN5>7J<KOK?R,/.+1iP;Os,I?RP{,/0r1N,@5>)e?8O+3
</,=36PQ.N,/3l5dCJCZ,IEG?>(N3)C:CN,D/¨0EF08
(+©]dOL7:*Hf+,@58</7:.Z3;?8MS361ok
fNw 5>D@bc7:*H36]\,@?87:<K.N36<06I7:MN.}(4,@?2.S?8oh5>(N9S3;7:3lv/P w 141N7:587:3B08fN]^?8CT,7:D/oS.Y0AV,/w&583Q7:,/.N</DI.NP DZ0U,7T9I02,/7T7J0ACT,@?cMNoSC:fN3m7T]l,/,@.+C:1LC:ok5>14,KDK14.N7JDK3;CJDK(+</087T7J0c.+?d< 0
,@5>3rCJ3B,@5>.N7:.N<h?>DH(+083&?>ON3l*jV
-
D C F!
7:CJC:(N*-7J.s,I?83B1j0U(N58E,/]l3r3lC:3l*-3l.Z?>06Vtw=,I?>,-]lD/(N58?83B0Uo}D/Ez{ON36583B08, 5Q3l5>.+,@5d14DsV
>& A 0<#>&!&ACBDE >& >& A ?)> A"E
transmit albedo a
receive
nod and
pan surface spot
sensor
head amplitude modulated laser beam
( x, y ) z
varied
by nod
and pan
TRIANGULATING 3D SENSOR ( xc , yc )
Y
c
plane equation laser
ax w+ byw + czw = d stripe CCD
projector . camera
(x , y , z ) X
w w w c
Z
c
Zw . .
3D imaging ray
Yw object yields two
linear equations
in the 3 unknowns
(x ,y ,z )
w w w
X
?8OSO+(N3L*H¨ MF,@DS.a,/D/.Z9Seo7:08MSEG(+(Noj,/.+CtfZ1No4,/0Uo40>*-]d0UON?83l3l.ZD/* ?>C:D/,/<KCXEG7:58DK0UDK?M+*0UsV3658?8sV9IO+,@3H ?87:fsD/7JMs36.+5>0U0;DK08fs.¥C:363B,K]^| 14?>% 7J!#7:9K.NF@3H<H®Z^D@?8V E;Dt,@]\. D/5>D/*-3lfF.NfN3l<K(N587J?8?8.N7:3l36365&0_3l9S5RD@7:Em,/087J58,/DK3-.N.j7:</*-?87:3B9/,/]d36CXON.n9S.N7T7:7 0U.,K7:(+D/?836. ON0_3}0U]6o4?8,@0U3\.e?8³S36?RMF*-3RMS0=oiEGDK,@WY.s(N1e.+3l9S1e?87J.+O+7:. 33
D?8@| 5d%E2,@!/?>.sC¯ ON0cF/3kEG^DKVLOZ58*H(+z{*-,ION?>,/3-7J. DKMs.9SDSVX7:D/08¨ii(+,/,@MZC5>o <K,/,@.+_5>1e3\,@?2C:</P{W7:9/,i7:9S3B0&|7J.+% ,!<K!K0U</?8vKDSD/_D4.jMs1j| 36% 7J</.Z!/7:?>¯K.+(N¯K0r7Y?>P;7J</9K77:?>3k9/O 361N02,j36,r0>14]\fF5>7TD/0>7Jf4]\f+(+?>(N7J0>DKC:0U,/. 7:5AD/D@.n?8Et5>36D@7:,@*HEm?8?8*-,@ON<K3l3H7J.Z.N]l?t<,/D@f+,@EF,@.+OSM+1 (N7JC:*H?87?>ON7J,@3L3B.-0rfsfs,@3636.+5>5>081i]lfs3l3BEf4,@]^?>?>(N7J7JDKCJ9K?>. 30
P;08fs7J3B?8On]^?87:,/9/. 3&D/?85d5>,@7:3l.s.Z0c?>EG,@DK?8587:*HD/.j,I?>?87JDKDg.},@,@58?=5>3&,/]lfND/fN.Z5>?>36,/]\7J7T.N,I?>3B7J1HDK.7:.V&'_¨i,/,@5>.S,/ojCJ7T]dZ-.+,@DI.+P;1g. °S*HO+,I,@?8f+O+7J5>3lD+*HZ,I2?>D/7:]6C:(N,@C*-fN3 58DK
_fs36| %5U?>!7J! 3B
0)\D/V Etu?85>ON,K3L]^?8fs7T]l36,/5Ux C
MS1414o3l7J`F?>¨e,@36587:CT36(N0R.Z5>?_5d,@,.+0Uo-1©DK(N,/,/5>.+.a]l1360Q7Jt.Z7T?8,@0{36
. </7J';.+5d]l,IoSCJ?>fF(s7J.N3l145R<j361y| DI%V 9K!3l!/5>Z9Z\7:N3lP,-±QD/.aw7:D/*-E,/]l</D/3*-(+*-C:3HD/.jEGDK0U58D/*HE?c,IPQ?d,/0587T3&0(4fN?85>7:DICJ7J9Z?87:7T36140_3B1n]\D/7:C:.aC:36]^?8?>O+363}13lEG.+58DK]l*o4]\C:08D/3lfF9/3636145>7T,/, C
%KV AVYw_7:C:CJDK.wLVAW3lP;7T0R,/.+1apmV ,/08f+,@5B .% 2/.) ' $) ).%' !
! 1I
H H HazX5>,/.+0>,/]^?>7JDK.+0AD/. HuCJ3B]^?85>D/.-w&3l9S7:]l3606K2DKC~V Huw_x
F4 )D+V
|~pN3lM % ! @¯K %B®
x %B® SV
tw ;A[5(+0U.¼+dA½%&'K;<#^%80UPh;<*W%5[5.DBK254tG:%5#:J)k7+0U;<#c?@._J&=HG^%80H%5=z?U.10HB1d
7+%Z?u;<mE0U.1e32Z9>BQ|4G+.%8#^/c7+CoJl;mE=1?@.D25G+9A9A.!BQ(+*M28(4a) 5#BQ%u,:2M,:%5;<25=H#:Y)43%5[N?@0@0@G+Pl2N.h(+;A*M#:;A*WJ'%5[5%87+.[N;mE.M¥~.D%59ABD%80@dt0H0U%q.!e3P5(*G:d&) .BQO?@%57#.D#:0@Ji*69½$¥.) B,8;+5- /1?U: 0G+2.l3;<JE*W½%.D) %5B#+[528|.M?U;A.D9<G:9/B\%5,^?U<B G+..6 (:XZB@.D%80UJM9A2Z(+|O?U.O2'B!25JE4V#).D?@(+#+G+*-28.O?U,/7:.O.1;0U4bmE25.D.10UJj9^.19<[N4b2E0U0@=D252N%Z=* (+?@#:._JJ(
?@?@2>G:.u6@(+7+?¤7/.1½l0%59<.1#:4 5J?@*M:2NBF?=1257+9A;<(+mE*M.19a#:25B!46#)?U(+G+*-.u,/;A*W.10U%8.D[5Jx.u4b%50U25#:A*Ji¥.(&- 6D ?@B2 :A? ½%? 0:E½5dW? e3½FG)36(:0@B.14b.¥ .10H- B3(*0C?@(12M3?U0UG+.L.u4b.DXZ0U%8B9A?@(+2I.u?U25G+4t.W?UG+XZ.u%89A9A(+2Z.M|].D2804
0U;<[NGN?U*M2NBF?37:;mE.19rd
;<#+?U.DBu;<[N#:"$Gc# .1,/;A[5*W25G)0H%8,^B3#)2N%8P0U0UB.S%5%5?@9<[N0@G+.M25.O0U(:®L;?U¯8B@G+.D²E*WJs°HG$B1³/|C3©1G:¹#+±J.125I:#s?RµU¯87+25°H0U#:¨32)9<=1P%5.D#:BU?@JRBFG+;A#+.x?@G+[IXq.R?@%5G^©19<(:¹%Z±J. ?-IE¬K7+28G$4u;<³VmE©L%
.1¹9r±dI7:I+%5µHe3¯80F?UG:°H;A¨K.M=1(+25?T9>4\|]%8%l0W2i7+7+*M;<;<mEmE2N.1.1BF9r?-9rdC=Le3,+2NG+(E*M?I.S*l4b%5252N9A(+B@#
2s0@krJE#:?@.LG:.1:;A. [5#:G);XZ?U,^%8;<2N2N9A(+#:0@G:.DBBR2c4b2E2N28J 04
:LNM/10C2PO!2847+;<mE.1!
%#+80U.D.;<[N28Gc4 ,/?U.125# 0UG+0U2).L2E4b.DJ0@0U:<.D9 JIW%MQM/1?U/102R0C2P2PO%5OB;<28#:;4K?H=1BO9<7+(^;#+JEmE2N.D.D0FB-9U?UG`MQ7+/1CV;0mEBF2P.D2NOS9A(ERB ;A?@#:G`MQ=1/<C/9<(:?¤|KJ+.D.D%½ BFB!0C?D2PCV.DOz%N%8SC #:=HMG Jp/7+._T ;<%5mEBF%½ .1?0C9o2P#+28Oz.14]UC ;A[5?@MG)G+/1,/0C.l2!254b0H?¤2NB1(+C^J½0F0@kOL._#+CtBF.D%57/;<#:[N.D=LGcVJ ?@,/;AMX525/1.D0U0CG+9<2UPN2)d3T2Ee3JiJ½ G:Oz7+.-Ct9A(:|.1BS;AG+[5?@;>GcG:=H?@G . k
,/JEwt;>.;<%8[N0U[N(+.L250U4b#:.!.D%50@¼:0U9cd.D#:Z'JM.1;A;A?U9<[59A2l(:G)BF%N,^?@BK2N0H0o%Z;?H?U7+B].D;<BK#:m).D25?@G:9A0@!B ?@.DG)B@M/ .!|]?p._=1BT25%½?_#:CN0=12X#:.1?p257E0@?H½ ?@B1G+Ozd C ._MQ%5/BF?D?pCE$½BF2N02(ETx?@G)J½|KOL.DC BFM?D/C)Tx%8#:%½ J&0C2XBF?I2N(E½ ?@OzG:Cc.D%8%5#:BFYJ?3#+M/.1;ATx[5G)%½ ,/0C2520HT B1Cc½ 0@Oz._CNBF|7/G+.D=L;A=H?@GM;AX5=1.D%59<PN# d
[
\ ] [ [ \ ! ] ]
_
^ ^[ ^ ^ ]
%$OQ4b25(+0@k#+.1;A[5G),/250UG+2)2)J`: L ,aOK.1;A[5Gc?Fk#+.D;<[NGc,/250UG+2)2EJ.: W
w6;A[5(:0@.¼+bd Zc&oe3G+.S?T|K2M*l2cBT?O=125*M*M25#p#+.1;A[5G),/250UG+2)2EJ+BK284t%l7+;<mE.19rd
=?@1G^%5#R%Z?],/%u;<.!?@G:7+(:.1;<BFmE0!._.1JR?@9G:M%N.M/1BQef4b0?U252FG+(+eg.MO0@kr³/³/#:©1©1.1¹¹;A±JJ± [5I:I:G)µUµH,^¯8¯Z2N°H° 0@I+¨KG:¯_%-2c¯_2E´!7+Ji;28mE462N.D9 0!%'MQ?@7+/1G+;<0mE.W2P.1OQ.D9;<;<4h;A[N#RGcM/1?FXZkef%8#+00U2F.1;<ei;A2NOQ[5(:G)9<BK;A,/.D%8B]259A0U;A[5G+#h252)0U?@2);<G:?@dJ .SG+*WB@Mb2N.1BD9A0udt.D=LBFe6?@2N2'.D*lJh,/.W?T.!P)%5[57^9?U.D.S.1#+0U28.1#:4`0H%Z%8#+?U9r.D.lC);<|][NJEG).S.1,^:|2N#+0@;<;<9AG+?@9;A2)25B@2E%q#aJP O
284jM/10C2POzd
WH k lnmBmiH o&Dpq p s rhu ttD ¢ vxw 'O
~=L2N*M,:%5.DB@BS;A=-4b0U=L2525* #^=L?U.1G+7+.h?;A;A*W#x%8;A*M[5.M%5[57+.u0U2E7:=L0@._2EB@=LB@;<._#:B@[IB@;A#+2N[h7^.D;>BO0U%8?U?@G:;A25%Z#f?!28284Q4%5=L7+2N#c7+XN9APc25;A9A#+(E[I?@;A25>% #ayWC`,+¶q¨@(E·u?-?@;>2&B(:%5# B@.DJf;A*M;A%5#
[5.N%pd[5e3.1#:G+.1.l0H%8=L925#^B@.1=L#:.17+B@.?
;A=1#j%59<;A9A*W.DdJ %8[5zQ.l©1¹%8J± #:IE%5¬ ¨z9<PEdMB@;Aw6BS;A[5%5(:B!0@%R.W|¼+d G+¼I25BF9A.5G+d-2Z|OB*W?@G:%50@B@.DYp.M;AJ+B!|; {V%I.1BF0U.1.1?#c?284Q*W7+%5;<B@mEY).1BD9\d'7/e32NB@G:;.'?U;<2N^#:0UB!BF?%8?T#:|KJj}2 =L25M %I0U0U%8.D#:B@7^Jj2Na,#:OFJE%8;A#+0U.l[hBUXZc%8(:9A(+%8.D0U.B
,XH 1
NR ¾
½½ ½½ ½½ ½ Z Z½ ½½
½ ½ ½ Z
½ Z ½ ½½
½
%NO ,aO =,O
w6;A[5(:0@.¼+d ¼*&oe3G+0U.1.!*W%5B@YEBK?@G:%8?=1%5#&,/.u%87+7:9<;A.DJ&?@2W%5#&;A*W%8[5.Nd
*W*W%5%5B@B@YEYB1MC`=J2NOK#+;A.lBO0@|._;=z?U?UGf%5#+._[5c(:(:9A%8%59o0K|K%5#:.1;AJI[5GcG:?U%5BDB3C`%8._N9A9o(^28%84K9XZ|K%8.19A;A(+[5.MGc?U25BD#+d .W%8#^Jx2N#+.M|;?UGf(:#+.Dc(:%59o|].D;<[NGN?HB1dMe3G+.l?@G:;<0HJ
@*WB Pc%5*MB@]QYE*M%NB1.L=HCc?UGj%80@#);>*W=uP-%N*W7+BF;<%NY mEBF.1YEG^9^BD%5*MC^BuB@%q%5(:P'# =H,^Gx¯8.S%5°z=HB¹±8G+%$¹ 2N³^OB@C\.1%8#W|#:G+%NJi;AB\=H, ?@G
OOG+.;>wtB25;<[N(:0U(+;<B@[N(:0U;<.'%5#a9<¼+C59APxJEd ¼+.12NC/7/#+%8.1.W0U#^.JE28?@;<43#:G:;[-.1?H;ABu0S25#M7/=1.12N?U#cB@G+;?@.O?U.D;<0;A2N#c#:7+?@BD.1;<dmE#^.1JE9>.DB1B@JMd(:w+(:%8259AB@9A.50SP do#+?@e32NG:G+#:.h.OBFP)25?@*M0U25;<7W[N*M;<#^7:.LB!;?UmE0@28.1;>= 49
284\*W%5B@Yh=,OK*M;A[5Gc?O,^.u=HG:2NB@.1#p%5BK;?HB250U;A[5;A#`d
%?@5G:B.l?@e3G+;A*W.'G+.W%8;<#+[N%87:.'7:(E7+|?D9<dO;<;>?@=1Gfw:%825?@;;A0?H25B!#s._%52528=H0UGp43;<[N%p;<7+#j;<*WmE9<.1P)%59a;AB@#+;AYi#i[I?@?U252 G+#j.u%5?@#j;AG:#+%8;A7+#+?!(E7+?S7:(E;;<?'mE*W.1;<%8*W9rd'[N%8.5e3[NC:.MG:?@.lG+Pc.u;AXZ.1%5*W9>J+9<(+%NB._BFBSYI%5#f28;AB4]2N=L._(E2N%5?@#:7:=HGj=L(E.D?u;<7E#+;<?@*W7:(:(E%5%5?9<[59APR.M;<*W7:28%84K9A[N%N?@.'=LG+.D.h7:Jp;mEBU2N%8.1#p*M9o?@(:.W2N#:7iB@JE;<nD.128.0 4
?@B@G:(+.l*M*W*l%N._J BFYi?U25%8[N0U.-.L?@*'G:.1(+0S9<?@?@;A2I7+9<;AP).D;<Jj.D9AJf,)Pp%&?@B@G+;A.M#+[5|K9A.'.1;A2N[5(EGc?@?U7:B(E28?u4QXZ?@%8G+9A.W(+.-=L2N?U0@G:0U%Z.D?B@7/;>25B!#:7+JE9>;A%5#+=L[h._J *W;A%N#xBFYi?UG+7+.M;<mE25.1(E9>B1?U7+du(Ee3?G:;A.'*M0U%5.D[5B@.M(+9<%Z?U?!B!?@%8G:0U..
9A*W2)=D%5%ZB@Yh?U;<2Na, #IOK25254\4\?@wtG+;A.u[5(+7:0U;.mE.1¼+96d ¼u,^.D?U2h;<#:[h%'[N7+0U0U%q2)Pc=1kr.D?@BU2NBF#+._JR.;A2N*W#p%8?@[5G+.N.-d ;<#+7:(E?Ddwt;<[N(+0U.-¼+d W;<9A9A(:BT?U0U%8?@._B3?@G+.'%87+7+9A;>=1%Z?U;<2N#p284
*W9A;<.%52NB@e3YW(EG+?U9<.B@;A.D;AJ+2NBK0@.2N;A[5#R28;A4\#:?U?@%825G+9E7R.[N250U;A46*W%qPu2N%8#+?@[N.25.5#:dQ25.4`"$#p;<?@*WG:2N.S%80U[NJE7/..D.1030U;ABQ;A?@*lBF2WG+.1*W2Z?@.D|%80#MYN7+.!;A;#hmE?@.DG+wt9A.BK;<[N2N28(+(E4a0@?@?@.7:G+¼:(E.!d?c%;A*M+;A*Md\%5%5O[5[5.N28.uC)?UB@;A=1=12525.3*M*M?@.SG:.!%82825?Q46(E|?@?OG+G+?U.!G+.D#M7+.u;<?@mEBUG+%8.1*M.O9>B]=1.u25.14aBF#c;A?@?Un1.DG+.u0.!%N28*MB34V%N?@?@G:G:BFY ..
?@;A%8#+G:#^7+.'JI(E.1?_?TmE|]Cc%5|K2M*M.OX)7+*';<9<0@.-?@(:(^,^BT%8?K.D969<%52Z=1J+|25JW9ACV(+B@|K*M25.-*M#:BG:.O%qMX)XN25;A.-#+0F?U.%5(:J+?U%82MJ+9^.D0@?@Jp2ZG+|O.-?TB|K9<.1%52R4 #:?SX)JW%8;A0F#^=L?U2NJ&(:9<%8(:2N96*l#+0@.!#^2ZBo|O?@2h?@B<2u?@MbG+?@25G+.u#:..'0U;A;<[5%8#+Gc,/7:? 2Z(EOLX5?]dK.u;Ae3*W?@G+G+%8.l.-[5.Xq;<*W%5%89<%50U(:25[5.D(+.-B#:%5;AJ'#p#:?UJi?@G+G+25.._#:BF._.-.-JE[5Xc,/._;A.10@B19A?@2Zdt(:|!"$%5# O 9
0UG+2Z.D|O0@.NBC)%8?@#:G+JW.DP&=125=19A%5(+#p*M*l#:BK.D0@=1.D%89<P&#WJE,/(+.7+B@9A.L;A?K=D%Z%8?U0U.!,+?@;?UG+0U.u%50@=1;A9<9A2cPuBF?@._2-BT?n10U.12Z0U|2u2NMb0Q2N0OBF2N=L*M2N9<.O(+*M28?U#aG+O].10K?U2M=L25?@#^G+BT.D?H*p%8#cdQ?Qe325G)0_(:CN%NB3B?@G:G:.%NBXc,/;A0@.1?@.D(:#R%59JE0@252Z#:| .
%5=L2NJ:9<JE(:.D*lJ'#I?@2S25#&?UG+?@.3G:?@.S2N9A7l.L4 25?O4^|K?UG+25.(:9A;AJR#+7+,^(E.u?Q%5;A*W9<X9 %8$([N.K) ,B |K+c?@25G+(:.9AJlX)JE;A0F(+?U(:7+%89A;>9=1%Z=1?U25.39A(+?@*MG+.#&XZ2N%5#R9<(+?U._G+ B .!$(0@:;AC[5$(Gc:?3C |]
%2N(:(+C 9A
%J&(:C,/
%.!(%5+Z9<?@9 G+
$.(*Xc) PB ;A+E0@?@%5(:#:%5J 9
?@;A*MG:.%5[5X).!;<0@?@,= (^O]%87+9:0U0U2E2ZJE| (:=L%5._J+JRJE._,)JlPW?@?U2G+.?UG+%8.7+,/7:9<28;>?@=1?@%82N?@*;A25#R|K25254a(:?U9AJWG+.!%5[N*M%8%N;A#MBFYRG:a,%qX5O].;ABXZ%5%l9<(+BF*M._B2)N(28+?UG+CN$(.DJ&+C
X5
%.D(:0UCB@;A
%25(:#hC25
$4a(+d\?@G:e3.SG+;A.#+7+2N(+(E??@7+$% (+OH? +
G+XZ%82Z9A|K(+.1.XN2N.1,E0_C^?U%5?U;<G+#:.l.DJMXq%54b9<2N(:0].D._B%5%8=H0UGW.'7+%5;<mE9<9o.1*'9/,c(:Pl=HGx?UG+,:.S;<[NB@[5(+.1*0?@28G^4%8?U#fG+.S;<#j|].D?@;<G+[N.MGN?H2NB0@;A;A[5#h;A#:?UG+%89r.du*We6%52&B@YV#+C)2N;<0@#W*W?U%5G+9<;>;An1BK.N=DC%5|]B@.u.M½ JE¾ ;ACNXc2N;>JE,E.l?U%5?@;<G:#+. k
;A.L#+mE[l7:%5?@#:G+.!JE._:Jl#^?@%82h9;A½ *MZ( %5[58 .B@J½ G+Z%2Z(S|4b25#R0Q;AX)#i;>BFJ ;A,+Ozd;A9<e3;<?TP5G+d .!'K2N.D0@;A=D[5%8;A(:#:B@%8.928%54V#:?UJhG+^.#:.1%8m)9`7^;A%8*W#:%8B@;<[N2N.D#`B3C5%8._0U%5.S=HGWB@G+7+2Z;<|mE.1#I9^;<;<#p#W?U[NG+0U%q.OPl^?@#:2N%8#+9^.!;<*W;<#p%8[N. .O
;>BoBFG+2Z|#l%5Bo% Z15kr7:;mE.19EBF?@0U;<7+Z?@G)(:B\?UG+.BF*M2)28?UG+#+._B@B\;>Bo%Z?%!BT?U0@;A7l9<.DX5.19rCZ;A#:BT?U.D%NJ-254/%Z?Q%7+;<mE.19+9A.1XN.19rd
¾5¾
!#"$"%"
$( $(
%(
$(
%(
$(
$(
$(
$(
%(
%(
$(
$(
%(
%( Z
½ Z
Z
½
$(
$(
$(
$(
%(
%(
$(
$(
%(
%(
½ Z ½
%$O]2N0@;A[5;A#:%89[N0U%qPckr?@2N#+.;A*W%8[5. ,aO3¼;8 ¼'*W%NBFY
¾¾ $($(
$
$(%(%(( ½5½5½½ZZ(( ½½ZZ
%
%(( ½½ZZ
$
$((
¾¾ $($(
$
$(%(%(( ½5½5½½ZZ(( ½½ZZ
%
%(( ½½ZZ
$
$((
¾ $(
$(%( ½5½Z( ½Z
%( ½Z
$(
J= OK0@._BF(:9?284o%87:7+9<P);A#+[l?@G+.*W%NBFYW?U2l?@G+.;A*W%8[5.
$( ( 1(
$(
%(
$( ( 1(
$(
%(
$( ( 1(
$(
%(
$( ( 1(
$(
%(
$( ( 1(
$(
%(
JOK#+250U*W%89A;<nD.DJR0@._BF(+9<?O%Z4 ?U.10JE;AX);AB@;A25#I,cPh?@G+.uB@(+* 254a?UG+.|].D;<[NGc?UB3;A#&?UG+.*W%5B@YMT½ ¾ O
J. OK250U;A[5;A#:%89V;A*M%5[5.%8#^JR0U.DB@(+9<?DC+.1m)7^%8#:JE._Jh?U2i½JZ%(8¤½JZ(-4b250X);A.1|;A#+[
wt;<[N(+0U.!¼:d a&oO7+7+9A;>=1%Z?U;<2N#&254\%l*W%5B@Yh|;<?@Gp|K.1;A[5Gc?UBK?U2M%M[N0U%qPck$B@=D%89A.O;A*M%5[5.Nd
,XH 1
NR ¾
( (
( ½
( (
½ ( ( ( ½( ( ( ½( ½ ½ ( ( ½ ½ ½ ½ ½½ ½ ½ ½ ( ( ½
25,E;>*MyTB3._7+?@=zG+?U(+B.?@.!%5#)0@?@(+. G:*'.5k,^#c=1.D(:250*-#+28#+,/4\._.1.L=z0m)?U.D?@28.DJR4t0@#^4b%525#:%80U9`Jp.1=L[NBF2N0@;A2N0@*M#:(+7+.1#:0H9AJRP&B1d 25=L,E2NyT#+._#+=z._?U=zB3?@25._46Jd,+;A#:%50@Ph;A*W%8[N. 'Sd
S;ABK?UG+.#)(+*-,/.102846;A#c?@.D0@#:%59`=L2N0@#+.D0UBDd
(+ ;A#c?@.D0@#:%59 *W%Z?H=HG MQC hO ' 9$&! " & j" T¦%½ +
+
.8$ ' .8! M MK] kQ" O
NOH+
63%".(')9: 2N(+#c?@;A#+[Ww+250U.1[N0@2N(+#:Jp,EyT.D=L?UB
½½ ½½ (( ½½ (½ ½½ (( ½½ ½½ ½½ (( ½½ (½ ½½ (( ZZ
½ ½ ½ ½ ( ( (
( ( ( ( ( ( (
½½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ( ( ( Z
( ( ( ( ( ( ( Z
½ ½ ½ ½ ( ½ (
( ( ( ½ ( ½ (
½½ ¼( ¼( ¼( ¼¼ (( (( ZZ
½½ ½½ (( ½½ (( (½ (½ ½½
( ¼ ( ( ( Z
( ¼ ( Z Z Z
$% O],+;A#:%50@Ph;A*W%8[N. , O3=L25#:#+.D=L?@.DJp=125*M7^2N#+.1#c?HB39A%5,^.D9<;A#+[
=JOK,+;A#:%80UPh;A*M%5[5.!%8#:JI9>%8,/.19A;<#:[:CE.LmE7:%5#:JE._JR4b2N0X);<.D|;<#+[
wt;<[N(+0@.¼:d ¾ &\ ,:;<#:%50@PR;<*W%8[N.!|;?UG&^X5.=L2N#+#+.D=L?@._JI=125*M7/25#+.D#N?HB32846?@G+.XZ%89A(+.W½Nd
W
¢'ipSt\O ¢ wqmf¢'p tt vu¡f1Dp
XZB@M/.L%8$?9A(+0C%82. 0UJ.OFI0 =L;>2NB!#+P%R#+0JM.DB@/ =L.L?@?!._028J&2 *4Q|O7:;<4b;?@25mEGp0U.1*W9>0UB .DB3B@lC7^%'._=1=z.D25?%5#+=H?U#+Gj2 ._G:=z^?U%qdK.DX)JMw6;<#:;A¸:[5[h¶Z(:¬ XZ0@I.%89A4b¼+(+0@2Nd. ¾ * N% /OKC`MBF/1%8G+0#^2,2ZJxO|O?UB@BY2(:%l=HMQGi/1,+eK;A?@0C#:G^2F%5eg%ZOz0@?!dP&.1¦;<X5*W.D«H0@%8¯ZPp[N³:.!7:³V|%5©H«L;<;0S¬$?U©HG&28´W4]^«U7+X5¯ ;.uyOmE.DB@¸:(:9A¯ZBS=H³VGi;A©L# ³^=L?@¬V25G:#+28. k4
!
%!!$ ' $2/ %: %!$2!' * 64 $26(!3 ¯T®j¶µ1¹ ³/¶Z°
i¹ yW¶1±c©I¥ ¹>¨x¶
ªA¶5µH©LªA©U´
i¹ yW¶1±c© ]¥{¹ ³zsIE¹ «CI ¬I+© q¶8ª»²:©M¯T®u©H¶5«Il¸V¹º)©Lª`¹>¨u¬I+©uª<¶5µH©1ªt¯F®¹ ¬ ¨u«H¯Z³^³/©H«L¬$©H´R«H¯1y¸:¯Z³/©1³:¬
#%$'&(*),+.-/+102+34-65 87 9
;: =< ?>
?@;A#'G:.O*M;<.1*W*M%52N[50@.3Pu|%5G+#:;AJu9<.|KJ+25250U;AY!#+[u25#lBF2^25d\#+9AP!?UG+?T|].10Q2S%50U9<2Z[N|O250UBa;25?UG+4+*W?@G+B\.3|];A*W.D0@%8.O[5J+.3.D%ZB@?;<[N%#+?@.D;AJ-*M4b.525d0^ 9>%8?@0U;A9<[59E.D250o?@;<G+*W.D0o%5[5%8.D9A[5Bt25?U0UG:;<?@%ZG+?]*W*MBt%q|]P-.D#+0@28.K?JE:.L?k
B@%Z;<?Q[N?T#+|].DJl2u4bJE2N; 0Q{V.1*W0U.1%5#cBU?KBF;AX5%5.D9<[N9<Pl250U7:;?U%5G+0U*W%59<B\9A.1;<9+#W*W?U%NG+=H;>BQG+;<=H#:G:.D%5BQ7E%5?@#:.D,0 JW&a(:?@G+B@..%0@._7^=L%8(+0H0H%8BF9A;A9<X5.D.9:B@7+.D0U%5250U7:=H%5GW[N%8%89A?@[5;A252N#M0@;<?@BTG:?U0U*~%8?@%8.1#^[NP5JWd %[j0@2Z.|3|k;<,)9APc9/kr9<2)0U2Z25| Y
%89A[52N0@;<?@G:*?@G:%8?O(:BF._BO%MBF7/.D=1;A%59(+#+;A25#Ekr:#:JpJ+%8?U%MBF?@0U(:=z?U(+0@.S?U2lYN.1.D7R?U0U%N=HYh284\=L25*M7/25#+.D#c?UBDd
$ .8*)(#"$ 487 $&6(!3 63% .8(
' 9:
|Q^ (+¥;>BF7:GI7^;<#
2c?@2lBF.!|:G+?U#^G:;>JR=H%ZG
??UG+.1¥.uXN.1=L;A0UBO2NPx#+%M#+7+,:._;<mE;<=z#:?@.1%5._9]0@Jp;APRB'=L;<25%5*W*MBUBF%87/;A[N[525.#+#+._|.DJj#c;?U?U?@GB3G+.&286469A%5?@G+,^.W.D
9Q½1 28krd7:4;TmE;<?U.1B'9>½B=L0@25%82Z#:#^|O#+J&B3.D7:=L%8?@0@#^.D2E>J J
JE(:6=1=125.
*M %'7/
9>25%8#+,/ .D.1#NT¦9A?_.DdiJI½ue32N=1(E25G+?@9A.R(+7+*M(+BF?@?O#:0H;<%ZBD*Wd?@.D%8[f[5[NPN.. C
2
28%8%54V#^BUB@JM:;<[N#^25#+JE(E;<;<#:?U#:7+[[u(E;<?@?U?]G:BQ%S.?@G:#+=L.O.12N| #+#+#+.19>.D[c%8=L%Z,/?@?U.1._.D9rJhJMCN%8=L;A#^2N*M*lJl%57/=D[5%8.259A#:9<];A.1#+¥h#c[!?UCcBo7+|0U,/G+2E.D;A=L=1=H.D25GWJ+*M(+|.D0@;ABQ.S9A9:25¨1,/#+©H.D¶Z.=L°@282N«I4V*M:?@.2!#:?@JE^G+;A#:#+.JM[l9A%5;%,^?HBo.D7+9<#+;<._m).DJM.D;<[N9:;<*WGc|,/G+%525[52c0H.5BFB6.d\?@e3XqG:%5%8G+9<?.D(:#WG:.O%q?@;AX5BG+.3.kU½XZ7+%8;<0@#9A2E(+=1s.3.D'kHBU½B C
:
')$
U
k ½
HkHk ½½ kUUk ½½ Uk ( ½ kHkH½½ (( (( ( kH½ kH½ kU½
')$
½ ½ ( kH½ kH½ kU½
kU½ ( kH½ ( (
kH½ kU½ kU½ kH½ ( (
½½ ½ (( kHkH½½ kH( ½ kU( ½
')$
kH½ kU½ kU½ kH½ ( (
')$
½½ ½½ (( kHkH½½ kH( ½ kU( ½
kU½ kU½ kH½ ( (
@?;A #N;A25?U!#i2W("!2525#+4\
.J+ O3;AB (%8yT!25#:/;AJ #c?Q'BF³/..1´?U BOM JE%5'.L#:?UJI.8.1$0U?@*l2W;Ae3#+. h;AG+#+.O=L[W;A7+.1|#c(+G+?@0U9A7/;>P&=H2NG ;AB@*M.OBF.17+28?49A.1%M?U*MG+7:..1%8#c(+0@?O?@#:;>?U;<=LG+2N(:#E.u9A%5k25^07/#:.1.1JW9A0H.1%ZJ+*M?U%Z;<.1?H2N#c%u#:?OBBF;>?@25BO0U4K(:;A#a=z²E?UOz³^(+dS¹ 0@¯Z]Q.³%5;ABQ=HM Gi*l?@2-.DB@0@.LBF[N?O?@;<2N;>#:0@BO['.BF?T?@%u|K25=L0U2h2N.DJp9<B@9A.L.D%N?U=LBBk
#+%MB@.L2E?!?UJE0@28.D.N.u4QdM7/BTe3?U2N0@G:BU(:;ABFB!=L;A,+?@;>(+9ABu.-0U.u%59>%8=D;A=L,/#i2N.1*l|9>B!G+7:%8;>9<=H#:;>BFG JxG:.D%W|J #+G+|2E2NJEB@;<?@.-.uGsXZ252N%84t9A#+(+?U9<G+._Pj.BS%&?U%50@0@XN.D.-.D.u=L?@?@0@G+25.D.l7+00U9>%5%8.D0@,/B@0H.1.1%q#c9>P B?UBO25%M4 ?@9>%8G:,/.'$.17:9t:%5%80@~#:.DJp#c|?7/G+#+252N2E;AB@#cJE.W?U._BOBFB1(+du?@2h,^~B@;<=1?U0@7:B;A%87E250U?U#+.1B!.u#c%5?S7^0@Xq%8.l%50U?@.19<G:(:#c..?
4b4b2825254600n1?T?@.1|]G:0U2-.'2&*M^BF.10U._BF?U%8?SB#:B@28B].L4?@?J9>G^+`%8%Z9A,/%5?K.1,^?@9>.DBG+9 ;> B3h;#+½N>C2EBZ+JEC?U¼:.SG+C .l^C;AB]
7:?@%8G: 0U..1%8#c0U#:2)?J 28#:?]2)25J+ 4a.lC ?U¾ G+%5C #:.J ?U 0@B@.Dd .L.5?!6do9A%8wt%5,/;<,^[N.1.D(+9t960U¼h4b.S2N;>¼:0Bd ?U?@G+G:;<.W.'9A9<(^BF7:._BT%5?U=L0@0U2N.D%8#:#c?@J ?.DBQ#+B@?@.L2EG:?DJEd..'?Ue3%50@G+.D#:.S.lJiBFXZB@?@%8.L0U9A?(:(+=L9>.D%8?@BS(+,/0U;A.1# . 9
%8½50UC:0H9A%q%5P ,^.D9` ¼M ;AB3$?U:G+. 7:%5?@.10@.D9A9\#N(:?B254t?@G:9>%8%8,/?S.1#+9>_B 2EJEZE._*C B^C¼&:%8%8#^#:J J
:MGC:%8:#:%qJpXN.uB@2M#+2&25#`7:d%80U.128#c?@?U.!BDC/?U9AG:%5%Z,^?O.D9.D9<Zh.D*M;AB.1#c?@G:!? .'(M7:28%5460@?@.DG+#c.-?%5280@40H9>%q%8PM,/.1;AB 9
#+%l25#+?32E(^JEBF.._JG:C+%NB3BF;A#:#+=12M. 7:('%80U0U.1.1#c7+?D0Ud .DB@.1#c?UB]?UG+.!,:%5=HY)[50U25(:#:JW9>%8,/.19rC+%8#:JI%lXq%59<(:.S254(';<#&?@G:.u%80U0U%qPl*M.D%8#^BK?@G:%8?
?@;A#`G:dO.Ie3e37^G+G+%8. 0U.R.1Q#c²E³/?W³^´3¹ 7^¯Z7+2N³h0U;<2E#c7:=L?@0@._.D2E0UJE=LBl(+._0UJE(+.K(+70U;>B.?@G:[N;AB;<.pXN[5.1?@#W;A0UX5.1.D%!.&#p9>?@%8?T2f,/|].1:2h9 #:{9>J%8,/%8?@.1G:#^9>B.IJl?@9>%8G+,/.O%5.1#:7^9J%8250U4.1#c?U?Q%5G+#:.p%8JI0U0@0U2)%q?@G+P28?W.-7:#+ %82E0UJE.1.p$#c?:254%5u0@?@0HG:d6%q.&"P?Q?U*M0@.D .1.I0U .1?@9A$G:Pu%8:4b? 25u9A9A2Zd3|O";AB?B
*Mh2Ed3JE";?!^BT.D?HB3%8?U0@G+?UBO.u%8BT??U0@9A(^%5=z,^?@.D(:9A0@B R. M ;4\%8#+#:.DJ =1.D BUB@%5%80@#:*P JIOQ4b?@2N2M9<9A2Z*M|O.1B30U[5?@.SG:.-?UG+7:.-%5B@0@.L.D?O#N?O=L2N7/#N25?H;A%8#c;A?@#+.D;A0U#+B[ (+ 7p?@|G+;<.-?@GI?@0U?U.1G+..u(+BF#c.1?U?;<9t=L;2N?S#N0@?H._%8%5;A#+=HG+;A#+._[ B
,XH 1
NR 8¼
>!]Qe
Z ¼ ( ¼
( ¼
3 7
2 4 8 5 6
>?@9wt%8G:;<,/[N.'.1(+XZ9>0UB %8.-9A (+¼+.'½5d Cb28ZE&4 C e3¼+C G+:C .'
(+ $#+;AC^:25%5#E#:kr:JI- f#:3a?@J G:;>B.-J:?@%ZBFG+?U._.l%R=L2N9ABT%5#:?U,^Ji0@(:.DBF96=L.1?@25?(+4o0U=L?@.2NG+#c4b.l2N?U%807:;A%5?T#:|K0@B.D2R9>#N%8?B@,/.L28.1?U49>BB 328 4250S 9>%8C n1¾ ,/.DC .10@9>2hB1 d;<4 d3e33w:G+;A25.uBS0O:%h._0H%5BF0U=H?S2)Gp28B@?.L;A#N?S#:?U=12).125J+[N#c.l.1?U0O%5%59>;<#:%8#^Ji,/B.1G:?@9 G:%NU.B C
4
#+2M7:%50@.D#N?_d
wt;<#^;>JRB%M?UG+9A.%5,^7:.D%590@28.D4t#N??@G+9>%8.u,/B@.1.L9`?_d254t%MB@.L?Dd
;ABK?UG+.u%80U0U%qPW=125#c?U%5;<#+;A#+[l?@G:.(+#+;A25#Ekr:#:JpJ+%8?U%MBT?U0@(^=z?@(:0@.Nd
0@ .1?@y (+&
0U # M»yOH + >!]Qe - y 3
+
63"".8(
')9: wt;A#:J
!#"$"%"
g; 25;>#^>BKB3BT?U?@?U0@G+G+(:..=L9>?39A%8%5?@,/,^G+.1.D.9`92528(+464t#:?U;<?@2NG+G+#I.S.u25:B@.D4a0H=1BT?T25?|K#:B@2WJI.L?_BFB@d.1.L?U?DBDd d
;ABK?UG+.u%80U0U%qPW=125#c?U%5;<#+;A#+[l?@G:.(+#+;A25#Ekr:#:JpJ+%8?U%MBT?U0@(^=z?@(:0@.Nd
:^ #:=19;<Jf.D$ #NJ+?_%8d&?U6%I47e3*)G+BT* ?U.h( 0@ (::47=L0U6?@BF(+?u0U7:.M"!%N*WB@!B!%8$ Y525 ._4K')BO?U$&G+?U/ G+.h.W%8=L9A%:[59>%52NBU0@BF;<?@;>=1%!G:%5*g9t$&=1!7/25').1#+*0@#:4b25.D 0U=z*M?U63%.DB!Jf.89>=L%8(
2N',/*l9.19Q:7/7+250@#:2N.1* 7:#c(%8!?U[cBS3 %Z9>?U%8 ;<,/2N!.1#x9A(;<"!?U#+2i[i
7+%5 0@9<[N2N(!257:/0U%8;[c?UG+%Z?Ue3*.lG:%p*l.u2N(+7+0@#+;<mE.l;A.125.Lf9#E4) Bkk
9>JE%8; ,/{/.1.D9t0@.D?@#c2&?];9>?H%8B,/#:.1.19>B];A[5=DG)%8,^#h2N7+0UBO0U25?@7^2&%8?@[NG+%8.l?@.30U;<?U[N2uGN?@?!G:%8.#:BUJ %8*M,^.D.O9<2Z7+|;<mE.1;<?D9rCNd ?U[G+.G+B@.D*W#+%8.1XN9A9<.1.D0!0Q%R9>%8,/B@;.1?U9V(:7+%Z0U?U25;<2N7:#x%5[N%8%80U?@;>BF.D._BoBO%5;A#:#xJW|._G+%5=H;>=HGhG B@?T(:|K=HG2
.D.Dcc(+(+;A;AXZXZ%8%89A9A.1.1#:#:=1=1..S=14b259A%N(:B@#:BKJiG:;>%NBBK.D,^#N.D?U.1.1#p0U.D=LJp25*M;A#i7+?@9AG:.L?U.-.19A(+Ph#+JE;A25.L#+?Uk.1:0U*M#^J ;<#+BT._?UJ&0@(^%5=z#:?@Jh(:0@G^.N%5dOB3K%-?(:?@#+G:;A.-c(+.1#^.!Ji9>%828,/4o.1?U9rCEG+|.uG+:;>0H=HBFGR?;>7:BK%5?@BUG+BD.!C^._0U%52c=H25G ?
?@280H43%8;<#^?UBFBS9>%Z?@?U0U;<.12N.W#`;ACE#f%5BU?@BFG+;A.W[5#+(:;A#+#+[l;<2N?@#E2Mkr:._#:%5Jf=HGIBT?U7+0@;(:mE=L.D?@9V(+?@0UG+.5.dh9>¦%8,/B@.1.D9`=125254t#:;<Jj?UB37:._%NcB@(+BS;<XZ?U%5G+9<0@.D2N#:(+=L[5.uGj=19A?@%NG:B@.WBDd ;<*W%8[N.-?UG+.1#
7/.10@4b250U*WB!%
7+[5;A0UX5;<2N.De30#&G+#+2N.p.D#+;<.7+[N0UG)%82E,^#:=L2NJI.D0UJ+B=1(+%54b0@(+#&.I#:,/(:=L.u?@B@;A.D25=LBl2E#sJE?T0@|K._.1J&2f?@(+4b%N250UJ+#:0JEBS%;<?U?@8kG+;A25.W#+#:.1%5BF;A.19[5?!G)(E25,/?@4];A259A;0U#+?TG+P
.D2);<[N2E4bG)(:J>,^#:Mb2N=z;A?U0@#p;<;A2N#+|#:[fG+PB &I½L;A=HkGi7+¸V;°zmE=D¹ %5.D¯Z9AB@° B!.³/%8?U©1,/G+¹.2ZJ± X5I:#+.MµU25¯8%80@°H?@#^¨lGpJ %5%8#:?U#^2&J JR?UªA|KG+¶5.WµH.D©LBF9Aª»?O.L¨H4d #+?.1e328;A[543G:G+%. k
,/%8#^25Js0HBQ|]%80U._.OBT?u0U.L#+?U.D(+;<0@[N#:G).D,^J 2NO0UB250%54b0@2N.W0K0U%5.L#?U(+
Z0@k#:#+.D.DJ ;<[NOLdIGc,/e325G+0UG+.R2)9A2E%5J ,^.DMb9A;ABu#h4b|(+G+#:;>=z=H?UGR;<2N=1#
%NBF0@..1?@?@(+G+0U.#:B!#+25?U0@G+?@.RG)|KB@.L.D?-BF?D25Cc4#+9A25%50@,^?@G`.D9ACcBu#+=12N(+0F?U0UG+0@.D.D#N%N?UBT9<?_P C
%5BUB@;<[N#+.DJh?@2h%l[5;AX5.D#IB@.L?284\7+;<mE.19>B1d
,+7:;A%N#:B@%8BDwt0Ud ;<P
[Nwt(+;A0U*M;A[5.'(+%5¼+[50UdA.i.I,½ (R¼+284dA;<,½ 9A9A(5wt(:a, ;ABT[5Ol?U(+0UBF%80UG+.p?@._2ZB¼+|Od ?UB'¾ G+d?U.WG+wt.i%8;A7+[5(+7:(+#+9<0U;>;A.I=125%8#E¼:?@kr;Ad<:25½J#:# (5J%N25O-4QJ+B@%8?@G+G:?U2Z%s.l|O=1BTB-?U9A%N0@?@(^B@G+B@=z.p;A?@=D(:%89>%80@9\.p,/%8.19A;A9>[5#:B-2NJE0@4b;>2N;<=1?@0W%ZG+?U*.D;<#:%N[j=H|Gv;<?U?@G:7+Gf%Z;<m)?W(+.D#+?U9OG+;A25%Z.i#E4 ?Ukr.D.1:c0l#:(+Jx?@;AG+XZ?@%8.I2&9A.1:#:?@0HG:=1BF..?
9?@>=L%8G:9>%5,/.BU.1B@;<9A*W.D;<#+B%8['JE[N28.1.S?@4.14b?U250UG+0*M.|;<;A#:*WG+.D;>JI%8=HGp[5;<.#I,^%Z?U254 G+?@?@Gi..D0Q:BF?UG^0HG+BT%8.!?7/7:.!BF._%N%5=LB@#:25B#^JI%5JM0@;<#c. 7:?U%5.1BU#: B1%½B@d\;0?Te3Z PR G+7+0 .S0@2N¼=L257^0 #:.D#+0F?U0.D;<a0=L._?@B.D =1JR0 %5¾ =L#& 25d`,/*Mwt.u7/;<[N=L252N(+#+*l0@.D.#c7:?U¼:(EB]d<?@J½ 0@._(5.DJ,=7+d OK0@._[fB@BFG+.D.2Z#c|O|?QBK;<0@9A.D9a?@[5G:JE;A.!25;>B@#::=1B(:#:28BU%8B49
,XH 1
NR
"$#+;<?@;>%89A;<nD.!?@G+.uJ:%Z?U%MBF?@0U(:=z?U(+0U.DBK4b250O=19A%NB@B@;>=1%89=125#+#+._=z?U.DJI=L25*M7/25#+.D#c?UBDd
.8 $&/.8$ ;<#:;?U;A%59<;An1N. MKOH+
"$#+;<?@;>%89A;An1.![59A25,:%59XZ%80U;A%5,+9<.S9>%8,/.19a%5#:J&%50@0H%qP >!]Qe!d
9A%5"$"$,^#+#+.D;<;<?@?@9;>;>%8%8&
9A9A;A;An1n1(*.!.S+ ?@9A%5G+,^..D(:9d #+;<2N#Ekr:#:JpBT?U0@(^=z?@(:0@.Nd
?@J+G:%8.W?U% 9<2EBF=1?@%80U?@(:;A=z25?U#j(+0U28.54]d>;<?U]QBu%N.1=H#:GsJE;A0@#+(+[p#
7+;A#
;<mE.1?U9oG+.R*-;A(^*WBT?%8[5,/.W.W;>0@B'._=L.125#:0H=1JE2)._J+J.Dd'Jswt,);APj[5(+;<?U0UBl.WBF¼+?UdA%8½50@½M?@;ABF#+G+[52Zk|O%8B!#:%pJsBU.D%8#:*MJE;A7+#+9A[8.lk7+0U(+;<mE#E.1k9Q9A.19A#+2E[5=1?@%8G k
?@;>BO;A25?U#^G+B1.-d>9A2EM>=1%Z_?U[;<2N#iC ^284oet?U G+>\.-e .D#: JE=;A#+[RO7+;>;<B!mE.1?U9rG+%C .W69<! 2E=D'U%Z] ?@;Av25#f;AB28?@4KG+?@.-G:.h:.1BT9>?HJi%80@;A# ?@;A#+|[&G+7:;>=H;GimE.1?@9]G:%8.-#:9>J %8,/M.1>O9t_284o[?@G:Cx.']Q=L2N" #+#+ ._=z=?@._J O
?@?@=L.DG:2N*M.!*M7^:7^2N#:2N0U%8#+%59r.10@CE#cPu7/?!.1XZ?@0U%52p*M9<(+|%5._#+BoG+.1;>;A#c=H#WGx?O7:9>?U%5%8G+BU,/;>BB!.19½0@25(+28464/#f?U?@G+,/G:..1.9A0@25%8(:#+9A[5#`[c2NdB!0@e3;<|?@G+G+;<9A*p;>9oB,^d\BT?U.hK0@(:?BF?@=L?@2N?@G:0@(+.._0UJ..1#:d-=1JM%5"?u#R254V;>?UB!7^G+;A%5.1#+#pBU;B?U,/;AZE%5.C89<;A?U(:n1G+._BF. ._J J&6?U!?@2p2M'Un125.1] (E0UI2p?U7+:%8(E.D#:?9AJfJW?UG+%5=1.25BUBF#c9A;A%5?U[5%5,^#:;<.D.D#^9AJ BB
,:%N=HYW?@2l?@G:.u=L250U0U.DB@7^2N#:JE;A#+['7:;mE.19>B3284t?@G:.25(E?U7+(E?O;A*M%5[5.Nd
W Dp£ o vxw ' p ¢-£mi p¢lL¢- o
0Ue3JE.L.1G+4b:.1.&#+0.D|]?@Jf2R2N0U%5?@J G+B!.MyWB@.LBF¯Z?G^°r%825¸*7/7/I:.-.1¯Z0Hª<28¯U%Z4Q± ?UR;<%h2N#:0U0@.LB!.D4b[5.1%8;A0H#:25B#`Jj?Ud2iBFG:e34b2ZG:25|0U.'* # 2N7^?@%82p.D#:0U,/J
%8?@.M;ABF25?@(:#:0UBF(:B.1=z4b25(+?U4_(+9o0UyM4b.%2N+¶80S¬i;AI:7:#©F0@2EyW=L2N=L¶Z._*M¬rB@¹ B@7+«H;A(E¶Z#+ª?@[&.DyW0-B@.L¯ZX)?H°r;>B!¸BF;AI+2825¯Z4S#
ªA¯@Z ±;<" ?l'=D7^|K%82N.1#
;<0U#c.u,/?UBD.R2Ndl0@(:;A"$[5B@#x;A.D#:Jf?U%8G+9A?U9A;A2P B
9
9
|e3B@G:G+G+%8;>.!7/=HGW.%25+N7/;A;B].1?Q0H%8%Z=D#+%8?U25;<#M2N?@#:G+,^B].D.0D2825CN464V(:,:%5B@;<(:#)#:P-%8%59A0@9<BFPlPW;An1*-.*M%5(^2N#:=H0@GhJl7+G:G:BF25*W%q9AX525%8.[59A9APl%8.10_0U;A,+C5#+,+;<7+?@;A(E0H#:%8?%80U%'0UPPl,+BT;<?U;A*W0@#:(:%8%8=L0U[N?@PW.5(+d\;<0U*W.3e3%5?@G+G^[5.%Z.!BF?Q¥?@=10U%5(:%5#'=z#:?U,/JI(+.0U%h;<0U#+.1¨z[7+¬r°z.D0U²:9<.D.D«LB@*M.1¬r²E#c.1°z?@#c¹._³c?]J-±h0U,).1©1P-7+ª<©P0U%!yM.DB@,:©1.1;<³:#c#:?H¬ %5Bo30@P% C
('
;A*M%5[5.Nd 2Z|].DX5.10_C8?UG+.10U.!%80U.%u#)(+*',^.D0]254a=L25*M*M25#&BT?U0@(:=L?@(+0U;A#+[-.D9<.D*l.D#c?UBKBF(:=HG&%5BK%u0U.D=z?H%8#+[N9<.284
¾
!#"$"%"
+- . &
('?U 2 < %Z7m >2Z|
"$#+;<?@;>%89A;<nD.!%59<299>< %8,/%8.1m 9>B 2N2N#&9 9A;<#:. x?U2Wn1.D0@2
+-". & ('?@
;AB@¼+*M7^dAJ½ ._%5Z-=L[5;<;A.h:9<9A.D(:7:JpBF0@?@2EJE0H=L;A%Z*M._?@B@._.1B@B#:;A#+B@BF[i;<2N2N*M#:7:B%5.!=H-=1YZ'25%5*M[5.D<*MBuM 2592#pC {V!| .1BTO
0'?U360@25(^%x0O=z9<?@%M;A(:,+0@=L0H;A;A%8#+0U0U=1[MPx(+.19>25%89A.140*M?@0UG+.1.1[5._#cBF;A?H25.&BO#&%87+28#:0@4o;AJI*MBFB@7/;.1?U.D;<X5XN=1.D;.R0U^%5.DBF9VJp?@0U#+(:JE25=z;>#:%8?UBF(+*M?U0@%5.L;A#:#+?U.1J+[ 0 %5.D0U- "9<JR.D*M" 25^ #+.1._#cB1M?UJdBDdjO
3d wt^ ;A[52N(+*M0U..
7+B@Pc;<mE*M.1e3*M9tG+28.L.M4\?U0@?@7+;>G+=(+.l0UBF7/?@BT0U2N?U(:0@B@(^.'=z?U=z25(+?@(:4Q0@;A0@?@#+;AG:#+[W.h[h.DBT9<.D?U.D9<0@*l.D(:*l.D=L#c.D?@(+#c?DC:0U?;A,:#+;>B(E[&?JE.D.D*W9<#+.D%q*M28Ph?U.1.D;A#cJ #i?UB!%N7+BO;>0@BS;A;<#:?U?@BM=12i;<7+¯Z%59A°z.u=L¹±5?u,/¹ %5³ .uBS+V%8?U7+#)G+0UP&;A25B,/=H;>G:.DBOB!2N28B@284.1?U4]#p.1?@#i7+G+;<.M?Um)G+.D,+.'9;Ad #:=1%5.1#c0@B@P ?@;<0H#:%8;A[M*W96?@7+%8G+[N;<.um).5.DdM2N960@25;A[54#:;A#%.
;?@A%5*MG:B3.R%5%l[5BF0U.G^.L%84b%8.17/#^0U.WJI.1#^+=D=L?U%8.SB-#p7^;<,/#^2N.BF;<#c;>JE(:?D.RC)BF._?U%iJ&0U%50U?@#:.12WB@[N9A.1;<%82N;<?@?@#`;AG:25dp.1#:0OB]w+.D2528#+0-469A?@%5.LG+m+0@[N.%8.S*MBF?@%M7+0U(:9A0U.5.1=zCt[N?U(+|];<2N0@.R#R;A#+*l,)[lPh;A.1[59A?UGc.1G:?-*M%Z?|3.1#c%8B@?OG:#c%5?=1%57^?U#&.2x2N,/=H03.!G+?@.D7+2h=H9>Yx%5=H=LG+?@._G+._J&=H.&Yh%5BF#)|;APcn1G+.h|.LG:25?UG+.140U.1G+.02525259A.D#&0B#+?@,)G:25P .?
B@.1.1;A#+[M;<4\%MB@*M%59<9A.10OJ+;AB@YW+?HB.1#c?@;A0U.19APh|;?UG+;A#p%M0U.1[N;<2N#`C)|G+;A9<.u%l9>%80U[5.10JE;>B@YRJE2).DB3#+25?Dd
& !(
&
@?e3G:G+.=1.l9<#:2c,:%8BF%5*M;A#+B@;>.D[h=uB\2N25;A7^#:7/.DJE.10U;>0H=1%8%Z%8?@?U;A?@;<25.N2N# CN#:%!BO=D%8JE25# ;A4Q9A%8,+=L?@9A;A;A2N#:25B@%8#l.u0UPI25(+7/7j*l.10H;<2N#c%Z0@?@?U7:;A.125G+0U#l#:259A%8.12596#:[NG+9API%5250@%59A[N.D0@.DB.pB\;<´Z#x%S¹ ª<0@%R¶8.D¬[50@¹ ;A.D¯825[5³:#`;AC]25CZ#i©1|°@G+¯q%8¨z#^;A9A¹ .OJi¯8³:%8.1CQ#l9A;<«1*M.1ª<0U¯q;A2N#:¨zB@¹ %Z³c;<?U2N±5. #-Ca*W%5,:#:%8%qJYNPE.DB ¯UB\W¸:;<©1%5?Q³:9<BF2N¹ *W³c#+±5[W%8du9A?@9A.1G:0_.B d
4b,/0U2525(+*#:J:?UG+%8.0UP5,^dp2N(+O#:#
J+%5250@7/P-.1#:;<#c;<#+?@2![x?U25G+7/..1,:0H%Z%N?@=H;AYc25[N#
0@2N=D(+%8#:#sJ-[50@.1.D?-[5;A0@25;>Jf#`da28e34OG:B@*M.*M%59<%89]?@7^G+2N.D0F*W?U;<%Z2N?@#:;>=1B%5259:4]JE?U.1G+:.R#+;<0U?@.1;A25[N#:;<2NBo#x%50@?U.G:%Z%5?OBt4byT2N(+9<?'9A2Z25|O(+,B ? &
!#"$"%"
M N% O Mb,aO
>O_[ ^ e6 >\e = ]Q " = a!'U]
( (
¼ ½ (
(
½½ ( ½ (
(
(
Z
Z
( Z (
(
½ (
=
M JO
.1%8wt#^#^;<[N=LJ (+2E0UJE]].'.D JM¼+" dA,)½5Pl½$ &j;=?H']Bs;A0UOz#:2ZdV%5| "$0@#
PpM>O%5;A*MjJ:JE%5[ ;[5?U.YOo;<2N%5#`M %$#:CVOJl4b25%8?@0#:G:Jx.._%5=L;=H?H2NGjBS9<(+0@0@*M(+2Z#+|#:krBQ9A25.128#+4Q4[5?@;<?@G:?UG BQ.lBF.D;A?U*W#:%5=L0F%82E?U[N;<JE#:.5;A[uC#+[;>O%8#:_ MbJM,a[ O.D#:%8^ JE#:e6;AJd#+ [uM >t=J7/Oze~25d ;A7/#N]Q?H25%NB!;A=H#NGiM ?H^ B0@e6(+?@ 2I#j>\?@28e G+4O.l½$ :) B=0HBF;A B?
?@0UG:(+.u#W=L28254V*M?@G:7/.O250@#+2Z.D| #c?3%89>#^%8J ,/.1>9a_284t[ ?@G+]Q.! 0U(+" #x7/++;<25?O;A#N;AB3?HBo;A#+?U2;<?@;>?@%8G+9A.;<nD9A.D%NJ&BT?Q?@2W0U(+nD#W.10U252:4/d ?UG+.O0U2Z|d6e3G+. a! 'U] p:.19>JM|;A9<9^G+259>J
µ
# &(*),+.-/+102+34- :©
I ').4 !* 64?' (%! M¯F®W¶&¨L©1¬¯F®O¸V¹º)©Lª ¨ µ9 ¶-¸:¯q¨z¹ ¬¹ ¯8³<Z©H«L¬$¯Z°'¹>¨h´5© ³V©H´
M ¼:d<½O
9
T
@;>B BK7^._?@G+=Le3;<.u:G).D%5(:Jp*lBQ?@%82NG+*M(+.#c2N??@(+0H?@#c%82M?D#:dB@*M9>e3%Z2Z?@G+X5;A.!25.!#W?U;A#&0U25%54a0U#:2Z%-BF|O9>%ZB@B3.L?U?3;<%82N#:28# 4J ]½$1)|]2SB]2N;<;A#I(+BK9>?UJ&%uG+,+.u,/;A.u#:%8*M%5B@7^0@2NPl._(+=L;<#c;<*W:?K.D%5?UJp[52W.%5*M*MB2Z%52ZX5#pXN.S.D25Bo;<#i0H?UJEG+=L.1.S2N0U.D9<.1(:JR#c*l?@7:;A#^0@%8B1.S;A0d BF.1M ?]/1250 4a12P25O3#+._|BQG+,).DPl0@. ?@G:/.
#
¥ ¶Z³V´W¹>¨-´5© ³VI:©U© ´&/µ (647')(%! ¯T®pµL¹ ³V¶Z° f¹iyM¶D±N©h¥ µ j¨H¬r°z²:«1¬²E°z¹ ³)±f©1ª<©PyM©1³:¬ ¹>¨p´N©L³V¯Z¬$©U´sµ
& (*),+.-/+102+34- 9 9 ' 9
¥ M ¼:d Z$O
' 9
' '
;>½LBk7+B@;<|]e3mE.D.1G+7E9r;>C8BS??@(+2ZG:XN#+..1;A.1250#c#s?U?UG+;<=10U.l%8.#j;<?@*W0H,^%8%8.l#^[NBF.5?U9>G+d!%Z25?U]].D(+JM%5[N=HGcBTGp?!?U0@?U25(^;<4]*M=z?@%5.u(:B!0@?U;A%IG+#+.l[u#+.D25.D;<9<0U[N.D;<Gc[N*l,/;<#i.D25#c0U25?KG+4o2)B@?@G:2EG+%8Ji.l7/25.OBT?U7/;>0@BK.1(:0H==L%Z?@?U>(+250U._0_;AJld-#+[R?@e32G+.D?U9<.W.DG+*l.BF?@.D2N0U#c(:(E?=z?@?U7+?@(+2N(+0@(:?];A#+=H;AG+*M[&._%5.1B[59A.1%h.N*MC5,:|.1;<#c#:G+?%5;>=H0@GP
'
;A#+7+(E?O;A*W%8[5.NCE7+0U2)J+(:=L;A#+[l?@G+.!^#:%89`0U.DB@(+9<?284ow6;A[5(:0@.¼+dA½D¼N=,OLd
#
¥ ¶Z³V´W¹>¨-´5© ³VI:©U© ´&$2µ .8%*)("! ¥¯F ®iµL¹ ³V ¶Z°
i¹ yW ¶1T ±c©R ¥p¥µ f
¨z ¬°z²:«1¬²E °z¹ ³)±v©1ª<F© yW©1³:¬ ¹>¨ ´5©1³/¯8¬©HM ´v¼:d ¼Nµ O
&(*),+.-/+102+34-
' 9
'
9
9
'
' 9
' '
9
'
' 9 '
%(
!#"$"%"
½ ½ ½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½
½½ ½ ½½
½ ½½½ ½½ ½½
½ ½
½½
½ ½ ½ ½
½ ½
%$OS'K;A#:%80UPh;A*M%5[5. ' ,aO ^ ?@0U(:=z?U(+0@;A#+[R]Q9<.D*l.D#c? ^
½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½
½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½
½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½ ½
½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½ ½ ½
=,O " ;A9A%8?@;A25#i¥ ' JOU]Q0@2cBF;A25#&¥ '
½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½
½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½ ½½
½½ ½½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½
¶Z³V´W¹>¨-´5© ³V©H´Rµ I:© $&!(!3 ¯T®SµL¹ ¥ ³V¶Z° li¹ yM¶DM ±N¥©O ¥µ O '¨H¬r°z²:«1¬²E°z¹ ³)±l©1ª<P© yM©1³:¬ ¹>¨S´5©1³/¯8¬©H´!¥ M ¼:d O
# &(*),+.-/+102+34-
9
9
' '
9
'
(' '
0?@UG:.D=z.u?Hwt%8B@%5;<#+[N*l[N(+(+.0U9>.h%8BF0Q?@¼+0UBFdA(:½D?@=z¼80U?U(:.W(+=z0U;A?U9A;<(+9<#+(:0U[MBF;<#+?@.D0H['9<%Z.D.1?U*l.D9A.1Bu.D*M#c?@?D.1G+d#c.R?J++=19<w62c;ABF[5;A#+(:[i0@.25¼:4d<½_?@¼ZG+4`.h;A9<,:9A(:;<#:BF%5?@0H0@%ZPf?U.D;A*MBQ?@%5G+[5.S.W25257/4.1wt#+;A;A#+[5(+['0U28.R4¼:?@G:d<½_.¼5%I,+;A#:,)%5Px0@PM?UG+;A.&*M¼i%5[5,).OPf,)P¼
$ . (* $ ' BF;A#+[M.19A.1*M.D#N?H%80UPW257/.10H%Z?U;<2N#:B3284t,+;<#^%80UPh*M250U7+G+259A25[NP
}%8#^J =D%8#+*M25.1?0H%'?U25?U(:%8=HYNG+.D;ABO#+[I%5#p25#+;<*W.M%8%8[N#:.!28?@"KG:25.140_d!%Me37^.DG:#+0@._#)BFP5G+C^2N%W9AJ+J+;<#+;<*M[&.5;AC/BS%8(:#:B@Jp.DJf%WB@c(:(:=1%5=10F.D?UBU.1BT0O4b(+9A9AP)9AP&;<#+?U[W2I2N=1#i0@._%M%Z?U|.lG+%R;?U.u,+;<,:#^%N%8=H0UYcPi[N;<0@*W2N(+%8#:[NJ .
' |;<?@G½,+;?HB4b2N0?@G+.u=125;A#i0@.D[5;A25#:B%5#:J (M,+;<?UB4b2N0?@G:.u,:%5=HY)[N0@2N(+#:Jd 2N( %80U.![5;AX5.1#I?UG+.uY)#+2Z|#
JEM J+;>%8;<9>*M%Z?U.L;<?U2N.1#`0HC)Bo.1280U4/2N?@B@G:;<2N.#`=LC52N2N;<7^#:.DB #+;<#:3[:C CE=L9A!2NB@CN;<#:%5[N#:OJ %5#:JMd ?UG+.BF;A9A#+25[![N;A?U=DG+%8.O9^25257/7/.1.10H0H%Z%Z?@?U2N;<2N0UBQ#:Bo25 4/" *WC^%Z=?UG+>.1*WC)S%8?@S;>=1e!%8C)9:%8*l#:2NJ 0@7:<iG+"T25 9A25 [N^P
=yTLM (:B@2N.LBF#c???U%8?@JEG+;A; #h{/.u.DyTc0@(^(:.DBT#:%5?=L0F?U?U. G+.1Oz0_.MC`d B@7^G+.D2Z#+|#)7P G+2ZM |%NB'?U½M2&,+7+;<0U?U2EB JEOzC (:"=1.-BF?UG+G+2N0@(+.D.-9>Jj,+=1;A#:25%5#c0@?UPi%5;<#R2N(EyT?@(:7+BT(+??S?UG+;A*W.W%8JE[5;A._*lPB &.NCa\%8C #^" J C`%8#:B@J G+2N'(+d9AJf¤=LBF2NG:#c25?U(+%89>;A#J
#!
&
%
A;| #+9A;<;?@2N?UGv;AB@%5;<#+93%i[c7+B]7:0@%52E%5;<#:=10-.DJWBU28B12N4OC\7^=L7+.D2N#+0U*l2E;<#:JE7/[N(:25B3=L#:._%8.1B-#c0U.?U%xB!(:,+?UB@G:.L;<#^4b%Z(:%8?l9/0UPfBF;A#RG+;A2N*W;A(+*W%89>Js%8[N[N.R,^;<#+.R|[l;<B@?@%8.1G
7+7^7:%8?U9<0H;<;>#)%Z=1P
?@%8.!?@G+;AyT252N2N#:9<;<._B]#:B-.D|Js;AG+#
.1,)0U?@Pj.OG:.I%p?UG+=1?U0U25G+.D#+;AB@#
G+#+25._0@=z9>.DJE?U[5.D;A;A#+Jv25[:#sCc=1252528*M0343BF4b7^252N2N0U*M#+.1.1[N.#c0@252N?H?@B-(+G+#:2N.DJ 00
7+0U.D;<mEB@(+.199>?!B1ds284]wt?@;<[NG+(+0U.D0@B@.IG+¼+2N9AdAJEP½ c%;A#+p[R;ABl?@2i% BF.D 9<J½ ._Z =z?!8 7+;< m)J½.DZs9ABS½ |¾ ;<k?@,+Gf;?l[5[50H%q0HPI%qPc?@k25BU=1#:%5.D9<B!.M%8*M,/2Z.DJEX5.&;>=1%5,½ 9]( (;A*W+C%8%8[N#^.5JxCwtwt;<;<[N[N(+(+0U0U.R.l¼+¼:dAd<P½ ,½ N,N=
u;A;>B'BS?@?@G:G:..
0UB@.D*MB@%5(+9<99)?3G+282N469<._7^B1.Ddt0F4be32N0@G+*M.;ABT#+?U0@['(^%5=z#R?@(:250@7/;A#+.1[S#:;<.1#+9A.1[l*M25.17/#c.1?\0H%Z(:?UBF;<._2NJ-#W;A?@#'2M?@B@G+.1.K7:25%57/0U%8.1?@#+.;A#+?U[!G+.!|325%50UB [N" %8#^" ^ BQ%8#^MF½DJRN¼ Oz%-C5=1%59<#:2cJBF;A#+?UG+[-.?@BT2l?U0@[5(:.L=L?3?@0U(+;A0UJR;A#+28[ 4
.19A.1*M.D#N?O(^BF._JR;A#I?@G+.u=19<2cBF;A#+[M|K%NB " " ^ MfZ%OLd
*W|G+%5.1=H'K?@G+G+;<;A#^#+.D%80O.&0U;PXc?O;>*MB@G^;<%52N25JI#`0U7+d %8G+#)2N^ Ph9<?@2N.1*M[50UP#);ABU,^=DB@.D%8;<#+0@#[ [W%82NMT9>BF½ 032,+
,^0@ .2NOY5(^B@.DBFG+#R._2ZJS?U|]?@.12O._.LJ
?U7/G`.1G+dQ0@2Z4bwt25|;A0U[5*¤(+%x0UXN|K..1%8¼+0U?UPdA=H½ B@Gv 7^%l._[N=LB@.DG+;<%8^2Z0l=o|O=L;AB#:2NB@(+%l7^9AJv,+._=z;<#^,^?@;A%8.I250U#uPh;<#^?U;<BF%5*W7/B@.DYE%5=LB[5?@.!;A.D#J28;<4\#:?@%MJ+2f(:|K=HBTG+?U%80@.D?U;>=H=H%8GY 9
[5284._%8?U0_.1da.1?@e3G`G+Co.3||3G+%Z;>?U=H=HGvG-%8[50U.D.h%506;A#:G^JE%5;AB6X);A4bJE25(^(+%80\9AG+9<Ps2N9<X)._Ba;AB@;A;A#:,+B@9<.R;AJ+.K;<#
254+?UG+?@G:.R.K;A*W*W%8%5[N;<#'.5di25,E"$yT#v._=z2N?o0U%8JE#:.D0uJ-?U;AB\2 B@7+(+0U0@2)0U25=1(:.DBU#:BJE.D?UG+Ju.R,cPu|3%Z%?H#)=HG
(+*-[5,/.D%5.100
;AB@*M;<nD%5.DB[5._|KB1.1C 0U^ .?@JE.D0@.D#)0@;A,/X5.1._0UJl[x4b0@JE2N.1*:#+?@.DG+J.BF7+.DG)X5P).10HB@;>%8=19%8B@9^7/7+.D0U=L25;>7/%89].10@7+?@(+;A.D0UB7^252c4VBF.&?@G+BT.S?U0@|K(:%8=L?U?@=H(+GW0U;A[N#+.D[ %80_.1d69A.1e3*MG:.D.O#N?H4bBu259A9A|2ZG+|2c;<#+BF.&['BFBTG:?U0@%5(:7^=L._?@B-(+0U%5;A#:#+J[
.19A.1*M.D#N?HB%80U.!(:BF._JI;<#&?@G+.|3%Z?H=HGEk[5.D%50];A#:B@7^._=z?U;<2N#p%59<[N250U;?UG+* &
9%6$ .(!3 %u0@;A#+[u254`7+;mE.D9ABQ|G+2NB@.JE;>%8*M.1?@.10];ABKB@9<;A[5Gc?@9APl9A%50@[N.10o?UG:%8#W?UG+.J+;A%5*l.1?@.D0UBQ284?@G:.
4b%-25(+4b.D03|¤G+2N7:9<;._mEB].19>;AB#&%Z?@?3G+?U.!G+|3.1;A%Z0?U=H=LG&.D#c[5?@._.1%80HBD0HdB1dt"?3+?UBtyT(:BF?%80U25(:#:JM?@G:.DB@.SG:259A.DB3%8#:JI=1%5#R,/.(:B@.DJW?U2M*M%50@Y
9%6$ :;47* %8#p2E=z?H%8[N25#h?UG:%Z?O;>BB@9<;A[5Gc?@9APh9>%80U[5.D0]?UG:%8#I?UG+.G+259A.DB3;A#I?@G+.|3%Z?H=HG&[N.D%50UBDd
3"$&4?. 7 / %MJE;>B@Y&BF?@0U(:=z?U(+0@;A#+[M.19A.1*M.D#N?3?UG:%Z?O;>BO%5B3,:;<[W%5BK?UG+.[5._%803*M;<#)(:BO;?HBK?@.1.1?@G`d
*)47: 6(!3 .8(!3 * 4 $2. %JE;>BFY BF?@0U(:=z?U(+0U;<#+[ .19A.1*M.D#N?I?@G^%Z?p;ABI(:B@.DJ ?@2 *M2ZX5.jB@9A;<[NGN?U9<P
25(E?T|3%80HJW4b0U25*¦?UG+.[5._%803,/2)J+P5d
$Z
!#"$"%"
%NO <i.DJE;>=1%59;<*W%5[5.
,aO3e3G+0U.DB@G+2N9AJE._JR;A*W%8[N. '
=,O >._BF(+9<?O284\*M250U7+G+2N9<2N[5;>=1%89/257/.10H%Z?U;<2N#:B
A;|wt*M;<;<[N?@%5G&(+[50U.% .-B@" G+¼+2ZdA" ½P^|a&#!MF;<½D#u¼NB@%N.uOO/BF25;A?@B`4\0U?@(:,:G+=z;<#:0U?U.D(+%5B@0@0@G+;API#+2N[u*M9AJE.D25._9<J0U.D7+*MM G+%Z.12N?]#c9<2N½,?K([5%5(Ph#:$Jh;AO:# ?@=L2*M9A2N7+.DB@0@;AJE#+2E;>[u=1JE%5(^|9a=L;<.\;A?@*WG&?@G:%8% .[5;A,+" #+;A[^" #:^ d3%80Ue3PMfG:Z%;A.*WOQ[5 %8;A½[5X5Z;.._BoB@8 G+?@2ZG: |.J½ #!ZI0U.D;A½B@#(+¾ ,ak9?H,+OzB];<do?OB@G+*l7^2Z._|.DJE#+#W;>;<=1#:;A%8#[ 9
,= OLd
,XH 1
NR N¼
[NOS' '
?U;<7 BF7:%N=L;A#+[ GaO >_JE.1] 4b.D^ =z ? E=Le (+. OO=MMQ> ' uk' h' O
;
¨z¯T®¬°z{µ²:«1¬r²E°z¹ ³c±Izo©L¹ ª<¬©PIiyW°U©L©z³^¨r¸:¹ ¬ Z©U©1«1³¬Q]¬$ª<¶Z¯u©1³}¬ ¥g¯Z°z¹>¨-¹±5´5¹ ³/© ¶8ª-³/¶Z©HµL³V´&¹ ³V´ µ ¶Z° ¹i yM¶DM ±N©i¥I¶ ¸/O °@p¯_«H¥ ©z¨H¨1©H´ I:©µL¹ ³V%!¶Z° /(
¹i' yM(%!¶D±N©4 6 /I(6¶Z4?³V' (´ %! ¶
&(*),+.-/+102+34-
.<
9 '
'
9
9
' >
9
' M ¼:d ¾ O
zsI+©1°@©-i¬ I:©u¹ ³V´5©Uº ¹>¨¬ I+©u¨ yW¶Zª ªA©z¨z¬K¹ ³/´5©UºR¨1¶Z¬r¹>¨ ® Z¹ ³)±
9
>
?@G:.250U;<[N;<#:%59V;<*W%8[N.¥?@2M7+0U2)J+(:=L.S?@G:.0@._BF(+9<?UBDd
¾
!#"$"%"
½ ½½ ½ ½ ½
½½ ½ ½ ½½ ½ ½½
½½ ½ ½ ½ ½½ ½ ½ ½ ½
½ ½½
%$OS'K;A#:%80UPh;A*M%5[5. ' ,aO ^ .1?@9A0U.1(:*M=z?U.D(+#N0@? ;A#+[ J= O ^ D. ?@9<.D0U(:*l=z.D?U#c(+? 0@;A#+[
½ ½½ ½ ½½
½½ ½½ ½ ½ ½
½ ½½
JO ¥ J. O
wt;A[5(+0U.¼+dA½ c&\e3G:.257/.10H%Z?@;A25#&284o=L2N#:JE;<?@;A25#:%59`JE;<9>%Z?U;<2N#`d
W {OlL¢l£o¢ mj£t\L
G?@+;A;A25#:[5#aG+=1.!d=.D0F<i%Mk9A.1B@2c.LX5BT?.D?S9o28;<*W7+4t0U0@%52).D[5=1[5.-.D;A25JE7:#:(:0@BK0@2E._G:=LB._%NB@?UBKB@G:;A,^%Z#+.D?'[h.1#p7^7:.D%N;A0FJ+=H4bYq.12N%5#c0@[5*g?@;<._:BJ+.DG:J`.D=L%qCE;>X5?@B@.-G+;<2N.25#E7/7:kr*W.10@0H2N%5%Z7^Yc?@.D2N;A0F#+0U?U[IBO;<._?@?UB]G:%N25%8BF4aYE?S?UB=DG+%8B@.(:# 0@=H7+.DG
[50U2E;A%525JEB!#:(:0UB]=1.D,/.'=125.D%R=L[52N#:B@*M.L;?U?!;<.!2N28?@#j4G+7:.!2N0@0;A2N#+;<7^#:7+.DB@(E0F7/??U.D;<?U._=z2 Bk
4b0U25.10-[5;A.D25%5#a=HCGf?@G+0U.h.1[5=1;A25.1#c#a?@d 0U25 ;>J25*MC?U*MG+.W25#f.Lm)7+?U0@0@2N.D7^*M.D%50F9o?U;<7^._B!2N;<;<#c#^?H=LBP9A+\(:BFJEG^.h%8[N7/.1.W25*M7+0@.12N?@7^0U.D;A=l0F?U7+;<._0UB!257/BF(:.10@=H?@G
;A.D%NBB!B@(:*l=H._Gs%5B@%5(+B!0U.D?UG+BS.h284K%80U?@.DG+%I.h28=14K;<0H?@=LG:(+. k
9>BF%8?U0U%Z;?U?T;APIBF?@%8;>=1#:BDJIdS.1"$#i9A25#:?@G+[N;>%ZB!?U;<BF2N._x# =z?U+:;<%52N#:# Jp|];<.'#c?U[5.1;A#:X5B@.;?T?UP&G+7+.M0UJE25.L7/:.1#:0@?@;?U;A.D;<2NBO#:B@B(:=H25Gi4]B@%525B*M*M.u._28%84Q#i?@[5G+0H.'%qPW*l?U2c25BT#+?S.u(:B@%5.L#:4bJp(+9\XZ[5%8.D0U25;<2N*M(:.LBK?U?@0@.1;>=umc?U%5(+#:0UJ .
7+B@G:0U25%87/7/.M.10@7+?@;A0@.D2NB7^%5.D0@0F.!?U;<=L._2ZBXN%8.1#:0U.DJjJh.L;AmE# 7+ 9>%8G:;A#f%87+G+?@2Z.1|}0 -2?UG+N.1#&P "$*W*W%8%qP [N.,/ea.W.1(:mc?UB@(+.DJj0U.5;<d #
JE._=L;>BF;A25#+kr*W%8Y);A#+[&?U%5B@YEB1d 0H%qPNk9A.1X5.D9
[5JE.D.125:*M"$#+#W.!.L?U?U?@G+0@G:;>.S=.DB@J+7+.S;A0UBU7:25=L7/0@(:2N.1BU7^0@B@?@;<.D2N;A0F.D#W?UB];<._?@%8B3G:0U%8.O,c?]P ?U4bG+2N.9<9A0U2Z.1|O[NBD;<2NCNx# |K) .B]%8JE0U.D.D#+% 28?U .O?U%8G+#^.SJhB@=L.L.D?3#N28?U0@4`2N7:;ABJ;mE.1M /c9>B]0 2P;<#IO E%u0UBU.1BF[5(+;A*M25#W;A#+,)['P BUc>(:d)%8e30U.OG+.!7+;<BFmE;A*M.19>B17+Cc9A.D|KBF.?
,XH 1
NR
4?.8$&4
½
M %O¼:d
|G+;>=HGp*l._%8#:BK?UG:%Z??UG+.u%80U.D%';>BtyT(:BT?%W=125(+#c?2846?@G+.7:;mE.19>B;A#I?@G+.0U.1[N;<2N# l d
$&!').%(/
/
/ ¼:d
M
NO
2
2 :¼ d
M O
?@7+e3G:0UG+25.D.=1(+;A[N=LB@.DGI;<2N#c#&._?@0U%52525=H4a;>G5J?U.1MM/1#c/0C?@02PG:2FO BOOK28;>BK4o}?@%'G);>(:7:BOBK;%MmE?@.17:G:9%5. ;>;<B\0yT%q28(:X54\BF.D?@;<0U;<#c%5^?@[5%5.D. ,+[5u9<.D.!0U9<2EBD4bCx2N=1%803M /c?@?@;A0 G+252P#&.uOK=1;A28BO.14a#c[5?U?@.1G+0U#:.25.1;>7+0HJ%8;<d mE9A9<.1Ph9>B3#:;<28#&??@%MG+.7:%5B@;<.L0O? 25l4tdo;A#cO?@.D25[5?@.1.S0H?@B,G:+E%828?O4 ?@.1.DXN#i.1#%
$2.8(:;$2' $ .
sL M/10C2PO : $W M/102,O ?
W
M/10C2PO :LNM/102,O ?
$2.8(:;$2' $ . 6$2!3"')9
|MQ/4
024
,O : L MQ/#0C2O
T Z | MQ/
10C24
,O Y: W MQ/c0C2O?5: L M/*02%O +¼ dA½ M ,(NO
|G+2NG+0@.D;A0@n1.2N#N?HTs%89A9<½Pp;>BQ%5JZ=1yF25%5*M=L.D7+#c(E??U.D7+JM;<m)*M.D9A2EBSJE;A#i(+9A2?@G:v.'CN7/?@.1G+0U.;<*M9<.D.1#+?@.1[80!?UGh=1%528(:4VB@?@.-G:.OXZ%87+9A;<(+m).R.D9/½-B@.D?@2&c(+,^.D.M#:=L%5.NJ+dtJ+e3.DJpG)(:?UB2h?T?@|]G:2.-XN?U.1280@?U?@%5;>9=1CV%5|9<9AP-G+;A2N9A.0
?T|K2MJ+;A%5[525#^%89A9<Ph%NJqyF%5=1.1#c?7+;mE.D9AB=D%8(:B@.%8,/25(E?u½Nd '?@2W,/.u%5J+J+.DJd
0U.1[5;A[ 25#&;<?@;AG B?@?UG+G+..'9A%5.10@#+._[5% ?@GI28%54t#:?@JiG+.7/7/.10U.1;<0U*M;A*l.1?@.1.1?@0.D0O¦B@cJE(:.1%5:0@#+._.DJ&J`JEC`;A%hX);A=LJ+2N.D*lJI*M,)PW2N# ?@G+*M.u.D%5%50@B@._(+%+0Ud .u284o?UG+.M=L;A0U=1(+9A%50@;<?TPI284o?@G:.
(. 64?.8(
'
+¼ dA½5½O
M
|K|O25G+2Z(+|K.1?@9>.1JvG+XN.D.14b00_2NC/0h?UG+4b25=L.'2N07/#NJE?U.1;A;<0U[5#);A;<*l(+?U2N%8.1(:9o?@BM.DB@0SG:7+%8;>9>BS7/%8.D#:=LBD25%5C *M0h7+BFG^(+%8?@7/.DJj.DBD%5CQ%5BBU,+B@?@(E(+G+?R*M.l4b.D#)25BS(+0h;*-?HJEB,/;A[5.1BF;<*W0S?U%528%594]9<9A2).D;?H=LBFB?U?S%55kXZ[5r%525#:9<#^(+.1B';A.l[52NG)#+0h,^252N?SJE0@;>4b;A%82N#+*M0[W25JE,/#:;<25[NJ:0H;?HBWJE%8.1JE90S.1=17+7/;<0H;<.1mE=L#:9A.1.DJ+9>BDB;<#+C`2N[
%50SBS2N%N;<# ?B
|284)G+?U.DG+0@.Q. B@G:%87/%5.\#:?@J2?UG+.QB@%5G:0@%8.'7/?@.oG:,/.W25*l(+#:._J:%8#s%80UP%8#:%8Jf#^JBF?U=1%8%8#^#!J+,/%8.Q0HJj=L2NJ+*M.1X)7+;A(E%8?@?@._;A25J#j%5=D28=L4K25?@0HG+JE.W;A#+JE[K;>?@BT?H2%8?U#:G+=1.o.l4b2N4b0@9<2N9A2Z*{|;<?@#:G+[].h4b2N=10@.1*'#c?@(+0U9>25%5;>BDJ d
%8#^JR;>BOB@;<*M;A9A%5034b250OJE;A[5;<?U%59`%8#:Jp=L2N#c?@;A#c(:25(:B3B@G:%87/.DBDd
9>%8,/.19A.DJI=L25#:#+.D=L?@.DJEk=125*M7^2N#+.1#c?HB3;<*W%8[N.
.8$&3"("! .8$23%(%! .8 %+ %6 "+ $2.8(: (. (. .847/( * .4 / ( *
! : 4?.8$&4 $&!' $ . $&!')$2. 6$&!3 ' 9 6 4?.8(
'
64?.8(
' :;$&47! #747.
Z
½ $ ¾
½5½5½5d d +½5d
½,½ (+¾ dbd ¼Z ½ ZE d d :¼:¼ dd ¼N
$¼(
Z bZ
Z
+:d dd
(
Z Z
¼
_½ ¼
)dA½ d
N½ d Z ( (%
7+0@2N7^.D0F?U;<._BK284t?@G+.!?UG+0@.D.!0@.D[5;A25#:B
wt;<[N(+0@.¼:d<½
*& 'K%NBF;>=S7+0U257/.10@?@;A.DB3284t;<*W%5[5.!0@.D[5;A25#:BDd
Leftmost top
Rightmost bottom
@??@wtG^G:;<[N.%Z(+?O.L0Um).1.#^?@0U¼+=L.19AdA2N*W½ B@%8.D&tBK9e37/?@G:G:25..u;A#c.D0@?.D;<[N%Z[5GNmE;A25?K.D#`BK.Ldom)25?@e3460U?UG+.1G+*W.u.u%5J+BF9^28G^?F7/%8?U25.D7/;AJp.5#cd?U9ABK;<#:28.D46B%-7:0@%5.D;<03[5;A?U2525#R[N.L%5?@#:G:JW.10?UG+25.S7:7^#+2c25BF0U;<*W?@.!%89A.L9<m)PM?U250@.D0U*M;A.1#c%5?@9`._7/JW25,^;A#N2N?H(+BO#:%8JE#^;A#+Jh[l4b2N,^0@2q* m
0U9A.L;<[N4 ?@GN*M]o?\m)2c|?UBT;<0@?u?@.DGl?U*M25,^%57`259`d ?F7/?@]Q2N25*M;A%N#N=H*l?HGsB2c7:2EBT%8?\=D=L;A9A0u(+.L4 0S28?,43+N;<#x0@25;A7:[525Gc7^7+?U2c7/*lBF2N;<2cB@?@;.WBT?U?t.u.1?@mc7:2N?U%57-0@;<.D0H|*WPB ;<&K?@%8Gl?U9259<7/7+.1254*M?@;A#c*M2N?UBF2NB-?BFJ+?o9A.L.L,^4 :?S25#+?F|._?U25B-;?U* Gx%5#s+N,/%528%8#:?@mEJu?@;A25BD0U*Md ;<[N*MGc?@BF2N*M.1BF4b?2N(+BF0U9Q?t;A[57+,/Gc0U2825,? ?@+^7/?@?@.12N2N0@*}?@7+;A*M.D|Bu2N;?U28BFG ? 4
?@B@G:7:.l%Z?U%8;A%5m)9Q;>BOJE;A;A#:[5;<=1?@9<;A(:nDJ+%Z.'?U;<2N;<?U#sB!25%Z0-mE;>cBO(:9A%5.1#+#N?U[5;<?@n_Gf%Z?U%8;<2N#:#`JiCa2N?U0@G+;A.R.1#cBF?H?U%Z%5?@#:;A25J+#a%8d 0HJ5'K.D]=D(:%8=1(:9<B@;>JE.._?@%8G:#
.'JE.1;>mcBT?U?H0@%8.D#:*W=1.M%89a4b257/0U25*-;A#c(+?U9>B!%p=L|2N*M;<9A9Q.7:4b0@0@2Z2NX)*{;>JE%.
7+7+JE;>;<;<mEmEBT?H.1.1%89>9VBo#:;A=1B3G+.D25%'BS0U9<;A?U.Dn1G:#+25%Z#c[8?'?H?U%8GR%59A0@9<25Pu.l4%N,+ZuJq;>%5,:yF%5B@(E.D=1?3Js.1#c?@G+B@?D9<dt.!;A[5w+JEGc0U;>?@25BT9A?H*}P %8#:9A?U2Z=1G+|..>d,/9A.L.LM4?T ?|K.D2N.1J+#:.D[5#hBF;>.JE?@28.DG:4^0D.SCa?@7:G+4b25;.mE09A.1.L.L94 m+?]=1%5.17+*l#c;?@mE7:.D.D0U9<9E.NBK?@C`;>2SB]?@G:?@2NG:.W#+.O9A9<PI.D0@#+;A[5½N[8Gcd ?UOl?oGse3.D=1J+G+2Z[5.!X5.3.D%8280@7:._4/7+J ?@0@G+2N,).7+P 0U0U;A;A?T[5%8|KGc?@2.?
?@=1G:%5;A9ABD=1d(+9>e3%Z?@G+;A.25#v;A#:4b=L250U0M.1*MJE;A.1BF#c?U?O%5#:JE=L.D.I7^.D%5#:J+J+J:BB'2N%f#&BF?U*WG+.%59<259K0U;<;A#^.1#c=L0U?U.1%8*M?@;A25.1#&#c?-%5?U#+2x[59A?U. G+. 28]4a(:?U=1G+9<.u;>JE%Z.DmE%5;>#B%8JE#:;>BTJ&?H%8;>#:B=1[5.h;AX5?U.D2f#&%N,)=1P =L2N(+#c?-4b2N0
M O
&&
M ¼+dA½ O
½
? M ¼+bd ZE½ O
aM ? O ?
Z+d
e3G+.] *W(M%8yT%825#:0\J %ZmE;ABt;>Bt250U;<.D#N?U.DJu%8?%8#'%5#+[59A.Q25a4 ( =125(+#c?@.D0U=19<2E=HY)|;>BF.Q4b0@2N* ?@G+.3=L2N9<(+*M#M%ZmE;>B6%5#:J
?U%5# ?!Z ? T $M ? CO T
=L25(:#N?U.10H=L9A2E=HYc|;>B@.|;<?@Gp0@._BF7/.D=L??@2l?@G:.u=L259A(+*M#i%ZmE;>BK%5#:JIG:%5B%l9A.1#+[5?@Gp284
T
T
M ?
O T
T T fM ? O T
U? %8#
?!Z
=L25(:#N?U.10H=L9A2E=HYc|;>B@.|;<?@Gp0@._BF7/.D=L??@2l?@G:.u=L259A(+*M#i%ZmE;>BK%5#:JIG:%5B%l9A.1#+[5?@Gp284
T T M ? O T
7 $&*)' 4 ( *
?@|G:G+.u;>^=H=HGp2NG:*l%8?@0HG+.-%5.'=L;<*W?@0@.1.D%80H[5B[N;A25.u) "H#p0U)ACx.17+[5)
;<
#;AmE25):.1#^%59>BOB #:JG:Mb2N%q),EXNkyT)<.d.D=L9<._?U%5B OBFµH?©LG:¨HBF%q¬3._XN=L¶1.u2NºN#:¹>%h¨QJp#:4b2N*M%80O?@25(+%8*M0H#p%8.19t25#c,+%Z?DmEdyT.D;A,B=z+^?OBF4b;A=D25#+%80[R#I.1%5m+,^# %8.-*M%8=1#:257+%5*M9A.59<2N7+CV[5(E%WPR?U7^.D4bJI0@.D2N#:%5* =LBK;A9t?U*M25G:0.D%Z=H?G^G^%8%8%8m)*M#+;>;>B*M=1BD%8.1C+,/0_?UC^25G+(+2N;A?B0
,XH 1
NR ¼
c
(r,c)
d
V
θ
β = α + 90
(r,c)
α
r
2825%W4`,+7/yT*M.D25=z;A2N#c?H*lB1?C/.DBF#c%5.1B?U?BQ|K%8%5,/.-,^252NB@(+G:(E?%8?K9A%8%-96#iB@BF.1.D%8.9<0U._,+;A=z#i;<?@?@._0H?UJh%8G+0U.uB@PR.L#+?]%Z.1mE25mc;>4`?SBP%Z+:=HmE?@G:.DG+%8BQ.D7E#i*l?U.1|];A0_[5.$dGc) ?K9Aw+9`257+^00@#:2Z.LJpX)m+;>%8JE?@*MG:.O.-7+%u%Z9A[N.5mE2)C:;>2)B?@G+JW28.l4oB@.LBF9A.D?K._%5=L2825BF4V?#^4bJ&B@.D.D%8*M=1?@25(+2N#:0U*l.DJIBQ.D*M#c4b25?250]*M280@4._.1=L=H#cG:2N?_[5%5d3#+0U%N;An1=z;ABF?@#+.1.D[ ?0
25) "H0 )+%8) k ,/)E25;AB(E?O#:28%'?OX5BF.1*W0@?@%5;>=19<9r%5d 9%ZmE;AB]?UG+0@2N(+[5G&;?HB3=L.1#c?U0@2N;AJR;AB3XN.10UPhBF*W%89A9rCc|G:.10U.D%5B]?UG:%Z?2846?@G+.=HG:%50U%N=z?U.10!)
#)
%8e6#:2-[5=Lwt9A.2N;<*l[N(+7:0U(E.M ?@.¼:d ?@Z%G+(&T.SB@BFG+._2Z(h=L|O25;>#^BOBJM?U%iG+*l.lB@.L2N%5?u*M#+25.1[54K#c9A.u?]7+;<?U25mEG:4/.1%Z?U9>?G+B.%h%8#:7/7/Js25.1;A0U#c%57/?K#s.1B@#:%8.LJE?3mE;>;A%8=LB!(:,/*W9A25%5(E%80?]Y)?U;A?@2R#+G+[i.S?UG+%Z%8.'mE#+;A[N%8BDm)9<C5. ;>|KB .O*M#+|%5.D;Y5.D?U._GjJMB?U?U|2'G+;<.W?@B@Gx(+0U*2Z?@|~G+?@.lG+%Z.S0@mE2Z;>B@|B1cdh(:%8%5e3m)0@G:;>._BD. B d
?@?@28G^G^4Q%Z%Z?@?'?DG+C/.MJEBF2);AJE#:._;>=1BBT.u?H%8#+|]#:28?-=1.u.D=H%5B G^0@.%8#+B@4b[N2N(+.M0*M%8B@*M;A9A[596;<#+#+7+;<[ ;<^mE=1.1%5N9>PB#cC+&?@?U9AG+|]Px.-.l|%8#+;<#:?@25[5Gs0U9A*W.D?@B G:%8.W9A;<nD#c%5.u(:#:,)*-J Pp,/v?@.1G+0u=1.l%525#p#)43(+7:,^*-;.-mE,/.1=H.19>G^B0S%8#+*W284][N%8.D7+Y)BJ ;;AmE#+T .D[i9A#B(+??@7f2If?@25G:|,+.R?U;<?@%8BFGi;AG^#x%8#:7/%h2h.54b=Hd&.DG:%Z%8?U#+(+28[N?U0U...
?@2';>B?@G:?@.!G+.lB@.DX5=1._25=z#:?UJR250!*MB@25=D*M%89>.1%8#c0?D7:d 0@]]2ENJE(^(:%Z=L??@;A25?UG:#I%Z¼+?!bd Z%;>BZu(^[5BF;AX5._Ji.DBQ ?@?@2IG:.7+0U4b282NyT0@._*'=z?(+9>?U%G+4b.l250X5.D=1=L25?@*M2N0 7+(E?U;<#+25#c['?@?@2RG:?@.!G+B@.M.D=1(+25#+#:;<JR?!X5*M.D25=L?@*M2N.10#c;A,? # &
|G+.D0@. Ed T % Z
(* $ Q0@2N[50H%8*~?@2h=125*M7+(E?U.!4b.D%Z?U(+0U.DBK4b0U25*;A*W%8[5._B
?@ G:4 .R?U.1BF0K._=L=L0U2N.D#:%ZJx?U ;<#:*M[2N?U*lG+.D.3#c4b?U.DBu%8?@%5(+,^0U2N.(E.L?um)?UG+0U25%N0U=z;A?@n1;A2525#c#M?H%8*M9rC`2EX5JE.D(+0F9A?U.;A=D28%84/9?@G+%8#^.J
7+0@JE.D;AX)%5;<[52N2N(:#:B\%8.L9omE%Z.1mE0H=L._;>B!B@.5?@C8G+.D0U#+25G:(:%8[5#^Gj=L.?@G+;<.R??@=12u.1#c=1?@250U*M25;>7+Jj(E?U28. 4
$ .
?@G:.!4b250U*-(+9>%l|;?UGI0U.DB@7/.D=z?3?U2 ?@2WJE.1?@.10U*M;<#:.!?@G+.,/.DBF? d
,XH 1
NR
?U%8#!Z
Z M / ? /1 OPMQ2U? 2P O
M / ?/% OFM/ ?/ O ? MQ2S? 2P OFMK2U? 2P O
Z MQ/ ? /% OFMK2U? 2, O
? /% O?
MK2U? 2P OPMQ2S? 2P O
M / ? / OPM/
Z
?
+¼ d 8¼
M bZ NO
?@=L%8G^2N,/*M%Z2Z?X57+.OG+(E;A4b?@[525.&G+0U*-9A%8PR#s(+B@9>Pc.1%*9A*M+c9<;AG+7:*M.1B@#^.L.W?U=L0@?@.;>G^=1?@%Z%5G+?'9.!25%5=1,E7+%NyT7+BF._0U.=z2q?H%5m)B1#:;ACE*W%8B@9A(:%ZPE=H?UBFGI.D;>B]BS%N(:?@B3G:BF._B@.hcJW(:7^|%52N0@;<;<?@#c._GhBK?'?U%5B@G+#:.L.S?uJI.1;A=L#s9A;A9<0U;A7E?@=1G:9<?@._;>.R=1B1%5C)BF9/.D|#:J:;AB@9<%Z9a.h?U=D%-28%84K*-(:B@?@(:.!G+BF._?%'BF.R%8nD9>.1BF*l0U2u282Nk$,/*MJE.!;A.1XcJE#c;>25JE?U#+BD.dI.S;<#IG+.D?@280@G:?U.N.. d
$ . (* $ 2N*M7+(E?@.S?UG+..Lm)?@0U.1*M._B3284\;<#+.D0F?U;A%
2 0 -2
3 -3
,aO >.1[N;<2N#I%NJqyF%5=1.1#:=1Ph[50H%87:G
w6;A[5(:0@.¼+dbZE½$&o 9A%5,^.D9<._J&;A*W%8[N.S%5#:JI;?HB0@.D[5;A25#I%5JqyF%N=L.1#^=LPh[N0U%57+G`d
?@G:.Ke3;A*WG+%8.[N%5.59<C8[N9A252)0U25;?UY)G+;<#:*}[4b%Z2N?\0]?U=1G+25.#:=LBF?@(+0U0U(:0@=z.D?U#c;<?t#:0U[u2Z%|0@%8.D#^[5Ju;A25?U#WG+%5.3JZ25yF#+%5=L.3.D%8#:,/=L2ZP'X5[5.K0H;%8?_7+d6GM"?;>BQJE.1BF?@?@._0H%8=z?U;A[5B\GcG:?F254b2N0U;<0@nD|325%8#c0H?UJ%5d`9)%5"?K#:Ju7+0UXN2).1=10@.D?@BU;>=1BF._%5B 9
,XH 1
NR
1.[5%5#c0HJZ%8?!yF%57:9A=LGs%5.D,^#:J:.D=L%Z9A;ABD?U.Dd%xBDC)BT%8?UBS#:0@(:JW#+=L.D;<?@|}4 (+
80U%5k.h%NJqJqyF,/%NyF.1%5=L;A#+.1=1#^.1[j#:=L;A=1=1.DP'25BS#:;>%8BFB]?@0UB@0U.'7/(:JE.D=L=L?@.1.D;<?@:J`.D._=LdpJ?@._CEe3JJEG:C;A.1%5#+0U[5.1.R2N|#:%8%80U.D.W9/JE%5[N?TJq.D|KyFBS2i%N%8=L;A0U.1BU.-#^BF(:=L%5;A.DJ+.DBuB]J+0U.D,^.1Ji.19>?T%Z?U|]?U2h.D.DJf.1?UG+#h?U.'2i7/0U25?@.1;AG+[N#c.&;<?U2NB]#x.|h%5;=L?UJZ;AG&yF.1%5#^JE=L=L;.D{/Pf#:.D=L280FP k4
?@?@G:G:;A25B3(:%8BU%89A[5#:2NJ:0@B];<?@25G:4a*I9>%8d\,/e3.1G+9>B1.do:"$#R0HBT?3?@G+;A;>B]B|=1;<%N?@BFGR.NCc0U.D;<?B@7/*W.D%q=z?KPW?@#+2M28?B@7:,/%5.=1.54b._dt%5"B@?K;<,:;>BK9<.N7^Cc2c2NB@0B@;<%Z,:?39<.9<._4b%525BF0?K%8#+#h25?O;A*WBF(+%8[N;<?U.O%5,+?@2l9A.G:;A%q#IXN%'.?@7:.D%5#:[5BK;A#+28[ 4
.19>%Z#)?@X)._;ABK0@2N?@#+2W*M.1m).1#c._=L?D(ECc?U?@;<2M2N#RYN.1?U.1;<7&*M?@.NG:d .[ .1#cG+?@.1;A#p0@.!*MBF?@2Z0UX)(:;<#:=z?U[M(+%50@.!9<2N;A#+#&[M;A#c%8?@#p.D0@;<*W#:%5%59[5*M.5CE.17/*M2525;A#c0UPh?,c%ZP&?257^#^2N=L;<#c.5?_doCEe3?@G+G+.u.uBUB@.D%8=1*M25.#:JR%5JZ;AyFBU%5B@(+=L.D.!#:0@=L.1P k
?@;AMb#&;AG:.5.?UdtG+%5?U. JqG+yF.]o%NBU=LmE%8.D.D*M#:0U=1=L.;APuB@?T.5;A|K#cd ?@22!0@?U.DG+[5.O;A25J+#M%Z9>?H%8%,/BT.1?U9>0@CB (^O\=z|?@(:;A9A0@9^.O,/%N.B\JE;<.1#E?@4b._0U=z.D?@c._(+JM.D#c2Z?@X59A.DP'0Q%5%8B#:7^JM2c2ZB@XNB@;<.1,:0Q9<.N%5dt[N%5e3;<#`G+._d6BF".?];>;>BUBQBF(+JE._._BoBF;A%80H%80U.,+9A%5.3J+?@JE2'0U.D.1BU#cB@?@.D.DJ 0
$ . (* $ ]h=L;A.1#c ? >O =125#:BF?@0U(:=L?@;A25#
" .DB@;<[N#!%J+%Z?H%BT?U0@(:=L?@(+0U.\4b250aY5.1.D7+;A#+[K?@0H%5=HY254)%NJqyF%5=1.1#:=1;<._B|G+;A9<.]=L25#^BT?U0@(:=L?@;A#+[%0U.1[5;A25#!%5JZyF%5=L.D#:=LP
[5%Z?@0H?@%8.D7:*lG`7+d ?Q?@;<2XN.!*M%5;A9<#+[N;A25*l0U;A;n1?UG+.*W0@.1BK4b.1?@0UG:.1%8#:?=1.D=LB\2N#:?U2!BT?U?@0@G+(^.S=z?3J+?@%ZG+?H.%[NBT?U0U0@%5(^7+=zGh?@(:4b0U0@25.N*d " %8;A#pBU=L(^%80UB@,+BQ;<G+?@0H2Z%8|0UPWPN259A%5(M,^|K.D9<25._(+JR9>JW;A*WBT?U%825[50U..3%5?@#:G+J&.O:?@G:#:%8%8? 9
;>>OBK ?@2)2W;A9A#x%50@7/[N.1.0U?U*W2M%8Y5#+.1.D.D#c7p?S;<BF#I?@25;<0H#c%8?U[N.10U..#:Mb%82N9#x*MJE.1;>*MBFY*2NO0@PR%8#:J+Jx(+0@G+;A2Z#+|[M;<P5?U2NBO( =125|]#:2NBF?@(+0U9>(:Ji=zG:?U;<%82N#^#`JEd 9<.'?@G:.l=D%5B@.-|G+.D0@.-?@G+. >O
W p£oO\ p¢'1 1p £ojo uL vxw 'O
2528'K4V9>;<JE#^;A;A#N%8#+?U0U[.1PS0U2N.D;A7^*WBF?].D%80U%8[N%8#^.D?@J-;ABt25=1#u?U%8G+=H#-.OG+,^0U2).D.K2cBFBF?Q25._,E%5Ba?HBoB@%825,^;A#+*M%5.D=H.QJuY)25[54b4E0@0U2N25?@G+*(+.K#^[5Ju7+0H;<7+%qm)PN;<.DmEk$9ABt.1BU=19>%5B1%8Bad 9A.o?@G:;A*M;A.QX54b.1%52N#l[50@._.D?UBaG+[5,)0U.25PSJE(+?@;>#:BTG+?UJ!0U0@.D;A7:B@,+;G+mE(E2N.1?U9A;<9>JE2NBa;A#W?@#+G:[28%84V25?6[57/*W0H.1%q%80HP%ZYN?@.Q?@;A2N25(+#+#^7-.DB1B?@daG+;<#h.K25?U%!G+,E[N0@yT;<._._XNBF=z.1G+?H# Bk
;A;A*M#N?U%52x[5[N.N0@CV2N=1(+.17:0@?UBD%5dj;<# "$#[N0U?@%qG+Pc.pkr?@BF2N;A#+*M.7+XZ9A.D%8BF9A(+?M.D=DB!%5=1B@%5.5# C%x,/.lB@;A#+=HG+[52c9A.RBF.D?U#xG+0U%5.DBB@G+?@G:259>0@J
._BFXZG+%82N9A9A(+J . Xq-%59<;A(:BM.DB=HG+?@2cG:BF%8.D?!#`B@df.17^%89<0H93%Z7+?@.u;<mE?@.1G+9>Bl.l|7+;<G+m)2N.DB@9A.B
[5,/0H.D%q=LPc2Nk*M?U25.h#+,:.l%5XZ=H%8Y)9A[N(+0@.D2NB-(+%8#:0UJ.ldI[Ne30@._G+%Z;A?UBu.10!?@G+?@0UG^.D%8B@#sG+2N259AJf0u._25c7/(:.1%80H%Z9o?U?U;<22N#s;A,/B'.D=1=1%8259A*M9A.D.WJ 4bi¬ 2NIE0@°@.D©L[5¨ 0UI:25¯Z(+ª<´s#:Jx¶NµU7+¯ ;<m)q©1.Dd 9AB'e3%8G+#:.DJs0@.R%59<%59o0@?U.WG+.h*W0U%5.D#cBFP ?
!
& !
&
#& !$&
! "!$%
3e%8#^G+%80U9A.DP)B@B@G+;>B259>7+J+0UBO2)=D=1%8.D#iBUBF,/._BS.-?@B@G:.1%89A.D?-=z?U*-.DJp(^BT;A?l#c?@0@.1(+0H#
%5=L%5?@(E;AX5?@.D2N9<*MP&%8,c?@Pp;>=1%W%59<(:9AP5B@Ct.10|].R284Q|]%82N#p(+;A9A#cJf?@.19A;<0HYN%5.W=L?@?@;A2xX5.,^7:.R%N%5=HYZ,+%89A.W[5.N?@C+2x,+=1(E25?*M4b257+0(E?U;<*W.W%8?@G:[N..
?@;A*MG:0@%5._[5BF.NG+d 2N9AJ:Ba%8(+?@25*W%8?@;>=1%89A9AP5dae3G+.Q,:%5B@;AB`4b250t=HG+2)2NB@;<#+[O%?@G+0U.DB@G+259>J!;>B`?UG+.UIE¹>¨H¬$¯U±8°@¶y254E?@G+.Q[50H%qPNkr?@2N#+.
&(*),+.-/+102+34- I:© 9(* ' "3".847: ¯T®±8°@¶ 1G$¬¯8³/©-i¹ yM¶D±N©S§x¹>¨'´5© ³/©H´&µ
9 9
%$OK"$*W%8[N.254\%l,+0U(+;>BF._J&=HG:.10U0@P , O O;>BT?U25[50H%8*¦2546?UG+.=HG+.10U0UPh;<*W%5[5.
wtB@.1;<#c[N?@(+;A0U#+.'['¼+?@dbG+Z%.SZ*&,+0UO(+;>;ABTB@?U.D25JR[N0U7^%52N* 0F?U;<252N4o#&?@%5G+#:.lJW;<*W?UG+%5.[5.-25?@25G+4].D0K%h?@,:G+0@.S(+#+;>B@25.D#)J ,+=H0UG+(+.D;>BF0@._0UJhPi7/JE25;>BF0@7+?@;A9>25%qP)#`;<dj#:M[W ?T25|](+2&0@?@*M._BF2)PMJ+28.D4BDC/o2N%Z#+?U=H.-G:0U0U.1%q7:|30@%Z.1?k
?UG:%8;>B@25*-,:(E?Dbd O
=LB@*M._JE%5(+9<0U9A.D.5G+BFd?;>BF`?@7^.1252c?[NB@0UB@%5;A,+* ,^9<.!.=1[N%5%u0U#i%qXNPc,^.Dk=L.'9<?@.D25=LX5250K.1*M9/%8XZ0U7+0U%8(+%q9A(+?@PM.D.JpJE%8;A*M,)#:PIJ .1#:(:< B@B@;<;<%82N#+m#+[h%.DJh%58# 94b0@;>%8BK2N0U* ?@0UG+%q.(PhXZ?@J:2%8%Z9A?U(+< %R.!%8BT28m ?U4t%0@(:?@5G:=L9?@.C)(+|9A0U%5.uG+0@.D[N%80@.D#^. BFJi?D(ud%M;>`B]X5.L?@.1?G+0U.S§MP&XZ,/B@%8;A.!*l9A(+?@7:.G:9<.!.u254`?T7:|]?@0@G:2525. kk
JE< ;A*M%8m .1 #:B@2N;<9+2N%5#:Bt%8;A96#';<*W?UG+%5.[5.'7+0U%5.10@X)0H;A%q25Ph(:B\|B@;<.D?@=zGj?U;<0@2N2Z#:| BDdtXZe3%89AG+(+.3.DBG+;>4bBF0@?@2N25* [N0U%5(M*?@2,7+0U< 2)=1%Z.Dm7JE>(:2Z0@|.3;>%8B\#^[5J ;AX5.1=L2N#l9<(+,)*MP?@#iG:XZ.3%84b9A25(+9A._9<2ZBO|4b;A0U#+25[!* =L2E(MJE?U.52 d
25*M7+(+?@.!?@G:.G+;ABF?@2N[50H%8* 2546[50H%qPck?U25#+.S;A*M%5[5.S"zd
.8 $&/.8$ G+;>BT?U25[50H%8*BM "zC OH+
"$#+;<?@;>%89A;An1.S?@2G+.< ,:%Z;<#:m BO%52894a?UG+.G+;>BT?U25[N0U%5*¦?@2Mn1.D0@2^d
+- . ; & (-?U
<- ; 3 &
(+
2N*l7:(E?@.!XZ%89A(+.DBO,cP&%5=1=1(+*-(:9A%8?@;A25#`d
+- . &
('?U 2 < %Z7m >2Z|
2?@8G^4\%Z?U?KG+.-B@;A.1X5G+7^.1;>#p%8BF0H?@?U%Z25G+?@[N._.l0UB\%5G+?@*;AG:BF.?@4b2N(+;A[5*W#^0H=z%8%8?@*p[5;A25.C^#a;<%5d#c(E?@e32'?@2NG+J+*W.-%8%Z0UB@;<Y'?@*M;>=u7:7+;7:mE9A.D0@.1BF2E9>?SBK=L._=D%8JE%5#:(+B@JW.0U.D9A;A;ABB[5=1Gc|%8?QG+#x7+.D;<,^#imE.'.1|]9>|B1.-d\0@%5;<"?F4`0@?U.-?U.1G+#i9<2).?U25JE2&Y);>;ABFJE#+?@.1[M0U?@;<,+.D4b25=L(+0S?S?@;A%h7/25.D#:B@%5B];<#+YE28[NB4`9<%5.uJ+#:%5?@Ji0@G+Yl0UXZ.D7+%8B@;<9AG+m)9<.D25.DPE9>9AJ BB
%8=L2N#^0@J'0U.D,:B@0@7/;A[525Gc#:?JE;A7+#+;<[&mE.1?@9>2pB%8?U0UG+.3.h|J+;A%8JE0U.DYx9<Pl7:BF;.DmE7:.1%89>B0H%Z%8?U#^.DJjJC82N?@#+G+.W.D#'*M?U2EG+JE.O.h;A*W=L2N%80@[50U.3.DB@G+7^;>BF2N?@#:25JE[N;A0U#+%5[&*}?@|2p;A?@9<9^G:,^.h.,+,+0U;<;A[N*MGN2E?J+7+%8;<9rmEC5.12N9>#+B1d..*M[ 2);J+?UG .
9A,/;?@.L?@?T9A|K..1JE.1;>#BT?U0@?@;AG+,+.&(E?U?T;<|K2N2j#l2ZJEXN2N.1*l0U9A;A%5#:7`%5Cq#N?@?MG:G+.;>?@BTG+?U250U.D[NB@0UG+%52N* 9AJ'*MXZ%82E9AJE(+.D.OBM=1%N%5Bl#lB@._G+%52ZB@|;<9AP-#v,/;A.O#=HwtG+;A2c[5BF(+.D0U#l.&%N¼:Bd Z5%8¼5#)%:Pud XZ%89A(+2Z.|];A.D#MX5.1?@0_G+Co.%5XZB'%59<?@9AG:.1P .
28JEJE4;>;>BTBT?U?U?UG+0@0@;A;A0U,+,+.D(E(EB@G+?U?U;<;<252N2N9>#:#:JWBB3XZ,/4b%825.19A0O(+[5.;A?U#IG+,/.l?@.D2W=1,+250@*M*M;A[5.1.DGc0UB]?[5.*M%5#:?@252NJ 0U[5..1J+JE?@%5G+; 0@h.DYI0O=L7+(+%5;<9<BmE?DC).1B@G+9>,/B2Z.D|,/=1%5.D#&(:=125B@;A#i.O*M?@wt.uG:;<*M.[N(+XZ250@%80U..'9A9A¼:.1%5PMd #:Z5,^¼8Jp,`.D*M[5d ;A25#:0UBQ.-?@2Z2'X5J+.D;A0@BU9>%8%87+7:7/7^.D._%5J0]C+%N?UG+Bo.'?@G:=H.G+2N?T|K;A=12.
$% OKe3|K2WJE;ABF?@;A#:=L?*M2)J+.DB ,aOOXN.10U9A%57+7^._Jh*M2EJE.DB
*MwtB@(+;<2E[N;?HJE(+%8.D0U,+B,.&9A+Q.S¼+?U?@dbG+Z8G+.p¼0U.D&W25B@#+G+e3.I2N|]9AJ252j#vd ;<*W?@G+%8.p[N.h0U;<G+[NGN;>BT?l?U25G:[N%50UBl%5*M2ZXNBD.1dj0U9Ae3%57+G:7^.R._G+Js;>BT*M?U252)[NJ+0U.D%5B'* ?@G:2N%8#
?W?@*MG+.I%5Y59A.&.L4 ?M;?WG:*M%5B-250U?T.&|]2jJE; h.D%N=LBF(+;A9<9<Pc?Mk$BF?@.D2j7:%8:0H#:%8J,:9<% .
%
#
!$& ! & !
|K.1;A[5Gc?UB%50@.?@G+.7:0@2N,:%8,+;A9A;?U;<._B3284t?@G+.0U.DB@7^._=z?U;<XN.[N0@2N(+7:BDd <
M O M O M OT M O M O
M ¼+bd Z1#O
|G+.D0@.
MO
4
M O
MO
4
M O ¼+d
M bZ O
M O
4
M O
M O
MO
4
M O M O ¼+d ¾
M bZ O
,XH 1
NR ½,(:½
M O
4
- s?
M O
3 M O
1M O
M O
4
- s?
M O
3 M O M O ¼+d
M bZ %O
0U.D%89A9APh.Dc(+;AXZ%89A.1#c?3?@2l?@G+.;>JE.D#N?U;/=1%Z?U;<2N#p284tB@.17^%80H%Z?@;A#+[lXZ%89A(+.DB,/.L?T|K.1.D#R?UG+.*M2EJE.DBDd
S?@e3G^G+%Z.D?0@JE.!2);>.DBB3%M#:0@28.D?9A%8JE?@.D;A257^#:.DB@#:G+JI;A7&25#I,/.L?@?TG+|K.!.1?U.DG+#R0U.D?UG+B@G+.25|9>J;?UdoG+e3;A#EG+kr.![N0@?@2N25(+?U%57I9XqXq%5%50@0@;>;>%8%8#^#^=L=L. .S;ABOJ+M .L:O3#+%8._#:JIJ&,c?UP G+.!?@25?U%89XZ%50@;>%8#:=1.
4
M?
O M O
|G+.D0@.
4
M O
K(E?
'
%5#:J
4
- ?
M O
3 -
M O ?
3 M O (
4
- ?
M O 3
- M O ?
O
3 M O (
^ ;A#:=L.
M O¤%8#:J
M O
4
M O
4
M O
½,(NZ
!#"$"%"
4
- s?
%M O3 M OT -
M O ?
3
%M O
T
4
- s?
M O
3 M OxT - M O ?
3 M O
M O
M OT M O M O
T
%M O -
1M O ? 3 T M O - M O ?
3 +¼ d
M bZ N
O
?@[5G^0U25%Z(:?7f?@G:%5.#:[5Jf0H%8?@#:G+.RJR[5*l0H._%8%8#:# Jj*M=D.D%8%8#p#adI,/.e3|G+.W0@;<?F,/?U.L.1?T#p|K%5.1B.D#Ek[50U25(+7fXZ%80U;A%5#:=L.W=1%5#
,^.M4b(:0F?UG+.10lBF;A*M7+9<;<:._JdI28?U.
M ¼+bd Z O
M O 1M OsT M O M O
|K.SB@;A#+2N,E[ ?U]Q%5;</# dcM ¼+dbZ O?U2.D9<;A*M;<#^%Z?@. ;<#M ]QO/TdcM ¼:dM ZOF
$-<Oz_½ CN?BF(+,^BTM?U;?UO
3#(E-?@;A#+[MM O½X?? M M OaO
4b3 250 M OF08%8#:JlB@;<*M7+9A;4bP);A#+[:C
M T J½ O M OT M T J½ O
M ¼+d ¼+½ O
|;<?@Gp;<#:;?U;A%59`XZ%89A(+. %MTJ½ O MT½ Ozd
? M T J½ O M T ½ O
?@%8G:9<?@.&.D0@,/#^.D%ZBF?@?l.S0U?U.D.DB@=H(+G+9<#+?UBD;>cCQ(+=1.D%5B3#v*',/(:.&BF?O.D*l,^.7:9<(:2ZB@PN.D.DJRJd
?@2Mwt^;<#:#^J&%89A9<?@PNG+CQ.BF2N2N,E*MyT.R.D=L;A?U*MB3%5;A#&[5._?UB-G+.1%8*p0U.ud yT(^BT?W#+25?-?@G:0@._BFG+2N9AJ:%8,+9A.5C%5#:J
$ . (* $ (E?@2N*W%Z?@;>=?@G+0U.DB@G+2N9AJIJE.L?U.10U*M;<#:%8?@;A25#
[f0@;<?@.W%I7+0U25[50H%8* ?U2I;A*M7+9A.1*M.1#c?!?@G+.&?HBF(s%8(+?@25*W%8?@;>=u?UG+0@._BFG:259>J :#^JE.10_dle60UPp?@G+.M7+0U25[N0U%5* 2N#
B@.1X5.D0U%59JE|; {V.10U.1#c??TP)7/.DB3284oBU=1%8#:#+.DJ&;<*W%5[5.DBDd
W { 5O£o O
4b250U* B@.L?@kr(+#:;<2N#&2N7^.D0U%8?@;A25#:BDd
7?@+G:G+.O2N^ 9<252N.D7/[50@.10HPN0H%>d %Z?U^MT;<½ ?@2N.D#:
N0@B#)Z%,/%8O3#^.17+0UJl0U[;2E%5JEMF7+½ (:7+=19A
;<.D._ JiJMO?U;JEG+?].D.'?@B@2;<:[N7+0U#+BF0U.D?S25Jj,:B@PE9<%R.DBT*M?U7^.1%8B*W0H;<%8#W%Z9A?U9<*M;A.D=-96.D?@7+J+G:;A;A7/=D.1%825.19:9A0U;<.L#+;A*W?U.W;A=D%8%5%8[N0U96;<=H#+?@G+0U[u;<.D?@%5%8._#:?@=z*M?UJM(+.1;A0@#:#c.-?JE4b(:2525BF4Q0!?@0U*W0H;A%8%5%Z7+9+?U;>*WG+JE.19A%5Pi*W=HG+%Z7^;A?U.D#+;A0F=D.O4b%82NX)9t0@;>*M*MBF;A;A2525#+#a0@[ k d
G:7+O(+%N.B,:%89<,/;>9>BFBF.DG:2=1.D25.1Jv*Mmc?U%I.l.1#:%&?UJ+(EBT.D?@?HJl2N%80@#:?@;>%8G:J:9].%87:0H,+Ji%8;A#:7/;<%8*W.10U0'P-%525[5*M#s.u2N^,^0@9257+?U?@.1G:Gv0U25;<9A#+,:25[&;<[5#:P-25%57/250@Pf.17/0H.1%Z%80H?U#:%Z;<Js?@2N;A#`25[Nd#^0UBt%qPc?@%82uk$0HB@%8[N=D%89A0U;A%q9A=H.'PcYVk$C*MB@^=D2N%8?@0@.D9A7+.]0@G:#)*M25,/259A.1250U0U[57+[:P G+CV2N%8?@9<G:#:2N%8J [5?'.P /G:MFG)%N½ (:B%8
#:G+¾ [.1OL9AC87/MT|½.DJsG+
;>=H?U%OG2
½Nd w+^ 0U"d .1Q.1*Wd/et%5%8#I#+%5;A*M#:J 28?U 2:C2N*MI:7:©%8#)KªP5<C+P© yM.1©1| ³:¬¨'25¯T0U® YVC°z½ ¬r¹ ](+«1d¹ ¶Zª z³:¬$©1ª ª»¹±N©1³/«H© 6¨H¹ ³)± 1¯ y yM¯80³
7KaC [d ud
5
Z+dOu7d >2cBF.D#E4b.19>J&%5#: J :7d Qd o4 %59?Un5° C ^ ¯ .DyOc(+¸V.1²E#c¬?U¹ ³);A%5± 9`x7/¶5«.1I)0H%Z¹ ³V?U;<©L2N° #:BK o2;<# 59r" d ;<[N½D;?H¼:%8C9 ½ QN¾5;A=L¾ ?@C)(+7+0U.7a*d 0UE½2)=1.DBUBF;A^d#+[^C
)¯8²E°z³/¶8ªa¯T®¬ I+© ¨H¨1¯D«1¹ ¶Z¬r¹ ¯Z³l®L¯Z
5 9
¼:d 4b>25d0 a;(+A0F*M?U(:;A%:%8C]9 d< .1d *M^ 25G^0U%8P 7+;A 0@2^25Ct*M%57+#:(EJ?U.1'0HB1d C V(+o#+¯ ;AyO[N%+¸VC ²E¬©1° a¹>.1¨z| ¹ ¯87³ 25#:#+°@¶H.D*¸=L?@I).D¹ J«L¨ K ¶Z2N³V*M´ 7^F2NyM#+.1¶D#c±N?U© B-KO°@9A¯_[5«H25©z0U¨H;<¨z?@¹ G+³c* ±
^d\%8[Nd k %8]O?@;Ad 25" # %8;A#+#x;A.1"$9>*WBUBF%52N[5#I.DBD%5C #:RJ ;A# ^ d Qd^°U«CetIE%8¹ ¬#+©H;A«1*M¬²E28°@?U©W2:C ¶8³/e3´ ;<*Mª. ±N¯8 °z25¹ ¬i*MIcy-7+9A¨.LmE®L;<¯Z?T°PW-4b25¹0 ±8¹ ^ ¬$¶Z.10Uª;AF%5yM9`%8¶D#:±NJ© Ko°@%5¯_0U«H%5©z9<¨H9A.1¨z9 ¹ ³cQ±50@Ca2Nu7Ek d
¾(Z2Nk BF¾ ?@Ed.10U9A;<#:=HYh%5#:J \d k ]Od " %8#:;<.D9ABUBF2N;# M .DJ+BDbd OzC 3°@¯D«H©H©H´Z¹ ³)±Z¨'¯F®i¬ I:© 73C o259rd c¼ C½
N¼+CE7+7`d
5 5
d >i¬ I:cd © ]Od+¨Het¨1%8¯_«L0yF¹ %8¶8#`¬¹ C ¯8³l]®Lh¯8° =L;A.1#:1¯ =1yPl¸/25²E4t¬r¹ % ³c± 2)2)¶NJ&C« IE,+¹ (E³/?©1° #+Z25C ? o2`N;A9#+d .DZ$%5ZE0 C^ ½ .L? O CN#+7:;A257`#Ihd OZE½ 9A[5 k2NZ%0@Z;<?@ G+d *pC
E¯8²E°z³/¶Zªa¯F®
5 9
¾ d :½ d
N^ ZE.1d0U0U%:C FyM¶D±N© ³/¶Zª q¨H¹>¨M¶Z³/´ x¶8i¬ I:F© yW¶Z¬r¹ «H¶Zª x¯Z°r¸ I+¯ZªA¯@± ZC6=1%5J+.1*M;A= 0U.DBUB1C/O.D| 250UYVC
5 9 9
Ed ^±8°@d ¶8>¬©Hd ´ ^ ?@.D©U0@« #)I),/³V.1¯Z0Uª<¯U[:± C !®LO¯8#° O¶ZX5°@.D¶80@ªX)ª<©L;A.1ª |~FyM28¶D43±N"$© *MK%5[5°@¯_.W«U©LO¨H9A¨z[5¹ .D³c,+±50HC`%i%8=1#:%NJEJ .1>*M.D;>=9A%8Q?@.D0@Js._B@BD%C 0U=HaG+25;<#:?@._J+=z25?U#`(+Ct0@._½ B1C LC/³:7+¬$7`F© Gd
kH½,($(+d 9
:d ^ d >d ^ ?@.D0@#),/.10U[:C 0H%qPEB@=D%89A,. < 250U7+G+259A25[NP5C 1¯ y¸/²E¬$©L° a¹>¨z¹ ¯Z³ °@¶H*¸ IE¹ «z¨ &¶Z³V´ FyM¶D±N©
K°@¯_«U©L¨H¨z¹ ³c±5C o259rd¼ C½
¾ Cc7+7`dQ¼N¼5¼8k¼ d
d >d <
d %80H%89A;A=HYVC ^ d >d ^ ?@.D0@#),/.10U[:C8%8#^J 'd /G)(:%8#:[:C "$*M%5[5.3O#:%59<PEB@;AB BF;A#+[ < %8?@G+.D*M%8?@;>=1%59
<i250U7+G+2N9<2N[5P5C !! °@¶Z³:¨L¶N«L¬r¹ ¯Z³:¨¯8³,¶8¬¬$©L°z³ ³V¶Zª q¨z¹>¨u¶Z³V´"x¶5«I)¹ ³/©#L³:¬$©Lª ª»¹±c©1³/«H©LC o2N9d
,½ (:d d d ^ G:%57+;A0@2^C >d ^ d < %N= " 25#:%59AJ`CQ%8#:J ^ d >d ^ ?@.10U#),^.D0@[^C 0UJE.D0@._J ^ ?U0@(:=L?@(+0H%89 ^ G^%87/.
< %Z?H=HG+;<#:[-|;<?@G Q0@;A*M;?U;<XN. ]mc?U0U%N=z?U;<2N#W,c
¬¹ ¯8³:C o259Z(+C+2:d½NC½
)C)7+7`d k (:d P <x%Z?@G:.1*W%Z?U;A=D%89 <i250U7+G+2N9<2N[5P5C ¶8¬¬$©1°z%³ $©H«H¯@±5³:i¹ G
,XH 1
NR ,½ (
½5½Nd > qd?¨z<
¬©Pdy'¨ %80Hx%89A¶Z;>=H³ Y/KC ¶Z³V ´<i 5._µH%5©LB@°z(+³V0@©L.¬r28¹ «L4 ¨H C o2;A0U5=19r(+d 9>%8^ 0U< ;?TPM k
28:C4 " ½ ;A[5;<^C?U%5)9V7+wt7`;Ad[5(+¼ 0U.D8kBD$C¼ N¾ d ! °U¶Z³+¨1¶N«L¬r¹ ¯Z³:¨¯8³
9 9
½JZ+du¶5«1d+¬¹ ¯8?U³+B@¨-(`C¯Z³ qe3¨zG:¬©P0@y'._BF¨ G+2Nx9AJ ¶8^ ³f.19A¶Z.D³V=z?U´;<2N # 5<iµH©L.1°z³V?@G+©L2E¬r¹ JM«L¨ 4b 0U25o2* N9d 0H^ %q< Pck- ak.1X5C.D9!½ O;>BF?@CN257:[N7`0U%5d *W¾ Z B1C ¾N¾ d ! °@¶8³+H¨ G
9 9
½D¼:d o2:d 59r!;d ?@½ ?@9A.1C0M½ %8#: ¾J C)^7+dt7a"$d*9<:½9A;<#:[5|KEd250@?@G`C <i;A#+;A*-(+* ]Q0@0U250ue3G:0@._BFG+2N9AJ+;<#+[^C ¶Z¬r¬$©L°z³ $©H«H¯U±8³^¹ ¬¹ ¯87³
½P^d ]^ d0U0@ 2NG+0K2:e3C G+>u0Ud .D<
B@G+d 2N9AJE%8;A0H#+%8[^9A;AC =HYVC8%5¶Z#:¬r¬$J ©L°z^ ³d S$;©HC «U¯U"$±5*M³:¹ 7+¬r¹0U¯Z2Z³7X5.1*Mo25.D9r#Nda?tZ$28ZE4 C!;½ ?@
?@9A.1CN0o7+%87a#:d J'¾ "$( 9A9<;A#+¾ [5½ |KEd250@?@G ) B <i;A#+;<*'(+*
½ d \¹ «zd ¨ Md]¶Z³V^ ´%8G+F2)yM2^¶DC^±N©L© ¬\K¶Zª °@¯_«H©z ¨H¨z^¹ ³c(+± 0U X5o2.DP59r28dc4:½e3NG+C0@½ ._BF
G:
+25C)9>JE7+;<7`#:d [SZ8e6¼5.D¼ =HG+Z #:¾ ;A(+cd (+._B1C o¯ yO¸V²E¬©1° 6¹>¨H¹ ¯87³ °U¶U*¸ IcG
>
½,( ¾
!#"$"%"
! " #$ &%
')1432(+3+*-,/^>H_.057(2IE145Y3+(+576698;876O:<.D*>I<=<:Q6?R+,;*>571A*BIQ@+R]87*BI46DC`CEIQ,G@VF2UW876O=<.X6950HJ,a*>I4R/CL*BK/K;146D57:Q(26OIN,9bQM2@+,;FVF25c,G1Q6O87MP65714IA323+87^>6O*-.D.9IQ1Q:<@+R+^B6c*BS95Y6TIdIQ14@VRNUWHd6O.XIQ5Y57,?(+Z[6?8f')eN(+*>R26?M],76\IQC`K]M+6914575Y(+1gIVM+1<,,
hr 6?69=Q^B^i69Zj8014')^s(+6D6kt+14@2K;1Q,73+*-.d^B6?14,k3+14328Y876uIl1QMV.0*-,7(\.9F2=N,7*>6 ,7h6?Mv,mbw145YRn(+6\*BR2.D,G695YRl1Q5YR28Y.D1Q6g^f5YIQIoR+6x@p6_@y8Y6?6?*>R2.DI<: :Q57R+(2*BS96u6O8YM\6?.D1QI<,m:Q1oR+*>=Q576?*BIQ.DRz57I<IQ8mCmI4.0Cq(2K;14806?1Q1<.D,G57F26987806?,?K]Z\6?')Rl5Y(2,?6 Z
8YIQ6?@+1QUWM+6?.X69508f,m*-,c@NHn1Q^B,7@pId69*B*BR+Rl:A578YIN}4M+QF2O.D
V6OwM;C578YI]IQK#,GI<K],Y146!K;,G3+*BK;^B6?,?3+Zg^>6!K;C5Y6D69578g(2IN,W5YM2F2, MVh HN*B(+R+6?:u876?5Y@N(+H]6?,71_6kK;21<8Y,G.05L(+*BCR+IQ6mF+8E.91Q.0R (214{>3+|0}57~X69_80,?57byIk5Y(+876O6;.D87IQ6O:<1QR+MV*BS96?68
57,7I;(+IQ69F+tN^-3pMx69F+8Y*BR2K]MV6?6?Rl8Y,G5 5Yh1QR2*>57Mo(T5Y@+(+F+6d*B^BMVM+6O*>,GR+*B:/:QRx1;I4.DCqI<,GK;I<3+K]^>696E57.D6EI<,GK;6953+I4^>69C576E1Q^>K/:<IQ1Q8Y.0*5Y(+(+*BR+K/6E,f=NC*BI<,78*BIQ,GR\I<K],GHV6E,G57,769*>K;K/3+,^B1Q6ER2HQMx6D5,7(+8Y6?I<1QF+^p^BMx3287@pI<6E@+^>1Q6?@+K\^B6 Z
x? Lajfjkkn0qD]q] n¡Dm¢¤£
¥¦*BK;RT1QK;:Q1Q6kRNIQHo8E3+1480@p1QIQ.XFV5Y*B5L.?1457^`(+6;3+8Y.DIQ^-@+1Q^B,Y69,7K/*y,?.?bl1575Y(+*>I<6?Rn876EI4*-Cc,1Q1kR§R2IQ69@+6?UWMu6?.X575!I;57K/(214145Le<6g*>5g,GI<.DK]IQRl6E5014MV*B6OR2.D,9*-Zg,G*BIQ¨2R\IQ8L146D@pt+IQ14FVK;5)3+5Y(+^B6Q6dbp.D57I<(2R<6]5Y69FyRl,G5)6?8!I4CIQCs1QR1
57R+*BR<(2IQ5Y6957I/8Y696 @pIQINR+h IQ6EIQe F2IQ^BCw.9MTIQ5YK;(+@p6g6g3+«FV«5Y69.D¬¯8E^-1QK/®©,Y°4,71©6?±;Hn,?Z @yr r26;69² 146d¥7@+¥³¨^B6k*B.0:Q(y57F+14I\8Y806E1Q:Q.X*B´2=Q5YZB696k®Q80Zf*>,cR+')1Q32(+R2FV6uMT5gµ96?F2{>1<,G}©.0*B¶0R+(x¶X:T· ¸c(2(21Qµ0}414R2iRyMV·ºMV¹43+u3+8Y*B8YR<I4*>Rl5YCq6?57146OMxRTMªIQIQ@V.0@+(yUW6OUW146?.X80.X5 1Q5).Xh 5Y» IQ6980F+,9^-(+ZEMx69¥¦@y57R§(+6d6?57.98j(+^B*-1<*>,g5m,7,7*B.9*,1<y,G1Q6?6<RM b
¼,7 F+87¼ 6dIQ8)CIl14IQR 573+¼ 8Y± *B¼R<bN5O69b 5Y.m(2» *B.0h ( IQF2*-,m^BM/1Q^B@p,7Iu6E@21Q1QRn,76?*>K/Mu14IQ:<Ru6D½57^>(+*BeQ6!6gC6?8Y14693257F+876O8Y6?,G6?,³R<I450Cw1*5Y50*>,)I<RvIQZj3V5Y')*B.?(+146_^p.9*>K/^B1<14,7:<,7*6!p.9I<18c5Y3p*>I<69Rnh 8Y(23+1Q8Y32IN,³.96?I4,YCw,1kK;3+*>8Y:<6?(l,G5½
1R+Q.D6 57F21Q.0^>(y^BHx1480Cº1Q14.X*B5Y^iby698O69Zc*>57h ¾!(+6?,G8!F21Q@p^>6?^BHQ.?b`14F21\,76g~7|º¿957|0(2µD6_j.0µ9(2{>}©14¶080¶1Q.D*B,m576?*>8Ry*B.D,!^BF2@2MV1Q6?M+M ^>HT*>R K/1o1QMV,7HV6<,Wb25YIQ698!KÀ@yMV6O.96?1Q,7*BF2:Q,GR\6E*>5YR§(+6_IQ803pMV6969808),7IQ5YRnIu.D*BRlI=<=<6969Rl8j57,76OF2M\.0(1
.^B9691<=Q,Gh 6?6O^i,9b`ZgK;¥¦K/*B:Q(l1Q:Q5!6;8Y6?M+,71F+50^>1o5!*B3+R FV5g57(2*B6_Rl57CIxI<8757K/(+6;15Y8Y*>I<6WUWR 6?.DI45ECs.91u^B1<R+,76,LK;.D*B:Q^-1Q(l,Y5L,9bp@pIQ6;8L6DK;t+14*>:<K;(<*B5cR+6?UWF2Mª,G5L14:l@p146]*BR ,Y1©^B14=Q576O6?M\8E*>14Rª5E8Y,71 IQK;C6]I<87(+KÀ*B:Q(+CI<6?88
=N*>6 h *>R2:2Z h h
F2,G57,7IQ698Y8)¥¦6?K/*-M\,)14*B*>:<K/R2*>M+R+14696³:<6?6Q14MTb`R]IQ14148!F+FV57*>5Y(+K/IQ6?K/14R<:<5Y1*B6?5Y.Q,?*BZq.cbpÄj14@25G146950R28Y1Q6QeE.0bN(+575Y6O69(+M\^B6E^B6957*>8aIuK/K/571Q(+1Q:Q.06]6L(+.DI4*BR+F+Cv6!8Y5Y87(+Ái6?q6gRl'5L.DF+§1Q8Y.?87Ã.D6?I<F2RlF+,75³*>RlR23p5!:!6914801LR2,GI<M§.9R 14,WK;¼ ,s5YIQ6?Cº8Y1<8Y6?1j.DMn6L57IL*B6?,³*=Q5Y5Y69(+Ik8Y69*>8L@pCHE6EIQ57R§K/(2141u15a5Y.D.01LIQ(2K;.D6?F+Mu3+8YF+8Y5769I;57Rl691 85
R+695 h I<87e/I<8*>RT57(26g@214R+ex.91480Mx*50,G6?^CWZ
Å+µ9{>Ƨ}©¶0Ç]¶_È2×QÉl|i¸fÊËyÊ-·Ì`i·ºÊ¹4ÍwªËÏ·-¶_Î
2µ0}|L{{>Ð`|0×_~7¹?Øyµ0|DÙl¶0Ú¶;ÛÜa¹WÑkÝQÞVÒ/ßOÛº}àp¦á³µY
Vâ ·l }4Ó¹QÔº¿9|Yµ9j·2¶0¦}`µ0|]¹n}x¶X·lQ{>|o¹<Ô¿9|0µ9aÐp~Y¹¦¹ÖÕYÐ+|x¹~
®?ãlä
®?ã<±
"!#!$!
%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%%% %%%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%%
%%%%%&%%%%('%%%%%&%%%%% %%%&%%%%%&%(''''%%%%%&%%
%%%%%&%%%(''%%%%%&%%%%% %%%&%%%%('&')%%%%#'')%%%&%%
%%%%%&%%%(')%#')%%%%&%%%%% %%%&%%%(''%%%%%&%('')%%&%%
%%%%%&%%('')%&%('')%%&%%%%% %%%&%%(')%%&%%%%%&%%(')%%&%%
%%%%%&%%(')%%&%%(')%%&%%%%% %%%&%('')%%&%%%%%&%%('')%&%%
%%%%%&%(')%%%&%%(')%%&%%%%% %%%&%(')%%%&%%%%%&%%%(')%&%%
%%%%%#'')%%%&%%%(')%&%%%%% %%%&%(')%%%&%%%%%&%%('')%&%%
%%%%%#')%%%%&%%%(')%&%%%%% %%%&%('')%%&%%%%%&%%(')%%&%%
%%%%%#')%%%%&%%%(''%%%%% %%%&%%(')%%&%%%%%&%('')%%&%%
%%%%('%%%%%&%%%%('%%%%% %%%&%%('''%%%%%&%(')%%%&%%
%%%%('&')%%(''&'''''&')%%%% %%%&%%%(''&')%%(''&'')%%%&%%
%%%%('&'''''%%%%%#')%%%% %%%&%%%%%#'''')%&%%%%%&%%
%%%(''%%%%%&%%%%%#'')%%% %%%&%%%(''%%%(''&')%%%%&%%
%%%(')%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%(')%%% %%%&%%('')%&%%%%%#'')%%%&%%
%%%(')%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%('')%% %%%&%('')%%&%%%%%&%('')%%&%%
%%('')%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%%(')%% %%%#'')%%%&%%%%%&%%('')%&%%
%%('')%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%%('')% %%('&')%%%%&%%%%%&%%%(')%&%%
%%(')%%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%(')% %%('%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%(''%%
%%(')%%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%(')% %%%#')%%%%&%%%%%&%%('')%&%%
%('')%%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%(')% %%%#'')%%%&%%%%%&%%(')%%&%%
%(')%%%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%%% %%%&%(')%%%&%%%%%&%('')%%&%%
%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%%% %%%&%(''')%&%%%%('&'')%%%&%%
%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%%% %%%&%%%(''&'''''%%%%%&%%
%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%%% %%%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%%%%%&%%
¨*B:QF+8Y6E´2ZB®$*+³*>Ry148YH/*>K/14:<6?,)IQC ¼ ¼ 1QR2M ¼ ± ¼ Z
75¥¦RP*BIQIQRAF+1Q^-R+M§,GI4HV5Y@p,G(+576]6?69K8;57(+146oh 32IQ,73+6DF2^>5g*-^B.9M 14IQ57C³.9*B^BIQ141<Rv^B,7^qbq,7*>*-*BCMVRlHx6957RlC8Y8Y57IVF+*>MVy*>F25Y1Q,E.D@+6O^>146;M Ry3+Mn*BR 8Y=QIV5Y6?MV(+:QF26x6D.9506]1469tV@+*>5769^B6?6?80K/,m.D*-3+,9,G6Ob^-1Q,d,7.DF2I46O.0CM (z² I<1Q(2Rn,E1457¥W3V(+M+5Y6;1T698T.014(+®Q326Obs3+.0^>1 eQ6O69,9C8 bwIN¼ ,mIN¨+MÓF,Y.9UW*s14K/^B1Q6Q143+ZE8Y3+eQ')^B6D6?5](+,?6]b876O.D.D.DI<^-I<1Q^>^-:Q,Y14,GR+806O*>M ,½
h:Q8Y696?R2,?b4,G3+*BR21<.0(_:Q8Y696?R2,?bK_F2,7(+8YIlI<K/,9b695Y.4ZBbQ6O1Q.0( h *5Y(]1E,769321Q8Y14576sRy14K;614R2Mk3y6?8q3yI<F+R2M].0(2148Y:Q-6 ,©Z
x
&k¢¤¢¤k¢¤nm¡4_j¡9g£w£a
LqDk
57A14*-Ry.96)Mu1Q^v,7@+F+80F2K;1*>57^>K/(25m6914F288Y,7*>5Y*>S?R2(26f:;145YR\,7(+696)5Y3y(+691469^B8069I<1K;8757696?6957^>Rl*-Ho.95Y14,M+^vIQ691Q=QC+R26?57Mn^>(+I<6g3yMV6Oµ0I<¹MuR+Ò]6d(yÒ;14,GI;80¹4M o5Y(2Ò/1Q1875!¹?6E×<32|D141{yRy57¹G57MxÑq698Y,7ÝR\I4iCÞ5876OO.D14ÛI<Üa8Y:Q6!ÝQR+Þ+K;*>57ß?IV*BÛºIQàpMVR\áF+^B,G* 6?HV57,?,G(+Z 57*-6?,aK;@+,m8Y6?.91Q14eNRnM+I@ph 6_RgMV6O*B,,G*B3+:Q80R21Q6?.DM ½
h h
º Þ OÙ
IQ.9148L57@N*B')IQHnRv(+(2b6?871©6)=N6/*>*-R2,q(2:x1L1©=<1T,76k6D,G5f696?IQ5L*5YCy(+IQ« 69Cs8d6DeNt+1\R+14I MVK;h 6O3+,7R;.9^B6?87.D,!*B^-3V1QC5Y,YI<*>,GI<8L6ORª,6OI41QIQC`.0Cc( IQ5Y@V(+IQUWCf6o6O.X57145Y(23+,?6;Za3p.96?')^B1Q1<(+8Y,76?1Q,7,7R26?6.D,?6]14Zg8YI4¨+6cC³I<eN8L6?R+1<69I .0t+h (A14R]K;.069(23+*>1Q57^B6Q8Y(+1<bp6?.X8fC5YIQ@N698g8EH_.0IQ,7(2IQ8 1QK;8Y1<66/.XMV57(26?6?8!1©,Y=Q.D.98Y6;^B*>1<3+1\,757,7*B,G*IQ269R 5½
I4.91QCsR+,YR+14IQK;5)3+@ph ^B6?6g,m3+I4^-Cf1Q.96O6?1QMx.0(v*>R\Zj¥¦IQR R26L57(+IQ6kCw:Q5Y(+69R26g69eN80R+14^wI .?1QR\,76Q.Db2^-1Q57,Y(+,G6?6O87,96 Z h *>^B^w@p6k1x,G3p6?.9*B1Q^s~7|º¿9|0µDmµ9{>}¶Y¶CI<8mh I<@VUW6?.D5Y,m57(2145
h
·ß?/ÛiàyÐ`á~7}Q·-µ9¶/Ö·º};µY|$Ðp#)~7}x¹Oµ0˵D|X{B¶0}©¶; ¶0¶d/
2}·º¹ ×Qg|01w}©}
N¶0{4¶X·ºÝ µ0·º4
AÞ 2}¶/gA} ·-¶)¹<{>Ô}Q}E¿9Ô0|0¶D|9µ9|9{fjw¦ÔY¹G¹§|9Ñ){>}¹4¹<lÔ¿94|0¹Q¶Eµ9Ôºº·-¿9¶s¶k|Yµ9
+×<g} |D?`}Q·µ0¹Nµ0¦E¹|0×u~7¶9×4¹Ô9·Ò/lÕ/§|¶9¹·Òm¹nÒ/Ð2¶D|m¹¹4Ý~XÒ;¦º}Þ|o2~7|¦µYÐpº¹4Þ&~7Òk%c|D¶9Ò/Ù|DYy¹â L}4 iÐ`·ºi~7¹4Þ¹Y Ð2?|9¹WÛº~XÑ;Üi·ºÝ<|D
+Þ"¶ '| !
Å AÇ]È2ÉlÊËÊ-Ì`ÊÍw
Ö¹Q·ºÔº¹¿9A|0µD}4) p( ¶³×xÐp¹~7¹0VÐ+Ðp|9~XVÖi·º¶g|X¶9}xâ µD {>}ݶ0¶EiÞ {B}Q?Ô0Ûº|DÜ{Bâ ÙlÚT·-¶g}x×Q"| ?·ºµ0|]¹~d}{ l¹~X·
NÒ 1w
VἵY
·Ð`Vº¶g}ª¹<Ô¿9|0µ9c~7|¦Ðp~Y|X¶9|92¦+} *
ŹWÑd,§Ç]
2|kÈ2Él×<Ê|X˶X·Ê-QÌ`pÊÍw}¦Ë |0× /4pÚ©¹
Ù 1q-OÙNAÝ4ß\µ9{>}©Ý ¶0i¶9Þ |X¶9 â ·-¶;}ol|D`|D~X·ºµxµD{B}©¶0¶)ÑD¹4~;¹<Ô¿9|0µ9º¶;
+}LµY}42`¹!Ô0|!Ð`{>}Qµ0|0×\·P}42Õ
distance or
probability
input computations
feature f1 (x,K)
vector output
x x
classification
1
x f2 (x,K) compare
2 & C(x)
decide
x
d
fm(x,K)
¨.DI<*>:<K;F+3+8YFV6x5Y´y1457Z ° *BIQ* RP² IQ^-R1Q,Y,G*>R+*>y32.9FV145;57*BCIQ6?RÓ15Y,7F+HV8Y,W6T5Y69=<K6?.D57MVIQ*-148 :<6 8Y1QFyK ,G*x*BR+:JMV*-,7,G.9I<87K;*BK;6x*>RyeN14R+RlI 5kC^B6?F2MVR2:<.X65Y*>I< R2, C87I<Á KÏ657 8014Ã_*BR+3p*>69R287:ACIQ1Q8YKR2MÓ,73yIQ1QK;,Y6,
8Y6?,7F+^50,³57Io1k2R21Q^v,W5014:<6!5Y(215mM+6D576?87K;*BR+6?,³5Y(+6d.D^-1Q,Y,?Z h
578YI\6WUW6?I<').DR+5m(+6;.D6I4^-1Q.DCf^-,Y1Q5Y,9,Y(+Z ,76/*2«6?8wMVFy6?,G6O,7*B,:Q57R2(+146³576?C6?Mª1457.DF+^-1Q8Y,Y6?,G,6O69,tl 5Y8Y, 1<b.X
5Y6? 4M_bcCZ>87ZBI<ZTK¯b
57(+
6j ,7,69R2b,76?M_IQ@V¬ UW6O.X
5f4M+b 14h5Y1m(25769Ig8Y61Q,Y
,G*B;:QR_MV6?57R+(+I46)5YI<6?@V,LUW576?(2.D65
C@+6?^B14IV57.0 F+ex8Y6]C@+I<^>=Q8!IV6?.06O.De 1Q57I<.0MV( 8 *-146P3p:<I<8Y*B,Y1Q,L,7KÏ*>5Y@+(+^BI46;6;C!*>.DR21A^-1Q3+,Y.DFV,9^-5g1Qb ,Y87,G6?*>(+3+y*-8Y.?.06?1(§,75769*B.DRlIQI<RP57Rl*BR+5Y,G14:oHV*B,GR25Y57(+,L696;K ,GI<IQK;@V*-,]UW6_6O:Q.XeN*B5E=QR+6?I57R IT^B*>@p6?R[6oMV:<¨.D6^-*>1Q:< ,YF+,G8Y*>6214@p6?MvIQ´yF+Z_Z °+5!')Z 5Y(+(+ 6/6],G.9HV^Bj1<,G57,7MV6?,L*BKK;14Ry69(2M§R21Q,7,L,7*BIQIQIQR2K;R21Q66 ^
3+,G5Y8Y14IV:<.D6Q6?b ,Y,7*>R+(+:g*-.0.?(ª1432M+1Q6?@+.D*-*>MV^B*>6O5WHQ,LZ 578(+6/6?,7.DF+^-^>1Q5Y,Y,a,!h C8YI4IQCsK5Y(+576;(+6jIQ@V«UW6O.D.X5OI<Z_K]')32FV(+5Y6/1457MV*B*-IQ14R2:Q,f80h 141QKÀ876)*-32,L1<:Q,7,7696?R2Mk69805Y14IE^a5769(+R+6I<yF+R2:Q(§14^257.9IT^B1<K;,7,7IN*>yM+.96914^a5757*BIQ(2R 6
57K;(26?871Q6?6xRvbwMVh Áº* @y3pÃ6?87.D6?^-Rl1Q,Y5k,7*5WyHN.?3p16?5Y,k*>I<I4RxCm@N.DHu^-1QK/,Y,7*14ytN.?*B1K_5YF2*>I<K R MV}g*BÐ+,Y.D¹Fy¶0,7¦,7|96?~XMJ·º¹~X@p· 693+^BI 8YhIQ@2*§1Q@+Ái1<*B^>Ãd*>5W.9HQ^Bb21<1Q,7R2,7*>Mzy.9Áº14.O57Ã*BIQ.DRJ^-1Q,YF2,G,7*>*>yR2.?: 15757*B(2IQRT6xF2R+6O,7*>14R28Y:o6?,G1 5
C696OMN½ÖCIQ8 h 1Q8YMx148757*>y.D*-14^ R+6?F+8014^`R+6D5 h IQ8Ye`Z
2wÛ 1Ûºá §ß wÙnÝ ºÞ ?ÛºÜÝ<ÞVß?Ûiàyá ?ß?Ù
57C8Y8YIQ6?K14s576O1<@+Mn.0*>(JRy*>14R I48YCH]² 5Y(2*B(+K/146T3+1457:<,769HV6?8g,q,W5Y°VIQ69ZCvKÏIQ² @V32(2UW1Q6O1Q8G.X3V505Y57,_,?6?Z !8 (2² 1<TM,_IQVK;K/*-,73+1Q.9FVRlF25YHJ,Y*>,GR26O1Q:_Mn^5Y.D69(+I<8YI^>R2I<h 18c5Y1457*>=<I\Ry6oM;.DI<*>57K;K;69tl3+3+5Y^BF+FV69K;578Y6]66?C1uR<6?5014RN157F+5YF+*>Kk8YI<6?R2@y,c,96?Zz*B8!,fIQ¥¦57K/8YCc6?MV1414*:<573p6?6u6?Mo87,76?*>69R RlR25!,7² IQC(y806O, 114573Vh F25Y6969878Y6O806,,
t§"14Ry1Q°4MxR2ã MxI<h FVäV*B57R2Za32MV')FVI 5_(2h6!®?ã]h.0(25YIQ1QI$F+8Y^-Qã1<M\].X578YC6?6?6O8s,71F+8Y57^6?F25!.987IQ*>6OR :Q,R2" IQ*ãQ5YR *>ã/I<R]32(+*69tV*-t+.069(T14^-,?K;57ZmI/3+¨+^B@26O6m1<1*-57,G,³6EF21Q875Y:<6d(+1Q6_69*>tNR/.D57^-*B801QR21Q,Y,G.X,7575Y*8Yy*>F2I<.?Rn.X15Y5Y*>K;*>=<I<6Q*>RT:<Z (<MV² 5L6O(2.D3+14*-8Y,G80IN*B1QIQ.9.DRy6?57,Y,969,)Z³80, 57')(2h (+6?8Y*B,7,j*>6 5G576D"6?t+ã<Ro14ã;K;*BRx3+3+*>#1^BtN6g6?<ã^B*B,,
MV6?=Q69^BIQ3p6?Mx@p69^BI h Z h
1324Ry1Q8GM§5³j5YI4R2(+CvI46o5Y57(+(2.D6!^-691Q8c32,Y.9,787*IQ6?2K;3+6?878?K;IVb.9IQ,G6?R/I<,YK;,GR2*BR+1Q6k:2K;yZ 6^5Yr 69CIQIQ8YK;8c*>R+6L57:n(+R+6mI<IQ8gC*-6?,7R+146!IQ57.DF+*-^B,78Y6?6o6j1QR+.D6D^B*BtN6?R+5Y14:_8YR21<I<*>.XR+3y57:\I<6?8Y8fKk14*-57,qF2*BIQ57,W5_(2R26, 1QÐp^B,7~YI\6?|87Ð`6L@y~76u,G¹?6?µ03y69|DRu6?¶0¶D8GC*B¹4RI<~X87AZ ²K;+³(y6?6D14M§5 3Vh 575Y(y69696?8%1Rk5k_15Y,74(+(+Ry6!IQMoF2,769^BK;MARyIQ,G@pI<8Y668
h *B^>^)@p6x,G57F2MV*B6?MÓ*>R ² (2143+57698 &VZz')(+6TMV*>=N*-,G*BIQRÓI4Cj3+8YIV.D6?,Y,7*>R+:§h @y695 h 6?69R C6O15YF+876x6DtN57801Q.D57*BIQR 1QR2M
O76
)a26 Y ( ®Q®<®
ROC
100
correct
detections
50
0
0 50 100
false alarms
¨14^-*>14:<8YF+KÏ8Y6L8Y´y14Z 57
*6<qZ')L(+6/6?R+~769|080µ014|D^B· ^>H<|Dba~_57(+¹0Ð+6T|9RN~7}4F+iK_·N@pT698;µ9VIQ~
Cj|³Cº14IQ^-8,G6T8 14^-.g148Y² K/ , 3+^BI4*B5Y^>^),:Q.9IªIQ8Y87F+6O3P.X5j1<MV,d695Y57(+6?6n.D57*B,GIQHVRT,G578Y6?14KÏ576E14=Q5G6?5Y8Y69,7K;F23V,c5YCº,k14^-5Y,7I6
MV1Q.069(2576?*>6?.D=Q5]6?(2MT*>:<1(+5m691;8k^B3yI 6?8Y.9.D69I<Rl,G5Y5j1Q:Q*BR\6?,dCº14I4^-Cj,G6deN1QR+^BI 1Qh 87K/R ,?I<bV@V@+UWFV6?5!.D5Y.9,?IQZ§8Y87Ân6O.XIV5jMVMV6?6D,Gh 5/5Y6?MV.D576D*B5YIQ6?R\.X5YI4*>I<CqR R+6O3p14698Y87^>CHuIQ8Y1QK;^>^1QIQR2@V.DUW6x6O.X.95Y14, RJIQ*>^BC^w576?.?RÓ14F2@p,766
1]^B1Q87:<6!3p6980.D6?Rl5Y14h :<6EI4CwF2R+eNR+I h RxI<@VUW6?.D5Y,)5YI;@y6g*BR2.DI<878Y6?.D57^BHo.D^-1Q,Y,G*>26OMu*BRl57I/,GI<K;6LeNR+I h h R\.D^-1Q,Y,?Z
.D,7IQ^-1QK;,Y,76d*y*BR+.?1(+5Y69*>8YI<69RnRl5L*B,L3+F287I<,7F23y146?^B8G^B5YH\*>6O,7,jIQIQK;Cs6 14h R (2141325!3+1Q^>87*-.9@214*5Y578Y*BIQ1QRv87H\Zm14¥¦R2R2MVM 696OK]M I<b 876]6 MVF+6k*>^B^w57Ix^BIN69IQR+e\:<*>1R+5L6?R+698Y69*>F+R280:u14^w.DI<R+R26D.D50,96?b87R2,m(+57*-(y.0( 14Rn.91Q5YRI
MVI;IQR26d,W5Y693\.D^-1Q,Y,G*>y.91457*BIQRTMV*>8Y6?.D57^BHoC8YIQK 5Y(+6g*BR+3+FV5j*BK/14h :Q6<Z h h
!Ø+Þ 2ÞVß?Ûiàyá[à 9ßOÙ ¤Ù<Ú©ÚàyÚ
57IQ(2@+6]UW6?')32.X(+5087,EI<6§@+.9|9^>146?~XRªK~7¹@y~/C6;IQ~Y8 }3+¦h8Y|EIV(+.DI4*-6OC.0,7(A1\,76?*M§.D5 ^-1Qh3y,Y6?1Q,G8L*>,EyF2.9MVR+146O57*,G5g*B*BIQ:Q5YRzR+*>K;6O,GM HV6<Z ,Gb5714. 6?R2K57M§(+6?*-6D,g8LtVIQK;3pR+696O6;R21Q,7,7K;6QF+bv6?87*B6O1<Rª,E,GF2571487698Y6;8Y6]K/I4,7C),L3y(+6?I46?I CcM h(yb14*>h 80RAM6?^>57^a6?1Q875Y87K/(+6<6u,Lbp,7,7I4HVI4C³C,W5 5Y(+69I K 14h 8Y6Q,7K/b IQ^B1Q1Q=QR2Rl6OMH ,
MV,7*6?CHN=Q*B69R+^BIQ:]321QK]^>^`6?*BRlR+5)3+.9FVI<50,G,)5?*> Z Rla5YI_69875YC(+IQ6E8YK/876G14UWR26?.9.X6j5*B.D,)^-1QMV,Y69,c57K]6?876OK;14*BR2R+,c6?Mu5Y(2@l1H/5)57@p(2I46L5Y(u,7HV5Y,W(+5Y6E69K 698Y87K/I<8Y14,ce<6?14,³R2MuR+I]876G69UWh 8Y6?87.DI<578Y*B,sIQR2@+,³FV5K/h *B1Q,³MVF2#6 ,75V69.D^B6?^-1Q,Y,G,?½ Z
¸c¦|Dµ0Ò }4i·º·-¹4¶g+¶_
+|d}Ö2|9VÒmÒ/Ë ÐpÔY¦|9W|Y~gÈ ×<')â¹WÑg(2*Ê|D ~X~YÊ +¹~0¶EnÒ;È }<×Qp|]Í ¹, -·V`Ì ×Q|¦È Ð+ |9pÎ ×<
+|D|mys69K;¦|X3+¶Xc*B87*-×<.9}1Q¦^y}u6?×878Y· OIQ·º8c×Q8Y|014×T576uÔDÕ;¹GÑE
+}u|dµD2{>V}¶0Ò/¶0·ÔY¸³|9~gµ0}¹WÖÑd·º¹µ9 {>}©¶X¶0Õ©¶X
¶ · **
Å &nÇ]È2ÉlÊËÊ-Ì`ÊÍw
¶X¦|D· ¸cÒÀµ0}·-Ö¶_·º¹2
+¶_|]}yÖV|9Ò;Ë ÒjÔ0Ð`|9WÈ~k|0')¹W×<Ñk(2â *Ê ~7 |º¿9Ê +|Yµ9i/¶_Ò; È }<0X×Q+È |/y¹4,Ì A-·V`Ì ×QÈ |¦Ð+ |9pÎ ×<
+|D|y69K;|D3+¶X*Bj8Y*B×Q.?14}^4¦}n8Y6WUW×6O· O.X5v·º×Q80|01× 576gÔ9Õu¹Wѳ}!
+|]µ9{>y}¶YV¶XÒ;· ¸³Ô0µY|9}4~ki·º¹W¹4Ñ;;µ9¶X{>}©Õ©¶
¶ **
Å .§Ç]È2ÉlÊËÊ-Ì`ÊÍw
Ö~X2|kµ9{>}©¶04¶ /4p¹ 1qË 3#s205Ë·`4µDÈ {2(2×È+·5Ëln4È2¹<Ë Ô¿9,Ì |0µ96gº¶s+È Ñ09~YÌÓ¹Ò7Ç V
+8Ì =|9;<i~Y: |`¿9|0×Qµ9|¦)Ð+|9µ9p{>}©×<¶0|D?¶ y>
#cv|D
+¶X}v ×Q1s}¦|9}g~7|k}~Yp|³¹4c¶9}NÒm¶9|0Ðp×o{>|j·J¹<Ô¿9×Q|0|Dµ9¶Xº·¶ 4y1q··l
Å 1§Ç]È2ÉlÊËÊ-Ì`ÊÍw
®Q®©°
"!#!$!
Æ~7|9xi~XÇ]·º|"È2Él|YקÊËÔDÊ-Ì`ÕTÊÍw
2Ë
|]¶X3Õ©¶X+È |9Ò 8 ×· O·ºÎ×Q|0
+ת|!87ÔD6OÕT.91Q
2^>^|;¹W¦Ñ]¹¦
} }{a2VÒ/¶XÕ©Ô0¶X|D~;|9ÒÀ¹WÑ]·-~7¶d|9{>$|
2|_}yy!VÒ;×Q¹OÔ0µ9|9V~kÒ;¹WÑd|92~7i|D¶_{B$| ·J}y
+|o×<¹?×<µ9}V¦Ò/}QÔ0|D}©y¶9|Oº¶ â
9V· ©}4{>|92Ö{ Õ)#m
N·-¶;·-¶k
+|/yVÒ;Ô0|9~]¹GÑkÖ~X2| , ×<¹?µ9VÒ;|92i¶_~7|9Ö~X·º|$|0× ×· O·º×Q|0×AÔDÕ\
+|;¦¹¦}{s¹GÑk
+|
Ö~X2
| , ×<¹?µ9VÒ;|92i¶g~7|9i~X·º"| ©|0×x}p×o
2|sÑD}4{ ¶9|;×·-¶XÒk·-¶9}4{ ¶9â
*B8YR<6D5Y57698Y¨+*B8Y696?I<=Q,G8E6O5;,g6D57t+®IA14&QK;57ã/(+3+I46n^BCq6QFyb5Y(+,G,76?I<F+8;,73+6k3p1QR2I<°QMÓ,7ãQ6;ã/5714(28YRA6914^B5/69*>=K/5714(+14Rl6\:<5m6]F2*BK/M2,7691148/5Y:<1Q6?(+@2,mI<1Q3y1Q,76OR26;, MJ.DhIQ®ORl*>ãQ^B50ã;^j14*BK/I4R25Y,g1(+5069°4.08LãQ(Óãx*BK;5Y,G(+F21Q6 :QR26O,Gl,j69F+5gI4698YCq*>K/HQR+Z 14Ix:<r *>6?RlF+,!5Y3+69573p8Y(y6?I<1,G,75 5m6\h 5757IoI<(2F+6\57^-(+M§,76]HV@pF2,W5Y6;,76969KI48OC Z
*-')M+,/14(+5Y® 6k14&Q@y3+ã 1Q487,76O°Q6Q.DãQb)*-ã,G*B@+IQFVR\¬5xIQä57Cq(+& 576?u(+R *-Zo,m*')508Y,o6D(+5Y6o3+87*B8Y69,76?=HV.91Q,W*B,75Y^s*B69IQÁºK .9R ^B1<.9,7IQ,7I<F+*pF+^-MA.9^-M[1IQ5Y@y*>@VI<6§50Ry14Ã)57*BR[69I<8Y3y8Y®?*>6?ãQ@+8Yã ^B146Q57Z*BIQ87R\m6O.9^*B1Q5Y,k69^>^q8Y® R2&Q*>C1ã 5YQ*5d*>° =<&48Y69ã6D^BHQ5YF+b¬ 87*>R2Cg" 6?57ãMz(+6§14^Bh.9^q^B(2*>1<K/*>,7^B,76d1Q*>y:Q5Y6?.9(+,E146_57*B*BRz8YIQ6?R[.?5714(2*B^B6, ^
h h
xG \jL \qj£ \£w 4kq \qj£m]aLaD]
57(+6u}4~7|0}LI4C5Y(+6d.0(21Q8Y1<.X576?8)*>R\F+R+*>5Y,jI4Cw@2^B1<.0eo3+*>tN6?^B,?Z
57(+6k
2|D·©
N1QR2M 1q·º×
]I4Cw57(+6g@pIQF2R2MV*BR+:/@yI©txI4Ca*50,)3+*tV6?^B,?Z
57(+6/yVÒ;Ô0|9~g¹GÑm
+¹4{>|X¶)*BR2,G*-MV6E5Y(+6d.0(214801Q.D576?8?Z
57(+6/yVÒ;Ô0|9~g¹GÑL¶Xi~7&¹ /Q|D¶sCI<87K;*BR+:]57(+6d.0(y14801Q.X5Y698OZ
57(+6uµ0|92¦|D ~ Wµ0|Dyi~7¹4·º× I4C5Y(+6d,76D5jI4Ca3+*>tV69^-,9Z
57(+6uÔ0|D¶0)} ·-¶_×·~7|0µ9i·º¹4/57(287I<F+:Q(u57(+6g3+*>tV69^-,j1Q,³5Y(+6d1tV*-,)I4C^>6O1Q,G5)*BR+6?8G5Y*B12Z
57(+6;¶9|0µ0¹p×oÒ;¹4Ò;|92i¶sIQC57(26g3+*tV6?^B,j1Q@yI<FV5)57(+6d14tV*B,)IQC^B6?1<,W5*BR+698757*-1;14R2MxK;I<,G5j*>R+6?8G5Y*B12Z
!#"$!%'&()&
(
* ++
,+
w' 1Q@+^B6L´yZ>®#*qt+14K;3+^B6LC6?15YF+8Y6?,³CIQ8j1;,Y14K;3+^B6d.0(214801Q.D576?8³,76D5OZ
*B.9R21Q,W^>50^B6?14MªR2.91A6?,k×<|0I4µDCj·-¶X5Y·º(+¹6?Ó,76Ai~7®?|0ã§|9Z .94m^B1<6O,7.D,7*-6?,G,k*BIQ1QRy,],L:Q,7*B(+=QI 6?R Rª*BRP*>R§j57^B(+:Q6]I<875Y*>1Q57(2@+K^B6]1Q
287ZJ6k')6?1Q(+,7*B*B,;^>H\,G57*BK]8YF232.X^>5Y6?F+K]8Y6o6?RlC57IQ6?8/Mª.9*B^BRA1<,71x,7*p.D.9IQ1K;5Y*>3+I<F+RJ5769*B8,
3+,76D8Y5)IQ:<I48YCv1QCK6O15757F2(287146O5s,s(2*-1<,³,fF21Q,G.?6O.DM/6?5Y,YIk,a5Y@+IE801457(+Ry6.0(/C6O571I;5YF+,GI<87h 6mK;=©6!1QIQ^>F2576?(+,?6?Z8c³3p5sIQ*B6ORl1Q5Y.0,³(;I43pCvIQ5Y(+*BR<6E5cMV*>R;6?.95Y*B(+,7*>6mI<RuMV6O3+.D8Y*-,GIV*B.DIQ6OR/,77, 3+5<8Y*BIVRx.D6O57(+,7,?6EbQ.D1gF+,78YK;8Y691QRl^>5 ^
6D8Y6?t+MV1QF2K].D3257*B^>IQ6ERTIQR2*>RT^>Ho5Y(+I<6dR+6L,G69C5j6?14I457CF+3y8Y6EIl,7*B,7,)*>@2F2*>,7^B6?*5YMT*>6O1,j51Q6O,)1QK;.0(\I<87MV6!6?.9C6?*B,714*>57I<F+Rx8Y6?3p,IQ*B1QRl875?6gZf,7')F2.9(+.96E6?@+,Y,G80*B14=QRy6?^>.0Ho(+*>.9R2IQ:kR23+,7*B8YM+IV69.D8Y6O6?,7M ,³Z K;IVMV69^-,)57(26
M*BVR 6O.D1\*-'),G*B87(+IQ6O6R\14^f.D3+F2(28Y871QIV8YR269.D6?RlMVM+5q3+F+8Y6D87*Bt+R<6g145YK;,76?eQMz3+69^B5Y.06).0(2(+*B1Q,f6O8YMxF21<.X,G,76O57I]6?M]8ECº@y14878j6O6O.9.D*-14,jIQFy:<.D,GR+^B6)I<*>57,7I4*B6LCpIQRJ57*50Io,q,G1/HV*BR<,GMV5Y57F+6?6OKT.D*>57*-*B,GZ =Q*BIQ68R\=69143+^B^B*-8YF+14IV@+6Q.DZ^B6OHª¥MV5fF+MV*-8Y69,q6!2R2R+5Y14(2*BR+*B1=Q:§56³h1Q5YIER2IQMzF2,7F+^B.DMT3+IQ3p3pK;I<693+,7876)F+CIQ57578Y*B(yKR+1:n5qh 5757(2(26?^>66 ^
RNF+IQK_8Ye]@p*B69R 8m²I4Cf(y,W145Y3V875YI<69eQ8L6O,9®?bNã+CZqI<Ân8j*>I<Ry87,W6?50I14=QR26?.98?6Qb<b2K]*-,6957=<(+69IV8YHuM+,cMVC* 8Y/IQK.9F+^>² 5?b`(2141Q^>3V5757(+6?I<8YF+
, :Q]1( 4h R26 M h &k*>^B14^w8Y6m,769R26d691;6?M+K;6?M/6D5Y5Y(+IkIVMT8Y69K;57(2I14=<5m6!K;,7IQ*>:<K;(l65
hI4C5Y(+6u=1Q87*-15Y*>I<R2,d*BRJ57(26xM+145Y1n@p6DCI<876uC6?15YF+8Y6?,_1Q876u6DtN57801Q.D576?MvZ ¥¦RÓ,7IQK;6x.9IQRl578YIQ^B^>6OMA*>R2M+F2,W5Y87*-14^
IH
,7.D. F+IN@V87I<UW6?8Y6OK;MV.X*B5Y69R2,LRl145YK/57,?6_Z 1©IQH\r CcF+@y,73+6;F23p.0I<.D(ªI<,76LK;1u5732C(26?1414148Y5)576?F+M\6O8Y1Q6_C.0I<(o=<8L6?I<,7.X@V*B5YK]UWIQ6?8L*B.D^-145(28Y1Q*B*,)5W,!H\8Y5Y69(+@23+6]1<8Y,G6?,Y6O,714M 69K;RlIQ5Y6]R 6?M/K;57(+@N6?146?H/*>R28E6D*>t+R+8Y1<:x693+.XC578YIQ^B6?H 8L,7696?]Rl1<5YK;.014(§576?*B1<I<IQ,G@VR F+UW8Y6?1<69.D,LK;5 1u6?R<=Q5506O,9C.XZqIQ578LI<')8!6D(+t+IQ6 14CsK;K; 3+6?^B146Q½ b
MLN
!
!"$#&%'#)(*#,+-#/.0#132
544768
9
:;3
<
=>;
?@6;
A 3
"$#/.0#/
!2
7
B9
><
=CD7
6
!
.
E;
!
2
F;
!
"
7
8
;
H
I
!
(
JK
!
L%
"
!
5M!!N
8
;H
* !
=
O* !
M
I
!
PQ3R
8
;H
* !
=R
" !
LP
}`× 6 -· ¶
6 ¬ Á
à Á´yZ>®©Ã
,
6TS 6TS 6
Class 2
o
o
x o o
2 o class
o o o o
o o o o o mean .
o o oo o
o oo x x
o oo o xx
x x x
x xx x
x
.
x xx
x x x
Class 1
x
class
mean
x
1
08¨1*>57:<6<F+Z 8Y6/´2Z ´
*k' h I .DI<K;321Q.D5_.D^-1Q,Y,G6O, *_.9^B1<,7,7*>y.91457*BIQRzF2,7*>R+:nR26?148Y6?,G5dK;6?1QR h *>^B^sHN*B69^-MA1 ^>I h 698Y87I<8
57C6?(2146k57F+.D^-8Y1Q,G6*B,YK;=Q,6O3+K;.X^>5Y6g6?IQ1Q8.9Rn^BC1<87=Q,7I<6O,7K*.Xp57.9.9I<1^B8?1<5Yb2,7*>IQI<, 8kRu0Zµ014|9m^B2:QR/I<Ö~787F+¹*>57R+·º(2×4eNbK R+6I Ó*B,cR]57¬ I;IQ@V,7® F+UW6OK;5.X5K; 1Q87*>57*BS9(]6!,C 6?57 (214 576E65F+ ,Y8Y 146)K;h=Q3+6O(2.X^B696E578YI<6M+8 1656x501d*-_,fC8Y*-.9IQ,^B1<K 5Y,7(+,76O6*y1Q$#6?.0(xM] 1Q.9^B,q 1<.D,7^-,Y,c1Q14F2,YK;,9,7*>3+*R2^B>:6 C
*57>5f(26d*B!, IQ
K_3+3pF2IQ.087"( 572F2.DR+^BI<*5W,7Ho69857I/57IL3+57FV(25 6³6AK;*B6ORl1457R]I;=Q5Y6?(+.D6g57I<876G8UWIQh6?Cp.D5!.9^B.D1<^-,71Q9, ,Y,)`5Y*Ca(2h 14*>5mR]*B57,jIgR+1QI4Rl5mHg.9IQ^>Il57,G(+6g6?8f6?R+.DIQ^-1QF+,Y:<,(uK]5Y6OIo14R]14RN=QHu6O.XIQ57CwI<5Y8?(+Z 6dª,Y6)14K;(21©3+=<^B66
LN
57K;,7(2*>K;6?6k1Q3+,YR2^B146],9K;Zq5 ')3+^B(+In6d*-,)=Q.D^-6O.D1Q.X^-,Y1Q57,LI<,Y,G8Y6D*>,t+y14C.?87K;1I<57K 3+*BIQ^B6Ru6O1QK].0*( 695Y57(A.D(+^-IVC1Q6?Mu,Y1,j5Y*B,)F+1Q8Y87,76]6_*>K;=<.93+IQ6?K;^B.D6L5732IQ1Q801<R2,!.XM/5!I4CºC1Q1<R2MV,WMT5*>K;14Cº146?RyR28mM ,GC*Bh 87IQI<*BR K^>^ h 5YIQ(+¬&8YI<e],7°x6d*BRx*BI4,gCq,7,7IQ5Y(+K;(+I 6_6!IQRA3+5787(+*>I<Rz6?@+8m^B¨69.D*>K/^-:<1QF+, ,Y87,7h 6;6?,?(+´yZj69Z 8YO´ 6 *
,Y14K;3+^B6m=Qh 6O.X5YIQ80,fI4C.D^-1Q,Y,fIQR26!h 148Y6!M+69R+IQ576?Mu@NH 6ª14R2M;5Y(+I<,76LI4C.D^-1Q,Y,s5 h I_1Q876LMV69R2h I4576OMo@NH/àZ r *BR2.96
O76
)a26 Y ( Q® ®ä
57(2*B69^>^a8Y6!R+IQ145L8Y6m@p,Y6k14K;S?693+8YI2^B6?b ,s14I4^>57Cv(26?IQ1<F+.0(o:<( .D^-1Q,Y6],q6D5YtV(23p16?5.D145L8Y*>6j5!6 5YlIxF+*-@pMV6]*-,W=Q5014698YRlH\5sC^>8YI IQK*>Cf@p5YI4(+576/(T,W.D5Y^-871QF2,Y,s.D57.9F+698YRl6_578YIQIQCf*-M+57(2,?b46]57(2,Y146!K;6?3+878Y^BIQ6?,8f8016?5Y^>6 ^
h8Y693+8Y6?,769Rl5Y,c5Y(+6_,G578YF2.X5YF+876EIQCwhCFV5YF+8Y6d,G6?R2,G6OMTIQ@VUW6O.X5Y,?Z A6dh R+I h (y1©=Q6EIQR+6g.9IQR2.98769576E*>Rl5Y698Y3+87695Y1457h *BIQR
ÒI/=Q¹?6?×<8Y1Q}^>{ *q^K;*>5Y,)6?1Q,YR§14K;h 5Y(23+^B16?5d,c^B^>*>*B6O6m,E*BRoK;5*BMh Ik1©,7H 6932@p1Q6D8Y5 1457696m6?.9R§IQK;5Y(+326;1<5.X5³I\.9^>FyK;,W5YIV69MV806?,f,?5YZ (2r1569=<14698Y806j14^aR+IQI45³Cc8Y5769(+3+6o8Y6?,Y14,769K;Rlh 3+5Y6?^B6?M ,Lh C8Y69IQ^B^yK @NH;.D^-571Q(2,Y6,
IQ,Y14R2K;6;3+Á 6^B6?Ã,?b 148Y6g6).DK;^BI<*B,7:Q69(l8)5s5YMVIk*-,75Y.9(+I6d=Q69K;8h 6?5Y1Q(+Rx6)5IQCaIE.9h ^BK;1<,7IV,³MV5 6?h ,aI]IQC`57(2.9h 1Q^B1<RT,7,w57I;5 57Ig(26g14R2K]M]6O@p14R\6j14I4@+Ca^B.D6³^-1Q57Id,Y,),769IQ32R+1Q6<8YZ 14+³576)Hx.D,G^-571QF2,Y,MVHN5 *BR+IE:;*>Rl57(25YI6
53+h ^BI4Io5!,G1<F+,@`*B.DR ^-h 1Q¨w,Y,7*B:Q6?,)F2878Y6d693+´y8YZ 6?&+,7b+69*>Rl5m57K/6OMu1©Hu@NHu@p56_h h =QIo6?87,7Hx6932MV1Q* 8Yo14.9576EF+^K;5!576?Io1QR2F2,9R2Z h MV 6980(+,G5Y*B^>146gRy5YMu(+5Y*-,j(+6k*-,j,G,G57*B8YK;F2.D3+57^BF+6g8YF26g,GI4*BR+Cf:o,Y141oK;°3+4^B6?h ,,Y.9157(+576?6?R 8
MV14Ry*BK;Mn6957R2(2,787*>6?I<6QR Z d² *-,q^>6OK_148YF2^>H<.0b(/,7(21Q*>K]:<(+3269^>6O8a,m5Y(2IQ14CcRu.D^-°+1QZ,Y,j 5Y(+,76?8Y.969IQ6 R2M]*5Y3+(§8YIQ^-@214^>8Y6?:QK6_.9*-,fIlI<MV8YF+M+6*>R25Y14IE57576(+6m ;69^B14IQ8YR+6k:l1.9^>57Il*BIQ,G6?R]8jI457C Ix.D^-571Q(2,Y6k,76?K;h ,aIQ6?1QR2R 6
H
1 Class 2
oo o
o
oooo
o
o
. Class 1
x o o x x
2 o o xx x x x x x
++
x x
x
x
x x xx x
x
x
x
.
++ x xx x x x
x
+
+ o
o oo o o
++
+
+ . o Class 2 .
o o o
++ + oo
o o
+ +
+ Class 3
0
0 x 1
1
5F2h ,7*>*-R2.D:]6/1_5Y(+^B6o1Q87IQ:<3+69578 *BK;u1QMV^s693p6?87698YRyIQM+8g,³80IQ1Ru5Y6Q(yZT1©=l¥¦RJ*BR+:]57(+1_6?IQ^-148YHQ8Y:Qb 6?h 8s6uRNF+,7(+K_I<@pF+69^BMJ8³I4M+CI ,71Q@yK]695G325Y^>696O8 ,ch *BRu*>576O( 1Q.0 (oR269*B®$:Q5q(N@2@yFVI<5?87ba(2Il6$3`IVM/6?.DIQ57*BCv=Q576?(2^>H 6
F572,7(232,769*>1QR28Y.9:6!6c145YAIE8Y6m¬ 3+K;876?+bI<=Q876?6h R<5q5Y6 (2F2h14,qRuIQCF+875 I<^-MzK I].D(2.D^-1Q^-1©1Q,Y=N,Y,G*>,G*>R2C6OH :!,q5Y5Y6 (+Ig69*>,GRlRu6O5Y1457I\80(+.0576?(d(+876L6u57IN14.9IE8Y^B1<6jCº1Q,7K;,L8aIQC5Y87(28YI<6!1K 5k.DI<(26uK_1QC@+,dI<*B8f°TR2,714IQ1Q57CcK;*BIQ5Y3+R2(+^>,s66O3y,9n,ZIl,7¥¦YR/,714*>@2K;1!^>6L3+5 h ^B146?IQR2,E½Mo.9R+^B6O571<(+14,78Y6E,6?3+MV,G8Y5 6?IQ.96q@+*B,7^BZT*B69IQK ¥R C
*-.D,u^-1QK;,Y,EIQ*>8YC³6ª5Y(+.9IQ69K;8Y6/3+*-^B,g6Dt R+ZInK/')(2h16AUWI<871Q*>^>5W:<H IQ8YI4*C³5Y(+57K(26/:<R+*>6?=<1Q6987R 6O,W@p5d69eA^BI h ,71QK].D^-321Q^>,Y6O,G,L*>2C6O87,oI<K 5Y(+6§14RN*BHªR+3+IQFVR+5\6/=Q.D6O^-1Q.X,Y5Y,?IQZu8u')*BRl(+57*-IÓ,d5714(+^B:Q6AI<8787*>6G57UW(+6?.DK 5
@p1QM+,Y146?,7.D5YF+1;I<K;K;,W5Y6?6?87,),EFyR+.X,GIo^B57I F2h ,G87576O698Y,³8 F2C.Xh IQ5Y8)*F+5Y8Y(§576g(2*B6dIQR2RT,7.D1Q8Y576?K](+1<6k32,G*B^>R+,G6O69,:u5j.9RNI414F+CaRTKk57@p80@y146E6?*BR+8gCIQ*BR+I4F+Cc:/R2,YMT,7141QK;=NK]*-3+1_32^B^>6?5Y6O(+, , 6g5 Óh 8Y6D1Q*C5YR269(+ M8YIQ69FVRy 5m.DZ_6?,7j,F2^B.014:Q(n5)I<5787,G(+*>57578Y6g(+F2K/6?.XR25Y,!F+MT87576<I4(ybVC1575g5Y(2(+F26_6d,7146k.0(2^B:Q6 1QI</3V8757.9*>576?*>(+6?8?RlZK 5
H
.6AD. ^-1Q*B*-,),Y,m,)5Y1u(+^-14,G6g@p69F+5!69^ÖR+I4Z eNC R+zI ^-14RT@p69*BR+^B6?3+MnFV5.D^-C1Q6O,Y1,j57F2,Y14876EK;=Q3+6O^B6?.X5Y, IQ8) 57h I;(+@p696d8Y6 .D^-1Q ,Y,G6J*>2*-6O,mM 1;Z C6O157F2876d=<6?.D57IQ8!14R2M
E*-,m*>5Y,m*>Rl576?:Q6?8
8Y*BR269K;,769I875_=<6mÁ 5Y(+6gÃsK/*BR1toC8Y5 IQK 5 S
S
5
1QÛ j,Y,G1]6?8GK/5 1UWI<(287*>1<5W,H/xI4C,Y5714(2K;6g3+^B^B1Q6?@y,³6?C^B8Y, IQK
m. C87.DI<^BI<K ,76?,G5)5714I 8Y6g6.D5 ^-1Q,Y,
S
ß wÙNá .9^B1<,7,7*C
6876957?F+^B8Y,76gRÁi.D.D^-^-1Q1Q,Y,Y,G, *>CI4H C H 6At26AÃ)*>5Rl*B5YR<Ik5YIo5Y(+.D6g^-1Q8Y,Y6W, UW6?
.D25m5 .D^-1Q,Y, 5
S
S pàyÚ©Ûºß
² IQK;3+FV5Y6E57(+6 L½ j6O148Y6?,G5 m69*B:Q(N@pIQ80,cIQC 1QR2Mx876957F+8YRxK/14UWIQ8Y*5WHu.9^B1<,7,?Z
ãã ã ã ã ã ã ãã ãã ãã
ãã ãã ãã ã ã ã ã ã ãã
ãã ãã ãã ãã ãã ãã ãã ã ã ãã
ãã ã ã ãã ãã ãã ãã ãã ãã ãã
ãã ã ãã ãã ãã ã ã ã ãã
ãã ã ã ã ãã ãã ãã ã ãã
ãã ãã ã ã ã ã ãã ãã ãã ãã
ãã ãã ãã ãã ã ã ã ã ãã ãã
S ,73y6O.D*>26?,³5Y(215jI<R+6E(+IQ^B6oÁ^-14e<6EIQ8)@21©H+Ãc^>*B6?,j1Q@yI=<6L1QR+I45Y(+698
O76
)a26 Y ( ®O°+®
CON CON
ADJ
L
ADJ ADJ
ADJ
CON CON
S S S
ABOVE
ADJ
ADJ ADJ
Y8¨6?*>,7:<3yF+6O8Y.X6k57*B´y=QZ 6?±
^>*mH<Z :Q80143+(§,G578YF2.D57F+8Y6k8Y6932876O,G6?R<5Y*>R2:o57(26]^B6D57576?8 ¼ ¼ Z ¼ r ¼ b ¼ ¼ b ¼ + ¼ MV69R+IQ576x¶X·º×Q$| #m{>7} /<$| #!ÔY}4Õ
(h*>5Y,7+69*-^>r.0C(5Y@y87F2h 6L.D*B.D57^B^pI<F+R2@p8014,G6d*-^LMV.D326?I8714=<6O5G69M/578Y6?6?1487M;RuR*BR148Y576?²IQ.DK;I<(y:Q14*-.R+3V*>5YC576O69*B18EIQ57R ®9F2´y87*BZa6m,TÄm1QI4R2IC5YM;h 69R¯6?5Y=Q(l6?Fy1Q8?.0,cb<(+.?57*B14(+69Ro=<6E6?8Y@pM[696!^-15YFy(+5Y,G*>8YI<6OIQM/R2F+,G:<*>(2Rx( *>3x1g4@yC~Y6?}Y6914Ð+5 57h
¯F+6?8Y69Ò;6mRo=<}45 6?hµ0.D
N57I]IQ·N8c3+z8714*BR2K;14M/^B:Q*5YIQ*B*>R2=<8Y.9*>6?57IQ,)(+8YK/.93y1QIQ,?R ½ b
80RN1F+57K_6OM;@p69*>Rl8g5YIQI_Cs1_5Y*>,GK;5Y146?57,g*-,W1T5Y*B.?32141Q^y8GM+5Y*B6?.9.DF+*-^-,714*>I<8LR/876?3+^B8714IV57.9*BIQ6?R2MV,7F+(+8Y*B6Q3§Z @p. 6DR+5 6m,769*B69K]Rª325 ^>6 ITh 1©3yH_14875757Ik*-.DM+F+Ig^-14578!(+C*-6?,c14*B57,sF+578YId6]K;5WHl6?3p876?6?,/^>H;Áº.D*>6<I<Z]F+Rl1T5s@257(21©H 6
@p1k69CR+6?6O14157F+57( 8Y6L1;CIQ(28jIQ8Y8Y*>6?S?.9IQIQRl:Q5YR21Q*^v5Y*>,WI<5YRu87I<I4eQCw6OÃ)57(+1Q6g3+I3p=<6?6914808014,^B^`*BR 3211;5757326918Y57Rv57h Z6?87RvZ)')h (+6d*BRl576?:Q698m=©1Q^>F26gI4Ca57(+6k.DIQF2R<5j@p6?.9IQK;6?,
®O°<°
"!#!$!
% ! ' !#"$!&%'(*)+(#,-!*.'/&0'(&1'(&2'!435
®.D?^-ã<1QãQ,Yã],7*2=Q6O6O.XMJ5YIQ1Q80,_,)´2*>R+b 32FV(+5m*Bh ^>5Y6/I/5 57(+I 6k,G*BR+HV3+,G57FV6950K ,_^-hh 14@p698Y696g^B6?87MÓ6GUW1Q6?,d.X5Y´ 6?M Z6?')876/(+8Y*B69R26g.DI<*BR+878Y3+6?F+.D5Y57,!^BHA^B1Q.9@y^B1<6?,7^>6O,7Mn*>2h 6?1QMz,
1Q, h
+698YZ§6gm*>Ry^5Y.DIQIQ:<8Y6D8Y6?57(2.X5Y69^>8OH b
°I4C&T5YIQ(2C)1575](+F26o,7*B6?R+MA3+F+57I§5kh 57=Q806O14.X*B5YRzIQ8057h, (+6Th 6?.D87^-6/1Q,YK;,G*>y*-,7.?.91^B1<57*B,7IQ,7RJ*y6?,7HVM ,WZ\5Y69mK\,Yh b,GF2K]6 *BR+:nI<F+5Y(2^BMz15_(y571©(+=Q6u6o57146?RÓ,G5k69K;M+143+5Y*B1 87*-.9h 1Q1Q^s,g8Y6W*BR2UW6?MV.D6?5_3y806?1R257MV6u6?R<I45 C
ä
Q,?VbV®?(+ã<ãQI ã69=<¬ 698Oblã *-, ã<ãl& ä;V®?1Qã<R2ãM ¬1QRPã ÁIã =<&+69Z 8014^B^-Ã698Y87I<8m801576kI4C³°h & V®?h ãQã<㬠ã ã<° &VZE')(+6_6?878YIQ8!8Y14576_CIQ8cUWF2,W5
h
x
7A B jjD£aD] Pqjj£
(+6?R\1k32145G576?87RT8Y6?.DI<:QR+*>57*BIQRo5Y1Q,7eo*-,.DI<K]32^>69tu14R2Mx*>RN=<IQ^B=Q6?,cK/14RNHuMV* 3`698Y69Rl53yIQ5769Rl5Y*B1Q^`C6?15YF+8Y6?,?b
#holes
0 2
1
2 4
0 60 90
- / 1 X W
¨*>:<F+8Y6L´yZ>®Oã * 4!6?.D*-,7*>I<Ru5Y876?6!5Y(215j*BK;3+^B69K;69Rl5Y,57(+6d.9^B1<,7,7*p.915Y*>I<Ru3+8YIV.D6OMVF+8Y6LIQC¨*B:QF+8Y6
f1 f2 f3 CLASS f3
3 6 0 a < .5 >
-5 9 1 c
4 5 1 d f2 f1
7 4 0 b 5 0
-1 10 0 a
2 6 1 d < > < >
-2 2 1 c
-1 3 0 b b a c d
¨w*B:QF2876E´2ZB®Q®#*+c*BR21Q87HoMV6O.D*-,G*BIQRx578Y696g@y1Q,76?MxIQR\1_C6O15YF+876d1QR2Mu57(+8Y6?,7(+IQ^-Mx=©1Q^>F26E145j6?1<.0(xR+IVMV6<Z
O76
)a26 Y ( ®O° &
Class
X Y Z C
Y X
1 0
1 1 1 I 1 0
1 1 0 I
Y
0 0 1 II I II II
1 0 0 II 1 0
I II
Æ|"©
§|92Ç]³È2·-Él¶ ÊËÊ-Ì`ÊÍwËÏÎ
2|mÙNá`ß?Ú©à Ó à)Þ ? Ùlß]à)ÙlØyÙNá`ß x ¬ ,
w1
2|D~7|k|0}Qµ0
j·-¶g}4
^-3+148YRIVÁGMVf®F2Rl
Q.D5Y± 6E87" I<Ã)I<3l3VFyH/57,G*B.?6OK/14M RT1414^@yRªMV6g6O69.D*BRlRl*-57,G578Y*B69IQIQ8YRx3N3+Hl8Y57½Ö6D8Y@y5Y696?1Q6OMu,9,76?Z 1<MT,³K;57(+6?6d1Q,71©F+=<8Y696_8014.9:<1Q6j^>^B6?F+M R2.9*>RV6987CI<5Y1487*BK/Rl5W14H/57*BIQI4CR 57:l(+146E*BRn*BRV57CIQIx8Y69K/=1145Y^BF2*>I<1RT5Y6d,7IQC6OF+18057.DF26<87Z 6O!,!F21Q*>R2RVM ½
®O° "
"!#!$!
² 6vIQÞ Ry ,G*-MV69i8)Ù ]5Y(+à 6d,7Ùl6Dá`5jß?I4ÚCwà 57(+[8Y696gÝQà 3p I<,Y,7*>2@+ßO^B6EÞVß?69Ûi=<ày69/á Rl 5Y, Öàyh Ú *>57(TOÙl57ß(2;69*Bà8j 1Q,Y,Gà IV.D?*-Û 1%/5Yi6?Ù\MxÙ<3+Øp8YIQÙN@2á`1Qß@+ *>^B*>57*B6?,?Z
¬ Á , ´là LÁ g® ±là EÁ g® ±<Ã
')(+6g.DIQK;3+F+5Y15Y*>I<R\I4Cw6?Rl578YIQ3NHo*-,1Q,³CIQ^B^BI h , *
Á `Ã ¬
BÁ ´lÃ
Á ©´N Ã ÁG® ±lÃ
4ÁW® ±<Ã ÁW® ±lÃ
ÁG® 4±<Ã
¬
BÁ ´lÃ9Á jã ´2® &QÃ ÁG® 4±<ÃDÁ <Ã ÁW® ±<Ã9Á lÃ
¬® ã "
¬ Á , g® ©´Nà EÁ g® ´là LÁ L® ©´NÃ!Á g® ´lÃ
Á `Ã[¬
´nÁ7ÁW® ´lÃ9Á m°QÃ7à §¬ °
6vÙ<ÚÝ<Û OÙ
1;Áº1l,Gà 69²5jIQI4K;CwC3+IQF+F+578j6E3p57I<(2,Y6d,7*>69@+Rl^B6E578YIQIQFV3N50Hx.DI<I4K]Cq1/6O, ,G69h 5m*5YI4(\C53+h 87I<I/@26 14l@2F2*>^B14*5Y^B^>*>Hx6O, ^>*BeQ® 6?4^>Hx± %69=<69Rl´5YL,?Z!® NÁº®@y" à L² ® IQVK;® " 3+F+Z 576g5Y(+6d69Rl5Y87I<3lHuI4C
/Á ¬
¬ Ã
yÁ a5dÃf¬ /Á ¯¬
¬ ?Ã
Á´yZ ´NÃ
, , /
Á ¬
à /Á ¯¬ ?Ã
hI4C(+C6?6?87146 57F+/8Y6Á ¬ (y1©
i=ló*BR+*-,):;5Y=(+146g^BF+3+6 8YIQ@24b21Q@+1QR2*>^BM*>5WHo/I4Á Ca.D^-¬ 1Q,Y
, (2¬ 1©=N*BR+?ó:;*B=,1457^B(+F+6)6 UW
I<G*>b Rl/5jÁ3+8YIQ¬ @21Q@+?*Bó^>*>5W*-Ho,)57I4(2Cq6g.D^-3+1Q87,YI<, @2¯14@2¬ *>^B*5W
H
141QRy,Y,7M\IN.9=©*B1Q148757*-6O14M\@2^>696 =Q6?Rl5Y¬ ,!*>R§Zj57(+')6k(2576?80,7146g*BR+3+*B87R+*BIQ:x8mM+3+14875YI<12@2ZE14¨2@2IQ*>^B8L*5Y6D*>6Ot+,j14.9K;1Q3+Rn^B6Q@yb 6k,7*>6?Ry,G.D576;*BK/.D1^-1Q576O,Y,mMT¥jC87IVI<.?K.DF+5Y80(+,j6g*BR C8Y65 lF+Iu6?R2I<FV.DHT5LIQI4CfCa5757(2(266
C57IQ8014F2*B8kR+*B5YR+8Y:/1Q*>R2,71Q*>R+K;:z3+^>,Y6O14,)K;(23+1©^B=Q6?6L,\=Áº14,769^BF+6n6/¨®L*>:<CF+IQ8Y8)6xC6O´y1Z>57®©F2°Q87ÃX6 b/Áb /Á ¬#¬ NÃu®O¬Ãf¬ ° ©´Ó´g¬ ¬ &+ä Z &VZ r *BR2.96x5Y(+8Y69h 6\I4Cj5Y(+6TCIQF+8
¬ &
& & ä & Óã ° &
& ° & ° & ° &
& ° & ä &
¬ ã +®Q®
¬ ãã
^-,714F+@p878Y69IQ^LF2®OR2ÃXMVba6?@2M_1©HV@N,dHd1Q.0(2876u1480*>1QRl.D57578Y69F28,7*>3+I<*>R2tV,g69^-,w*BRlIQ57CyIn^-145Y@p(+6x69^ .0®©(2ÃX1Qb48Y141<Ry.XM_5Y69^B8u*BM2Áº,q87146?:Q8Y6c*BIQ,7R269,g:QK;IQC6?R<^B1Q50@y,w6?57^³(214ã\5q5Y.?(2141R]5;@y146)8Y6/F2,7IQ6?R+Md^BHA57Ig32.D14^BI<8757,7*-6³14F+^B^>3H
5714(2Ry6gM§@2*>5Y1©,LHV,9^B*BZqM§¨C*>6?:<14F+578YF+6!8Y6n´yZ>®Áº.?k,ÃDZk7(+')I h(+6;,1]I<3y(26?148YRy1457MN*B½ÖIQ32R287,L*BRlI457Cc6?MxK;.014(25714(+806?1QK/.D5716?578)*-.9,71Q*>^qtªK;Áº1lIQÃX8Yb+3+*>(+5Y,)IQ^B@2IQ1©:<HxHT14M+R26?Mx,Y.D^B8Y1Q*>@peQ6?6!MªC6?*>14R 57F+² 8Y(26?,g1Q3VÁº@y576?ÃX8 b
C;.6?149571QF+RT8Y6?@p,6g.?F214,7RT6?Mx@y6d57I/.9IQ69K;tN573+80FV1Q5Y.X6?5)_M 5Y* (+6?,76gF2,76DCF+^v3287*BK;*5Y*>=<6EC6?15YF+8Y6?,?Zf¨+8YIQK 5Y(+69K\bV5Y(+6gCI<^>^BI h *>R2:kRNF+K;698Y*-.
ºÞ pÙ á 2 c57(+6gRNF+Kk@y6?8I4Ca^B1QeQ6?,³69tl5Y8Y1<.X5Y6?M
B
%Þ á 2 s5Y(+6gRNF+K_@p698IQCw@21©HV,)6DtN5Y8Y1<.X576OM
®O°Q±
"!#!$!
¨*B:QF+8Y6E´2ZB®9´
*q'w8Y1Q*>R2*>R+:/M+145Y1kCIQ8(y14R2MN½3+8Y*>Rl5Y6?MT.0(214801Q.D576980,?Z
® <ã
"!#!$!
C@+8Y8YIQF+KÀ*-,G6O14MzR IQ*BRV8dCR+8014IQ8Y5?6?ZnM\j*BK;RJ1QF2:QRl6d@2IQ87CfF+*-1u,76?M+MJ1Q87.0ex(+6?87876O8YM H .0*-(+,d69*B8YR 8YHx.D^-141QRy,YM\, F2,G6kb *5!(257*>IT^B6uMV1n6D5Y@+698Y8YF+K]*-,G*BR+6OMz6 h .0(+(2696D8Y5787(2Hª698!*B,_57(+*>R 6].9.0(+^B1<69,78Y, 87Hx 4*B, Z
RNjF+^-,7K_I2@pbw69,78EF+3+IQ3pCfI<@+,7876;F2*B57,7(y6?1Mª5 14h R26]Mn(yF21©Rl=Q@26/87F+,W5Y*-,7F26?MVM§*B6?.0Mz(2691\8Y87=Q*B6?6?,?87H§bp,7^BIo1Q875Y:<(26k15 RN, F+Kk6_h @y(26?1©8d=<6dI4C57(2,GF26k8GCºeN1<R+.DI 6;69^B^B6?69MVK;:<6_69Rl.9501Q,L3VC5787F2I<87K 6OM 1T*BR ^B1Q5787(2:<66
MVMV*-*-,W,W5Y5Y8787*B*B@+@+FVFV5Y5Y*>*>I<I<RÓRoI4CF2C R2K;.X6?5Y1<*>I<,GR2F2,/876?,GK](26?I Rlh 5 RÓu*BRPI=<¨698s*>:<1gF+^-8Y146T8Y:Q´y6Z>® RN&VF+Z Kk')@y(+6?8c6nIQh .9CvF+,G87F+=<876TCº1Q14.95k6m5Y,Y(+14K;6\3+87*B^B:Q6?h (l,f5OIQb C F+Á RN@+ 87F2, *BÃX,7bc6?Mo,7(+.0I (2h 69,k8Y8757*B6?(2,?6 Z
I4*-'),)C (+®Q@+6jZ 8Yã+.9F+b4F+*-K/,G876O=<14M;6)eN,GIQ*BR+F+Rk:E87Cº571Q6?(+1<.966j.0^B(]6D,71QC1L5OK;b 3+ 3+8YÁIQ^>6O@2,9 1QZ@+ ')*BÃX^>(+bN*>5W6m,GH_(2M+MVI 14h*-5Y,W1E5Y,875Y(2*B(+@+1<6mFV,q5YMV@p*>I<*-69,GRv6957R/8YZ)*>@+Á R2+³F+IQ87578YF2*BK;IQ*BR],71Q6?^>I4M_*BS9C`6O57K]*-M;,76O,7,GF+1QIE6j,7F+5Y.9(28YIQ691RlK;5f5Y5Y1Q69(+Rl*>R26m5 , 1Qo87I6O11!=Q5Y6?69F28q8OR2b 1!MV^-6914(+8s8Y*-6?.0:Q(;1Q6³.0RN1Q(/F+@2.9K_,7F+IQ@p878Y=<@26968,
*CBRVIQ8]C8Y1Q5Y(+876OI<MT,76T8Y1<.0MV(2*B69148Y5787*B*BIQ6?RT,?ZJK;')IQ8Y(+6!6 5Y(21414Rn57698;F2Rl.D@2I<87RlF+57*-69,7Rl6?5;Mx=5714*-,78Y,7*>F+6O,]6d1Q1QR2R2MxMÓ57,7(NIªF2M+,jIl^BI6Oh,k578Y(+Z6 6n3y6?M+.X1Q508714eNR2R+.96O6gh ,7*B,k,jI4K_CjF25Y.0h(+(\6nK;,GeNIQ*B8YRP6g.9^>*BIQeQ^B6?IQ^>8OH b
.9,7IQ1QK;F2,76E*>R+@+:\87*B5Y:Q(+(l6u5MV@+*-8Y,GF+57*-8Y,G*>6O@+MxF+57.0*B(+IQ6?R287,d8Yh *B576?In,?Z ÃI=Q6?87^-143§»ª,7IQK;6oM+148Ye§F2Rl@287F+*-,76?MJ.0(+6?878Y*>6O, h *>^B^s8YZ6 3y6?.X5_,7*BK]*B^-148g5YI
p( x )
p(x|w )
1
p(x|w )
2
unbruised
bruised
x
t
false alarms false dismisals
h h
O76
)a26 Y ( ® 2®
h
/Á iÃc14R2M/57(+6E.D^-1Q,Y,c.9IQR2M+*5Y*>I<R214^pMV*B,G578Y*B@+FV57*BIQRxI4C Á ÃXZqÄ!1©=l*BR+:],GF2.0(uelR2I h ^>6OMV:Q6m1Q^>^BI h ,fFy,f5YI
h
MV¨+6OI<,G8f*B:Q6DR;t+1QCK]I<8c32I<^>6<3VbQ57(+*BK/I 14^+CF+I<57F+F+^-8YM 6!MV66O.DeN*-R+,G*BI IQRy,95YZ(+¥6j5³3+*-,f8YIQIQ@yC57146?@+Ru*B^>*>MV5W*Hd/5Y.9(2F+1^>5s5c1Q5YRoId6?14,G8Y5Y@+1Q*>57@+80^>14*-,78Y(/Hd57.0(+(+6O69,G8Y6j87H_Ðp~X69·ºRl¹457~f6?873+*B8YR+IQ:g@2IQ1QF2@+8f*>^B*>,G57I<*B6?8G57,?½ Z
*5YBR+1Q:;eQ6³K;57IN1<.0IE(+K_*BR+Fy6E.0*B(],j,Y1]14h K;@+h8Y3+F+^B*-*>,GR26O: Mxh .0IQ(28Y69eE8Y8757H IETh I<¥@VC5Y5Y1Q(+*>R]*-,57=(2146³8YR2*>6O69, 6?M+h 6?*M]5Y(x*>R+5YC(+IQ6 8YK;h 146?571*B5YIQ(+R 6981Q(+R269MuR26932=Q*B6?.08qeN.D*BR+IQ:/RyMV.D*8Y5Y6 *>hI<R2,?,qbV*.05j(2K/1QR+14:Qe<6<6 Z
IH
h h
mÞ+Ú©Þ Ùlß9ÚÛº Ý à 1Ù à2Ú Û ?ß9ÚÛ %/2wß?Ûiày/á
3+*BR§*B875Y*-¥¦.9(+Rz1Q6/^f3+,7K;801Q1QK]6D.X5Y5Y32(+*B^>IV.96O6QMJ,Lb C*Bh IQ,d8E6/57I6?Kk1<lF2.0(§F2,W5d1Q*BRlR<*BK;575Y*B69S93+8Y6;=^B691457K;^q(26u6914RlR2805dMA14R+5Y,G(+:<576u6]IQ8Y.DIQ6kI<C K;57P(+3+6;14FV8YRy5Y6?14Mz,757F+*B87IQ^6O5gRz.DIQ*BRAI480C Mª1Q Rª57Á (+1Q6o 8780C871©ÃL6 H\<*>RF2IQ8E69,7R2(+IQ.9K;*-Hª,W5Y6;IQIQ:QC)K/80IV1414.?R+K\.DR2F+Z 698Y8O69. ZxR2R2.9j6]6?Rz,g.9IQIQ6?F+C Kk^-M ½
I4MVC]6O.D.D*-+³,G^-1Q*BHnIQ,YRV,uF2½,7K/,Y*>14R+14K;:\eN3+*B1oR+^B6?:nÐ+,?}4bm1Q~7,g,G}*BÒ/K;*BK;|D3+3+Ö^B~X6§^>·º6?µ/K;CI<Ò/6987RlKk¹O57×Q6OF+|9Mz^B{ 1<bw,u*>,7R F21Q.0¨87(ª6A*B:Q1<1©F+,!=©8Y1Q6;57*>(+^-´2146;Z @2°VR+^>Z 6nI<87. CK/I<Ry8T14.D^a6;.9MVIQ57*-K;(2,W5Y6u32871Q*BMV@+87*-FV*B,WR+5Y5Y:87*>I<*B@+Rv3+FVb8Y5YIQ5Y*>@yI<IxR214K;@+, *BIV^>*>MV57Á *B696?^f ,u1T CÃgIQMV8 *-14,W8Y5Y+)6/871©*B@+eNHQR+FV6OI5Y,G*>*-I<14RRR
C.DIQ^-1Q8),Y6O,71Q6?.0,?(uZÂn.9^B1<I<,787,6?I0b=QN6?¨8?*Bb:Q5YF+(+8Y6L6m3+´y87Z>I<® @2" 14.?@214*>Ru^B*5W@pH;6LK;F2IV,G6OMVM/69^`5Y.9I]1Q,7Ru6D5³@p6L57(+M+6L*>8Y5Y6?(+.D87576O^BH],G(2FyIQ,G^-M+6OM/,sI<57IkRu6?=,G1457^B*BF+K/6O1,c57IQ6! C 57x(26!57I;3+8Y,GIQ6?32@y141480@+1*B^>5Y*>6j5WH]57h (2I46 C
698Y8YIQ8)@y6O.91QF2,G6L5Y(+698Y6E*B,R2I h 1kCIQ8YK_F+^-1_CIQ85Y(+6g698Y87I<8c8Y69:<*>I<R2,),G(2I h Rx*BRn¨w*B:QF2876E´2ZB®&+Z
6vÙ<ÚÝ<Û OÙ n.9^B1<,7,7*>CHl*BR+:;.DI<*>R2, +
869C698]57I§57(+6\3+8Y69=N*BIQF2,_6DtV6980.D*-,G6<b h (+*-.0(Ó8Y6 lF+*B876OMJK;6?1Q,7F+8Y*>R2:§MV*-14K;6D5Y698/14R2MJ57(+*-.0eNR+6?,Y,]I4Cm¾dZ r Z
57.D.D(2I<^-1Q*B*>Ry.0,YeN,7,96?R+Z ,?6OZm,7¾!,/j,G6\8YIQ6gCE5Y5757(+(2(+6 696A8YM+6d.D1IQ5750*B(21ªRv87Z 6OCIQ,G8/(+² I<IQIQ^BK;R2M2^>, 3+HÓFV575Y(+6 146nR25YM (+3p6 69R+ _K;R257*>6?(26O1Q,914R b)5 R+14*-R2IQ.0eNMF+^>^-6OMn,G,95Yb),71Q698Y1432M+R21Q1QM 8Y8Y14M MV576g*BMVK;6?5Y6?(+=l,?*-6k1Z5Y.9*>^BÁºI<1<1lR ,7à ,76?CvIQ,!6D8u145/R26OC1QMn6O.01([:<5Y*>F+=<I4876_CE6 145Y Rn(+6n@pI=<6n5769(280578714(26?^B66 ^
¥¦K;RAIQK;RvZª1QRNmHn, 876O146u^>½ ,Yh 1 IQ8Y^BM 3+873+6?87=NI<*>I<@+F2^B69,GK/^BHQ,Lbw57@y(26?6 *>R+j:T6O50141Q8Y.06?eN,G^>5 6OM j6?5Y*>IV:<M+(N1©@yHQI<bv8 1\² MV^B*B1<K;,7,769*>R2y,7.9*>14I<57R§*BIQIQRJC
3+ 8YIV¬ .D6?®?M+ãxF+87IQ6/8E*-K;,]IQMV8Y6D6k2R2*-,g6?Mz.DI<CK]I<8½
CK;6?146957R2F+,78Y*BIQ6/R2=Q1Q6O^V.Xh C5Y6?IQ148057,!F+8YhIQ6jC)=Q1Q6ORN.XH§5YIQMV80*B, K]66?5lR257,7(+*>I<6jR 8Y6?y1<ZuMV69')8c(+,G6?(+87I<6oF+^-1QM]876].9IQ32R214,780F+14^>K;5f5769(2578Y6m*B.]8Y6D3+C698Y8YIQ69@2Ry1Q.D@+6?*B,q^>*>C5WIQH 8qK;5Y(+IV69MV*B8s69^-K/,L1CIQ5Y8d(+69KkK/F+14^>5757*-*-.9MV14*½^
57*BR<8Y6?5YF+1457*>57K;*B=Q696³Rl:Q5OZj801QÄj,73 698Y6Qb*>^Bh^N876_6O1Q14.0@2(_,G571!801Q^BIQ.DR+57^B: HxMV1©*-,YHE.D*BF2R<,Y5Y,Im5Y5Y(+(+6k6³.96DIQt+R2.D.9*>5769*B3VR+5m:EIQ.DCfF+8YK_876?F+Rl^>575w*-MV8Y6?*BK;,76?6914R280.0,7*>(dI<R2.D*>1457^6OMd,W5Y*B87R_Fy.X5Y57(+F26³87876<69ZjC69 8Y69R2:QIN.96?IV,?M Z
h h
51nh ^-Ig14² 8Y57:QIQ8Y6u69Ry6O,G,7,q*-3+MV:Q(+698Y8L6?I 87h 5 6<h *>Z R2IT:E² .957^B^B1<IQ1<,7:<,7,d,76D6?5Y5 ,L(+69IQIª8OC³Z M+,Y² 11450^-K;1Q1n,Y3+,q*B^B,]6?I<,LR+,7(26m*>Rª14M+3p57146?(25YMz871g6?^B*-6;*>,ce<M+,76x(2*>K;1n1Q3y6932Ry6O*>M;,GR+*B6<IQ^>*BbaR2eQ,?5Y6mbv1Q1d^>6O^B691QK;8].0(ª1Q143+R2,7^B(26MJ1Q57Kk3y8Y696OF26mM§.01Q(J^BR2*>e<R2M/6/1Q*-871o,s8Y1QI 5Y3+876?3+6?6Q8Y8Eb I©57tNh (2*B*>K/1Q57RJ(A15Y575769(2(2^BH66
K/² ^-141Q3+,Y^B,a6QIQb<R+*5c6j*B,Y,f141QK;3+3+3+^B8Y6?I©,qtV.9*>K/IQ8Y1875Y6O69,Gh ^B3pH_IQ14R2R;Md6?57^>IE^B*>5Y3y(+,G6jI<*B^BM 6?1©h =Q*>6O57,(/I4K/Cp571(+UWI<68sK/114tV32*-,a^>6<K_b F2.0(+(/*B^>6j^-14.98Y^B:Q1<6?,78w,5Y5 (214IgR/,7*>1Q5YK;,q5 3+h ^>6OIgh ,fK;.DI<*BR+878YIQ6?8s,73p14tVIQ6?R2,?M Z
h h
O76
)a26 Y ( ®
p(x)
p(x<t)
x
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
t
+ + +
1Q,Y,7F+K;3V57*BIQR2,?Z h
Á')º')(+(+696?8Y876E6m*B,)1Q87R+6I;R2@+Id^BF+K;8Y*87tV*BR+6?:;MoI43+Ca*tVR+6?6?^B7,*>:<5<(lI<@p@VIQUW6?8Y, *B.DR+A5c:k8
@p32IQ *F+²tVRy69¥ M+^-r ,14 8YMV*>F+6O ,f6E.D
5YI<I;87l°8Y57L6?(+,76g3+3p*>^BIQtN69R26?Ry^BMk,9,sZ 57Ã I4I_C`3+57(2*tV!6 6?&V^y®©@p°©IQt F+&VRy®©M+°j14328Y*>*6OtV,f69^p69tV*BK;1<.X1Q5Y:Q^>H<6<ZZ
')(+6j*BK;1Q:Q6jIQCv,GI<K]6mIQ@VUW6O.X5c.9I=Q6980
4mF+6;5YIn=148Y*B1457*BIQR2,E*BRz*50,d,GF28GCº1<.D6Qb57(+6/*BRl576?R2,G*>5WH§IQC³32*tV69^-,gIQCs57(26o*>K/1Q:Q6;I4C³57(+6/I<@VUW6?.D5d*B,
MVMV*B69,G=N57*-8Y1*B@+57*BFVIQ57R 6OM§&QÃD1<Z , kÁº±<ã+b &QÃkÁ57(2*B,LK;6?1QR2,LR+IQ8YK/14^B^>HnMV*-,W5Y87*B@+FV5Y6?M h *5Y(ªK;6O14Rª±<ãu1QR2M§,G5Y1QR2M+1480M
r *>K;*B^B1Q87^BHQbV@y1Q.0eN:Q8YIQF+RyM/*>Rl5Y69R2,7*5WHx*B,M+*B,G578Y*>@2FV576OMT1<, _Á &4ã+bB®?ãlÃXZ
')(+6o:Q8Y69Hª^>6?=Q6?^sI4Cj1QRlHA,G*BR+:<^>6o32*tV69^c*B,kMV6D5Y698YK;*>R+6OM h *>57(+I<FV5_8Y69:<1Q8YMª5YIn57(+6u:Q8Y69H§^B69=<69^cI4C
R+69*B:Q(N@pIQ8Y*>R+:]3+*>tV69^-,9Z
®<Z¥14CfR257M (+6]w*BK;+%1Q :Q6k
*B8O,mb . 57g(+¬8Y6?,7ã(+I<IQ^BMV57(+6OM 6?8 15E*-,7*B6QR<b 5Y69R+(2*-,G145W5uHª*Bä,uão57,7(2Io6§5Y6D(2tV13p5 6?.D576?M RlF2K_
@p 69
8Ta¬ I4Cg® 3+*>tN6?^B ,x
^- 14
@p 69!^B6?¬M ä41<ã ,
h h
O
. + ² '
°+Z (+² 69' 8Y6!/*BRxÁº')57(+(+6O6g,G6g*BK/1Q14876:Q6E Cº141Q8Y^B6!,76E57(+MV6E*B,73+K;*>tV*B,Y69,Y^-14,)^-,^B1Q @yZ à 6?^>6OM +) ² 48 . ¾ 4 57(y15)578YF+^BHu,G(2IQF+^-Mu@p6 . +c½
2Z +³ (+² 698Y6 4*BR 8 . 57(2¾6§ *B4K;/1Q:QÁi')6§(+1Q6?87,76 6d5714(+8Y6A6 3+Cº*>14tN^-6?,7^B6E,u1Q^B^B1Q1Q@y876?K/^>6O, M Z Ã . + ² ' 57(2145u578YF+^BH ,G(+I<F+^-M @y6ª^B1Q@y6?^>6OM
57,7(2F+693yR§6?871Q=N87*-,G6d6OFyMo,G^B6O6?M\1Q8757R+Io*BR+K;:kIV*BMV,)6?1Q^.05Y(2(+*>6?6_=Q6?6?R<Mo5Y*>F28Y,G6_*BR+,7:;321QMV.9*-6d,7.9I487Cf*BK;3p*>I<R2,Y1Q,7Rl*>@+5c^B6dCF+I<Ry@V.XUW576?*BIQ.DRy5Y,?,sZj5Y¥¦(2Rn15j57(21Q6_876LIQMV3+6?57*B,7IQ*>:<R2R+1Q6?^wMo,76?57.XI]5Y*>K;I<RnINM+@y696?^`^>I 57(2h 6 b
R+MV6?6?F+=Q6987I<^BIQR232,jK]IQ6?CfRl^>5?*B=Nb *>R2(+:o*-.0IQ(T8Y:<571Q(+R+6g*B,78YK/6?1<,9MVZ69Â 8)*-1<,).0(+69R2*BR+.96_IQF+^B6?801Q1487:<R+6?*BM/R+:/5YI;*-,!6DtV.93+F+^B8YIQ878Y6?6 R<5Y^>H\*>57(n14R 1<M+1Q87MV6O*>571;*BIQI4R2Cf1Q*B^Rl5787696ORy1QMV,G6k*BR+87:26OZ ,G6O1480.0(T1QR2M
h h
x? a
j9d¡ \qd¡ )a£
+³6?.?14F2,76)I4C25Y(+69*B8f^B6?1Q87R+*BR+:g.91Q3214@2*>^B*5WH<b4R+6?F+87I<R2,aI4Cp^>*B=N*>R2:gIQ8Y:<14R2*B,7K/,(21©=<6)@y6?69R/,W5YF2MV*B6?MkCIQ8f1Q3+3+^B*½
57*B.9K](2146T573p*BIQIQK;Rx875YIV1Q57MVI;Rl6?5L^K/*B*BRª1Q,].0(+*>IQ5YR2*B,LR+^>H6EI ^B1Q6?RªRP148Y87R+14*B:Q*B32R+(l3+:25g87ZqI©1QtV¯,E*BK/1u,7*>1K;K;57*B3+IVIQ^BMVR 6g6?^wK;57I CINI<M+h8g69(2.D^ 1IQI45/K;Cq*-3+1],kF+R+eN5Y691R+F25YI *>87hI<I<RvRÓRuZ *-C,jm87I<,G6DK (25 I h IQ@+8Y*BRuIQeN^B,!*BIQR\:QI4H<¨C³bf*B,G:QF2*>F+5;.08Y(ª(y6E1QK;´2,]ZBIN®©@yM+äV6O69Z.D^qI<mR+K]^6?5Y6T(+F+IQ87=QI<F+6?R2:<87,?(H b
.=N91Q*B,7^>*B^BIQ6?MR_32}487~XI<i·@+¸³^>6?µDK/·º}4{c,9b`6O|D,Gh V3p~76?}4.9{f*B1Qp^>^B|9HgR 1s@y¹6O~.9/1Q¶xF2,G¹6)~ IQC+57(+ 6?*>¶X8qbw^B6?(21Q1©87=QR26/*>R+3+:E8YI.9=Q1Q6O32M 14@25Y*>I ^B*5W@pH<6uh Zw ,GFy.9m.D6O,q,7,G.?C14F+R]^f^>*B6ORJ148YK/Rg1457RN(2HA6jK;.DIQ1<K;.0(+3+*B^BR+6Dt 6
R+,G. 576O8YR+14F2^B8YH .X6?5Y,G1uF+5³87^BR+6_*BK]6?I4*>:<*>Cf57(N6O,7@y1QMAI<K;8)*>Rl3+.957^>^B6O8Y1<IV,,7MV,7*BR F2*>y.DK_.95714*BIQF+57R *B^>IQ57*-Rx5YMVIT*B1QK;R269MTR2.9!,7*>14I<,ERxR2*B14@y,E^6g:<,G*>*B3y=<K;1Q693+R§.D6g^B69(2K;Fy69,G8Y69*B6$R+Rl5 57:o6OCI<Mo^B6?8L,YC,jI<K;8K;I<K/87696kK;1Q*>,YI<RV,G87*BC=QI<Hu6?87K/57^>H;(2141Q3257R 1Q*BIQ8Yh Rª1Q^>(2^B1Q691@y^5mI<.D*-FVI<,j5EK;R257693+(+6?FV*-M+5Y,L6?14^BM\571Q*BIQ87C:<I<Rv68 Z
14RyMx,G57*B^>^8Y1Q3+*BM+^>Ho:<87I h *BR+:;148Y6?12bN.9IQR2,7F+^>5)57(+6g8Y6DC6?876?R2.D6O,9Z
Artificial Neuron ( AN )
x[1]
w[1] inputs to
other
x[2] w[2]
neurons
cell output y
inputs
body on axon via their
on
dendrites
dendrites
x[d] w[d]
d
y= g( Σ w[j]x[j] )
j=1
g (x)
t
+1
x x
t t
0
g ( x ) = 1 if x > t and 0 otherwise g ( x ) = 1 / ( 1 + exp - β (x - t ) )
t β
R+')6?(+F+6g87I<R+Ru6?F+*-,)8YIQ,WRT5YIQ^>8Y6O6?14Mo8YR21<,³, @lHx
ã1QvM+1Q1Q3VR257Mu*BR+*>5Y:],)57.9(+IQ6 8Y876O,G693p*B:QIQ(lR250M+, *>R+:k
$*>vR23+5YI;FV5 57(+6 6g
ã *BR+*B3+,)FV,75j6D5)=<6?57.DIT57IQ®Q80Z ãd, 6§:<*>=N5Y(2*BR+1: 5j*>5jl6DF2tV13p5Y69*>I<8YRo*>6?R2´2.DZB®?6Oã2,9Z Z
L L
h
¬ Á
$
$Ã Á´2ZB®?ãlÃ
vÙ<ÚÝ<Û OÙ ,7*BK_F+^-15Y*>R+:/1QRT
1574Áº(21lRyÃ6dM r876O57,GFy
F2°MV^³H§50,)¬ 5Y@l(+Hxã 6o+b3+@p^B69I45Y(25G(+5Y1©8Y*>=NR26?*B,7:oIQ(+8g1IQIQ^-M¼ C)® ¼1QERz¬À(+ 69® RTã25Ybh (+146d*>57Ry(AIQMAF+5 57,Gh 3+576?InFV3z5j*BR+*-C,gF+3+R2F+®d.D5Y,1Q57*BR2IQ6 M\R
>® 1 )Á ¼14pã R2Ãg¼ M 1465g(+69
57°RT(+b6/5Y(+h I<6g*>FV5757IQ( 32FVFVh5Y3+5?69ZTFV*B:Q5m (l*-5Y,j14, e<ã]6;CI<1\
>® 8)³3257¬^>(+IQ6o5dã ® I4±" C
6
2Z *Br ,(+ãkI h 57(2(+69IRTh 57(+1d6g,G*BI<R+FV:<57^>326FV*B5jR+3+*B,dFV5)®Qb+ 14 RyMx.914*>CR/57@p(+696g(y*B1©R+=Q3+6jFV1Q5j,c*-,g1 ®L 57. (2'69RT:l571(+576g6<ZwI<¥FVC`575Y32(+FV6m5j*B*BR+,3+ã2FVZ 5c57Ig5Y(+6 . ' :<15Y6
57 (2. 69IQ')'8Y(+H :<6_1414.957RyIQ6?M ,?K;Z_3+3+')80FV1Q(+50.D16/575Y*-*>,7.DI<*>6Q:<R2ZPR+14*>^¨+y.?8Y.914IQ1Q32K R21Q.D@+6kq*B^>I4tV*>5WCs6?Hu8Y5Y.9(+IQ*B*-,7C,E6 5Y*B(+&,L6_5Y,7(2h *>1K;6x5u3+^B}^B6?6ky1QÕ871QRÓ8G+³5Y*57INp(2IQ.D14^B*-6?5/141Q^v1QRnR+RP6?CF+F+ R28YIQ.DR\57*B.?IQ*B14,mRJRPI4.9CqK]1Q:QR§IV8YMV6?@p146?6]5j^*B*>K;Rl5Y3+69^B4k8Y696?K;b ,G5j.69Rl@y8g57IQ6Obq57M§( 1QR2@N*BRMH
57@N.9(21<Hu6],7.?1/,71Q*>,7MVK;*>*BR+R+3+:<:_^B^>6]6g,7696D =<t+69.D80^B*+F2148Y^p,76?*> =<,76_F+m^>IQ5Y,?,)8!Zf3+¨+CF+F+8YR2IQ@2K.D^>*-57,G*B(2IQfRv6?tNMTZd6?8Y@N§.9Hx*B,7146ÂnRNH\&4*B´R2I4,757h el(2*v6!691Q8L^B6?R2*>1QMK;87R/3pqIQ145Y(2873+5Y13p14569Rl871_5L5d,7CÁWF+*B®R+R2
Q:Q.D±l^B576!äQ*BIQÃs R2M+,E*B,Y.9.D.?1QI<14R+F+R+R+8YR2IQ1QI45!:Q5c6O@p6?Mo6k=Q8Y6?*B6?RoK;,76?*>3+K;14^>806?3+.0K;^B(/6969K;CRlI<576?8j6OR<M1 5
3p148Y696]8Y*>IVK]M I<Zq876]C.D5YI<69K]8321E^>C696 t§h 14HQR26OMª1480R+,aI4575g(+1Q6?,L876 ^B*>h K;1<*>,s576O1kMª,G*B32Rª1457.96!IQK;I4C3+,7FVF250.91.95Y6?*>,YI<,WR2C14F+^q^ h.91QIQ328Y14e @2h *>^B**>5W57H<(uZ KkAF+6]^>57*B^B^B6?1©1©H<=<696d8c5Y (+6]!57(+,96?b IQh 8Y(+Hn*-.0I4( C
® <±
"!#!$!
j^>57(2IQF+:<(\57(+6k@21Q,7*B._^>6O148YR+*BR+:o14^B:QI<87*>57(+K*-,m,7*>K;3+^B6Qbp57(2698Y6k148Y6d,7IQK;6dR+I<R<5Y87*B=N*B1Q^w1<,G3p6?.D5Y,?Z_ÁW®©Ã
(2145_,G6 <F269R2.96]IQC³,Y14K;3+^B6?,g,7(+IQF2^BMª@y6;F2,76?Mª5YIT^B6?1Q87RªCº1Q,G5 ¯')(269IQ8YH ,G5Y15Y6?,L5Y(215g5YIT:<F2148014Rl5Y696
.D14I<^B:QRNI<=Q8769*>8Y57:Q(26?K;R2,a.D6<8Yb693p6?6?1<14.0(A5q57,Y801414K;*BR+3+*BR+^B6/:EK/IQR/1©H 1E:Q(2*B1©=Q=Q6?6]R]5Y,YIn14K;@y3+6/^B63+8YF+6?Rl,75769*BRl^25Y*>6?5fMz*B,s14.DRzIQ8Y148Y8Y6?@+.X*>5Y57^>80Hk14.D8YHn^-1Q,YRl,GF2*>2K_6?@pM;691Q8dR2IQMkCc575Y(+*>K;6?R]6?,?K;Z Ir=<I<6³K;I<R 6
^
B6D5¬ P.0h (+@p6?6E.0e 57(2,71Q6EK;57I43+50^>146O^,gRNÁ F+. Kk@y 6?. 8j I4 Ca,7)Ã 1Q5 K]32^>6O,)K]*-,Y.D^-1Q,Y,G*>26?M
57
8014*BR+¬ *BR+.0: (+326?.01<e ,7,g,71QÁ K;. 3+^> 6O. ,g Á . y . Þ2 Ûºáw Zà 5 )à 5
yÞ2Ûºá
Þ OÙ Þ OyÙ Þ2Ûºá 5 O5
ÚàvÝQÙ 1/2ÚÙ\5Y8Y1Q*>R2*>R+: 321Q,Y,gÁ . . pÞ+Ûiáw)Ã 5
àyÚo* C8YIQK#®L5YI;,7*BS96gI4C .
5Y*C1Q,YeQ.9Á 1Q6E^B1QR+8?6D bNtN6 IQ5 8j6ª M+CI4875?I<nbVK 32Ã 87. IVMVOF25¬ .D5 _*>K;3+ ^B69K; 69Rl 50,j5 .9IQK;3+FV50157*BIQR
¨ *>:<F+8Y6L´yZ>®
*¥¦K;3+^>6?K;69Rl5Y1457*BIQR\I4C . 8 Fy,G*BR+:/1kC696?MVCIQ8 h 1Q8YMx
^CBIN696O.?M+1¯5Y,³6?*ÑDMo50|0,s|Y14I<× 5³FV* ÑD,757¹IQ32~)K;FV1s5c6m}45Y~7^B69Ikת=<1Q69p^>^ |9^pCR+Zq1s69¹4F2~87/kR+I<6?R2*B,gF+,c8Y1\14IQ5cRu,73y^B14696O=<5c.D69^B*-^6914=Q^q 6?J5W^ HN®<3pZ876]6O8.DIQ6?6DC³*>C=<6? 6?8s,f5YI]*BR+¨3+h F+*B:Q(+5cF+6?C8Y878Y6m6;IQK´y6OZ1Q°Q.014ã+(§^B^pZ R2R+A69696EF+F+8Y8Y.9IQIQ14RARyRu,s*>K]RªIQCvIV57^>MV(26?6?6/=Q^p69R+^57(+6D 56LAh *>IQR2®!8Y3+1QenFVR25Y*BM ,,
571QIA,E.9^BI ^B1<h ,76O,7,W*p5].9^>16?5Y=Q*>69I<^ER§®x8Y6?R+,769F+F+^>5Y8Y,?IQZ]Ry,k')1<(+,]6/,7.969^BRy1<,7,G,7I<*8kp.9*BR+15Y3+*>FVI<50R§,;.9141QR2RªM @p576;(+6\5Y1QIQeQF+6?R 573+57FVI\50,k@pC6]87I<57K(2145 (+*>
:<(+6?(+,G6?5;876]^>6?=QIQ69F+^ 573+RFV5 +69 F+
Ý8YIQsRy*B,,
(+14Ry*B:QM (+6OÓ1,W&5 Q5V87IQ6m8O.?bV1414^B^B^>^6OMuIQFV
N5Y·º3+×<FV×Q5Y|9,m .9V142Rx·i@y¶X6dZa').9IQ(2R269,78Y*-6jMV69*B,c8Y6?R+MoI_57CI;696?@yM+6g@21Q1E.0Ñ0e] C8YIQÕ/K&µ9{>14}RN¶Y¶XH;· ¸³^>6?µY=Q}469i·º^2¹4572I]Z³1d h ^BmI ,)6?@p8f6D^>5 6?h =Q696?6?^iblRx57^B(N69F2=<,s69^-57,L(2®6
57,76?6987R2K ,76g57C(y6?16?5EMN½Ö*C50IQ,m8 I<h FV1Q578Y3+M F+ 5YZ ,L+³148Y6?6_.?14.DF2I<,7K]6;32I4FVC)576O57(+M\*-,?C87bI<5YKÀ(+6u*50,m *BR+ 3+FVh 50IQ, 8YeN,E*>57(2^B*BIQeQFV6o5L1n57(+.D6kI<K_F2@+,76_*BR2I414Cf57*BK;IQh R26?1QK]^fI<.D87*BH\8Y.914F+@p*5dIQF+*BRz5m5757(2(266
3+8Y*>I<8,G6 <F269R2.96LIQC*BR+3+F+5Y,?Z
h
57In! ,)f 8Y.969144k=NRu*Bb IQ*>.K;F2,m8g3+6D^Bbv69tV14K;69Ry8069 M.DRl*-5,7 6?14,E. RN,G'H;(2I.D^BIQhIQKk:Q6O*-M\@+.k*B57R2:<(211145Y5Y5d*>6?I<,?,GR2Zk*B14R+')^p:Q^>(+^BI<6;*-:Q,E14*-.)87*BK]57C*>F+yK;R2.D6O*-.D14MV57^a*B*BIQ14R+Rv576?6?ZfF+^>H ')87I<(N*BR2K;F2,E,?3+bN.D^B*>I<,G6OF2F+,L.0^BM§(u57(2R+(2146D1©5g5=QC6]69IQ6?@p8YMV69eV½i(2,sCI<1©148 =N8Yh *B6!IQ148L,780F+Mn6 8Yl3+^-F+1©8YHQ*B*B=©,7691Q*>80R2^>,!6?:QRlI4^BH 5 C
h
,Y~X14·K;
NÒ3+^B6?C3+,d6?876?I<MVMN32F2½Ö14C87IQ:l*BR+8 1h : 5Y6?141\,80MP.D^B6?^-1QR214,Y8Y6D,7R+5 *h y*BR+.?IQ:\18Ye5Y3+*>I<(2.?RT1<14,GR 6?6<87Zx8Y^B6?IQ1Q8087,)R ^BC6?8Y1Q@NIQ87HK R+*B1QR+57M+(+:n1Q6k143VIQ^B57:QFV*BR+I<5Y87:P3+*>FV57*(25L50KT, ^B1©bh H<.969691Q80*B:Q,)^>^B(l6?@25YMª1Q,o.057ex57(2I 6ª57I 1ÓÔ0}Q,714µ6 80/;lMxF+Ð`5769~7(+Ry¹Y6kÐ2.D6§}9*>lR+IQ}32CgÖFV·º¹5!5780 ^-141©*B}4HQR+{6?*B<8YR+¹ ,?: * Z
h
®9´N°
"!#!$!
°+Z Z?¨+6?^>^B698³ÁW®
&<äQÃXb á Dá`ß?Ú©à 1 2Ý4ßOÛºàpánß?à
EÚà %a&Þ %aÛ iÛß ÙNà2Ú \Þ+/á 1Xß ºÛiÝQÞVßOÛºàpá
S S -
O76
)a26 Y ( ®9´
1 2
w w y[1]
x[0] ij jk
y[2]
x[1]
... ...
...
...
...
x[d]
y[m]
Y8¨6?*>.D:<6?F+*>8Y=<6x6!´y*BR+Z °Q3+ã F+*o5jC87I<K_KF+14^>57^B^ *B^-R+1©HQ6?F+698Y876?I<MJR2,)C69I46?CaMV^B½i69C=QI<6?8 ^h 14P80MJ®g141Q8757R2*>Moy.DC*-6?146?^³MTR+IQ6?F+F+578Y3+1QFV^)5R+5Y6DIo5 h 14IQ^B^ 8Y6e R+*o69F21487^BI<^³R2R2,)69I4F+C8YIQ^>6?R2=Q,k69^ *BRP ^B69=<®Q69Z ^
à ]Þ+/á 1 4b QI<(+R *>^B69H r I<R2,9Z
2Z r² Z+IQÄm^B^>6?1©:QHN6 eN*>fRAF+ÁW@+® ^B
*-,G
4(+´N*BÃXR+b : nÙ² I22ZBbÚÞm 6 nÙlfß I<87e`à2ZÚ EÞ à ÚÙ wÙN/á ?ÛºØyÙ 5à 2w/á 1wÞ+ß?Ûºàpácb+ 1Q.?Ân*>^B^-14R
h
´yZ 2 ZNà Äj 6?8G5Y2SQbVßOÞVdß?Z ÛiàyEác8YIQbV:Qm(oM+1QM+R2*B,7M IQRV8d½ AZ q6?1Q,7^>^>K;6?HQ6?b 8!8ÁW6O® 1Q
MV
2*B®OR+ÃX:2b b+Dá§`ß?1QÚ©,Yà ,91 Z 2Ý4ßOÛºàpáÓßOà§ß wÙ ÙlàyÚ Óà nÙ2wÚ©Þ
äVZjd
Z <1Q*> R$b b8g+Zq4mI<^iF2Zs*>R;°<°V14b R2jM IyyZ)Z©Â§®oÁ14lI;14RnÁi°4ã<°4ãQãQãlãlÃXæ´Qb ½yNä¦N}ZÖ·-¶Xi·ºµ0}{ j}Ö|9~X
m|0µ0¹Y4y·i·º¹4 # !$| O·ºZ| 1qb '
S
2ZjdZ EF2^>e148YR+*ÁG®
4´lÃDb ÚOßOÛÜaÝQÛi Þ nÙ2wÚÞ nÙlß à2Ú 7àyÚ ÓÞ y
Ù T/á 1wÙl+Ú 9ßOÞ+/á 1wÛiá wb f1QR
jI<,G578014RyMN½ 8j69*BR+(+IQ^-M b j6 h fI<87e`Z
S
®9´<´
"!#!$!
74&(:5'16N'*6N4<),8(0I+.)?0Ib,-/+;O5'14<H*03E36925BQ6947:c690V8;4<47)?:5Ed-W69>@+<E3-=6e2X8<6N6N)?>@8/BD0V6A472*+C)?'1E3BDH@0T6=+R+N47)?YGfN'16AZGEF:Q6N:18<+GE3'18\470IE+R2@O169+.2*H*[\2*'16W8<0I69H@H*+<-=+R6966A69:g:Q)?BDY;4<hiE]03J3'18<6A690I+G:525KLO@4<E36N-=8.8e6W69j^H1)M4<E303'*),bS+R6N8<6^8;690T)S'PH_:5O1klBD47'*)?03HP6^HQ47)S8<BQE5-=E3:50IH@O1JT+R-=63O*6A`FBD:DE38A254maF[\4<-=)SE]ET6NHD87BD4<E3036=8G)S4<H_'*KLE3E5)SBQ8.:*KL+\0IO*JTEI8R6 UK
)?)?BDBD0303J3J36]6A+(n1EIbM4<KC6N+R8<69)SH121J10I8/o\0Vn14<6e8/+m>@4AaX03-p)?H 4<6N4<8<'*)?016]`*>@+R6A03-=-pET4<H16N8<:5)?b?0ck3a*)SBQ)S4W0I[(JT6303aq+>X+7E3'*O*EV[H1:1Hr0I'18<krEV[u2*)S0Ds56N-=b,ET+WHP[\478/6N038<6l+R4(-/ET'@2@0I69H*8<JT0I6947:tET8(47Et-NE3+RO*69b,21:t0I6N8/0VH*4<'@60IH147'1-N66
4747'1'16l62*>X)?E3-=O*47O*H@8<:*690I+8<)S036AH1+W:r>X476='*4m[\66N[(69Hv0Ib?b{:5Y )Swq6N8<6NHP4eET>5xm69-=4<+e)?H 47'16l)?BQ0IJ36Tag)yY 63Y)?BD2*8<EVz364<'*6d-NE3H1+R478/03+R4^>X6=4m[\6N69H
0I/VH1qEI&(47V'1'*{6N),8;V+|1)?-/BQ'@F0I0II25JTY4<6W&(6N038}'1+;),6+~E30IBQO5>X4<0V2*E3xmO5O5E3494\8WY;H*DWEI94<4<'*T)SETG6NHt8\
X0I),7+A2*/4<2*p'18</E30Vp4W21P87473),'*0VaI64<+R6()?)?H1BQ47-N6N6.0I8<BQJT476'1+;6;-=E3E3BDKHP476=694/4<Hc0I'*)?H1O1E5+:*+769+|+7:cE34<BD0I03T876]6;6.+70I;)SH]JTH1N)SH*0Ip21bgPO5ET34~8Wa)?+m=BQ4<5870I*O@JTI-p6;X47O10I/=87H16TQ:]a1N-=[18<'*69{aT0V),-/ET4<' 68
[\2*8<6^69+<[(+N0IYGHP4(K|:*47Ed69-=6=),sF+7)S47ET8/H103+(-=490Ia58<0I6Wb?E3BQH103Jl:5[6)S0I47't>XE3O*O*H*4i)?HP4<'*476N6^8<69)?BQ+R470I)?H*JTJD63aPE3478('*O*69k_HF[(0I0I8<6WHP47BQ6A:c0T:5zV6e0I8<0I),4i0V474<)?'*E36eH}aTbS69[z3'*6Nbq),-/E3'tK|[i0l6+7)?[(H*J30Ib?HP6^4i214<)MEds56N+7bqO*25ET8U
)Sz34<69+^8<+7bSE5O1-N+03/b3H*/69 N)S3JT7'PI>X¡5E3X8<'*EFET8E5:g/Y(I¡5vX6l3I'1p0¢z3z366N8/03+7bS8<O169+e0TX:5krV(+7/6NV69¡5HX'*TEVV[p¢VY[i6]Bd)?J3'P4Wb,0I>X6Nb~0IH )?BQ0IJT62*)Ms569b~0T+]3N/=
-47='1b,036l+<£+7)?BQ)?BD-90I0I2@JTbgET6)?8RBD4/2*0I038<HPEFJ34^6-N69H*2*+<E3+R8<47)?E5H*)?E3-=JQ69H+<'1+74<0T)S'1H*+0VJD4e>X-=EI69ET4<0TH1'-/-=' 6947'*252*694<)S+WE3sF8<690Iktb|8<6^E303KCH14<8747:6A'*0VBD6d4<69E36=:t4<O*'*47'*E52*6N:*O58<+W4647)?)SBD'1H 0I03:*4eJ36=6-N4<0303),H)S+b{Y;n1-=ET¤b?b~BdEP+7216N+m4zTO56N47BD6A8/0I:¥6Nb47KL'*>X87E5ETEF:*B¦E3+5+90c21Ye87b?6A^EF+R-969H*0IHTb?b~kt4<69H*0c:r6N)?KLO1J36N'*+7[ 6 U
>XBDE36=8<4<'*'*EFE5EF:*:c+EI0IK8<6l4<'*JT6ebSET-N>1E30I8<87b~6A)?+RH©2XE34<'1H@0V:54)SH10IJb?bG2*EI)SsFKi6947bq'*)S6DHr)?47H*'*2*6eO5)?4H*2*)?BDO5403J3)?BD6d032*J3)SsF6T69Y~b?§W+EV03[i876l69z3O16N+78A69aT:v0])SKLHª6N[¨+RETEIBDK6l4<'*[(6^069k¥H*)S'1Hª03H1-=-=8<69690IBd4769)?H*HPJ 4
470I'1Hv6d)SBQETO50347J3216]O54H16N)S)?BQJ3'F03>@J363ETYD87'1&(EPE5'*:6d4m[[\)S47Er'BD0_ET2@+R40V4R)S4<BD6N8<2XH E387E34<803HTBQ403-N+7E3®H1-N«7/6NV25p4/<+=S2*I87y6AI+R69PHP¬476903:vH1:¯0I8<«y6]°T¬D4<'*<ETI+716D±VVEIK¡5{«mjAV¬l@aQ0rV£+7<)?5H*J3Pb?6
BD6=4<'*E5:_4<'10V4W-90IHt)SBD2*b?6NBD69HT4BQ03HPk_O1+R6NKLO*bgn1bS476987)?H*JQET2@698<0I47)?E3H1+9Y
D² ³9´ µ ¶¥·e¸º¹¥»»¼½¿¾¥ÀtÁN¹¥ÂcÃ
47Ä\'@6=0VKL4ET87H*6(69b,690I:rO*H147'*-/'169B¥)SH*JY.&()?HP[i47EeED47J3'*696H*BD6N8/6N0I47bg'*-9E50V:*47+C69J3E3ETK@874<)?'*69+\),+.EI-/K~'12*0I8<2*E347>*6Nb?8A6NaIBQ)S49+\Å +CKLE3O1b?+7b?6=EVKL[O*b*Y 47E8<6NzF)S69[Æ+7E3BD6(EIKX47'*62187ET>*bS69BQ+
jNÇPÈ
jNÇ
!#"$"%"
1 1 1
g g
out g
out out
0.5
f(x)= x
0 g 1 0 g 1 0 g 1
in in in
[2X:5ET6N'*87BD),KL-/E303']8<)SBDH@'F+NO*03a5BQH1+7-=O10I6\-/Hd'tEI6=Kqs50T+R+\2XET6NBD8<870T4<6\:5+G)S03ET0IbSbSJTH@ETE3:J38<kT)?)MHT4<aT'*4<ET87BQH*),-N6+0IKLB]47ET6(8CO1+R+RBD694H10T>@+7-/E36'*8/)?-N+|H*03036i87876NzF6(KL),O*+R-Nbq)?03E387H*Hd6NEIKLBD4(O*bS4<)Sb?JTEDk'P03-N4~03bM4<H*bS6N)?E3>*84C8/0l0V>@4<6Bd69:g-/6A'10IY03H*&|H*)?)?H*J3H1J36A03KL:bSO*b?k3>FbgaVk)SHP[\BD4<6i6NE3H1H1H*+7EIE3)M474m476\krET4<H*+7'1-9)?-i0V0I4Gb?J36W478<'16N4<kE6
47+<'1-N0I6b?6]2*87+RE5478<-N6=694/+<-/+i'*BD)SH1)?J J3'P« 4W_G0I«s 21A2*¬ 876A-=),_G0V4<«6Ws j 4<¬'*[6'*6NH*6NH1'@6N0Iz3H169-N869:tJ38<)S6NBQkt03b?J36N69z3+969Y bs rs j ¬=aX03bM4<'*E3O*JT''FO*BQ0IH1+WBdETH*)S47E38<)?H*J
«0P¬BQ0IT69+]J3EFE5:®+R69H1+R6_>*O54t«>@¬])?+l03:®'*E5-c03H1:®)S4<+l6=wq69-=47)?z36NH169+<+B]O@+m4d>@6]xmO1:5J36A:®6NBD2*)?8<)?-90Ib?bSkTY
&~)SJTO*8<6vÈ5Y Ç +7'*EV[+c)?BQ0IJ36A+Q4<8<03H1+mKLET87BD6A: >Pk '*),+R47E3JT8<03Bd6 cTO@0Ib?)SfA0V47)?E3H}Y^H*6©-90IH¨+76N64<'10V4t47'16
478<)?H '16NBQ6l&~0I[\)SJT2*6NO*21b,8<:*)S6^H*+^J_È5E3Y EIH^K.BD4<J3'*8<)?6dJ36N'Pkt034i8<b?-/6N>X' z36^6903>Xb?+^876=6l47:547BDEF696989E3+WYG8<6])S H169:*'F0T6Nk +R69A)?:vb?¬dkt-/&(+7'16N'*0I69H16WHJ3KYQ036-N« 47-6W'1)?6dBDBD0303032*J32*2@6^2*6A)?[\0IH*8/0TJr0I+;H1+7-=)?-NBd8<6E3)?21EIb,0IK;2@8^6A+7E3:D47EcBDKL8764<ET'*B 8<6d6NJT870)S)?ETJ3b,H10I'P8<47+NJ3BD`@6NKLEP8iE3+m8^)S4eBQ6=6=s*03s*0IJ30IBD6WBD032*2*H1b?63b?: 6 a
47b,0I'18<6lJ36W-=8<'1E3E321BD2@6AE3:¥JT6N[H*)S69H1E3:*O1EV+i[8769:*J3)?)?:E3H1H1+9EIaF4W+RO1'1-/0'tzT603+(BQ+70IPHFkTktaF47bSEdEV[\>@6N688<)?6NHPBQ47690IH121+R2@)S4m6Akt:c2*)?HT)Ms54<69Elb?+9BDYVET\876e6dcTJ3O18<)S6N8<kQ6NBDb?6N6NzTHP6N4lb,+i«03>@H1¬:_['1)?b?6Nb~H1-9-N0I6WO14<+7E6
+7'*EV[¨BDE38<6^476=sF4<O*876TY.&('*),+BQ0kcE38(BQ0kcH*E34'*6Nb?2¥)SH¥)?BD03J36e)SHP4<6N8<2*876N4<0I47)?E3HY
\d6 cTO1)S8<6NBD6NHP4/+d«y0T¬e0IH@:Æ«>@¬^Bd6A0IHv47'10I447'*6d4<0387JT6=4E3O54<2*O54)?BQ0IJ36dO1+769+0Ib?bCJ38<6Nk¥zV0Ib?O*6A+
wqCqwq b z 0IH1:47'10I4~6A03-/'JT8769kbS69z36Nb ),+~O1+R6A:]032*2*8<EsF)?BQ0V4<6Nb?k b « ¬ c47)?Bd6A+Na
b
['*y{z 6987 6 ),+0I b?bX470I'18<0I6e447)?'*+\6H*69HF69O*:5Bl6A>@:r69)?8HtEIE3KG8/8<:5EV6N[8i+47EQ0IH1:5:¥6Nn1-=H*ET6ebSO147Bd'*6H@++R47EI8<K~6=4/47-/'*'*6)?H*)?BQJ]0IKLO1JTH163-pY;4<&()SET'*H 6_~)?H*Y 2*O*y 4Wz )S BQ03),+\J3647'*'*6),+mHF4<O*E3B]JT8<>X036NB 8
' $
j b !#"%$ &
(
EI>FK.kv210T)M:5s5zV6Nb,0I+^H1EI-N)SKCH*47J '16]^)?)SH*H2*47O5'146Q)SBQ)SH*0321J3O564]'1)?BD0zF03)?J3H*6DJc'*JT),87+m694<krE3JTb?8<6N03zTBº6Nb O*y HPY^47)?&(b;'*0I6]212*n1878/E+ms54e)?J3BQ8<0V6N47kt69bSbSk69z36Nb}472*'*)S8<s5696N+7b,'*+ET0Ib?8<: 6Q 03j -N)?-N+WE3KLO*E3HPO14<H169::
)( *
E3O*472*O54)?BQ0IJT63YC&('*8<69+7'*E3b,: j ,) +\KLE38<BQ0Ib?bSkr:56=n1H169:t>FkQ47'*6KLETbSb?EV[)?H*JQ-=E3BD2*O*4<0V4<)SETH10IbqKLET87BlO*b,0*o
v j v
( y{z *
( y z * q
y j
j . y j
D47B&('1'*E36),8<+e)M64<Bd6N4<8/'16A0V0I0I47H H1)?E3+^H}D4<o 2*'1)M0Vs54 69b? +ej [)?+^)S4747'©'16db?EV+7[\BQ6N8W0Ib?JTbS6A87+m694k¥J3z8<036NbSk¥O169b?6N+9z3Y69&(b~'1+7O16 -/P'©U{4747'©'10I474e'*8<4<69'*+76d'*E3E3b,8<: )SJT)SH103)?b|+e'1:5)?6=+R47n@ETH*J3698/:©0IB >Pk -=E3-NE3HPHP4/0I47)?)?HFH1O*+W)?H1H*EJ
#
y z u« j I¬ y y z q
v j v
( *
qCqwq
! . ( *
y j
-2*8/03-=47),-N03bg)SBD2*b?6NBD6NHP4/0V47)?E3HE3K|4<'*6BQ0I212*)SH1] J _ ),+W0¥SA9 I¡A
®T=S47'10I4W),+690T+R)?b?kcE3>54/0I)?H*69:rKL8<E3B
j
-H )?H*2*O54 )?BD03J36 EIK ° b%b 2*)Ms569b?+ '10T+ 4<'*6 KLE3b?bSEV[)?H*J '*),+m4<E3J38/0IB¥o
)0@</0EFB6)
b b <° b H^ b /È <È RÇ b RÇ b H^ b <° b Nj b b b b b b Y «0P¬5MW+7)SH1J 47'*6 KLE38<B]O*b,0KLE38¨6 cPO10Ib?)?fN)?H*J 47'16
+y z b (
'*cPO*),+m694<+RE347JT)?E38<03H B «0P«L¬WEIKdKLE3jAZ8 È©_GJ3«mjT8<6NjAk®¬pYtb?6N«zT-A¬6Nb,+<¬=)?a;z3[6d'14<'*0I4c6D[ibSEFETE3O*Fb?O*: 2v>@4<6¥03>*4<b?'*6 6¥E3 O5C4<)?2*BdO5214cbS69)?BdBQ690IHPJ3476t)?H*zVJ 0Ib?_ªO*6 KLE3_G8e« 4<8<¬ 03H1+m«LKL>XET87+¬ BD\)?H*6NJr2X69030IbS4 b
)?H*2*O54)?BQ0IJ36zV0Ib?O*6A+NY
-u'*),+R47E3JT8<03B 6 cPO103bS)?f90I47)?E3Hr2*87ETJ38/0IB
«'*0P),+m,¬ 4<E3M^JT+R8<)?03H*B Jv476 '*cP6¥O10I21b?)?+7f96N0VO@4<:5)SETE5H-=E5Y:5«L6r>@0¬ KL87f^ET69B +<-=8<47)?'*>@6t62*'*8<EV6N[ zF)SET[iO169+lbSbg6=)Ss546N[\8/-=E3),8<+RF6T+\aCET)SBDHt2*:5b?)S6NwqBD6N8<696NHTHP4c403)SH1BQ:®03J34<6969+9+R4QY 0©2*8<E3J38/0IB KLET8
)0@</0EFB6)
)47?H*'12*6O56N4(4eHP)?)S47+iBQ)?8<EI60IKJT4<E36N6O5HcJ34<2*4<8<'*6NO5kt64W-Nb?8/6N030Iz3+7H*696JTb?+9634<'1YY.0V4\4^K.4703),+'1H¥6^4<03'F8/2*O10I2*+WH*8<JT)?EBD6s5EI)S2@BQKEPET+70V+7O54<)?6N47>*b?21bSkc6]O5O*4KLE3H*)S8eBQ)SKLE30I0I8<HFJTBk_6WJTKLETO187O569H147kl-p214<O5b?)S6NET4WzTH 6N'*b,),_©+;+m4<),47E3+;E_JTb,8<0I8<038<6NBJ3BQ69038.),2+4<'187J36A0I8<0IH_6Nb?k_bS47k_'*b?6N6e[\zT038<6N03HTb,+H*4<69J3ET:g6WHTa@4<EIE0 K
8/
0I H1:5y{z%ETB Y )FHFO1O*2*B]2@>XEP6N+R6d8JT4<'16NH*0V6948<470I'147ET6d8\21-9870IE5Ht-=6A>@:56O*8<O16d+769:*:r69+<4<-=Ed8<)SBQ>X6903:2¥0I03>XHrEV)?z3H*6d2*O*-N0I4b?b,z+W03bSKLO1ET686BQy zQ0I2*4<2*Ec)?H*+RETJBD° 6e_H12*6N)M)?s5J369'Fb?+e>@ETEI87K\'1bSEP69E5z3:_69!b EIs K '
47)?H*E_2*E3O5O544<2*2*)SO5s54W6Nbb?6NE3zTK~6Nbb?6Ns zTj 6Nb 03scH1: '10Tb +2*0Q)Ss5È 6Nb,Um+È 47EQ-/b?'16N03zTH16Nb-=6es j EIKGBQj30IY\2*v2*)?6]H*Jd-90I47HtEQ4769'1)M4<6N'*H©6N8 +7)SsBlO*ETb,0V8 47s 60Q-NE3jT)?Y H 1)?2 +RED4<'10V4^03H
b b j j
47H*'1696)SJT:5'P69>X+<E3-=8<8<'*)S2*EF47E5)?:gE3Hta5+RH*O@6N-/6A't:50T69:r+\0dKLE3>*8(O*4<4R'*476ETH¥2*8<E3E3H¥>*b?0d6NB¿+7'*)?0V8R44'1ET0I8(H@0D:r-N21bS6A870I6N8<KL6N)SH*8/+\Jl47)SEDH)S0lJTH*KLE3E38<8<696+R49+RO1aF6N-/'4<-I:5Y.6N034<H103:r)Sb{Y )M4BQ0kQ>X647'10I4
&~)SJTO*8<6¥È*Y È+7'*EV[+l47'*6¥8<6NBDEVzV0Ib(EIK+703bM4c03H1: 2X6N212@698QH*E3),+R6tKL8<E3B0>*)?H10387k®)?BQ0IJ36¥E3KW47'187696
jAÈT°
!#"$"%"
0-=hiET'1b,BD0I038<2@25J347ET6(69H*8HF6NO*^eHPB]49:5Y¿>X),+76N-N&(8.O1'*E3+<+RK@66AKL:]6A:*0V69'*4<+<EVO*-=[¯878<6A)S2547+GEe4<47)SET'@6=HsF0V474i8/-N-N03E3E3-=BDO*4|b,2*4<:d'*O5>@64<696-=:¨E3-NH1E3KLH*BD87ET692*B-=O547694<47:d69'*:d-=6ETKL8<BD)SE3BQB2@03ETJ34<H*6'*6N6WHP)?4<+r+7+~6=474.E3'1K@E36ª0WKX2*+7>16=)S)Ss54¥H16N03EIb,87+;KDk-N-=)?E3BQETBDBd0I2*JT2X8<6\E3)?+7H103)SH16NH1HPJ:l4<0+9:*aW6=+7n1)?6AH*H*03J36A-/b?': 6
8<8<6N6N2*J3)?8<E369H}+76NYHP47-)?H*H Jd0I0]b?J38<E36N8<JT)S)S47ET'*HcB 6=sF-N47038/H¯03-=8747696ABD:QEVKLz38<E36_B 03HP4<k'*6EI>1K034<-/'*F6¥J38<-=E3E3O1BDH12X:gE3aTH*0369H1HP:_4<+]47'*KL876eETKLB 690I474<O*'*8<)?+D69+(:5-N6AE3+7BD-N872*)?25O54<4<)S69ET:_H¯KL>187ET03B +769:ª47'1ET0IH 4
4747-='@'1ET6_BD0V42*>X0IO5E38<47O*66AH1:tz3:1690IKL87698<kt0Ik©4747O*EI'18<K()S69H4<+9'*`5-N6_KL0IE3H©>18W0T>@6=-ps*6d4<0I6N87BD8<69)?BD012*Yb?EV63z3aX^69-=H1:E3-NY^BD6_&(2X+7'*E3BD),H*+W0369bSHP21bi4<8787+E569-=[J36A)?)S+7E347+7H1' )?H*+]0QJ_0I+78<-=BQ6cETO*0I-=b,b?O*:b}b?bSHF876AO*69:BDB]KLEV>X87z3ET6N6]B8W+7EIE34<KG'*BD2*6r)M6]s5:*69H169b?E3+W+<),-=+RE38<6l8W)S2587-N4<69E3)SJ3ETBD)?HªE32@H1)MET4d+WH*H*BD6N69HP0034/k 8+
H*)?BDE34l03J3>X6Q6r),+H*6AH*-=6A6A-=+769+<+<0I+<8<0Ik38<aGk3E3a}8l)?H52@KLETEP87+7BQ+7)?>*0VbS4<6T)SETaCHª47EvB]J3O169+RH*46N>@8/0V6r4<6Q+7047zT'*696¥:v-=)SETH®878<ET698<+7:52X69E38H147:5E )?H*8<J6=4<ETO*O58<47Hv2*O*4<E¥4d47)?BQ'*6_0IJ3)SH*6T21YvO54]KW)?03BDH 03J3ET6cO547032*H1O*: 4
-=0VETK4<876N8<869-=8<476Nb?BDkrEV8<zV690I-NE5bg:5E36K~+<470I'1bS6]42*03H1)Ss5:t6Nb,2@+69KL2*8<E32XB 6N847H*'1ET6l)?+7-/6'10I03H1H*:tJ36A-=:¥ETBD87692@J3ET)?E3H*H16N+9HP!Y 4<+(&~E3)SJTKGO*038<876l6A0_È5Y j°l+72*'*)MEVs5[69b?+(+(4<ET'*86lbS6A>@+703+9-pY 4<6N8<)?0c)SBQ0IJT6
V
9 jAÈ^
|*N7 b(' F« a a ¬
/=@Ni
X 9FN a 2L*d« V ¡5M
X ¡5 i¬ D,9DT 1_
|*IN,/7£]Vq1/;r;3 2D£=1Q,]X/N=MF*t/V/7
31
q9A/c 5
X 9F= a.2/7I L*
%
0 0
),+(PH1EV[HY
V
9 jAÈTÈ
¤ EF:*)MKLkF)?H*J ^O*)?-/5+7E3874ej
+R« 0P478<¬O1&~-p4<)SO*H187: 6A+2@0I+R69H1O1:v:50IE5b?-=J3E5E3:58<6t)S47'*KLE3BQ8c+W4747'*6=6¥sF4/4<+N8<Y]0T:5¤ )M4<EF)SET:*H1)MKL0Ik¥b_4<cP'*O*6Q),-/0I5b?+RJ3ETE38R8<4c)S4703'*bSB JTE38<47)MEt4<'*8<B 6=47O1KL878<HvE3BE3H*ETb?k¥H*647'*EI6DKeBD47'*696:*)?BQ03Hv03HP03k ++7:*EF0VE34/H0
)0@</0EFB6)
0V0t4DH*0I6NhiHF[E3kHP8<4<E3EV87H*[ ET6Qb}[i-=4<)SETETBDO*O*b?6Tb,::vY®03>X^b?6Q+7O5EQ)?4<H*2*>X2*O56lO54/0I4+.8<4<8/ E0IH* @87JT69 692*/ :tb?0T+R[\-=ED6lE34<O*47'1'*b,:ª0V6Q4e>XETE36tb?H*:*b?-N69k E3+R4BD 872*EV87O5EV[ 4<[69)?+:®HªEIETBDKGH*476NbS'*kvBD6lKLE3E3)S8<BQ8lk©03470IJ3'1H@66_: [\BD4<6N'*)?8<:16Q6:5)SH*bSH©6r6=sFBD874EV03[ ET)SHO5F47BDYª2*O*69&(4Bd'*87ET6NEV87H[ k a
) @ +( O*/ ~~H@)?-/)?++\'1030I4<Hr'*H*6JT)?69H*E3:r2*O5O54<>F4^2*kQO5)SBQ474'*0I)?6BQJT0360IbSJ3JTEI6E3K~8<E3¤©)M4<KG'*0V¤ sB¥\0IY sEV\[ EV8<[ EV[8<EV+[0I+\H1:t03H1¤ :t0I¤ s1hi0Vs@EThib-=E3ETbbS-NO*E3BDb?O*H1BD+9` H1+9Y
?
@ /
!@<D/0)!@<)
N6 H*'@0IH1-N6 )SBQ03J36T«(&\a a [a 'X¬p`
KLE38KLET88o b-do bb 4<ED47¤©EQ0V¤ s\0Vs@EVhi[ ETUbqUj j
b
6NE b,+R` 6 8Aa - 8A)?+a - 0d.o >Xb E38/-=:5E36NBD8(2*2*O*)Ss5476 6Nb O@16+R-!)?H*)J , H1 6N)? J389'Fa - >@.ETo 8<b +&«&\ 8Aaa*-8A{`a*-Ia*[a1'¥¬=`
!@<D/0)!@<) -=ETBd21O5476 O1+R)?H*J H16N)?J3'F>@ET8<+«G ]a*8Aa*-Ia*[a5' ¬
O1-= ET+7)SBdH*JQ21O50347bS6b210d)Ms5zV6N0Ib,b?+(O*6e[47)S47EQ'*8<)?H¥6=4<[O*87IHr°d470IEQH18<:r6N21' 8736A°]+R69E3HTK~4(21 )M
s56N 8Abga - 8Aa - a
3 (eDe@<E 16-!$ hiE3BD2*O54<6QE3O54<2*O54])?BQ0IJT6Q2*)Ms569b 8Aa - ;KL8<E3B H*6N)?J3'F>XE38/+EIK()SH12*O54])?BQ0IJ36Q21)Ms56Nb
& 8Aa - Y
o
o
o f(x)
o
S’ = S[i] S [ i+1 ]
- S[i-1] -S[i] M’ = -1 +1
S" = M" = +1 - 2 +1
7447&~)?'1)SE3JT6H@O*+~:58<6N476]8<E^)SÈ5zV47Y?0I'*j 47b6\)?oez3n168/« '}+mE34.6=2XK036N4/H18/¬W:l0V&(4<+7)S'*ET696-NH1E3+Nn1H1Y 8/:l+R4]:56N« 8<)??z¬0I0347)?H1z3:¥6A+}+RE36AK1-=ET47'1H16(:®+7« )?J3H103¬b :5.)SwXY*69«F\8769)SH1JT-='T6l4p¬~+R¤ )?J3H10303+75b?+W+ 0I8<6P+703-9H10I: b?69:¥0IQ2*872169872*E8<s569)?+7BD6NHP0I4U
S [ i+1 ] - 2 S [ i ] + S [ i-1 ]
EI_ K{« 0¥a &~y +R)S¬ JT)?J3O*H@8<0I6« b{_GÈ*Y « YSaj by )?¬ z3+769'*H©EV_G[4<F« '1+;a 0Vy'14EV[4<¬ '*56cBQF« a +703y )S+7JTFH1+(0Ia -9b y 0IÆH_¬=),>X+VY 60¥-^O1+7+R+76d+769O*cP:_BDO*476NED)SH1H1-N-=J_6DE34<BDEI'1K2*0VO*4+70347476Bd'1876D2169bS2*+<6A0I8<+eBD69KL+7872*6NETHPb?B6Q4<0I+R47+R2@)?ETE303BDH1-=)?+i6lH*EIJrKLKO1)?4<H1+ '*-p64<)SET:5a'H 6Nb8<)?_~za}jT0I47ag47)?'*47z369'16AH 6+
:2*569b?6987+)?zV)?0VH 47)?z36t03EI+K +7_G'*EV« aq[¬DH©-N)?0IH HÆ&|>@j)?J36O103872*6c2*È58<Y?Ej sF)?BQ47E¥0Vj 4<ET69>5:¯4<03>F)Sk¯Hª030I2*H2*E3b?kPO5)?4<H*2*JO5447'1+76t)SJTH1BQ0I0Tb +R Y@-^*+eb 47'* 6Dn1JTO*(8<6d4<Ev+7'*4<EV'*[6+9+7a03)MBd4AÅ +U
0
& 0
0
$`&B b 0
jA° jA° j° jA° j° °VÇ °IÇ °VÇ °IÇ °VÇ
b j° jA° b b b b
"
j
"
j b b b
« 0T¬ j )?+03HtO12P[(0I8/:_+R47692¥69:5JT6
"
" jA° jA° j° jA° jÈ j °*j °VÇ °IÇ °VÇ
" b b b ^ ^ b b
«-A¬ ?) +03H¥O*2F[\038<:_8<03Bd2
"
j° jA° j° jA° °IÇ jA° jA° jA° jA° jA°
b jA° b U/jA°
"
" b b b b b b
«:1¬ )?+0d>*8<)?J3'P4)SBD2*O*b,+76E38ARb?)?H*6w
"
+477'1EPET6DQH +<b 0I+RBD6963 6TYa}%j 0I H1'1:v6N° H*[69'*z3j696N.H*8^6NETE3zT8 H*6Nb?8e k¥47jBQ'* 6Q0IJ3+7° H1)SJT )MHv4<O1j E3:5{K;69Y +^4<-¿'*0I6Q8<6+R-/)?'1BDEI0IK.)SH*b,-N0IJTE38d6lH1+R-N),)S6N+478<O@)?HBd0Va@472X)?[\E3E36H 874<[036=s5)?HPbS)?bG49+Ra4<-=+][\ETH16DKLE3+7)?[8D:5)S69° b?8b.f¿4<-='*ET)SBQH169+7+R036]),:5J32169690I+l8^4R4<034<'*6N+l8<6NH1[iB +6r474<+RE¥E_'103>X>XbS66 b
0 0
0 0 0
-=+7O1ETHP-N-N47698/03+<+R+R)?4|z3),6W+C+7:5)?J36=4<H16903-pb@4<69zV:l0Ib?>FO*k]6A+N0 YGA&|N0373<694RHQN747VET<J3p6=F4<I'*aT6N[8AaT'*47)?'*-/6^'ln1bSE58/-9+m0I4(b?0I)Sf9H169:r+G0I+R6AH1-=:dE3H@0IBD:Q2*:5b?6N)S8<n1)S69zV+|0I4747)?'1z366^-/+7'1)?J30IH1H*03JTb?6;+;>X87696=z34m[\69036Nb169H]Bl4mO1[\-/'E
K
S)hiH¥EP+RET)?8<J3:*H@)S0IH1bg0I8<476N6AJ3+G)?EIE3KgH@:5+i6NE38<K~)SzV'10I)S47JT)?'tz36(-NBQE3HP0347+78/F03+.+R49'1Y 0z36(E3212@EP+R)S476+7)SJTH1+G)?HQE38/:56N8G4<EE3>54/0I)?HD0'1)SJT'd8<69+72XE3H1+76
K
E3&(H¥'*6^-=E3+7H@O*+mB 4/0IEIHPK}4-N87EF69E3J38/)?E3:5H1)SH@+90VY 476A+.E3K|:56N8<)?z0I47)?z36^BD0T+R5+;)?+\fN6987El+RE]47'10I4(0]fN6N8<E8<69+72@ETH1+76W),+;ET>54<03)SH*6A:
K &|)?8/+m4:56987)?zV0V47)?z36BQ03+75+\2*87E5:5O@-=6'*)?J3'¥0I>1+7E3b?O54<6ezV03bSO*6A+0V42XE3)?HP4<+(EIKG'*)?J3'¥-=ETHT4<8<0T+m4AY
K )F69-NE3H1:t:56N8<zF)?0I47zT6^BQ03+75+(2*8<EF:*O1-=6fN6987E3U-N87EP+7+7)?H*JT+i0V42XE3)?HT4/+(EIKG'*)?J3'¥-=E3HP4<8<0T+m4AY
_ a
_ & j « # a j % a %j ¬ I°
$« a %j j a %j j L¬ 3°
&
0 0
$'&B b 0 0
°IÇ °VÇ °IÇ °VÇ °IÇ jA° jA° jA° jA° jA°
b j° U/jA°
"
"
b b b b b b b
«L>@¬ )?+0D:5EV[HF[(0I8/:c+R476N2¥6A:5J36
"
"
b b b b b ^ b b
«-A¬ )?+03H¥O*2F[\038<:_8<03Bd2
"
jA° jA° jA° jA° °IÇ j° jA° j° jA° j°
b U/jA° °IÇ U<j°
"
" b b b b b b
«:1¬ )?+0d>*8<)?J3'P4)SBD2*O*b,+76E3A8 Rb?)?H*6w
"
"
«:1¬ )?+0d>*8<)?J3'P4)SBD2*O*b,+76E3A8 Rb?)?H*6w
"
BwB6EF&,
& . B6$'DDe1w-.EF,.( $`&B b & & &
jA° jA° j° jA° j° °VÇ °IÇ °VÇ °IÇ °VÇ
Aj ° jA° j° jA° jÈ °5j °IÇ °VÇ °IÇ °VÇ
"
j
"
j
«0T¬ j )?+03HtO12P[(0I8/:_+R47692¥69:5JT6
"
jA° jA° j° jA° °IÇ jA° j° jA° j° jA°
jA° jA° j° jAÈ j jAÈ j° jA° j° jA°
"
"
«:1¬ )?+0d>*8<)?J3'P4)SBD2*O*b,+76E3A8 Rb?)?H*6w
"
f = ( (38-12)/2 + (66-15)/2
y
higher intensities + (65-42)/2 ) / 3
= ( 13 + 25 + 11 ) / 3 = 16
f f
y f = ( (65-38)/2 + (64-14)/2
x
+ (42-12)/2 ) / 3
y+1 38 66 65 θ
= ( 13 + 25 + 15 ) / 3 = 18
lower
y intensities 14 64
35 f
x
θ = tan (16 / 18) = 0.727 rad
-1
y-1 12 15 42
= 42 degrees
2 2 1/2
| f | = ( 16 + 18 ) = 24
+7)SBD)?b?0387b?kqo
_
_ j $« a j # a j L¬ 3°
« # a j j # a j j ¬ I°
& &
0 0
47H*)?Ht'1696)S>1JT)S\'PET>X7BdE3
C6A8<:5'*y),EF-NE50I<: bg
1)?=BQ<V0I£aJTV69+9%-=Y @8<EI69Kq:52*)S47)M6As5:r69b 47E af^8!@0T+3+GO@:5J3)M)?4<z3'6NHDZ.)?8<;H 6N[>c)SP4RO140V[4<)S'*ETEDH1+ªO1+7È569Y?:rj3ji47'1476NEB È5)SY?HjNÇ1:5Y~6N&(4769'*-=6947+7)?6H*JQBQ>X03E3+75O*+CH1:1:56=0In18<)SH16A6+
_
a
«mj ¬=« a%L¬
&
«yÈ5Y?j3j¬
_
«mj ¬=« aL¬
&
«yÈ5Y?jA°T¬
_ _a
_
«yÈ5Y?wj ^P¬
j « ¬ «yÈ5Y?jNÇF¬
_ _
a
&
EV&(z3'*69y 6¥87`Xb,0IE3n1),2XH1:t6N0I8/E3b?0Vb?H k¥4<)S)?ET03BQH bSb|0I47JT'16]69H*+76]69)S2*JT'P8<)?E5>X+Q:5E3:*O18<'*6=-pn14/EF+^H*E56A:03:¯876lKLET+RO*+787EcBQBD4703BD'@bSb?690Vk®:4^Ye)S6AH 03&(-/4<'*' '*6l6¥)?HPBDH*47)?696=:*H1sF:*4c+RbS)S6l4m+Rk 6A87-pEV4<[)SyETHEI-NK>or03&~H ET)?2@J3>@69O*6d8<8<0I6dB]47)?È*O1E3YSH1bMj4<03ÈD)S2*bSb?+Rb?k3)?'169a;EV: BD[>F0T+k¥+R47 '1[\6]6N)?4mJ3[\'P)?E +4
)
EY= P J#J
j j j U/U/jj b jj
b
b j U/bj U<bj U<bj /U j
b b
0F\]=S
U<U£°j b °j j ° j
b
U<j b j
b b
U/j Umb° U/bj
b
F>\]=@EXJYB b U<bj bj
b b
j U<bj
&~)SJTO*8<6DÈ*YSj «>@¬0IH1:Æ«-3a K<¬ +R 696NBQ+^47Ed xmO1+R47)SKLkv0z3ET )?:*)SH*J_47'*6c + cPO10I8<6]8<EFEI 4E32X6N8/ 0V4<)SETHY] )S47'47'169+76
&
&47('1'*6r6&~-=)Sb?EPJTEV0VO*[i4]8<696©ET8DH®È587EVY?47j [ '16r«L«L>@-/>}'1¬Qa -A03¬c-N)S8]O5+74<0I'*+_4]EV[¿034<-='*8<6_21ETbS+<b?E3+l6=4<K+r4KLE3EIO*«-NK8cE347b?:1'*O*0I6©BD8<¯H1)SHP+l47876969° H1J3)?+7E3)M474<H1E 69+D+r0TEI+c¬=Ka+R4m69[i«y6N°3E®H ¬,fW8<)SHEV8D[4<Z.+Q'*8<6 E36NKe[)?BD4<)S4R'*034A6©J3Å +l68<-/EF0I'1E3H@0IB :¯)?8]4<+703'*-NH16N6 :¯H*2*6 :5b?EI8<)?H 694A+<`]+«y«m0Tj)?¬pH ¬ Y
47'16t-N6NHP47698t«y-=E3b?O*BDH1+tj b 47Eª°VÇ b ¬pa« ^T¬47'*6t+R'@03b :5EV[ E3b K47'*6t87)?J3'P4<BdEP+m4D-/'10I)?8r«y-=ETbSO*BDH1++ ^ b 4<E
V
9 jÈ
47ETJ36N47'*6989Y~&('*6N8<60I8<6(Bd)?H*ET8.:5)Mwq6N8<6NH@-=69+C03BDE3H*J>@¬=aT-9¬G03H1:lK<¬pYC£BQ03J36-=ETO*8R4<69+7kEIKqm:*]0 )P47E5-/FBQ0IHY 0
^2547)?BQ0Ib?)M4mkQE3KGZ;8769[)M474BD0T+R5+
(&0I21'*2*6 87E21s587)?ETBQ>*0VbS6947B)?H*JQ),+Q4<'*4<6dE¯)S2*HP478<69EVH1z36t+7)M4m47k '10I+74rO*87Z.K038<-=6N6][)S)SH4R4c0 BQ^ 0T+R5^c+QH*JT)S69zT)SJT6¥'P47>X'*E36 8<'*[\EF6NE5)?:gJ3'Pag4/03+D+<+RKLO1E3Bd8_)?47H*'*J_6 03>XbSb 69+R4c+7n*0347Bd47)?21H*bSJ¯6A+W2*'1b,0I0H1zT66
)0@</0EFB6)
6H*cP69O1)SJT03'PbG>X[iE3698<'*)SJTEF'TE54A:cY,0I)F8<O*62*n*2X4(ET+7>F6lkD4747'1'*0I6e4eb?694<'*03+R6 4\+ cP)?HPO1470I6N8<H@69+;+R)S472*)?b,690I+ H1038i BDE5:5 6Nb ` [ b b #b j% b NjE3Ki0 ^ Y^r«F\)SBQ69-N0I03JTbS6 b
"
*
*
*
* 0 "
47-='@ETBD0V42*47O5'*476 6^47'1+76e036ABd+m4<21)SbSBQ6A+^0I47036987+\6dE36 K cPO1030IbSH1b?k: +R210T03-=+i6A47: '16e)?H 2@0I4769878747BQ),0Ibq+e:5EI6NKi8<8)SzV0I0347H1)?:©z369-3+iY ¬ EIK|)547'*'*EV6e[b?694703'@+R40V4+ cP47O1'*036D876AZ.+;8<6N2*[b,0Id )SH@4R40I8iBQn*034+75EI+K
$
47'16)SHP4769H1+7)M4mkQKLO1H1-p4<)SETHY $
j$
!#"$"%"
qs «FaX¬ b # % # # «yÈ5Y?jAÈT¬
V
9 j
«0P¬ «:1¬
250 300
’prewittR250’ ’prewittF7I250’
250
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
«L>X¬ «L6A¬
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
250 300
’prewittR20’ ’prewittF7I20’
250
200
200
150
150
100
100
50
50
« -A¬ «K<¬
0 0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
m V¡F/pV+2/¡5XN{V32
;c±Ip3NS=],
q« 5¬
s Fa rb ## % ##
«yÈ5Y?j ¬
a b
Ga*)SH03J38<6N6NBD69HT4([)S47't47'*621bSE34<+()?H &~)?J3O*8<6È5Y?j Y
q« X¬ j # «yÈ5Y?j 3¬
s Fa b
° j #%#
s F« aX¬
b
° a # % ##
0
! «yÈ5Y?j ¬
sg« aq¬ «yÈ5Y?j ¬
a
0
b
« ° a g ° j ¬ #& % # #
s «FaX¬ b
0 «yÈ5Y ° b ¬
j sq«FaX¬
b
0
«yÈ5Y °3°T¬
7&(+ 2@'*ET),H1M+l:5H@-N)?87:5H*6A6NJc0V8/4<+m°694/f0I+H14<KL:*O*'*)SH@6H*-pJ(°47)?4<f¿E3'*H 6;KLE3sg218<87« BQaET2@+*69>F¬\8R4<kt0I)S6AH1xm+gO1:tEI+mKF)S4Q4<47++7'12*:56)S69H1j 87H*f )?zV)SH10V J©47)?0Iz34<O16A'*+<+(6©+R),>F0IjdkcH}fa9BQ[\KL0IET6;F87-N)SB H103JlH03H*4<>@'*EVET6[O5+R4])SO1HP4<>147'*O1+m6r4<)M4<)M4<)SzTzTO56N6N4787b?)?47keE3),H-N-N0387Zbi6A0V0Vb 47s56.),' +47'*akF6;)?6N-Nb,E3:58<)S 87H16NJ U Y
E473,N'18<V)?6J3{7)?BDH<
qY 0I47W'*&(KL69'*O*BQ6 H10V-p+7474<69),)S-NET-=03ETH1bH1+^: :5[6N'*:58<)?)?6Nz-/8<'©0I)SzV47)?0I'1E3470H1)?z3z3+966ta.4<4<KL'*E3'*6l8<6 B+<-N0I0BD),zF+Q)S6c4m[ik®jd69f bSKLbWE38DPH14<03EV'*O1[6+<+RH '*),0I6A0TH03+Q:Æ-=08<[ET+<=)S+b?IbD+7>X69N-=6747N)?2@E37tETH )SHPE3)?H©478 6A:0I©HFO*k¥9T2F-=[\<O5I034^ 8<47:Æ'*18<0IVE3b?{E3O1Y H*J3J'¥&*8<4747E3'1'1B 66
:5EVbr[HFsq[(F« a0I8/*:g¬GaF0IE3sF8(),6+9cP`I'*O*EV)?zV[\0I6Nb?6Nz3HP694789b?aVk3)Sa*4.[),+G)S47O1't+RO@4<'*0Ib?6bSk]-=69:*HT)?+74<2*6N8b,0b?k3E369>X:d60I2@H@EP:]+R)SO147)?+7z3696:d03)?H]H1:cn@bM4<4<'*6N8<6)SH*8<)SJB [H1)S476N'dJT0I4<'*47)?6z36T-NY0zF)M4mk]2@ET)SHP476A:
V
9 j
Gaussian g(x) with mean 0 and standard deviation 2 First derivative of Gaussian with mean 0 and standard deviation 2
0.3 0.1
g(x) g1(x)
0.25
0.2 0.05
0.15
0.1 0
0.05
0 -0.05
-0.05
-0.1 -0.1
«0T¬ «L>@¬
-10 -5 0 5 10 -10 -5 0 5 10
2nd derivative of Gaussian with mean 0 and standard deviation 2 Gaussian g(x): sigma=2, and 1st and 2nd derivatives
0.1 0.25
g2(x) g(x)
g1(x)
0.2 g2(x)
0.05
0.15
0.1
0
0.05
0
-0.05
-0.05
-0.1
-10 -5
« -A¬ 0 5 10
-0.1
-10 -5
«y:1¬ 0 5 10
j j ^ ° ° ^0^ ° j^ ° ^j
b ° Ç ° `
j ° j Zb
° È 3 È b 3
È ^
È °
j ° j
^0^
°
j ° 3
È °
b
È b È3° È °j° ^
b b ^0^
^
j ^ ^0^
^ j
&~)SJTO*8<6;È5Y ° b oC«('6=K4p¬@-'^ ^\BQ03+7e032*2*8<Es5)SBQ0V4<)SH1J\0 03O1+<+R),0IHE3>*4<0I)?H*6A:^>FkeBQ0V478<)Ss^B]O1bM4<)S2*b?),-N0V4<)SETH
O1+7El+7)S4<H1'1J 0V>c4P4<'*O160I47+7)?E3BDHc03bSÈ5b?69Y?j +R44<BQE03J3+769cH*6N6Nb?8/6N0VBD4<6i6NHPKLO14H1),-p+4<)Sj3ETY HczV0Ib?O*69+.KLE38.)?HP476NJT6N8/+ ar03H1: D0IH1:d4<'*6Nb Hc+7°6=47ET47>5)?H*4<03J )SH1Q69b :c>Fkb
Sj<° Nj v Sj<° Nj {`q«F\)?J3'P4p¬i0+ BQ03+7Q0I2*2*8<Es5)SBQ0I47)?H*J]0 0IO1+<+R),0IHr[)M4<'
"
"
j b
!#"$"%"
j3Y(47'@6N0V)?4CJ3)S'PBQ403:5J3696;-NzV876A0303bSO*+7696A+e+~H*+RBD6903EF87EI694<8}'*4<bS'*k¥6\4<-NEr6NHPf9476N8/8<0IE_bFb?[E5)S-N470V'ª4<)S:5ET),H]+m4/0I0I8<H16;-NBD6lETKL8<87E36\B )SBD4<2X'*E36D874<E3038<HT)SJT4|)S47H}'1aX03BDHl6AzV0I03H*bSO*)?H*6AJ +
47>*'@8<0VET4Q0T:r0I8<ET6c8BDKLE5E3-=8<O16c+76987:r69BD4<'*EI6476TH*`;69BD)SJT'PE3>X8<6NE3EV8<zT'*6NEF8AE5a:t4<'*[6t)Sb?+7b}2*>X8<6369Y0T:ªÈ 210I8/EI0IKGBD4<6='*4<66N8 47E3¨4<03:5b6=[i4<6N698<)SJTBd'P)?4H*6A[+])Sb?'*b}EV>X[ 6
-=ETHP4<0I)?H*6A:_[)S47'*)?H©° ©EIK~47'*6-N6NHP476989Y #
°5_Y 47)F'1kF6BD+7BD03Bd6=4768<klT6N038<>@H*ET6NO5b{Y4G47'*603>1+<-=),+7+<0*` 1)?2*2*)?H*J4<'*6\KLO*H1-p4<)SETHdKLE38.-=ETHFz3E3b?O54<)SETH]2*8<E5:5O1-=6A+
È5Y -0 +R6A-=ETH1:© :5 1w69)87)?@ zVY 0V4<)S- zT6'~n1 bS47 698en1>@bS0347+76N698t: -NET03H H 4<>X'*6©6 03'}2*0I2*218<b?E0TsF-=)?),BQ0IH 0V4<E369K.: 47'*H*6 ),-=6Nb?k03O1>F+7+7kÆ),0I4<H©03P),+)?H*-NJª03bS4<b?'*69: 6
:5-N03)SwXbSb?696987: 69H1
0 -=6t EI K4m[\En1bS47 6N8¥03O1«+<KL+RET),8 0IH1 r+ )Mwqs 6N{8<« 6NaqH@¬ -=6 DjK t#&0I% O1# #+<+7)?03H1+<¬=Y &*# %ET## 8l# 0©a.2@[EP'1+R)?)S-/47)?'Æz36_)?+l-N6NEIHPK4<476N69H 8
0
[\6N)?J3'P4>10Ib,0IH1-N69+\4<'*647E34<0Ibg2XET+7)S47)?z36[i69)SJT'P49Y
Y>*&(b?'*E36>1+'G-N E3)?H1-=n@),:5bM4<)?6NH*8Jd8<[69+7)M4<2@'_ETH14<'*:*6+-=[\6N6NHPb?4<bC6N4<8(EbSET)S>@HP476T69a5H10I+7H1)M4m:rkb?03:587)MwqJT6^6N8<+R6N47H@69-=2r69+6A:5EIJ3K(6A4m+;[izTE¥6N8<Fkc)?H1-=:*b?ET+ +76Wv4<+7E]BQ4<0I'*b?6 b
-=69HP476N8b?E3>X63Y
(
& \
[ c
E 5
: M
) q
w
:56N4769-=47)?E3H0I8<6eJ3)?z36NHt>X6Nb?EV[Y N
6 <
8 N
6 P
H W
4 Q
B T
0 R
+ 5
+ L
K T
E 8 03O1+7+7),0IH+RBDEFEI4<'*)?H*J_0I8<6+7'*EV[H)SH &~)?J3O*8<6lÈ*Y ° b Y(¤ 03+75+KLE38^69:5JT6
4<0I03H@3:D6470d'FO1bSE3+\48<69BD+72@E38<ET6WH1:*4<)S+CBD4<6E]47b,'@0I8<0IJ3H¥698;)SHP)?4<BD6NJ3038/J30V64<)SKLH16A0VJ 4<O*87E36AK}+i4703'1H16N:QB¿H*:*E3E34(H*+76BQ)?0IHb?bS69+RE38;KET4m[\H*6903+987Y|6TY£HP4<6NJ38/0V4<)SH1JcjA°*j2*)SsF69b?+\-N03H
"
V
9 j 5j
Sombrero: Gaussian -g(x): sigma=2
0.1
-1*g2(x)
0.05
<U b j <UU<Ç jj /U b j
-0.05
-0.1
b b
-10 -5 0 5 10
b b
£
U b
° U<U{Çj U/U j UmU ° U/U j U/UÇj Umb ° b b
b U£° U U<jÈ Um°3° Um° ^ U£°T° jAÈ 3U m
U °
b b b b
U/U/jj U{U Ç U<U£°TjÈ° U£U<°Ij9ÇÇ U/È3jN° Ç j U/j ^ U<È3j9° Ç UmU/°VjNÇÇ U/Um°3jA°È UU Ç U/U/b jj
UmU/°j UU U£U£°°T^° U<U<j9j Ç j È3b ° ^ jj b ^ j È3b ° ^ U/U/jNj Ç UmUm°°3^° UU UmU/°j
U/j U{U£Ç° U<U j È U£U<°IjÇÈ U/Um°3jNÇ° UmU/°b j ^ U<U£°Tj9Ç° UmjA°VÈ Ç U/3U jA È UUmÇ° U/j
b
b b U£° U{U<Çj UU/j UUm° UU/j UU/Çj Um° b bb
b b b b b b
&~)SJTO*8<6tÈ5Y °3°*o -H jTj ÆjTjcBQ03+7ª032*2*8<Es5)SBQ0V4<)SH1J¥47'*6 '}032*b?0T-=),0IH®E3KW0 0IO@+7+7)?03H¯[)S47' b °5Y
« &187ETB§W0387b,0Ib?),-/_0IH1: )F'1032*)?87E@aCE3b?O*BD6epa1210IJT6 ^3Ç Y ¬
"
Z;87ET2@698R4<)S6A+\EIK}4<'*6'~ n1bS476N8
BD)FO*E521:52@6NEPb+R6^ 47'10Ip4(b47'*6 b)SHP4769H1+7)M4<)S6A+iE3K~0 d YW^ «F]\^l69-N)?03BDbSb0347J3'16^0IH*46N47)?J3'*'F6 >XE3U/j8<+<'*0IEFBDEF2*:_b?690I+8<6^03872X66N687cPKL69O1-=0347bSb?b?kDk_n*+742103>P-NkD694<:r'*)S6Ht2*4<b,6N0I8<H1BD03+8
)0@</0EFB6)
'"
intensity 30
intensity 20
g
level 1
a b c g
g
g
-1 +2 -1
level 2
-a +2b -c
0 0 0 -10 +10 0 0 0 = out
intensity 0 intensity 0
b y ) y a y ['*6N8<V
EI+769Kg-=n@ET8<H1+R:4;b?b?6N6Nz3zTj 696Nb@bG-N-=6N6Nb?b?b?b +9Y¬=« Ye-W-=Ä\476 k¥O1a 03'1ybSb?0k3),zF+iaP)?47H*[\'*JQ6W6e47H*E3'169O*6l6947:D2*[\O5E36N4(H1)?J3bSEIkQ'PKg4<03+e4<-9'*03-=6 +<ET+7yO*EFU{HP47-N'_4C)?0IKLn147E36A8/8.+m:r4\4<'*[bSET69)Sz3+7476^'v6Nbq-N69-=6N0T69b?-/b?bS+bg'©03~-=H1:*ET: )SH*8<69H*-=6947-=),b?47+;kD)?E347-N'*HE36^aXH*)SH1474eE3694<),-p+W0I4<bX692X:dHFETO*+<4<B]+7E)S>*>X47'1b?6N6368 a
* *
) ) *
*
0I¤ b?b?0T6N-/bg&('v)?'*Bd),H*+\21E3PbS47696A)?BdH1:©:r694<HPEI'14<K|0V0V4034<)S8<ET'F-/H¥O*'1BQ)MEI4<69K~03-pH1-N4<87+O*EP8<2@+76^+(698<-N-N-N03E36NH_8<)?87z3>X696Qb?60I0I47:5H)?6=E3n1Hc69H1:*KL69J3ET:_6D8(KL>@n1E36NbS8474m6N[i0I8<HF69)?H*kD6NJDHFE3)S4mH1[\8\:rEtKL69EI0I8<K|476NO*BDJT8<)SET0T6H1+R:5c+6=03034<69H1+-p:c)S4<K\)S2XET)S6NH48<Y.BD[\&(6N)M4/8<'*+6d60]2121O*'1+7k5bS)Sb?JT-/69'*'*:ªbSE3kQ03b?E3212@JT0I0I)?87+R8744U
470IEdH@:l6=s*BQ03J30TJ3+R]698<-N0I87476A60V4<4<'*6i64<'*)SHP6 4<A6N=H1<+7])M4mkcN7:*/)Mwqp6NP8<W6NH10V-N4G6347a*'*0T6W+;bSE5),+-N0I:547E3)?H1E36^Hd)?EIH K@47&~'*)?J36O*6A8<:56eJ3È*6(Y >X° ^*6=4mY [\6NE36947Hl6e4m47[\'1E0I4(-=6947bS'*b,+N),+(a3E30IH*8/6(-/'*EI)MKq4<69[-='*47O*),-/8<' 6
2*2X8<6NE58/-=:56NO1)?z3-=6A6A+;:D2X+RET'1+703)S2@47)?6z36WE3KTETxmO5ET47)SH121)SO5H*4(Jl03+RH1O*:D87K4<03'*-N6^69+CE30347'*H169:d8;)?H*+;696NJTzF0I)?:*47)?6Nz3HP6W4.ET)SO5Hc47-N21E3O5BD49YC2*&(O54<'*6N68.¤ JT8<0303-/2*'_'*),>1-N0I+CH1+7:ck5+m6=4<wq6NBQ69-p+G447-/'@'10V034iH*:5J36A),+7+C2*47b?'10k 6
)?:5HT6N4<476N69&~JT-=8<)S47JT0I)?O*E347)?H8<H*6rJtzFÈ5)?-N0ªY °36Nb?È¥0b 6N+RsF6A-N47-=E36NE3H@BDH@:*: 2*+ 8<:5)?&|+7696l)?87J3)?[O1zV0V87'@6r470V)?z34È*6tY ),° +E3^¥2X-N470I6NE®b?8/b?0V69° 4<:©f¿)SET47H'*)?a;BD66A03703J3/-//6A'Æ£+N
XY 87{6A;0±-=W6N32*-/i'¯47)?Nz3S+7d6r6=4DEIn1K\6NEIb,K47: '18<0I6='@44<03)SH@-=+Q6N0I0b?b(b{Yc-=-=6N6N&}b?HPb,E¥+l4<6N2X-N8Q6NE387+RH*6NKLH*E34Q6A8<Bº-pEI4<Ke6969:ª-N:56Nb?JT4<b?E6+
*
[H*69'*JT),0V-/'v4<)SzT'@6l0z3[\6d6N)?2@J3EP'P+R4/)S+N47Y )?z3\6D6=[\47)?6NH1)?J303'PbG4<-N+ 6Nb?)Ub?+y >ª[0I)SH@47'ª:©8<-D690I+72@8<6]6A-p)?4H©474<E'*6Q-=69-=bSb69HT4<6N0I8H1:EIKi0¥47'*+R6DO*8<8<8<69E3-NO*6NH125:*4<)S)SzTH*6]J¥n1+7696=4b?:vEIEIKKi-=)S69HPbSb,47+69J3[8/)M0V4<47' U
) *
)?\H*6NJr47)?-NH16N0Ib?b bC-]-=69aqbSbG[: '*6N),+e8<69)S0TH +W478<'*6=6D4<)SH1-=6903HTb~4<-N6N6N8eb?b?EI+eK.0t4<'*0I6dH1: 876A:v-=6N0I2*8<476])?z3)?6H n@4<6N'*b,:6d+7EIO*K;8<)?87HPET47O*69H1J3: 8/0V0347)?H1H*:J_2*-N8<6NEVb?bCzFÄ^)?:*aX6]'*)?EVH*[\'*)?6N>*zT)M6N4<8AE3aX8<k¥03H1)S: H*21-=O56949bSbY
fN-d0I69H@)?87:t+Ed)?+7+RHO*E]8<)M47874/'1ET+O*0I+R4(H1O1:¥4787'*8<0IE36e8<O*6)SH@HP-=:g4<)?6NYl8<J3-N8/&(O*0Vb,'*4<0I)S6Q8AH1a*Jl+7E3O*-=O5Bº694<bS2*bqE3O5'1K;4W0T47+;['1H16Q)?b?6Nb}[iO5H*4<69E38<)SJT403'TbX>@4/ET6+^O5H1KL4787216NETO5O5B¦4<4\8<ET0347Hrb'*6Q[-NE3'*-NH16N6NHP+RH14<476N0369z3HT8694\8W0387H10Q69:©J3+R)?4747E38/'*H10I6c+9)?J3YG+7'PO*Äi48<6A8787-NET6903J3O*O1)?H1E3+R:©6WHt47+7>@'*'*ET6ETO*O*-NH1b?6N:*:vHP0347>X8769k 68
xm69O1:*+RJ346lH*:*)?216=47+(6A47-p'14<E368-=-=6N6NHPb?4<b{6NY 8-^0I:*8<69:501)S47a5)?87E369H1JT030IbS8/b?k3:5agb?69)S+<Ki+;0rE3K}+RBQ4<'*0I6b?bG0I87H*69JTJ3bS)?6TE3YCH &(-N'PE3O@HP47+N8/a5036A+R0347-/)?H*'tJc)SHP[4769)S47J3'©8/0V474<'*)SH*6dJD>1-=0369-/bSFb}JT)?87+ET03O*HvH1:¥,N)?VBD{703/J3
X6A+
[:56N)S4747'*69-=)?Hd47ET478('*0T6+(-=[i69HP6947bS6Nb{Y 8C&~E3K1)SJT4<O*'*876(687È56A-=Y °56Nj2*47+7)?'*z3EV6i[n1+i6Nb,47:l'*647'*8<6(69+7)?HTO*4<bM46NJTE38<K~0I-=47)?ETH*HFJez3E3-N6Nb?zFb?b5)SH1[J)Sb?47b*'*0I6b,+7+7E^BQ8<690I+7b?bS2@6AET+m4(H1:gEIaIK|BQ47'*03]6 P)?'GH* Je )M4.BQ0+7032@+75E34+
[E32X)S476N'©8/0V034<H )SETHd)SBQ:*036=J347696]87-NBDE3)?HPH*4<6903+.)SH*47'*)?H*6JD>X4mE3[\O1EcH1:*8<6N0IJ38<k])?E3H@>X+N6=Y4m[\&(6N'*69Hd6l4787'*6A+R6O18<bM6N4^JT0I)SET4WH14<+G'*6]zF)?8<0)SJTf9'P6N8<4WEEI-=KC8<4<ET'*+<6+R)?H*n1JTJT+9O*HY 8<6]-WH¥+R'1j3EVj[Q+'*jTj(EV[uBD0T47'1+R 6
47-=)?ETHF87k¥8<69BD+72X0TE3+RH1t:5),)?+^H*Jt-90I4721E 03>*47'*bS6]6 EI'|KC0In12*H1b,03:*-N)SH*)?03J_Hv47E3'*K6l0 >@ET O*0IH1O1:*+<03+787)?03ktH>X[6=4m)S[\47' 6N6NH 47)?bHPk¥°¥8<6N),+JT)S+7ET'*H1EV+[0IHªH@:)SRH )?+^&~+R)?69J3H1O*+78<)M6r4<)SzTÈ*6Y °T47°5ErYr'*&()SJT'1' 6
"
j VÇ
!#"$"%"
receptive
- - intensity edge
field - +
for b+ c d - -
neuron a + + f receptive field
A - +e for neuron B
-
+ +
- -
+
+ + +
- -
+
-
- retinal level
-
A
B
integrating level
b?2X-=EIO16N4(878<zV)SEIBD0VK|4<6=+7O*4<BD8<6N68AEPY E3>@47ET'*O*)?H*O*JdH1:10I0IH18<:_)S6A[+)S>*b?bqO5E34eH*[b?kD)Sb?bG876A0I+Rb,2X+REcE3H18<:c69+7472XElE3H1>@:tETO*4<H1E_:*H*03ET87)?)?69+7+i6>@476N6NsF4m[i47O*698<6N63HrYWb?&(0387'1JT6]6N8;b,0I8<8<6NJ3JT6N)S8ETH1BQ+i0T[+R¥)M4<'r2X6N+787BdKLE3EF8<E3BD47'*+W690 8
?&~)S) JTz3)0O*6 @<8</06QBDEFB6È*E3) Y8<°T6 È©:5«y6N0T4<¬^0I)?8<b?6969+7: 2@ET+7H1O*: 2*2X4<E3E874Q-=E347HPE®4<8<4<0T'*+m6©4<)SH*0IJ¥>XEV+7z32@6 E34<03+87JTE3O*8BD>16NbSETHP>14<+d+e474<'1'10I0V44_)S47BQ'*6v0IJT)S6DHP47[69J3)M4<8/'*0V)S4<H)SH*4<J®'*6c-N6N-=b?69b?+rHT4<+R6N'*8EVEI[K\H 47'1)?H 6
4747)?'1E36]Hb,0IEI8<K\J3476]'1+<6Q-N03E3bSO56]4<2*:*O56=4476AKL-p8<4<E3)SETB¦H1+4<'*JT6QO*)?:5:*)M)SwqH*6NJ_8<6N47HP'*4]EP+R+<6l-N030VbS4W6A+e4<'*-N6lE3O*+7b,BQ:0I>@b?b|6Q+<:5-N03ETbSH*6T6cgY 0V)F4O*>10t+76'*cP)?J3O*'*6969HP84^bS[\69z3E3698<by_a'12X0T6N+8<'12*038<21E5+:5O1[-=)M6A4<':
:5)SwX698769HP4G218<0T-p47),-N03bX=/IS{
13/GBD6=4<'*E5:*+GEIKX)SHP4<6NJ38/0V4<)SH1J^ETO5472*O*4CKL87ETB :56=4<69-p4<E38/+GEIK@:*)Mwq6N8<6NHP4;+7)Sf969+9Y
&~)SJTO*8<6(È*Y ° +7'*EV[+G0IHd)SBQ03J36(2*8<EF-N69+<+R6A:]0I4~4m[\E:5)Mwq6N8<6NHP4.b?6NzT6Nb,+|E3K 03O1+7+7),0IHl+7BDEFEI47'1)SH*J@Y~&('16
V
9 j 3È
X2&~'~6N)S JT8<'1O*8<0I6vn121bM+\4<È56N4<Y °08C'* 5),8<+(o69+7)?+(2@« '}ET4m[\6=H1K:*Ed4/+|¬ 2*47-º)SE6A-=>X6AzFEI+()?4<8REI'l4<O1KGb?0I)S[H1b^8<69bS03+C)?2*H*0I2*6H@)?:]H*KLETJl6987H1BD2@:50I692X2X: E36N)?8>FHTkÆEV4/+Nz3`@4769'*87«L8<b,6 0I)SJT),47:g'T6N4p`g8<¬~BD«-N0e6N)SH@:*HP0V)M47wq4769)?8/6NE3¬i8<H 6NETHPO52X4 47E3^ 2*)?HPO*4<4^g+_KL'G87EIETKB0®0Dn1b?)S+RH*bS472X6 69698C-N47)M876=n@6AsF-e+R4<2XO*Ç E387H16r:1Ç + "
E3H1bSkQ4<ED47'*669H1:52XE3)?HP4<+9Y "
° f -N03+763Y
+7'10I2X6EIKG210I874<+(E3K~+7)SJTH10Ib,+NY
)
&B6EF/ . ,.E 16EFD*,!B D@]& )
)/1wDe@ B!.&/0) AE 16-r& . ,.) )/ 1wDe@ ),!(e1w-
,
? + ! Vd±/NI/ nb j Cq q{q zeVq b j %Cq q{q zWL*N !De1
!@<D!/1 D@ B6/& &
@ .@ D ./ 1 ,L*7/V*@¡5D/N b j j q q{q z z5
2
-"
, " + ! /NI/ ºVX ºV< De@ 1w-.De(*De,.& 2VXrV@¢c 2 b b 5
, + ! Gq* !E BC16&,!/0) )1 )), )/ 1wDe@<B b j Cq q{q z lVq b
j Cq q{q z \,L*]SNP3© 2L*N]V N7NX/ @« l ¬ b
5
%
0
,> + ! &B6EFB 2=IQ±V<N£Ve{
*T<d 2IDN*pV ,Q=Ni3 2 ±V/=£V/
) j ) %Cq q{q )Uz 1VCV7^XT
1NX3N1.IX]1V|y
1VtL*W±/NI{
*T<6 5+GX1Wy
1V@1F
X±/7N/
*IN/p y
¢Q/Vb 1(L*) I~I 1¢±V) <N£V q{q q! /Irz'/)U^z 5]9=
XGq7*=l/=/XlTW
1NX3qNX/V/WW
q/V7Q<
1==pq{V¢c{QV/V*2W/LV*/I,
3j Y Sb
°5Y ¨« ¬ b « l¬
^*Y&('*69876),+0dz369-=47ET8 +7O1-/'r47'10I4KLE380Ib?bgz36A-p4<E38/+
Sb
Ç1Y &*ET86NzT6N8<kcz36A-p47ET8 Qa54<'*6N8<6)?+0DzT69-p4<E38« j¬ +7O1-/'_4<'10V4 « jA¬ b
È5Y &*ET80IHFk_+<-N03b?038<+ ^0IH1:t0IHFkczT69-=47E38 q« l¬ b « N¬
0 0
Y &*ET80IHFk_+<-N03b?038<+ ^0IH1:t0IHFkczT69-=47E38 « N¬ Sb
IE&(hiKE3'*H14<6d'*+7+R)?6:*4<036N/H18£V:*4<q03'*38<6_:I7zT>@®6903-p/+74<)?E3+^p8],z3p+76Aa\21-p030T47HPET-=6Qkª8<+^EIzT0IK698<-p036]4<bSE3bET88R4<i'*b E3JTb ^E3H1+< 030Ib|j BD 0I2*H@b?:6_ '1+7 )S0 JTz3H16lb0IO*b,+ H*)S 4j j MbSj%69H* b JI 4<b ' ` Y +RO@\-/'v6N 2*b 0_8<N69j%+7+76=6Nb4HP 4<),+e69:+<0I)S ),H¯:¥ b 474<6Nb Er8<NBQ>Xj6+ Y
VpL*VqVpQVY v6©H*EV[¿+R47O1: :*) kÆ 0ªb :5 )SwX69j 87/69° HT 4_+7j 6={4cY -E3KeHFkd>@034m[i+7)?E]+QEIzTKq69-=4747'*E36e8/+>10T +R) ),+.j zT )69-p4< E3) 8/+. 0Ia\8<6[ET'*8R6N4<8<'*6 E3JT) E3j H103b bya
%j b 9j %a ) xb M%j Nj 9j aT03H1.
+R )?H1j -=6 )Uj y )9j b j b M%j KLNE3j 8 9j b j «+7 '*EVj [ <° 4< '*)?+/j ¬p Y> Y )*-N0Ib?)?H*J]4<'*69+76^47EdO*H*)S4(b?6NH1JI47'}aPkF)?6Nb,:*+i47'*6H*69[ >10T+R),+
0
) *
*
0 0
EV[¨8<6N21876A+R69HT4\47'16+R)?J3H103b
0 b 0 b Sj NjAÈ <° @)?Ht476987BQ+(EIK~47'16E38747'*ETJ3E3H@0IbX>103+7)?+9Y
0
"
) j b
j
° « jb b °b¬
j
0
"
) b
^ «Rj b jAÈ ° b ¬
j
"
) b « jb ^b °b¬
0 0
« ) j ¬ ) j ¨« ) ¬ ) ¨« ) ¬ )
b
«Rj b °T¬ ) j ¨«LÇFÈ ^T¬ ) b )
" " " "
b & &
j b%b °T°3È Ç b%b b I°TÈ
"
b
«Rj b °T¬ «LÇFÈ ^3¬ b b I°3È
"
b & &
«yÈ*Y ° ^T¬
KL&(E3'*8(6W47'1b,036+R4;47EI4m4/[\0IE]bg69d6 H*cT6NO@8<0VJ347kc)?E3>FH@k_+;+7+7'*O*EVBD[ BD47)S'1H10IJD4i47['*6'*696NHrH16N038<HcJ3k_E3870T47+7'*+7ETE5H*-=E3),0V8<47BQ6A:c0Ib*[>@)S0347+7'¥)?+i69)?0T+i-/'rO1+7>@69:g03+7aF)?)S+(4izT),+\69-p694<03E3+78AklY 47El0T-N-NE3O*HP4
47b?6='14d8769&(036^HF'*JTkª6e)SzT+76=6N)?s*J3H_0IH1BDzT0369b 2*-=b?476E38/0Ib + >XEV z3) 6ej +R)'*EV% [\ ) 69:_ '*aFb EV[[ '*4<),-/El'_) 8<'16N2*0 8<zT696e+76N+72X)HP4\69-=47), '*0I6bq2*+7 )S8<) JTE3H1 2X0IY6Nb 87&(47S)?j '*69b +(6NNH 0TjAÈ+i<[\° 6eb @)U'1)?0yHrz3476eb 6N+R8<69BQ6N+\HYCEI« )K~£Hr0lJ3>16N0T)H1+R6N),y+\8/¬ 0IEI b{K a
3b « ) >Y )FE1)Ua5y)S¬ 4 )?+(zT 6N« 8<) kc -= E3jHF)UzTy{6N¬ H*)?b 6NHP4\47y7ED« )U'1y 0 z3j 6)U0Iyj ¬HtE3b 8747'1E3yRH*aXET+787)SH@BQ-=0I6,bX)U>1y0T+R ),+N) o~[\)?6+ -9b 0I[Ht'*696N0TH +R)?bSkcb 0T-N-Nj E303O*H1HP:ªj 4\ jKLE3[8('*47'169H 6
"
)
"
*
*
*
6Nz3H16A-p6N4<8<E3J38Akt Y )S)FH O10r2*2@+REP)?J3+RH16e03[\b|6^+76N8<216N032X8<690I0I474i69bS4<kr'*6e)SH03>@4<6NEV8<zTBQ6W+6Ns5EI03K.BD)S4<2*+^bS6^6NH1O16N+78<)SJ3H*krJl-N47E3'1BD6e2X+7)SE3JTH*H1690IHTb 4/+W0Tb+7+7E5 -=),È0V47 6A:¥<È [aP)M4<[' '*)?69-/0T't-/'-N03>1H_03+7>X),6+
*
E303>*+ 4<0I)?H*6A) :]>F+7k)SH@+7-=O*6e>54747'*8/036l-=-=47E3)?H*BDJe2X47E3'*H*6(69BDHP4690303HdbSET+7H*)?JJ3H1M03j%bPNj%zV03NjbSO*g6('1E30TK+(>@`696NH¥8<b 6NBDEVz36A« :gY %j SjAÈ N)?+CjAÈxmO1N+mj4Wb È L0D¬pY +<-N03b?03)?+~84<B]'*6O*bS+<470I)?2*BDb?66
" " "
0
" 0
"
EI'1K0T+;) 4<j '*o 6+7j 03BDb6^21«Rj 0Ib 4R4<6N 8<°THt¬ )0T+ j ) bYC«RKj b ) )?°3+i¬=4/«R0I«R3j 69Hc 4<°TEd¬R¬ >X 6%j 0 bn@9bM4<j 6N]8AaFb 47'*69 HrÈ )S4b BD<È 0I14<0I-/H1'*6A:D+\[\476'*6[+7)Sb?)Sb@JTH1+<00Ikb 4<'1e0Vz34 6987k
"
" & & & 0 0
"
"
0IH qU£:5)SBD69H1+R)?E3H@0Ib+72103-N6eE3K~+7)SJTH10IbgzT69-=47E38/+9Y
&*8<E3B¿47'162*8<E32X6N8747)?69+E3KCz369-=47ET8<+03H1:t47'16l:5E34^2*8<E5:5O1-p4Aa14<'* 6 .V¡1/F<¢ 4
<
;Vp =X =¡1I{¢EIK
>cPO10I47)?E3HvÈ*Y °IÇc),+WET>54<03)SH*6A:gY4<+e>10T+R),-BD6903H*)?H*J_),+4<'10V4e47'16d:5E34e2187E5:5O1-=4^E3K;O*H*)S4ezT69-=47E38/+BlO1+R4
b?)S6D>X6=4m[\6N6NH©U<jD0IH@: jTY]&('FO1+[i6d'10zT6d0r876A03:5k¥BD690T+RO1876l47E:56N476N8<BD)SH16]4<'*6Q+R)?BD)Sb,0I8<)M4mk>X6=4m[\6N69H
V
9 jj
>1« 0P0T¬+R)0),+&*@<ET/0 bSEFb?B6EVj ) [ )S H1Jvj 4<'*N6 j >X Es5j 69: Mj%N6=j%s*N0IjBD 2*b?6j 0I >XEVj%z3<6T° ai 8<6Nj2* 8< 69Y +76NHP«L>X4D¬ 47'1W6EV[ z369-=8<476NET218876AM+Rj 69b HTN4 j9Ç Mj9jAÈN(j )?H9j 476No8<BQ4<E+QEI[Ke'*47),'1-/' 6
F>XT6=4m6=)0[\4<@<-/6N'/06NEFHv47B6'*) 696;0T KL-/E3'©b?bSEV21[03)S)?8H*JEIK;n1zT47'*6;6DzT69z3-p6A4<-pE34<8/E3+8/0I+No
H@: È -=/ETÈ Bd 21SO5j 476;N47j '*6\
H*E38<BQÈ <0IÈ b? )Sf969 ::5È E3 4|2*È 8< E5 :5 O1-=j 49aNE3j 8 Yei EIK5'147)?'1-/'6\0321H*0IJ3)?8/b?6+
) #
.0/ /
_==H`aJ#F>E e
Dg:` =^FU
6$8;: <=B
(&§'*69876W6D+76=[\4.6DE3)SKHP0I47b?69b 8721876N4^¥4<'*BQ6Q0Vz34<6A87),-p-=476AET+C8[+R21)S470T'Q-=6l8<69470I'*bSU69zE3038<bSk O169)?:lH©6N4<b?6N6N8<BDBD6N+HP4<E3+.Ki)?BQ+i0D03+7±5/+N0IIH1:v{
*)?BDT<03;J3EI6dKg87:569)?J3BD)?E36NH1H1++7)SET03H1H :v+7'*EVC[ Y
" &
"
'*0EV:5[ ),+7-N)S4d876N0I47216c2*:5bS)?ET69BQ+9Y 0I)?£HvH®E34<K '*),+l+769-= 47)?E3+<H0IBDaGE32*O1b?6D8]2@BDETE5)SHP:54/6N+ bi#EIKWa0IH®{Yr)?BQv0IJT6c6c[\)?E3+]8<47 '@0VBQ4l0IE3)?H*Kb?k©0IH¯[)?)SBQ47' 0IJ3° 6cKLO*°¥H1-p034<H1)SET: H¯^ EVz369^ 8
BQ0V4<87),-=6A+Na5>*O*46Nz36987kP4<'*)SH1Jl6A03+7)Sb?kcJ369H*6N8/0Ib?)?fN69+i4<EQ)SBQ0IJT69+\E38BQ0T+R5+\EIKC0IHFk_+7)Sf963Y
" " "
D*,!Bw1w&,1+@<)(eE De,
ÈÈ ÈÈ b d « j jj jj ¬:bj b
j b b b
1w)
U/j jj b b j
.(*) U/j
,
b
E ,!) b b b b
b j
ih E3H@)0+R@<),/0:5EF6NB68c) 47 '* 6 zT69-=47E38r+R210T-=6E3K03bSb°s1°j )?BD03È J36A+Q[)M4<' 8<690IbSUz03bSO169:Æ2*)Ms569b?+9Y «0T¬ fW6N476N8<BD)SH16 47'16
zV0Ib?O*69+E3Ki4<'*6 +7Et47'10I447'*6Q)?BQ0IJT6 bÈ b )?+87692*876A+R69HP4769:v03+0tb?)SH1690I8-NE3Bl>*)SH@0V47)?E3HEIK\47'16
)
KL°E3s1O1°l8V)?\BDE303>XJ36N6T87Y 4<+>103+7)?+)SBQ0IJT69+ Y«L>@¬9.s52*b?03)SH¥['Fk_[\6-N03H0Ib?[\0k5+\n1H1:¥O1H*)cPO*6 KLE38^0IHFk_+7O1-/'
) )
FO*212@EP+R6®4<'10V44<'*6Æ°Vs*° )?BQ0IJT6 0- >: 1' 03+69H*6N8<J3k j 03bSETH*J 47'*6 876A+R2X69-=47)?z36KLE3O*8
)0@</0EFB6)
)
j b b b j b b b j b b b b b b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
bj b b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b
b b b
b
b
b
b
j
)?H*6[7+R4<03H1:*0I8/:
l>103+7),+(z369-=47ET8<+iKLE38(4<'*6+72103-N6eE3K~03bSb^Is
^dBQ0V4<87),-=6A+NY
È bÈ b
b b
j b
b
b
b
b
b b
j b
b
b
j b
b
b
b
b b b b b b b b b b b b
4mBQ[\03Ec+7547+8<E347O1'@J30V'14D+9aX[i036_H1KL:¥E38<4<Bd'*876969876]b?kªf96N:58<69EI+7U£)S-=JT8<H*ET69+<:¯+R)?H*)SH¯JT+9),Y+7E3&(b,0V'*476d)?E36NH®b?6NBD>X696N-9HP0I4/O1+W+76_E3KCE347K'*476d'*z36t6A-p8<647ETcP8<O*+^)?87:569)SBdwX69698HP4+7b?47)SJT'1'T0I4<4lbSkt4<'*KL6r8<E3+7B 6=4D47>X'166
E38747'1E3J3ETH10Ib{Y
[47'1)S6N47)?'©-8^b?+7H*J3)SJT69ET)SH*87JT)S)S47'Fn@'1>@-NB ET03HT87'*4^wj EF^_6NE5H*-=:¥69E387BD6NJTH1kr2*6NO*8<)?47J3H 69kr+^0_030Q+7bSET2@>*H*6A)?-=JQH1)S0In14<8<'*69kt:©6])S>1+RBQO*0T0I>@+RJT),+R+621zT0T[69-='*6T-=47Y),-/E3'©&}8/+ E_:56=:*4<6=6947-=6A 4<-p+4e)?69HP:547aq69JTH169[+9+R'*)Sa@4m),ETkt-/H*' H*6][\6N-=)?E3J3ETO*'FO*b,>Xb,:¥:E38<>X+R'*696]EFbS6A)?EFH1-p:4^:5),+R21-N47)M0V8<s54<O16N69-=b,:+47O*>F>F8<kk 6
H*+76=694R)S4<JT)S'PH1>XJ E38<'*EFb E5:c ET%j HrN%j 4< '*b 6 b &* 8<b 6N)SURb hi b'*6NbHt >1b 03+7Y ),-W+(H¥z3696=-=s*47ET0I8<BD+\2*),+b?60IEIb,+RK}ED4<'*J36)?z3-N6903Hrb?-N>XO*6Nb?b?0IEV47[)?E3Y H1+\2*8<EIxm6A-p4<)SH*Jd4<'*6)SHP4769H1+7)M4mk
jÇ
!#"$"%"
$
)?+\4<'*6H*ET)?+766NH*6987JTkcbS69z369byY
@ / ),+l47'*6¥E3O*472*O54D)?BD03J36Ta;0©>1)SH10387kª)?BQ0IJ36t['*69876 @ / b jt)?H1:5),-N0V4<69+l47'@0V4
@ / '10T+
*
0I>XEVz36^47'1876A+R'*ETb?:r6NH16N8<J3kc)?Ht47'*6+72@6A-=)Sn169:t+7O*>1+72103-N6 .Y
.@ D/)!@<)
:56N4769-=4 H*69)SJT'F>@ET87'*EFE5:*+A«
< V¬=` *
KLKLE3E3888-Doo bb b 4<47EDEc¤©¤©0V0Vss@\hiEVE3[bXUWUj j
b
E 8Aa - )?+0d>XE38/:56N8(2*)Ss56Nb 16-!), @ / io b b `
)FB6) @ / ;o b -NE3BD2*O54<6 O1+7)SH1J >103+7),+«
¬=`
`
$ *
!@<D/0) !@ ) -=E3BD2*O*476 O@+R)?H*J >10T+R),+A« " ]¬ $ *
@ / }),+(47'1Z6 ^Vs ^]H16N)?J3'F>@ET87'1EPE5:t-=69HT4<6N8<69:t0V42*)Ss56Nb 89a - E3K " Y
0+RO1z3>1698<+R032@J3036 -=6 6NH*6N69H*8769JT87kJTk o b o b Y@ ` / *`
)FB6) 876N47O*8<HvjT`
.
3 (eDe@<E 16-!$ hiE3BD2*O*476W:56N476A-p47)?E3HQ)?BQ0IJT61 @ / @KL8<E3B)?H*2*O54\)SBQ0IJT6/
@ / g0IH1:Q+7O*>1+72103-N6 CY
V
9 jÈ
(e@ &!E ),1 j& j ° j j jj ° b U< j
U<j °
U/b j b ° /U j
b
b b & b 0
0 b
j
#b j I° U/b j b U/b j 8b j I° b bb b
U<j j
b j b j b U<j
EF,.) & &
8b j <^ j j j
j j j
/D*,!Bw1w&,1
j j j &
&~)?J3O*8<6È5Y ^T°5oC&('*6]&18769)MURhi'*6NH¥>10T+R),+iKLE38(4<'*6+R6N4EIKC0Ib?b^Vs^l)SBQ0IJT69+([)S47'¥8<690Ibg)?HP4769H1+R)S4mkczV0Ib?O*6A+NY
ih E3H1+7)?:*6N8\47'*6)?HP4769H1+R)S4mk_H16N)?J3'F>@ET87'1EPE5: b jjj bb jj È bb j ÈÈ b
v03+6i>Xn16=H1KLET:]876T47'*Y!6()F-=)SH@ET-=BD62@4<ET'*H*6]6NHP>@4G03+7EI)?K*+4<),'*+^)?+~E387zT4769'*-pET4<H*E38GE38<0IBQb?E30IH*b{J^aF4769'*0T6]-/'47b EI>14/030I+7b|),+})SBQzT690I-pJT4<6E38~6NH1O16N+7)S8<H*J3J^k_47),'1+C6\xmO@:5+mE34^4~4721'*876dE5:5+RO*O1B-=4
47EI'*KG647'*-N6dE3BD-=ET2@BdETH*2X6NE3HPH14/6N+NHPY 46NH*6987JT)S6A+0IH@:t47'*6d+m4<87O1-=47O*8<6E3K -90IH>X6)SHP4<6N8<2*876N476A:¥)SH4<6N8<BQ+EIK
j b
È
È ° #Ç q ^*` ! 6s j
È È ° #Ç q ^*` ! 6s j
, b
b b ` ! 6s b b
È °
b
b 0 j j3` 6s j
g b b ` ! 6s b b
0
b
° q È5` 6s
b
° q È5` 6s
b ` ! 6s b b
b
b °3È*` 6s b °3È
)0@</0EFB6)
j
j
«0P¬ \6N2*8<69+76NHP4e47'*6D)?HP476NH@+R)S4mkH*6N)?J3'F>XE38<'*EFE5: bj b )?H©4<6N8<BD+eE3K;47'16d>@03+7)?+ez36A-p4<E38/+^+7'*EV[H b b
\692@6A0V447'16cTO169+R47)?E3Hª«0T¬iKLET8(47'*6)?HP4769H1+R)S4mkcH*69)SJT'F>@ET87'*EFE5: b
b
jj bb Y
b b
E3O*b,:®4<'*6r)?HP4769872*8<6=4/0V4<)SETH®EIK47'16r)?HP476NH@+R)S4mkªH*6N)?J3'F>XE38<'*EFEF: bb bj bb >X6t:*)Mwq6N8<6NHP49o_['PkªET8
['FkcH*E34 ®«y-9¬\ '10I4P)?H1:tEIKG)?BD03J36H*69)SJT'P>XE38<'*EFE5:*+\J3)?z36e876A+R2XE3b H@+R6Ab +\47EDb E3H*b?k 0IH@:
2*0V4)Ss54<6N'*b 6 ET a87)?J3)?HgKL+R8<EDE3B 4<'1)?0VH*4 2*O54 )?BD 03}J3),6+(4<'* 6]gO1-=69+7)?HPH*47Jl6N8WBQ2*0T)Ms5+R 69b}EIK~ 47Y~'1£6HrBQ47'103)?+7+iXKLo;E38<)M4WB]),O1+b?0IET47>F)?zPE3)?HE3aFO@BQ+(03'*+7EV [ º),+),+-=6NO1HP+74<696N:r8<694<:E
( (
(
)?H8747)S)0'*47@<66l/00EF0IB6b?21)J387E3ET 8<J3)S478/'*0IB B0I47Ed>XEV)SBDz36T2*Yeb?6N-WBDbSb?69EVHT[u4(474<'*'*6l6e:*O16=+R69476A8W-pE34<K~)SET4<Hr'*6]E3K}212*87)SETsFJ3698/b?0I+\B O1+74<)?EcH*J])SH14<2*'*O56]4W&*4<8<'*6N6l)SUmhi+7O*'1>16N+7H_21>@0T03-=6+7)?+\®03EI+\KCE3)SO*HP474<b?6N)S8<H*696A+R: 4
0I>XEVz36TY
&~)SJTO*8<6È*Y ^0^
"
36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
36 36 45 45 54 54 36 38 41 45 47 54
36 36 45 54 54 54 1/9 1/9 1/9 36 41 46 52 55 54
36 45 54 54 63 63 x 1/9 1/9 1/9 = 36 43 50 56 60 63
36 45 54 63 63 72 1/9 1/9 1/9 36 47 54 61 65 72
45 45 63 63 72 72 45 45 63 63 72 72
)?BD03J36EIK~6 cPO103bgz03bSO169+9Y
«)?BD0Pe¬ 03)0J3fW@<6Q6A/0+REF0VB6)?s5J3) H¥6A+N0DY_+R&(hi6N'14(ET6cE387H1K}876N6AKL8ET-p4/O*:50I8W6=H*4<È JT69bS-=t6Q47)?Èl-NE303H BQHv03>X+76cF+i>*4<8<ED)?J3:*'P6=4747696A8-pE3484<'*:*60387-=TET6N878H*69478<'@+i0IHEIKG470I'*HF6_kc>18<0369-/-=F4<0IJ3H18<E3J3O1b?6^H1:g0Ib?Y)?J3«LH*>@6A¬:_-[8<)S6Q47'tk3E347'1O168
/"
j f+7)SJTH10Ib,+9
Y 6987H16Nb@KLO*H1-p4<)SETH |« aq¬i)?+in18/+m4 1)?2*2X69:t0I>XE3O54\47'*6ET87)?J3)?H_0IH@:Q47'16NHr478/0IH1+7b?0I476A:Q47El47'16
V
9 j
69-p4/0IH*JTbS6:56N476A-p47)?E3H
MW+76d47'*6c-NE38<H*6N8:56N4769-=47)?E3Hª2*8<E5-=69:*O*876dEIKi47'*6D2*8<6NzF)?E3O1+e6NsF698<-N)?+76l47E¥)SBD2*b?6NBD69HT4]0t2*8<E3JT8<03B 47'10I4
)0@</0EFB6) \
h(x) h(-x) h ( x’ - x )
0.5
-0.5 0.5 x x x
x’
f(x)
h ( x’ - x )
x
a x’ b
b
g(x)= f ( x’ ) h ( x’ - x ) dx’
~_G)S« JTaqO*¬ 8<6Q}È*«FY aX^3Ç1¬pY ohi&1E3E38]BD032*HFO5kv4<)SH1:5J ETBD-=E303HF)SHªzTE32Xb?O5E3)?47HP)?E34 Ha}sqaG«F3aX69¬e87H1EI6NKb +7¯)SJTH1)?+ 0Ib:1_G)S21« 2@aq6A¬:®[0I)S47H1'ª:34<69'*876NH*Hª69b 4<8<}03«FH1aX+R¬b,0V:54<6969H*:vEI474<E69:a}sq`C«F4<aX'*¬ 6NHb a
a
&
478/0IH@+Rb,0V4<69: Y
j b
!#"$"%"
y
x
H[ 0, 0 ]
[ x -w/2 , y -h/2 ]
H[ -w/2, -h/2 ]
x
~ )SJTaO*8<6rb È5Y ^TÈ*oDahiE3 BD2*O*47 a)?H*J47Y~'1&|6rE]-=-=8<ETETBD+<+2*-NO5E3478<6 8769 b?0I a47)?E3H {aP 4<'* a6BQ(03+7EI K)SBQ a03J36 @),+; a-N6NHP%47\69[876A)M:D4<'¯E3HQBQ)?03H*+72* O54\)SBQa0IJT{6 o
G[x, y] = F[x, y] x H[x, y]
& #(
-=ETHP47)?HPO1E3O1+()?HP476NJT8<03b?+(:56Nn1H*6A:t03>@EVzT63Y
E3690TO*+R4 )?hi6N18^8<)?ET2*H*+<2*EI+^)?4^H*-NJ¥47E3Er8<)S8749'169`}0b?0IE3z347476)?'*E34<69HE_87[4<4<8<),'*+703)?6]H1H*+R¥)Sb,40VEI4<),K+^69+W147'*)?472*'*6Q2*6D+<)?H*0IBQBDJ_036d47+7'* E36d2XET36N8e698/T870VH*476N)?8<69E3H*byH©aX6N>*bGO1O5:5+R4)?6A87:©8/6A0V-p)?474<Hª'1bSk6N-=8.E34<EtHFxmO@zT47+mE3'*4b?6DO52*47)?b,)?BD03E3-=H03)?Y]H*J3Jc6dhi2@)SET4ETH10V)S-=HP4e694 25+747E3 aO1BD03bS6lb?.k3)SagBQ[)S)S40I47JT'5)?6+U
+7+R47E¥8<O147'1-p4<0IO*4876;47'*EI6_K 876A+R4<O*'1bS0V4]4~-N)?03+|Hª)SH@>@:56c6N2X)?6NHPH14769:*876N2*HP8<4|6=4<E369K1:ª+7-9030I+]b?6C0¥K0387-=6A47+RE3O*8/bS+94]a0TE3+K\'1BQ0T0V+4/>X-/'*6N69)?H*H]J¥:5),47+7'*-N6rO1+7+m+74<6987:O1-=)SH47O*218<876Q69zPEIK)?E3O@+}[+769)S-p474<'ª)SET47H1'1+96 Y
(
(
)0@</0EFB6)
ÈÈ ÈÈ ÈÈ ÈÈ È È
-=ETBD2*O5476 b ®Y (
V
9 jj
C8 C8 C8
:5¬|6N:5476N698<-=)S4<zV+0I47-/)?'@z30I6.H*ETJT2@6969+(8<0I0347-NE387EP8~+7:5+\6=8<4<EV69-=[4<+N+~Y -/'10IH*JT69+|03-=8<ET+<+}-NE3b?O*BDH1+9`*«L8<)SJT'T4p¬-NE3b?O*BDHr«*k]¬}:56N8<)?z0I47)?z36iE32X6N8/0V47ET8
ZGET)SHP4+R21876A03:
)0@</0EFB6)
)?z36NHT6N8<H*6Nb Ob ( a%
47hi'1E36lBD4m2*[\O*Er476KLO*0IH1H@-p:r4<)SET+73H16N+Z4<-/_¯'r0347H1'*: 6KL}O*YrH@-p«>@47)?¬E3H hiE3sgBD« aq2*¬ O*b 476Q|0I« H1aq:v¬ b+RT|6=« 4/aX-/¬=' Y 47'16lb KLO1H1-p4<)SETH sg« aq¬xbn_G«FaX¬ |« aq¬pY«-A¬
%
j°
!#"$"%"
5:-^69b,H*HT+76_E14<bSa}k-96A0I03EIH -/K '+7sg6N)S«6cHPa 4<KL6N87ETJ3 B8/0V¬p4<`;4<)SET'*)SHªH6rK:5-N0TE36N-pBDn149H*aG2*)S0IO547)?b?4<E3b.)SH¯H14<J¥'*E36c03KWHª)?-=HPET47)SHP6NH1JTzT:*8<E3)S0IzFb?O547),:5)?47E3)?O1E3H10IH}+b;a}-9z4<0I03'1H®bS0VO14>X6+6_sqsqF« :5«Fa aETj H**6_ ¬j 0V¬]-940I-NHv4<03'*H¯KL6_E3>@8<+<B 6t0IBD-=0IET6Qb?BdbC4<EI)S21BDK\O5476c47'16A)?:®6QH®2*)S21H@870I:5E58/6N:50I2XO@b?6Nb?-p6NH54<b{+U Y
0I874m[\E38<d2187E5:5O1-N69:r>Fkc47'162*87ETJ38/0IBKL8<E3B 4<'*62*8<6NzF)?E3O1+\6=s5698<-N)?+763Y
F47'1O*6Q21)02@'*@<EPE3/0+R2XEF6QB66D) )?47H'1470I'*4]6c)?HT+74<696N038<8<69-/+R'©47)?H*KLE3J8+R6=)?sFJ34<H@8<0I0rb,+4769[i87ET8<69O*+Rb?47:8<),>X0I6DbG)SKLHPE34<O*6NH@b?bS:g)?J3Y 69H1)F-=O*6212@«()
EP;&+R6c(+7R)S¬JTH1:5690I6Nb 2®+R)?2@+]030t-=6D-N),E3+H1+7-9-90V0I4<H*6NH1H10I6947:)?E3[H)M4<EI' K
)
c3(x) : 100 cos( 2 PI 3X / 512) c16(x) : 30 cos( 2 PI 16X / 512) c30(x) : 20 cos( 2 PI 30X / 512)
150 150 150
c3(x) c16(x) c30(x)
50 50 50
0 0 0
100 100
50 50
0 0
-50 -50
-100 -100
-150 -150
~«L>X)SJTEIO*47478<ET6¥BÈ*Y 8<^EV F[¨o b?«6=&|K4/E3¬(2 +7O*8<EVB¿[WEI¬K~&(03'*bSb8<6N47'*6¥8<+R6N)?6HFO10I+7H@E3:),:*«+N>@aE3j4R4<b%E3b BP8<EV«y° [ 8<g )Sj JT'P¬p4/a ¬\+RO1BEIK|n18/+m4¬d4m[\0IE1H1Y: ° b P«y° g dj ¬p` ^ b #P«y° j
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
& #
#
gj
?sF)&~BDU)S0IJT03s5O*J3)?8<6+96Ye[(È*&(03Y ^ +;'16lJ3 o 69>XfWH*EI6N)S47wX8/470V69E34<87B¦6969:dHP8<4W>F)?J3kl+R)?'PHF4<4^O1'*)?+R6BQETKL)?ET0I:187J30IBl6lbqO*2*[\b,),0T0D-p47+WjO1JTb%876Nb6^H*KL69O*8<PH10I«y-=°47476A.)?:E3«mjH1>F+kra )?3Hr4<'*È547jA6d'*°T6KL¬RE3¬ +78<21B]0VO*j 4<b$b,)?003b bqj0I:*H@E3:DBQ'10IT03)?H«{+W° j. a«RjA-N° kF{ o.-N3bS&(6AÈ5+;'*jA03°T6^bS¬RET47¬ ETH*2rJjb?476='1K64
# -&
0Ij H@:©'1P0T«{+D° .jA°t«mj -=k5a -NIbSÈ56A+j° 0Ib?E3H*jJr° 47I'*È*6QjAkP°T¬RU£0V¬ s5),+NjYD&(o\'*6QH*EI>X4<EI6l4R4<'1E3EVBº[ 4<b?6='*K6d4[\)?BQ00IzTJT69+6dE3[(KC0347+'*b%6dJTb 6N>@H*E3694R8<4<0IE347B6A: bS>F6NKk4e47)?BQ'16D0IJTKLE36l8<B]0Ib?)?O*J3b$b,Hb0 # &
& ~)Sy JTO*)?+l8<6]03+]È5Y )S^ H®o4<'*- 6c2*>X)?EI-=474747O*E38<B 6KLO*8<)SH1JT-='P474])?E3EIH¥K_KL&~ET87)SJTBDO*698<:¥6r>FÈ5k_Y ^ 47'*a 6]+7O*B),+d03#+ a)?H®% 47'1b 6c47ETj b%2¯b b?Vy6=K49a.03^ H1b : ¥j),+]b 0T+)?[H®'*476N'18<66 )
>XEI4R4<E3B¿bS6NK49Y«ZG6987'@0I21+()S4BDEF:*6Nb,+0IHtE38/-/'10I8/:cET8(KLET0IB2103:*:*)SH*J ¬ )
%
KL03O*+ H1-=47 a)?E3HY\Ä\b k_O1+7)SH1Jl4<j '*,6 &1E3O* a8<)S69%8>1Y 03-^+7),++\)SKLHO*H12*-p8<4<6N)SzFETH1)?E3+ O1+e+R6Aa1-p0I4<HF)SETkcH121+Na)?-=47O*8<)?6+KL0tO*H1BD-=4769)?0TE3+RH O*8<-N6]03H¥E3K;>@4<6'*8<6Q6N2*+R)?8<BD69+7)S6Nb,0IHP8<4<)M694m:k
B6EF,.( 16-!)
"%$ ID@ 1w&,1E $'&(*) .@<D/)B6BwE ,!( D# )@<&
1wE De,.B .
D@<EF)@ &B6EFB
jTYE3&(8D'*6+R)?J3&1H1E303O*by8<YÆ)S698l&('*>@603+7+R)?)?+lJ3H1-N0I03H bQ_ >@6t)?+DO18<+76N6921:®876A4<E+R69HT@<4<)69$':¯D 0T+ )X-.EF(*- F@<)Y &(!'*)6¥,./ zVn0Ib?O*,!69D*+dEFB6EI) K KL87¥ETB KLE38d4<'*4<6t'*6¥)SBQ'*0I)SJTJT' 6
0IH1:t:5)?876A-p47)?E3HtEIK~476NsF47O*8<69:r8769J3)?E3H1+9Y
47E3+R'*O*8/:56i>@6N+RP8(6NH14WEIEVEIKG[K~6NH]H147'*+R6N)?68<HFJ3O1k3+7a5E3ET0I),8:*H10I)S:¥H¥bF-=0QETET8<8<Bd:56969-N2X6N8E3)?H1z3EI6NK~6NHP8KL4<87-9d6+90IHYcPHO*-W6N8<bSH169bF-N-NEIE3kqK5H1oG4<+R'*4747'*6 8<6O1-p8<469-N-N4<0I6N'*H])?6]z3>@6N036i82*47-92*8/0I8<0IHrEH1sF+747)?BD69BQ87)MBD0V474<47)?6e6AH1:g0V21aV4<)?6)M-=K@4747H*O*'*6N8<666A:54<>F698<kt03:gH1aV+7+R)?O*H]BDBD69),BD+7)M4<+7'*)S)?H1E36NHJ 8
0V40IHFkQ4<)SBD6>10T+R6A:_ETH_4<'*6-=ETHT4<6NHP48<69-=69)SzT69:_O*2t47Ed47'10I42@ET)SHP4AY
EKLIO*K(H1'*-=^EV47)?[O*E38lH147+lJ3EET),O103+]b;+7H*6Q'*6969)M69487:56r6A)?Hª:g)?+]Y 2*478/&1E03E3-p2*8l4<)?8<-N47E563'*:5Y),O1+d)F-=:56tET6NBDzT0 6N6Qb?O1E3)S+7BD2*6=BDKL2XO1E36NbiHP87>14<4A0I0Ta~HP+Rb?),46=+l4/BQ+lEIK0V0T4<+72*'*+7),O*6N-pBQ4<BDO*0V6c874<6r)?4<-9'1KL0IO*0Vb.H14l>@-=474703'*)?-/E36rFH1J3E3+d8<8<E30I)SJTO*H@)SH@:H®: 0IE3O1HK+7E3)SO*H1O*H1J¥8d:5-N-=69E3EF8<HP+RE34<478/03)?:5HFH1)?O*H1:5E3)?0VH*O@4<J6+
+7kF+R4769B )?+0V4e47'16d-N6NHP47698^E3K;E3O*8e2*),-p4<O*876]KLO*H1-=47)?E3Hag['*),-/'©),+:56=n@H*69: KLE380_+ cTO@0I8<6]8<6NJ3)?E3HE3K.47'16
a PU2*b,0IH*6TYW '*69H©[\62*8<EF-N6N6A:¥47Et0c:5)?J3)S4<0Ib~z3698<+7)?E3Ha147'*6d2*),-p47O1876l[)Sb?b|>X6d87692*876A+R69HP4769:¥>Fk¥:5)?J3)S4<0Ib
)?03BD+r030IJ3H
6 ET8R a4<'*E3CJTE3[H1)S0347'b>103+7)?+c+703KLBDE38t2*bS-=6AE3+NHPY 4<&~)SHF)SO*8/+mET4AO1a@+c[\+76])SJT6AH1+m0I4/0Ib,+ >*b?_~),+RY'©0_K +R6N4^EIK;0I+7)?8<HP6 O@+R0IETHF)?kÆ:*+W4m[iEIK;EÆ:5:5)Swq)Mwq6N8<6N6N8<HP6NHP4^4_KL8<)?6 HPcP47O*69J369H16N8/-=+9k a
j$
!#"$"%"
P«
¬ T«$
¬ . « } ¬$ .« }¬N« }¬
0
0
0
b b _
b
y« È5Y ° ¬
47'@0V4[+7)?bSkFbBd>XBD6E36N47878<47)?'1-9E30IJ3b?bSETkªH10I+R2@bX03)?Hr-=6A4<:¯'*6+<0I+7BD6NH12*+7b?669+:56=E3n1KH14769'*:t6A+R2*6¥8<6N-=zFEP)S+RET)?O1H*6Q+7bSkQKLO1>FH1kc-p4<4<)S'*ET6H1+d:5E3[4()Sb?21b\87-NE587:56AO10V-=4<6_49Y 0©+76=4dEIKWzT69-p4<E38/+
i47h '@E30VH@)04(+R@<47),/0:5'*EF6N),B6+8) +7476='*46tEI+RK|6NKL4]O*H1EIKW-p4<03)SETbSb\H1+Q-=E3_HP4<s )SHF O*ETCqwO1qC+qSaFKLO*47E3H1JT-=6=474<)?E3'*H16N8(++[_ )S47:5'¥6=n@+7-9H*0I69b,:ª0I8/ET+ Hª47'* 6rw)SHPqC47qC69qP87KLzVET0387BQb a +(0d z369a -=j 473ETa 8\+721Y 03)F-N6^'*EV>F[ k
0I8<J3O1)SH*Jl47'@0V447'16KLE3b?bSEV[)?H*Jd2*87ET2@698R4<)S6A+('*E3b,:gY
_ s b _GF« aX¬ sg« aq¬ 0a ` w_ b ' _ _ «yÈ5Y ° ¬
%
-8<J3O16e['FkQ4<'*6KLE3b?b?EV[)SH*JdKLETO*82*8<E32X6N8747)?69+(EIKG0D:5EI42*8<E5:5O1-=4'*E3b,:gY
« _ s*¬ b « _ s*¬ « s X¬
_ _
b
_
_ b b _ b
_ s bXs _
« g¬
w_ s b _ I« 5s ¬
V
9 j
- L_GK O*)0« aqH1@<¬p/0-=Y®47EFB6)?E3) «HD0P¬,),+.)F0I'1eHEV:1[ =:r±V4<N03'1 H10V:_2/4 ¡569qz3=69T{Hr« VKLO1aq)SH1w¬-p4<),_G+])SET« 03H1H®+ aq¬:6Nz3b 69Hª_G«FKLaXO*¬GH103-=47H1)?:DE3H¯0W0IKLO1H@H1:-p4<47)S'1ET0IHQ4 )?+C03.H«$ AaX3¬I2/)?+l¡5X0INHª{E5V:*:)SK KL_GO*« H1-=47aX)?¬:E3Hb a
0 0
['*69876 v03876H*ETH*fN6987Ed)?HT4<6NJT6N8/+NY«L>X¬ '6N4Q_v0IH@: sc>X6E5:*:¥0IH1:t6NzT6NH¥-=ETHT4<)SHFO*ETO1+iKLO*H1-=47)?E3H1+ETH
0 #
*
%
0
* 0
? ! GX1
D !@<EF)@ I@<&,.B De@ $ {7V1 2=Ip]{
1V{V< 2/¡5XN{V _G« a*¬^1£]L*
2/< N¡1NXN¢_3VQV 5
Q«$ F¬
_G« a*¬ Qu 5« a*¬ 0a %
% %
_G« a*¬
b
)
4 u 6 0a % % %
«yÈ5Y ^*j¬
'
j%
!#"$"%"
KLO*H1'1)0-=0I47@<4)?/0E3)?EFH +B6) 4<_G'*« 6ca +7*2@¬ 6A-=),0Ib.BD6903H*)?H*J¥EIK Q« b b ¬=a['*6N8<6 Q« 5¬e),+47'*6 1& E3O*8<)?6N8478/0IH@+mKLET87B¦E3K\2*),-p4<O*8<6
Y A
A
1
λ
v 1
λ v
B
X
C 1/u
λ λ
λ 1
C B
j &
«yÈ5Y ^^P¬
O*j 8<6v`'È5b¦6NY 49^ Å j+^F0T47j +7'*+769YO*87BD6)F)?60IBD8<4<6)S'1b,0I0V88<4ebSkT47b a}'1[\6lj 6Q>XEI'14<-N0' kFz3-N647bS6A'1j +_6l0T[-=),b¦8<:FET47+<'j +DF0I47jH1'*°5: 6vY '*[-W6N)?2*)?:5J32*47'Pb?' kF4)SE3H*EIKK.J E34747'*O1'*68^6Q2*2*KL),ET),-p-p874<47BlO*O18<O*876]6Tb,0raW'10)?+RH E¯zT6]>c47'*b?P6N6vO1H*0IJ3[\4747)?'¯0E3zTH¯jT6Nb?YeÈ56NH*£Y ^H J3^147a&~' [\)SJ3)?6+U
&
E3°0>* _4<[(0I)?0H z36A+^b 0T-=j 8<3ET° +<b+WY|4<'*Äi6kDj3-=YETÇ¥O*HPO*47H*)?)SH*4]J:547),'10I6J3ETHFH1O*0IB]b{a>XkF6N)?8i6NEIb,:5Kg)S[\H1Jr0zT4<69'*+G6Q)?H 6=s5&~2X)S69JT-=O*4787696W:vÈ*KLY 8<^ 6 cP0VO*4C69H14<'*-=kv6W>X°EI 47547jE3q BÇ b?6=K°49aP[\036bSET+RH*69J6
&
&
& &
v v v
v =12 1
0
λ
θ
u u u u
0
= 16
E47I8/K^0I47H@&('*+m6¥'*KLET6D872XB2XEV[iEV[i-9690I8D69H 8)SHÆ+R>@2X6 4769'*-=-N6¥47E38<BDETO*87B 2*)?J3O5)?4<H*H169690I: 69b\:zF)?BD)?H*0vE3034J3E36¥25>X4<6cz3)?-969)?+N8<HPa(+747O16N0I+]8<H@2*:¯478<'*6=4<6t4<'P69KLO@:8<+Q6 03cP)M+O*4c690I-9H1H0I-=H k¯)?BD>@2@0360IJ38/6T8<0Ia}69BD03>*bS6=O5)?fN4<46N6A8/:Æ8/
+ 0V4<0T '*+d6N0I08H@0T:2*+'FXk50YÆ+7)?° -9£f 0IHÆb:5K)?03BD),+7-=2*0349b?J3a\06Tk0 Y
)?BD03J36H*69)SJT'P>XE38<'*EFE5:QKL8<E3B¿['*)?-/'r47'16Nk_[\6N8<6E3>54/0I)?H*69:Y
H*03-=69 4769O1:5 036AbS:gqb?k_Y|)SHP-N4<87El66A0V0]0I47b,6A+7+R21:gEe0Ia5:547>*),6=0IO5n@bX4WH*)S6-NBQE30I0IBDH]JT2*6 )?HFO5z34<6969a:t8<+76.)?Bd4<Y 8<21-W03bSH1),bM-=4<+m)S'*KL47ETE3b?k_87O1BJ3)?Ht'c4<EW47)S4\6N4<8<8<),BQ+i03H1O1+(+R+REIKL6NE3K KL8<O*B bX 47c0Ed0IKL:58<H1)?6 :r+7cP2*O*4<b,'*069H1kd6 -=47k'*6^:5ET4703BQ8/H10I:0IH1)?+RH]KLE38<©8<6NB 2*KLO*8<69H10+7-p6N4<3HP)S+\ET4<0IH10l47+)?°E30Tf H +
# *
! GX1 "C, )@<Bw ) % iEFB61/ £@<_)1wI)
D@<E )0@ DI@9&T,!B Da@<$(33 " 2 {
*Iy I{7NVV1W 2=
XI?pp]C 5 V
2/7 N¡1=q=¢Q7£
X<pNN1£V{V "
"
a
j j j % # 4 u 6
«yÈ5Y ^TÈT¬
u d d '
)0@</0EFB6) )5E3BD6>103+7)?-9+0I>XE3O54-NE3BD2*b?6=s_HFO*Bl>@698<+
MW+76l47'*6Q:56Nn1H*)S47)?E3H b Yc«0Pg ¬ )F'1EV[47'10I4D« ¬ z b P« i¬ .« i¬=Y
«L>Xg¬ )F'1EV[47'10I4 apb #
),+^0t+RETbSO*47)?E3H 4<Ec47'16ld6 cTO@0V47)?E3H a j b b KLE38 b b 9j wqCqCq j3Y
) # * ) # *
* *
47«'@-A!¬ 0VQ4 '}a6=4 j a d a b j a b # qC qCq CqCqwa q3a j b b b Y # >X6l47'*6 8<EFEI4<+WEIK.4<'*6d6 cPO10V4<)SETH a j b b Y )F'*EV[
)
0 0
) - )
0
.0/21>1/
L:4!A_Dg:B9B 2 STJX=@E 2 4!<
47&~E©)SJTfNO*6N8<8<6E1a~È*Y [Ç^*'*`F)?bS)S6_HP4<EIO*47)M'14<6N)SzT8/6N+]b?k30IaF8<6Q4<'*2*68<'*69+7)?J36N'r8<z3KL6A87:g6dYcTO1-¿6NH1+R-NT)S6A6=+\4/-/03'876eE3K(6N8/4703'*+76v69:rS 0I
H1:c
*V47'*<W69Ht;47£'*=60I),+bS47J36987)?z36A69:QH®KL8<0V6 4]cPO*4<'*69H16c-=b?kc6=K8<4d6N2*EIUK
8<E3698<+7)?J36N)?HPH14<0I0Ib*47)?)?E3BQHª0IJT)?+63YG)SHF£z3H169+R8<47+7696D0T:D478/EI0IKiH@N+mKL7ET87pBDF69W:69bSzF69),BD0 6N>cHPP4<+iO10VEI4<Kg)S4<ET'*H¯6È5KL8<Y ^T6 ÈrcPO*4769E©H1-=E3kd>54/870I69)?2*Hª8<690©+76N+RHPBD4<0IEF47EI)?4<E3'*H69aT:[iz36e69-N8<0I+7HD)?E3Hª4/0ITEI6K(4747'1'166
:5E34;2*8<EF:*O1-p4;E3K %@[)S47'c0l° f 03O1+<+R),0IHaT['*),-/'c[)Sb?b1[\6N)?J3'P4.4<'*6b?EV[ KL87d6 cTO16NH1-Nkd-NE3BD2@ETH*6NHP4/+
°b°
!#"$"%"
21038<03Bd6N47698<+\)?Hr4<'*68/0IH*JT6 b j}0T+(O1+769:r)SHt47'16478/0IH1+RKLE38<B:56Nn1H*)S47)?E3H1+9o 0
Q« a %R¬ b
j j # 4 4 6 u 4 v 6 6 q
u d d '
)S««K 0P-A¬¬ )5br '*EVEVa[[ ET+R847'1'@EV 0V[ b 4(47)McK '1647'1brBD6NH 0Iaxm QE3038H1« a8<: 69+7: O* b bS%4\q4<R¬:'1aP470Vb '*4W69b 47H '*Y 6 Q)?F« HFaz36N8/ +7%6W4<R8<:¬ 03b H1+mKLET87u B¿d 0I2*2*b?)?69:rd 47hj EDb4<'*6478/0IYH1«L+R>@KLE3e¬ 8<)FB '*EV8<[ 6=4<O*47'187H@0I4+
j j
47'16E38<)SJT)SH103bq)SBQ0IJT63Y
reduce/remove reduce/remove
reduce or
v keep
keep keep
remove
u
low pass high pass bandpass
F * F-1
I [ x, y ] F[u, v] F’[u, v] I’[x, y ]
V
9 °b^
'*cPO*)?J36N'ªH@-=0Ik]H18<:©6N21[i87696A)S+RJT69'PHT4e4/0V4<4<'*)S6DETH]'*)?[\J3E3' O*KLb,8<:]6 >XcPO*6690IH1bS47-=69kv876A-=:E3BD4<E2X03E3-9H*-=69E3HPBD4<+e2*bSb?EV),+R['dYV'*&~)?J3)S'DJTO*2187036Q+<+CÈ50IY Ç0H@^t:]0I>1b,+703ErH1:5+721'*0TEV[+7+~+en@'*bM4<EV6N[8<)SH*47J@'1Y~6D&(KL87'16N6 U
47'16NE38<kcE3K~-=ETHFz3E3b?O54<)SETH_>X6Nb?EV[ 2*8<EVzF)?:*69+\BDE38<6e)?H1+7)SJT'P4\4<Ed47'*6A+R6ET2@698<0I47)?E3H1+9Y
.0/21>1/(. 2B#` WgB9B2F>4 F>U J_= F>W!E T =@E VEY:4!B9UFE8
(&:5)S'*wX6 6987 69HP4lp 21 03V)S8/¡5+]pE3NK G5 <V*03 H12=:®Ip¿),+]O@+<0+Rz3O16903+ebSb?kª-=ETO1BD+72*69:¯O54<ET0I47H )?E3+ H1cT03O@bG0I478<)?6cBD)S6QBQ>P03kvJ369+R+]'1EI03KW87)?H*+7)SJ¥f96t-=ET° Bd BDªETHv° ETYL2@69f^8<0I6947+7)?2*E3)MH14<+e6rKL)SET4<+8
)?6N-=H ETzTBD6Nb?8<E5Bdk©-N03ET-=b(HvETBDKLO@692*0V+R6D4<O5O*4<)?8<0IHv6947+D)?)?E3BQEIHK0IEIJ3)?K 6DBD2*03J38< E56A+D-=%6A>@+7Y+76A)S-NH1&*0IJ1E3O@aq8+R476¥6N'1s*6)S4_0IBD&*)?E3+Q2*O1b?0¯6387)?a6N384<SET&|<87I8<69032*H1{8<+m769KLV+7ET16N87HPBº2=4eIp'@-9¦0I0IHª)?847-N'@E3030V8O14cJ3+R6dO18/03+7O*69+<HF+9+ca[(03E30IbS8bHP47+7)?6ABQE3:vBD0IJT:56Q6t69EIJ3214<8/'*03)Ms56N:*6N80Ib,47+Qn1)?E3H1)?HH 6
"
['*69Hr4<'*6KLO*H1-=47)?E3H¥),++R'*)SK476A:gY
°bÇ
!#"$"%"
«F«LÇF^P¬(¬\B]0I2*O*21bSbS47kQ)?2*4<b?'*k 6Q«)?HP$zT6N F8/+R¬(6 03&*H1ET: O*8<)S69« 8( 47 8/50I¬\H12@+RKLETE3)S8<HPB 4m[47),+RE 6e47ED{« ET>5 54<03¬i)S47H EDE3{>*« 4< 0I )?5Ht¬ 47'*6n@bM4<6N8<69:r)SBQ0IJT6Z_ y«Fa*¬=Y
(
)(
-!E 1 Z-.)D@<)$ o
« _GF« a
0 a d ¬7r ¬b ) u
« _GF« aX¬7¬
\
Ä _
k 5
: N
6 1
n *
H S
) 7
4 ?
) 3
E H
« _GF« a a d ¬7¬
_GF« a a d ¬
¤ 03P)?H*Jd47'16-/'10IH*JT6^E3K~zV0387),0I>*b?6 a *ba a d a*[i6ET>54<03)SH
0
'
u a|Y
0 ) %
0
0
« _G« a a d ¬7¬ b _G« a ¬ '
u 4
6 0a «yÈ5Y ^ ¬ )
'
%
_GF« a ¬
u u
b ' )
a ) %
u
« _GF« aX¬R¬
b )
)
b
#
*
«7« _ X¬=« aq¬R¬
« v _G« R¬ }F« a R¬ R¬ «yÈ5Y ^ ¬
v
u
' ' a!q % ) %
0
MW+7)?H*J_4<'*6dJ3EFE5: >X6N'10zF)?E38^0T+7+7O*BD69: KLE38^ KLO*H1-=47)?E3H1 + _®03H1: 0Ib?b?EV[+4<'*6lET8<:*6N8eEIK;)?HP476NJT8<0I47)?E3H¥4<E
>X6)SHP47698<-/'@0IH*JT69:gY
«R« _ X¬=F« aX¬7X ¬ b v v _G$« R¬^« |« a R¬ u 0aX¬ % «yÈ5Y ^ ¬
' ' ) % %
0
MW+7)?H*Jd47'*6+7'*)SK447'*69E38<6NB¥a
«R« _ @¬N« aX¬7¬ b v _G$« R¬=« ®« g¬R¬ %
u6v
' ) %
®« g¬
« g:¬ b
$« q¬ ®« g¬ «yÈ5Y Ç1j¬
b
0IH@:c4<'*647'*69E38<6NB¿)?+(2*8<EVz36A:QKLET8(47'*6Qdj f -N0T+R6TY
V
9 °bÈ
*47'1ET6QbSb?)0EVj @<[ f /0EFB64<-9'*) 036c+76e+R47036NH12@:t+6=J3sF)?z347696NH1Hª:r0I47>X'*EV69z3B 6lKL47E3Ed84<21'*876]EVzF°f)?H*J_-9034<+7'*636 Y )F'*)SK4]&('*69E38<6NB 03H1:ªhiETHFz3E3b?O54<)SETHv&('*69E38<6NBº)?H
&
'*b?6NEVz3[\69b}6NzTET6N878AJPa0I>@H*)?6Af9-N0I0347O1)?E3+R6dH¥4<0I'*H16c:¥8<F69H*03EV:*[6N8b?69'1:50TJT+6)SEIHPKC4769ET87>52Xxm6=694<-=694<:+W034<'*H16c:t)?47BD'16]03J3[\6AE3+8<EIb?:gK\Y47'*&(),'1+]6-/'1'*03)?J325'*4769698W8b?O16N+7z3)S69H*b}JBDBl6=O14<'*-/'ªE5:*'*+W)?J347'1'*0I6948
[\+R476e8<O1:5-p694<z3O*6987bS6TETa52c[B]'*),O1-/+R't4([>@6e)?b?b47ET-/'1bS690I8<b?03bS69HPH*49aPJ36e>@6A4<-N'*0I6O@0I+R6eb?J3E3ETO*87)S8\47'*69BQ:*J3+i6NBQ47'@030V214+\>*'1O*0)?b,z3:_6^KLJT8<0IE32@B +NaP47H*'*E369),Bt+763Y a50IH1:_B]O*bS47)?2*b?6bS69z36Nb,+iEIK
D² ³9´ ¦» I»QNC»^¹=4»½
! " &
Ä\0IH@69:Q-90I-=O1E3+7BD6;2*KL69O*[Æ476NE38;K1zP4<),'*+7)S6ETBDHQEF[\:*0T6N+.8<Hl:5E3+7H12@636Aa3-=8<),0I69b?+7)S69f903698<:W-/'dxmE321O*038<H12@0I69b,8<+G+.6=03s587),6+m4<+<69-N:l0I4R[4<6N'*8<6N69Hd:Q690303-N8787b?EPk+7[\+GBQE38<03HPE3kdHd:5)S)SBQwX690I87JT696(HT2*4}87xmE5E3-NO*698<+<H1+R0I)?H*b,+9J Y
'}03878<k \E3>X6N874<+i2*O*>*b?)?+7'*6A:Q'*),+i+76NBD)?H10Ib147'*6A+R),+;[\E38<])?H_8<69-NE3JTH*)M4<)SETHDEIK^%f >*b?E5-/TU[\E38<b?:lE3>5xm6A-p4/+;)?H
°b
!#"$"%"
jT_Y +1-Y3H1h\030IbSk5H1+7HP)?+kc03«RH1j %:r%¤©¬=03a -/ '*)?/H*V6W£ XHP¡5476N£b?Vb?{)SJTV6NqH1V-N@63a/ 3CE X3<b{9Y T<a_W£E1Y /NP^«$WTEV=z©£/=j {%V@¬ a3 :U ©&% |Y 8<03H1+9Y}E3HdZC0V47476N8<H
Ç@<Y Y«mj 1%§W% 69¬p-/a'Pd4^N0IH@/: Ny-IdY g02VxRp03@-DN«R*j p V{¢ÇP¬=}a * V.FT1wE=/ B
C*a -WL :1
:5)?¡1+7£E3
XH* U{9FN 69 +7bS<69Nk3¡5Y 7T-=YX¢§|O*p69P8R4/ 031+/03
XH1S:T=IY@¤ 4Lm69V:5¡F)?E3/pH*) V
V7 " 3 " a CE3b{Y a WE1Y;Èt(« )56N254j % ¬ È5j=U % Ç1Y
È*QY \pQY N P)?p8/p+7a -/'¯De«Rj$ 5jA!¬ 1w).@<IBZ&
q,¡5 N dE DeN$'N)pl.EF/0q& V{V¯)B6 )2l&L@ */ - .a CEV13/b{{YG{Ç1¡1a =@E@ :Y
^_{p¡1« +T=O*{¡5H*76Ddj 2 Fj¬CI2*Se273^*jA/ÈVVU
^T° Y
Y f]3 Y,. & 87 69)?B6:5EF69B 89aYa -W\:*Y :* )?+7O*E3bSH5b?6NU8Aa f]69+7YVbS69ek3+ma 4<>@696987[ J@aA0.03ETH187]: q&\Y YAZG6987F)?H1+.«Rj %$ ¬ 3 ,["%,1C@<D!/1wE De, 16D E ,!)&
@
_
5_ Y +1 Y1B Z;87/ 69-.[D )M 474lEF/«m1wj De@ E b /¬ B aVÄ^LNY /'N)?:2*F7()SFH*0IIH@X:]/N-DYCN\1EP+R69VH5qKLA 6Nb,7:Q9T«Ly6A7:*T+/=¬p{aV-W@-Na10T)?:5H 6NBD ),EF-./1 Z.!8<@ 69)+<+9a @<YD0l/YF)«mB6j BwE ,!(`¬£2*&2, I ÈU
jNÇ Y b
¤ 03+<+NY«Rj % È3¬m2*2jAÈ U/j FY
Y¤®2 Y 7)FN'1P)SH a lflNY £< N{ETb?V:5 JTEI KmaG T0IIH1p: 5 D]Y|Äi¡FEVp[PkT 6N8c «Rj
{%p¡1¬ ={ ¡57 2/7VN /={©±V Iy.II
1G@Vp7, INa^V )?H ©N$ 19TE @<VEFS</0I& ¢
V
9 °b
& !hi&1wE3EFBDD*,2*O*476N)8!/ )5-.EF,!-NE )S6N4m!k_)Z.BJ8<EF69, +<+9a#'}DeET$ + -W!b?031wBd)@)S47EP+NaqEFB6heEF-D*, Y a DY.Ä\EV[kT6N8D0IH1: ZGY.Z.'1)Sb?)S2@+Nai69:*+9YSa
K2I#Sy&<C371" "+2#(*03,/s#>?&<L 03 "*>F*,<LZ"'CD&)VA9Y 2#9"*2K,<,<.W.1CD>a(v2KI#03&)C371>?CDP-,/"*.l"^,<Cg9"',<&.W0AEI2e.lK9>?[]t C3.W\,/2 [^
[] 2#!"'>?CoI#:3"*&<,<"+0A"'7W9/"+&^"'2#x 2@VD9B.b,<0A,UT&<9`.l=98CDC3.12K2h71P9/0h,/#"$#&/&<"'0-5G&)P-"'CD&<IK2K&/(*"^V3"^Pc"?9`0D,<,/0c5 #"
R C3"*9F9/,"'[Ch2K"'9<>?"'Cg2
,<.17W.W710AC .W2>?R 0A.l03I-(*5v&<,K03('V203AL 71 03&^p#CDL 032K& PX RpW 7W.1IKAVD" Z
71!.WVA#"A,T^#k 9/V$%3"'`"+PS_ 03t 5# [^7W.1]GV3acE,8bedf.1be2Qg.hjChik:gbeC3gm(*l IKI#n2>o"b >?.l:9 "^x CD2K_ 9 \t $prq yGa(_ zt #hebslv k!n2[]o2b.#.hj1()ik4.begml9at"^be|EdfI#be.Wg :gC30A7W& "+2A# ,FqD3,<A0=` Chl n25G&<o2"+b.|EhuI#ik"+be2Kgm(*;\vwa 0D5 L
+p W q5_ t #{}| R 7WI#"v71.WVAA,{[Co:A"+9f$@"+&{9/"+('032KPmLU!#.l95G&/"^|AIK"'2K(';`.l9032#"v032#"_,/#0AIK9<CD2KPJ,< 0D5,/KCD,5G0A&
~uZ&)Co;J9!C32KP80A2#" R .17W71.1032H,/.1>v"^9!,/@Cg,u0D5 R &<0ACAP#('CA9,&<CAP-.W0?[!Co:3"^9'L
X-rays radio
ultraviolet blue green red infrared waves
wavelength λ (nanometers)
OBJECT
point source of
surface element illumination
θ
surface N
normal
surface
reflectance
radiance CAMERA
irradiance
Z
optical axis
sensor element
'"pr71.W"'VA>?I#&<"+"2A,^sKL L xKx.1V3E,n"'2#"+&/VA;U5G&/0A>NC{9B0AI#&<('"O&<"
@"+(j,)9r5G&/0A> CD2v0 R-i "^(j,y9/I#&B5CA(*"!CD2KPa.1&/&)C3P-.lCg,<"+9rC9/"'2@9B0A&
!"$#%&('*)+-,.#%
/,&)prK"C3.WP-VAHI#.lCD.1&<7W2K71"I#('>?s#"3k]L x.12K.l9Cg9B#0,<"+.Wg2#>v[uVh.W9U,B,<"+71"+2#.1PQV3"'E,&<V35G6&/;h0A5G&<> .1032A> ,<,<"'#"&)CeC3(*$%9/,/03I#.12#.1&/2EVT5,aC3[](*9/"A03.Wku,/I#\>9B&)0A(*v>?"F0A" .17W7W"^71I#0D(*56>?I#71[].1"+2K9v#.Cgl,<03().W5uQ.2#Ve,/#"1&/CD&)2hC30 P#R-0 .1CDR-i "+,/i "+(*"^,v9+(jk!,_9/03I#9/&`I#&B5&/CA95,<C3(*.W"A(*>a"AkyI#tL 7W.171V3CDYE,,/96"^?9'C"'ku2#&<Cc"+"+&/9/9/VAI#"';37W2@,6kq9B0A0A0D&&5
"'P-71"+"'$@>?"+"+2K2AP#,9].1I#2 $%C032`(+CD,<#&>?/"'"+&)"UCV30A"'&2K"'03&)&<CDVA7%CD52KC3.1(*9/,/>03&) 99+x "';A"3La!K"?9/"'2@9/CD,/.1032km0A&{$%"'&)(*"+$-,/.1032k0D5!CD2 0 R-i "^(j,+ 9(*0A7W0A&
/ ,/#"69/$@"^(j,<&/I#> 0D5n"'2#"+&/VA;F.W2:gCD&<.W0AIK9![!Co:3"'71"'2KVD,/@9.17W71I#>?.12KCg,<.W2#V?,<#"0 R#i "+(j,u9/I#&/5C3(*"Ak
/ ,/#"9/$%"+(j,<&<C373&<"
K"^(j,)CD2K('"q0D5-,/K"y0 R-i "^(j,9/I#&/5C3('"3k^[]#.1()aP-"*,<"'&<>v.12#"^9#0g[e,/#"9BIK&B5CA(*"y()KC32#V3"^9
,/#"&<"+('"'.1:3"+PH9B$%"+(*,/&<I#> .12E,/0v,/K"&<CAP-.1CD,/"^PH9/$@"^(j,<&/I#>k
/ ,/#"v9B$%"+(*,/&)CD7n9B"+2K9B.W,/.1:J.b,;035y,/#"?9/"'2K9/03&.W&<&<CAP-.lCg,/"^P R ;H,<#"v7W.1V3E,"+2#"'&<V3;`5G&<03> ,/K"_0 R#i "+(j,^ 9
9BI#&/5C3('"3L
Yu2
0 R-i "+(*,,/KCD,6.11 9 0 R 71I#3" 2@C39C9/I#&B5CA(*"?>FCg,<"'&<.1C37q,/KCD,_CD$#$%"+C3&<9 R 7WI#"F[]K"'2
.17W71I#>?.W2@Cg,/"^Ph[].b,<
)4 "-6587:9 - 1)5 L
;<>=@?BADC6ECGFHCJI-ELK(M JNePORQ M N5- 'TSVUXWYBU'Z7,[U\*VY]YH^UZ_#-6W5*`5879bac7edf
*X97G/H7^ ]1 a-0/ `* 969 4 `* g`79h7Q/21]5)2'
U \T05 )B7Teg - 'w-Ri9hK
7 'jYB7VSZ5j^kf%Wml
.1[]2A#.,<"'l!()2K(9/#."l'9OCDG9<[]2KCD2##.>?0DW,/,"u"oR0 "6R-9/iI#9B"+2#"+(*"'71,.12 V39/E,#0R {3;IK[],/71#".1P717 C3RJI$#"+#$%('>F"+03CD>?CD&O2"v:J"+.W#00A;3D7W" "',,OR ,/.WI-0H5,f.W,/71(+#"71I#CDv2>?,/.WR 0A2K"6IKCD(),/9/TC"^"'P"+32 2KR R;?P ;H03&)2#C3C3P-271;a.lCgf&<,<"+"_P(+"+CD7W2#.1>?V3"'E,&<"'V3+&);L C#LY .12 R ,/71K"I#P"f(+NCD&&<IKC32K2#P-V3"'"A& k
on pq&r& #%st"u@vw"u,.#%sxB
710D.W5nA"f&)C3C6P->?.lCg,<.1&/.W0A&<032H&^P-L"+*$@"+`2K5j58P#79u9/IKI#$@&/50AC32(*"^P#9q.1&<9B,<"C3
K2K"^(j(*,O""+H2#9/"'I#&<V3&B5;aCA(*"+"U|EIK"'C371"'7W71>?;?"+.W2A2,)9C37W57zCDP-&/,/.1&/#""^+(j&!,/.15G03&/2@0A9'> Ln!Cv#"$%f03.1"+2A2#,f"'&<9/V303;aIK&<03('&O"{.W032E5r,/"+[]2KK.9/.bb,,<; "
,/,/71.WK"K"VAv_A,F9/&)C3C3[]>?P#.1.17W"6CD7f,/9B.1&/I#2#"^&/V8(*5"'C30.1(':3R-"U"`i "+>?71(*"+,CD9<,/9aC3"+2K"+&/.l2#PCD"'7,<&<#">?V3F;c.1V39B,/E,"+KC2K39/R 2Y03"6&{('2#7W"'0E0371"'9B2J>?"+I#&?2K"'2E9/.b5GI#,<0A9+&/&/5PL > C3('Y"HP-9UI#"+C8"7W"+&<,<>v"+0?9/"+I#,/2E#"7W,<,+69+kLS2K.1>F03!2JCDK"I#V32#"a.W"*5G.W032Ewz&<,<"+>"'(j2K,F9/P-.b.l,<.l99B.W"^,<9/CD9U.W>?2@&/(*"^.1"+71(*C39]"+& .WC3:A7WR "+0A"*P2#,V?[5G&<"',/03K""+> 2
.1.1>?>v$%C3V303.1&/2#,<VC32E&),rCo,<;-KC9'DL{2F!P-#".l_9B,<0ACD&/2@.1(*"'"]2E,<.1CD2?,/P#.103"*2 ,/"+&/>?03.15y2#,/.1K"2#aV{,/9/#"I#]&B5"+CA2#(*"a"'&<"'V371;6"'>?&<" "'
@2E"+,(j,<&<"+"'P_7lCg,/,<0g.W:A[!"CD,/&)08P,/,<#"#"?u9B9/"+032KI#9/&)03(*&^"6L.l!9#""':3^9B"+"]2 .l>?9/9/I#03&<"^"9
CD&<"P-.l9/('IK9/9/"+PH.12`>?0A&/"UP-"*,)CD.17m,/0g[!CD&)PF,<#""'2@PH035,<#.19f()KCD$-,<"'&^L
#.#e( :gC3&/.lCg,<.W0A280D5n.12A,<"'2K9/.W,;[].b,<P-.19B,<C32K(*"
n.17W7103I#.1>?2E,_.W2@;3Cg0A,/I#"^&aP
('5G03&<03>?>$#I-C3,<2="'&^.19v2K('('C3C32K>?P-"'"+&)9<C(*"+$@2E"+, &/R$%I#"'2@7 R P-.103('wSI#7lCD,/&<0 7W;
032#Cg",?C 9B.lP-9/"A#"LU'"'u,v"+03(*5u0AI#&<P
2#.W5G,/03#"&<> .1>?[]C3K.V3b"`,<"HCD$K2KC3P\$@9"+,<&_IK,<P-KC;hg,v,/K".19
.1C3>?9C3,<V3#""6.1P-2E.l,/9"',)2@CD2K9B.W(',/"{.1"+5G9+&/L0Adf> 0g9B[ 0A>?>a" IK()R :&/.1V3gE,CD<&<"+.1CD9B,/,.103$#2`.WX-.1"'9u7,/.12K#"+('&/&/"^"oC3 9/"+9!9) ,/#"+&/"aCF9B;-9B,/"'>FCD,/.l(P-"+('&/"^C39/"0D5n.W2E,/"+2K9/.b,;
#.#e(k :gC3&/.lCg,<.W0A280D5n.12A,<"'2K9/.W,;[].b,<9BI#&/5C3('"U2#03&<>FCD7
]]"+"^$@(*03"^&)CgP,],<,/#"K"]_.1C >?R C30gV3:3"!"{CD"*2KX-Pv$%"'9B&<,/.WIK>?P-"';62E,/,u#"IK]9/.1.1>F2#VCDV3C?"9B.1$#2AK",<"''2K&<.19/(+.W,/CD.17m"+:39+L0A7W]71"'"+; $@R 0AC3&B7W,q7m0A&)Cg2_,<,<#"#"'!&!:o,<C3KC&/D.l2Cg,<C@.W0A
@2KCD9n,fCD2K9BK"Pa'&<"*"',uV303IK571C3$K&/C3.W,/$@.1"+"+&+9+LL
human
2 human
3
solid state
human
1
?>.1f2#9/03V.1&<2#.W"2?VH"'VA0AX#&<2#C3C371(j$#;H,]#.,<2Jl#&('I#9n<> "'9B"6;-R 9B"+,,/;J&]"+$%.1>?9!"+9{9y9/I IK0DR-9B5OI@i &/"+CD"^(*71(*,]7W"';6,/$#0FI@,/9B03CD"^&)&<9n9+V3k@,/IK#&JI>v<#"'>F"+" 2ECDR,+2@Ln;E9,/!"^(+#"9qCDm"'2e2K5o^wP#C -RR.1S9B71),/.W.12#^2#UXVFV3WIK *X.19/y5 TC-R S ]D 03>?&q0A&<2#03IKVGV3&<,<#7"+#0PJ13;FZIKV3t+9<&<s{CD"'2@"+>?2-P#Z.W9f71R 71.W037W0AIK5O2?"^(*qP#0A"+.17W0A9B2K,/&<(*.19+0-2KzPJ(jC ,Z
(*('0AC37W2#0A2#&q03(*,0-C3P-(*"+,/9+IKLnC37W710 ;R $@"]"+$#&<('&/"'"^.1(*:3.l"9B"A,<kgKC[Og"],{9<>?Co;C32Jt+;`sP->?.l9B.W71,/71.1.W2K0A(j2 ,Se(*Ue0A,]7W7G0A'r&<9+C3L 2KP_ 2KC30D(),uK.Wt+2#s"^9f>?(+.W71CD712 .W0A2 P-.lSe9,<UX.W9h2KU`V3^'I#.lR 9B"^('CDR I@"'9B,"![OJI"+"'#2T>FC3CD2E2K; 9
$KCD&<C3"H.W&9/0D.1V352#P#.W.b@wz('"'C3&<2E"',a2E, .12
R .b,/,]#""'`2@(*&<0-"+CDP-7.12#[VA039+k&<71R PmI-UL ,OS,<#"CAU() "'2Kxg('Z 0-R P-;E.W,/2K"VA9O0A& >? CoVD;?Z R 0A.b&, >F Co;?2#0D$K,!.bX-&/"+"'$#7!&<.1"+2K9/(*"'712EIK,OP-"^P-9v.Ww%03"+2#&/"+" 2KR (*"^;E9O,<"8,/KC5G0AD,&
"+.1&/CA&<()"'071"'D:g5CD2E&<"+,qP,<kE0VA,/&/#""++"'032&<kJ; CDR2@I-P ,R .171>vI#"3$%Lq03&/!,<#"C32E{,y035G&)03P-&O"'&O$#&/.W2H0AV3[]&)CD#.>?l()>?".W+2KCAVK()L 8CD.1$#9/$%$#"+7lCoC3;v&<9P#.W"'2H:J.1>?('"+"'9>?[]03#0&<;FA9/('"uCD(*280A:o7W0AC3&y&/;z&/"^E9B030A&)7WP-I#"',/&O.103.12 9
>F"'2@Cg(*,)0-()P-#".1+2#96V,/>v#"H.1V3EIE,K>?IKC39/"2
q "';AR "8.W,<CD9&<5G"803&U9<CD"+.lCAP ()T0,/0 DIK5 9/" k 5j^kk fBv7 kSV[]UX#.9hU`1^j71"?L C Y,at^sg71Z "+R CA.b9,U,8"'t^2@s (*0-R P-.W.1,<2#9vVCD[O&<"0AI#2#71"'P "^P-R "+"'P,Bx?,<"'Cc&6>?t q 0-Z P-R "'.W, 7
,/K"&/"+71CD,/.1:3"'71;F7lCD&<V3"'&!VA&/"+"'29B"+2K9B.W,/.1:J.b,;8IK9B.12#VFs R .W,<9+L
,/V3K"&<"'"+!2"'#"2Kxl v(' 0Jk"'$P#2Kq#.W('2#q 0-Vhk P- !.W032K5f('V`03,/>K&035O/R "+CD.W"[2#2h"^YHPCD^w& -6.1WR 2T.W,/*X"+&)^k|ECDa IK&<;`C3SeU`7r('9hC303UX>?71^03'`&U03I# .1 2T2E,<,<9{]#"(*??&<"+:ECACD.l9F,/9/"a. R9B#0;371"?g"'71[]9B710g$%2\["+(*.Wx124,/ $&<I#q$pr>q .1V3k # I#('q$&<C3q "2 k s#RjL Lu"?q L!>F#"]C3vP-"+CD"Pm>?xlR #03;Tq$I#q(*2E0Ak ,{ > k0D R 5_.1"^2#C3C3.12K2#()PV
2,#;J"+$@2A"^!,)9!9#"0D,/0 5 $#R K071CAA()9/%$#9/xl#0;- 39,<&)k "'9>k ,/0vj.lLy9n"'!CD>?t2 #..b,]l*#9u71,$.W('VA,03-6E,&<5 +-6&/g`Lq"^7 9B!$%SV#&03UX<2K9h"'U`PK"{^ 9O2#'k[a"''k"'.1V35 717Z7mW ,<R 0 03R &< "^.W2#('C3VaIK"'9B71"!P-"'>?.l(*9B0A$#"'7W7l2E0ACo,)&<;-9O9903CDG5&<>?"O$#03('#0&/2KE"^.b9BCg,<$K03,/#0"^&)39<P O&!R [](*;0A#.C3&/l&<P#()"+P#9/.W$@KC2#0AoVU2K:3(*P-"{0A.1>?,/2#K&V$@/,<"+030" Z
/,pr(*0e0A.WVA>?9/I#(+$#&<CDI-"O71,/"s#"^L PU:gq CDx 5G71&<I#f03"+>.W9_w%"+.W&/2
"+2E,<T,q#"8P#:g.WCD&)VA71CD.bI#,)2K"^CDV397E" IK,/&<9/ .1.1()2#,<K&V 0c/0AYut>?71V3[]CD0A,/#"&/.l.W(y+,/2cK>(*0A>F7W0ACDt &Jq "+.1x 2K2#(*VT0-P-P-.1"^2#(*
VU.l9Bp 9B.103;-<2K9B ,/9_"+*>?.W2ck 9+C3L7WVA,n03.l+&<9.bp ,< 03#>5~,/Ft "+p 2a9'L >?CDd{2@03P "&<"O(':g03CD2J71I#:3 "+"+<2#9a$.1q#"'CDq 2E&<", L
;E,/"(*0-P-.12#VA9!"'X-.19B,]5G03&udC32KP`mL
:EGFIH KJ L MNFIH !J PO RQ#FIH KJ O
5G"'&<;A03"?> .W2EC?,/"+9/V3>?&)CgC3,<7W7"+9f&/"+,/V3#".1+03.W28&60371I#5>?,<#".12KaCDM 2Kn('"v ,/09<(*&<$@"'"+"+&<2H('"'.l.19!:3>",/JI0/K('9!03$K7103E;e& -2#9/xl.1 (+v CD{ 71k 7W;Hv C3k P#v P-"^*P8L?0A!&]K">?v.b71X-.1V3"+E,PH,<0D035V3"'x`,/#"[!+Co&+:3L "+7W"+2#VD,<K9
&)!Cg#",/+K"f&/'"u9/&!.1C32#,/&/@CV"]D,/2CD#"7W,/H,/"+K"&/2#62@03CgCo&<,/:3>F.1"':3CD&)"!CD71. 2#VA^"0ACg&/,<>F.W0A2eC3N7W. 03+5 CD:g,/CDO.17103I#|E2KIK"39+LCgg,<5G.W030A;8&q2hIK.12KsK9/9B.WLW2KtA,<C3kV 2K,<g (*#""Ak3[2#0A"u&/(*>F03C3IKN7W71.Pv%'t3"^IKPek-9/,<" :g#"C3at67WI#&<n "'"^7l9Cg ,<[].W0A.17W2K7!9BCDK.71W[$`qCoCA0D;-9n5q9,/(*9/#"0JI#u03> &)P#P-.W.1:J,/2K0
.lCg9B0A,<t3"& L
&%
`
%
HS
lk ZS J*T@J-U
green
540
510
560
500 gold
white 600
1/3
pink red
780
500
blue
400 wavelength
0 r
0 1/3 1
K$$%prC303.WVAV3.12AI#"f,)&<9$%"f"'bs#tA&<L$%k s# "'xyk 2K MOP-k 03.l(*71 IK03kW&q71tAC3,<k &O &/.l,<CD0_C32K2K,<V3P#"71"]? 5G 03&^k &O-k1CD2#t 2K03PT.1&<2 >F V@x CD-a71.&Cg%+L-X-"+!"+P59+#"LrU!:gJICDSK71I#9+(*"f0JkE,/035G#"0A&)&P-{.1R ,<2K&/7WCgI#.lCD,<"U"+2#9+('VALC37W"2!.1#"R 9!"CAR (j(*,/7W03IKI@>?"aCD$#717WI#; R ,/Ca"+PH9BCD71C3X-.1('9 .1"f9.1,<9#&03<03I-t I#,VA0D,g 5m/,/K"K"
5G03&uC32J;$KCD.1&]0D5r&BZV?:gCD71I#"+9]9/#0g[]2`.W2`,/K"U,/&<.1C32#V371"3L
H PO "H PO H O h Y e
[,/]CDK"&<.1"U7W7 &/,/R "+0A$#"`$Y&<2#"+[]9/"^"'CD.W,/2E&6Q(,/"^,<P#"'0J`R 03;7W&)0gP-[$%.W2@03"'Cg.1&a2A,/,)&/"^9].19V32#E, "^a CDkW('to&03v,/&<#"[]2#6"'#.&a('W7103[]" &<.b2#,<0/"'\([]&)9#.*b0J0D,<5r0A3" 2h&<,/P-#"[].1U2K.1CD,<7W7&/,/.l"+CDR 982K"TV3t3CD71"3k ,F Lq_,/p##"CD0Ae2K&]P=(*"*"'X#C 2ECD,<>?&/0B0AVA$#.1&<71P CA"39/k#9B>C Zt V3.0&<xK@"'kW"'&/t "'2 .Z 28xA"+*2#[]L V3.1.17W2# 7 2Q"*R Z&<"Hpr"+.WP CDV32,Z
,/5GI#03K"&<& f"{R ,<sK7W&/LI#.lsKCD"ukJ2#(+,/VA#"CD7W2"R.1R 971"uI#C3(*"F(*03,/>?IK R C3$#7W !71I#;F,/Cg"+C_X-P?.l9/9OCA7W.l.l9 (*9"03,/I-K&,]/t 0A03I#5V3,/g F,K"{<#"$@{CD5G0AV3$@&"{0ACD.W$%2E2J"',<;6&<9 $@$KW"+C3t32K.Wk &qP-k.l03 (*5%I#k &/7lZCDV&!k1:gt3,<CDk0_ 71I#,<#""^CD9yF2KP9B K0&^-g []CDk 2K2akWPet .12K VK.19/2 .1-P-Cgx "!X-_,<"+#"LJ9+k-!!CD,/#"2K&<{.lP8CD:o2#,/C3VAJI7WIK7WK"A"9 L
H O H O H O
h Y e
Blue
(0,0,1) cyan
(0,1,1)
(1,0,1) (1,1,1)
magenta white
Green
(0,0,0)
black (0,1,0)
#$pr&<.WVA0 I#i "^&<(j"`,/.1sK03Lr2`W-x0D5MO,/0A#"7W0A&?$K71('C3I 2#R "U"H,/#&5G0A<&?03IK2#V3038$&<>F%03CD.1712E.&%+,<"+9 P Wt3 k k ('k 0J03&)kmP-t3.Wk 2@ Cg,/k@"^CD9'2Kx8P ,/#" `k ,< &/k.lCDt 2#LVA7W"`.12Ypr.1V3I#&<"s#L sT.l9?C
H
O H PO H O
H= 2π/3 H= π/3
.
I
Green yellow
white
Green
H
yellow cyan S Red
H= π H= 0
I=1.0
cyan Red
white Blue
H= 4π/3
I=0.5
magenta
Blue (0, 0, 0)
black
rp(*I .WVAR I#"v&<"_$@"+s#&/L$%"'xf2@MOP-.103('71I#037l&CD#"&*,/X#0HCA,/(*#"03?2K"P-5G.l03CDV3&U0Ad2K"CD]75G&<&/"'0A$K> &/"^9B "+ 2Ak ,) Cgk ,<.W 0A!2,<L 0 YB,ft3kn,<#"t3_kn71t^"**5~xu,U(*.l90A7WC80A&$#2K&/0C3i>?"+(*"+,/9.1032#20g[ 0D5qCD,<$##"$%P"+C3&CD,
[]J0A.W,/>v[" ],/#.&<W.1,/()"6#&<7103.1V3>FE,CD+L,/.l!(HK""+_2K(*9B0-;-P-9B,/.12#"+>VE9.lCD9!&<,/" "+&/C3>?9?"+5GP 0A7W'k710gfB[uiZ5o9+^u*S[]5 #.-6g`W7,/"3R xl "+ ('k C3 IKk 9/"0DR 5r"+(',/C3#"IK69/"+"2K2#(*0-0cP-[].12##.V?W,/5G" 0A&u.171C 7WI#R >?9/03.1&<2K$-Cg,/,<.1.W030A22 L
9/C #0R 39B0AI#&7lPR "+R Ph"HCDC 2@R Ph9B0A;3& "'R 7171"+0gP[k x1R 71CAk ()k%$ xlq$ #q q$ q R k #"^('q$CDq I@k $9Bq#"Fq ,< #"R "^R('CD7WI#I@"H9B"`(*03CD>?717$%('03032#>?"+$@2E0A,_2#0D"'5u2E,).12K96(*0D.lP-5u"+[]2A,aK.b[],<"8#.b71,<.WVA"8A,71?.WVA9BE,K0a3I#9BK07lP 3I#R 7lP "
R;3"+"67W71C 0gR [9/L03& R "^P R ;8,/#"6.12#-9+k#7W"^Co:J.W2#Va,/K"6&/"^PHC32KP`V3&<"'"+2`('03>?$@0A2#"'2E,)9!,/0('&/"^Cg,/"{,<#"$@"+&<('"'$-,<.W0A20D5
w
on ]"-#x"$#%st #% #
G5I#!&<&<03#""`>`sKdLr,W["_08.19v9/:g;-&<CD"'9717l,<I#Cg"'"+,<> 9{"+P
"+"'2K,<2@(*0T(*0-0-P-,<P-#".12#"+c9aV> (*S0A)7W^V0AU`&_W5,<.12-&/*`.l5G5 CD03-R2KSG&<-6V3>F5j71a"HCg,/ 9/.103#02 gJI[]#R 2="?;hd .19/2\"'C3$Kpr2KC3.1PT&<V3CDI#,/9<&<.1Cg2#"`,<V I#sK&)L03CgsKI#,/LU.1,v032 CD2=2=z,<Lm0g#":3!`"'#"&)('vCDI 71R7y('03"`.12E7103&<,/&U"'"'$K2@(*&/9BI "^.WR,9B;h"+"v2A:o.W,)2hC3Cg7W,<IKpr.W0A:" .WV32Z k
"+>FCAC ()i 0A&{g P-.lCDVA:o03C32K7WC3IK7 "{k%[(+CD"v2C3&)&/CD&<2#.W:AVA"_"fCg.12K,{P-,/"+K"$@a"+#"2K'P-X#"'CD2EV3,<7W0A;2T.12Cg,{+ ,/K"p at 71"*p 5~,L 0D55rp[O.1"V3IK$#&/&/"v0 i s#"+L(*,mL ,/K" 2 {,<('#.031719U03&!&<"'(*$KI &/R "^"{9B"+C32A7W0A,)Cg2#,<V_.W0A.W2,<9 k
J e"J-h
H !J O
,/V39/K"KC&<"'H3"+P-2h(*"^"+92E$@,/0D0A"'5].W&2EVA, &/0B[]"+ ;#.k1t3W,/,/kKC" D2,_.l$@9_[0ACD"'.W2E,6&<"?,_,/K"[]5G03FK.&<>vW,/710A"F"+$
&/,/71K"7W;e"'5~C3,v7W0B0A(*&<2#"+0ABP &/V`2K2H,/"'#"$%&6H0303.15(*2E03, ,<71#"03Wt3&ak #"(*Ik' X#R CD"8.lV396P-0A2K.l2CD0gcL VA[03Y 2KCDC3,6&/7q"+,/2#71#"CD0g,/H["^P&/.1C3V3x&/E," _C3('&<7W03"'7$K&<$#2#&/&/"^"'0 9B&_i "+"+C32A(*2K,),/CgP"+,<Pe.W,/0AK",<20 k
3H O
,/('*.0FC3/"7W1X71:J"+9 .l7 P 9BI@R C CD"'71,&. 0B[O%+K""U"+*"',/X#2#"C3(' 035G2#0AC3&/" 2K>?2#P kz"+.1&f9_(*9BI &<#0R "'g7l"_[]Cg,/P-2h.1.l:3CDCg"aVA,U03,/,<0H2K#"C3,/F7K"C3&/>.19uV30/E,C?&/"^:AP .1"'2h2g&/Z ,/Cgpr.l('X-.1C3V3.l9'7I#k%.W&<2E[]"F,<.W"'s#,/2KL 9/.bx{$#,;`I#,/&<K"Cg>" X-.l0/x 9 &/ "^gP L@&<28df"'$#CDI#&<,U" "+C39/ "'2 2E,)C3.l9uCg2#,/V3P-.10371"*"v@2 2#0DCD5"+71P 7W 0gkmR[u$#;H9{I#C3IK&<2 "9
+H O
03I#,/$#I-,u035Yf7WVA03&<.b,<#>}t q C3&/"{V3.1:3"+2`CD,!,/#"&<.WVAE,!.12pr.WVAI#&/"sKL q L
2e
Q>N K Q
{ex-k x#v0303I-k I#N,<,/$#$#x#I-I-.1,f2#,u$#:g:gCDI-C371,u7WI#I#:g"U"UCD0D0371I#5n5n"^.19<2A9!Cg,<0D,<"'I#52K&<9/ CD.W,,/;.103.W2H2CD.W7129<7CD.W&)>?2`CD"U2#&)VACD&<"C32#2#VAV3" k1"Ut C3 k19!t .12#0A$#& I#,+ k #q$q
@H O H O
L N M d x Z<tAL -&/"',/I#&<2 Y Y
0B.l9,/#"$%03.12E,u[].b,<#.12
+Y
" d L Od x d Y Y L :[ L
Y [ L
# ORQ .RN M%$ '&(uMO032J:3"+&<9/.W0A20D5 S,/0Fd{"jL
#.#e)
f(*0A9/2J.12#:3V"'&/,u,/71#"V303&<&<.W,/V #>R (*0-t P-q "Fk{ CAL vkm('t303L 2J :3k "+ &BL ,v y,/#",<0d "jL ('0JP#"hBt A k1t qD k 33 U.W2E,<0hC32Yd{"a('0-P-"CD2KP R
Y
&<03"'2e7lCg,/],/K""^"'?P`,/I#9/,/.l&<0FP-2#"+.1,<2#9U#"V a035,/P#0c,/03K">?pra.W.W2@,<VA&/CDI#.l2E&<CD",2KV3[!sK71"aLCosK:3k.1"+2 7W["+pr2#" .1VDV39B,<I#"+`0"&<"F3#05ns#g,/L[ #"s8a[]d{7W.W.1",/V3e,aE,:g/K"C3C37WF2KI#P "^7W0g9F(*[0A&<"'"'&/&{&<7lCg"+:g,/9/CD"`$%7103I#,<2K"+0eP#9U,<9f03#"5CD $#Th$#(*0A&<2#0o7W"^0AX-CD&?.Wm& >F,/V &<CDA.1,/C3"'2#71;FV32#71> ,<"30HL49CF,)dfCD$%I#&/,/03".1.12#2E.1V ,9
,/Cg(*0g0A,?[!&/,<&<CD#""+&)9/P $%03033&<2KA.WP-VA.1.W2#2#2=V?>C3,<2KP#0 P\0g[]0B.W[]2K2K.('CD&/b,<"^713"03C32?2#9/.WVU,<2K0g,<Ve[#"fCDC371&<J;03PJ2K$@VT9/0303,<>?,/#""+"62EI@$%9B03"A.1Lr2A,?dfn I#G&^f"kzh ('VE03,/]0h&<0A&/"^C2 9BR $%C80303I#9/2K, .1PKP#qA9r"6D,/0D05q,<2#,<#"#"> 6C3,<CD2#&/2@.lV3PcCD712#"!5GVA5GI#&/7W&/"A0A,/Lf>NK"!',<&F#"#"v.12KdN('(*"'&<"+2ECDCA,/2@&<9BPT03.12#.lPV
e lkKW
)&prCg.W,/VA.1I#03&<2"_Hs#L P- "+x{('&/"^C3"'9/5~,)"+ P R 2#; $#I-D,m,* L] #0.1>?D,<C30 V3"AR r;H p#(*"'&)2ECD,<2#"' &j]9/.1CD0-,/('I#('&)CKCgL ,<.W0A2 `.W2K('&/"^C39/"+P R ; V , * nG&<.WVAA,j]9<Cg,/I#Z
,/0D0v5y,<#"C362KP
()#& <03R>F"+Cg(+,<CD.1IK('.b9/,"u;,<:g#"C37WI#JI"^#9'>FL C32:J.19/IKCD7%9B;-9B,/"+>.l9O>v0A&/"9B"+2K9B.W,/.1:3"f,/0a7WI#>?.12KCD2@(*"a.W2E,<"'2K9/.b,;#y,/KC32
^ a+W nvGb +p x
p q3
p tAt sKL
+p s
p
p x
Y Sd[ T [ U
,v X\n Q
+p t
p qA
p xKt
S Y S T PU
acn "b dfn e e2g.bb
Y S PT [ U
+p x
p q3
p tAt sKL xE
+p V x
Y Sd[ T [ U
Y
p W$W
U
Y ZS
33
"!#!$!
P-P-0H.Ww%"+0D &/,/ "+K"2E',u&UCD2E(*2KIK03P 71> 03 &R "'"'&)2K9!('0D0-KC5P-o.WR 2K:3.bV`,)" 9'Rk#9<()[]"*#",BK.',<"'>?1()&."^$%9'lk0D9!,<R 2#"'"^2E0D(',/,uC3.lIKCD$%7q9B0A"a5G9<0A9B7W.&IKR >v(*71"U03.12K>?[]C3$#.b2K,<&<c(*"+"?9<9/CD.W0A2K2T{PeL0D()5!#&<P-03.1>?V3.W,<.W2@CDCD7q2K.1>F('"_CD('VAC3"+29UCDR 2K"?Pe(*0-:JP-.1P#"^"'P0`IK,/9/KC.W2K32V
J#. I#1V3$K#"$@^0E9,?9B"G>?Ce0A('9B03,7103"+(*&v2#0A"'('7W&<0ACDV3&!>?;#('!"+0-&<:gP-CTC3"67W"'I#(*2K"A0A('La2E0J:AP# "'CA"+&)]9v9B.14CT032 @CVAg.W:A,"'9B2c#0A$#I#.WX-7lP"'7!R .1"a2 ,/ #"a"+|EI#C3.19:gCD 713"'32E ,fk q3,<&/.1k1$#t 713"_ j.12kr[],/#"#"?'&<d" \#uq$9Bq ;-9B.19a,/"',/>K"
#.#e
9
,/#K".U#,/&)eCD2K9B5G03& &<>FCg,/.103285G&/0A>
S,<0 ` .12J:3"+&B,<. R 71"^t5q9/0Kk#(*0A>?$#I-,/"U,<#".12E:A"'&)9B"AL
#.#e `&/"^(*0-P-.12#V?.W>FC3V3"+9
f"*X-9<$%9/I#"'&<>?.W>?.W2#"+Vf2A,^,/KCL D,rpr;A.W&)039I,^kuKC(*o&<:A"+"CDCf,/" P#.1CD9/2Q$#7lCod{;{"C3F2K.1P6>?9/C30DV35~," [!9/CDIK&<()"qS,,/0/@C:E.1g"',[c,<C3#"2KT I#$K$@"+&8.W>F&<CD.WVAVAA,"3`ko$%|A"'I@&/CD5G03&/&<,/>"'&8,<.1#"9Hy9/5GCD0A,/7WI#710g&)[]Cg,<.12#"+PV
Y
Z)t t3 kqt3CDk 2K P AaL CAYu9]&<"aC R ,/0g#":3?"A:gLCDYf71I#&/"+"{9{,<#"035:gCD71('I#03"+2K99/5G.10A9B,/& "+\2E,)('032K R 9/.l` 9,<]"'2E"'$%,) "+CD,U,/#.l9{"*X-$@"+&/.1>?"'2E,{5G03& 9/>FCD717]C R 03I#,
E
[ J
M
[ J [
F
D0JY 5O.W2@K..WP
>F19BCD,/CD0AVA2KV3"aP
&)&<CD(+"*> CD,<2&/.103"'R5y:g"C3C87&<(*0AC30A&{$#7W0A.l0 P-&uR-7W;h.1i >?"+(*(*C3&<,{V3"+"_&<CD"+,/(+('"^CD03P 2VA2#R R .b; ,<"a.W0A&/CF"^2C3I@LP-9BY.1"'2#5GVI##.71"^9B&<C3,/"'()0A$Kh.V3&/&)"^WCD9B>F>"+2AC3,)V3(*Cg"F0A,<I#.W$#0A2E.W2`X-,<9"'037 ,/5nK"i ,/I@aKC9D,v2J,I#03> .12K>?('R C3"8"+V3&{CD"2K035G5OPh0A$#&u.1.W2K,<X-('#""'&/_7l"+9{>v$#0DIK"+5&/2E"^$%,/C30A.12#()9/V"
,/#.K"l9{,<03C3VA$#&<$#C3&<>?03$#9&<.1.19CD,/,/"&<"+R CD.W,/2`"^PF0D5.W2,<#"MO{KC#.D1$-9B,/,<0A"'V3& &)CDL>MOL03]7103"*&O,<&/#..1"'l9:g,<CD037%V30D&)5CD>F.W>F9yCDC3VA&/"+"9&/5G"+&/710ACD> ,/.1:3.W"+>F7W;vCDVA.W2J"{:gPKCDCg&<,<.lCDC 2ER ,yC39/,/"+0_9,/IK&)CD9/.W2K2#9/V?7lCg(*,/0A.1037W0A2& k
&<du0D"+,<&/CD"A,/k#.103[2_"UC 9/R 30A"'I-,<(),nH,,/#"/!#".1>F>?CD"'V3,/.1#02#-V{P`CgX-0D.15q9+(*kD0A9/>?7W0AC3&7WK.7J1039Bw@,/0AZ CgV3X-&)CD.l9> &<0D>F,)CgCg,<,).W()0A#.2K19'2#kgV?9<('03C3&<7W.W"!VA.W()2KKCC3D7W2K71;FV3"+$#9r&<CD032@$%P60A9/$K"+C3P &B,<R .1;C37EJ0-[!(+(*CD71.1IK2`9B.1C3032K2P L
!CD7171C3&<Pet 3 to5G03&]IK9/"U.W20 R#i "+(j,]&<"+('03V32K.b,<.W0A2L
(*0As 2K('Y CDs,/9/"+V .12K>vR Cg$K.W,<2K7W"F"`9+,/L`CD#"2KH,Pc#..l9{('1V30AC3#"C371+9/&<0&_9/"03$%>?&)0AP-9<"*"+9B,<.�R ,-71"6[OP
0,<0H0DR5(*.b(',)0A&/9_>?"^03Cg$#5],<I-.W2#"+,/"_C3Ve(),/XC#&<#."'l"v9,<9B03"+V3$K(*&)CDCD0A&)>7WCg0A,<&_"6,/(*0e#.0-l&/P-9"+,<"A$#03LT&<VA"+&<!9/C3"'#">?2E,a9+K.kKCT10A9B2#(',/0A03"6V371035G&)0A&aCD&> .W>F"^C3[]CD()VA (.171"7O'.lKC039671o03:A,<&^0" k
CDt+2@sP 7W"+i :3IK"'9B7l,]9('[O030A2KI#(+71CgP ,<"';E2K.1CD"',/7lP "],<C3#"2 '> 0g:3.1"+2E&<,/C30v7W7 032#"ALrpKV 03&R "*.1X#2TCDK.>?19B$#,/710A"3V3k-&)9/CD"'> $KC3&<C3CD9,/IK" 9B "^P YR ; #.Al9C3,<.W032TV3&)C3CD2K>FP 9Oy|AC3I@.W7lCDCo2E;A,/C. %'"^BtPF3.W 2EsA,<*0 L
Y
9/9/I#"+(j> ,<!.W0A03#"25,<:g-0#"CD/B7158I#7>?"f^'Z.W.l2#9O7eS.12#>_5 -R03U.IK&</`>>F0DCD0g5y71&.:A%+.1"'>F"+&]P CDCDVAR 71"_7;F#.P-l.W9:J(*,<.l0A03P-&/VA.1&<2#&<"+C3V 9/> $@R 0A;v2K,/P-J#".12#f{V C32J2KRI#P.W> 2@>?R9u"'C30-&O9]P-0D"'P-57n"+$K2##..b0DlX-9B,<"',/"+037lP`9OVA0D&<.1C32c5m> ,/SOK"|EfIK>?Cg,<0-.WfP-0A"'2`.l7%9sK,/P-0aL V@"'KV3Ly"'2#!,"^#"PTC>FC3.W9f2ECg,<,/,)"'K"()&/Z
ZQ
:gCD71I#"3L`!#.l96>FCg,)() :gC37WI#"F.l9_C>?"^C39/I#&/"?035#0g[>_I@()h('037103&_('032E,/"+2E,60D5,/#">?0-P-"+7y.19_$#&<"+9/"'2E,
3A
"!#!$!
pr.WVAI#&<"{sKLWtAt3xyMO037103&.W>FCDVA"+9CD2KP,/#"+.W&]s$VDZ R .W2H#.l9,<03V3&)CD>F9G#.l9,<03VA&<C3>?9(*0AI#&/,/"+9/;?0D5Y6L"yCD.171Co;ECA*L
k7
w<. 2 3 x
,/.1#.2 K"l9_,/,<K"03>?VAa0-&<.1C3P->F>?"'CD7 9{L V3"?.12ECD,/,/#"0`2@+P5G&&/.1"^9/9{|E.W>?I#2#"'03.1712K,UC3('&/P#.W.W"^.W,>?9;8R.1>?2#;e.1"+9/CAP-#"9B.1^:JIKPT.1&/P-"^P-.19u2#I#('V"aC3,/"^2 0 C3R()R "vCAR()P-E.W"*2
VAK&/2K(*0A"+0AI#PmI#2K@2EP5G, 03$#&R .W;X-"*"'X#,/7lCD#"9{>??0D$#5y,<710D,<"3,)#"k@CDa[O7y.1"_2J>FI#('CD> 03VAI#R "67l"+P,/&@C2#0Dg0A5!,&/>F$#CD.b&<CDX-"_71"+.712#%'9"U03C3,{,/2KK".12P
,/K"'2IK9/"U,/#"SIK(*71.1P#"+CD2P-.l9,)CD2K('"{,/0F(*0A>v$@CD&<",[0v.W>FCDVA"+9+L
W dfbeg.hebvwdW] J B { a J
ZQ J Y +W ZQ 0H OJ 0H O sKL VJ
atn2dfv J B ZQ J
(
) *#$+ !#",!%$& !'
Y
#.#e^`&/"^(*0AV32#. %'.12#Vv$#&/0-P-I@(*"
,/0D0A5R >F,/,)#"CDCg,/.12 0Jx?"^x9'P-Ln.WwzR p#C3"'0A&<2K&"'CD2E"+2KCA,]CA()$#9'F0Hk&/0-Dx=P-5mI@,<03#"(*&)"U+CD9/2#.b",<VA"'9/"+>F.b9+XFk 9]9/x="^"*C3,<&/9()"^H,0DP45/.1CD$#>v$#&<0-$#"AP-Ly71"+IK!9+('k #."3lxckA9!,<CDVA[]A&/.W"+"]717"',/24&<K&"+/9/CD"+I#$K"u7b$#,].W7W>F.1"^2e9'C3k V3t x
"+9+.WkEV3>F:o&<"'C3CD"+&/VA24;J"+.19+2#$@LVU"+MO$#,/03K"$@2K"+9B&<CD,/9`&<&<IK&)CDCD(j2@2#,uP VACv"'x
>?(*0A&/"'7W"^2E0AP &,
#.CD71l7~9j,<kg03,<VA#"&<'C32?> (*0A5G03>v&]$K"+I-CA,/()"H.,/1K">FCDK.VA1"39B,/L 0AfV3&)9/"{CD>,/#">FUCgK,)&)()9B_:,!gK.CD19B71,/I#0A" V3R &)CD"',> [O"+0D"'5n2v"+CA"+CA()`9()_0/D"*,!5@,/,<#"0 ]R s"{>?,/K"0JP#"'>v7l9q0-CDP-2K"+7P_,/sv#"U>?t 0- P-"'037l,/9]#".1+2 &
3540/ ;>=21
LN9POG9PR 8:= < EQ9 +1
"'&)C#"Lq2#!0g#"[ {P-I#"+7W,/9<.1(*>F&<. CgR ,/"F"U[VA0A03&<CDT7z030A52e,/#"@U2KP-[.1032#&<VeFC`.19 5RCA(*"*",/,/"'.12c&]>FCC3(*2-0AZ 7W>F0A&6CA().W>F#.WC32KV3"{"?(',<03C3>?3>_"+2hI#2K5G&/.10A(+>Cg,/.103C2[L03Yf&<2`-9C3,)Cg7WVA,/03.103&<2h.b,<#>('C3>v.19Z
,/5G9/"'&)3&<CD"*"'.1,)2#2E(),n.1#"2#+$@V?P"+03$#[]$#KC#.71A"319B()Ln"U8pr.lK9].WVA2KI#I#P#2K&<9O"P-,<"+sK#"&BLW,)t CD >FA9/"'C3#02.Wg2H,<[u0&/9"+P-CV3"*.1$#,<03"'712F0D&<>?,q0D50D.W2#5@,/#""U$#{.b,<X-#".W"+>F719!C32KGV3CD&^",/kDI#VJ('&<03m"U&<,)&/0DCD"^539B"+$%5CA2603(*2@5G"&<P-03$#.W>2K.WX-V"'P-,/7l.W9!0_wz"'IK,/&<#"9/"'.W{2#2EVF,qIK9/.W9<>F"'CD&^>?CD 9VA$#5"+C3719r"+('9(*"30A5GLq2A&<pr03,)CD> .W&).12#9,^P-.12#k-.b5~VC Z
50DC35('$#"+9+.WXJx"+2#7190A&/C3>F&/"vCD71"+. %'CA"+9BP_;&/,<"^0`P_P#C3"*2KKP_2#VA" &/R"+"'; 2aP-:o"^C3(*7W.lIK9B"+.1039n2 CD&<R "O03I@I#9B2K"^PKPaCDCA&<.W9r"^('903I@>?9B$#.12#I-V`,<"+,/P_#"?5G&/0A>?> "*,<S#0-|EIKP#9UCD,/0D.1035u2KMO9rKCs#DL1t3$#Lq,/"'Jm& .WX_V@(*7l,/C3K&9</9B"+"^"9
3 V
"!#!$!
/,prCDK"2@.WVA{P I#:A&<"'"?&/T,/sK.l('LWCDt C3&< 7z"x6CD9BX-J"^.1J(*90A.12h.l2K9 P#('CD03&<7103;&5 C3(*71('LyIK"8!9B,/(*K""+71{IK&<9U9B(',/7W0 "+IKR&<9B96,<,/C3"+CA.W&]2#9/9/71"^C0-PeR(*.l"+5GCg&/7W,<"^0A"+PH> PeCA,/[]9 &).bCD,<.1c92#F.1B2#.1KC9VKA,<x{P-#",/0gUK"[$#F"+&/Pe#0.1>F303&<CD& .&&<%+;vR032E"+5CD,<C3C3&)(*P-7q""^Cg('P X-03.171C39U03&/&^.l"^9kEC3('9U7WIK03 9B5!,/"+C` &<9 5CAC3(*2K"3P L
T
S
pr.1V3I#&<"{5G&/0A> aL !CDJ.1(3L
,/3P-K""+"^`; (*.lP-7l9C ,)"+RCDP VA"'71"a0 "+R PY.l; 9{.1,/KC>F#"3FCD2KV3P('"`7W2KIKk[]9BR,/.W"+,/I-S0&/,_.12#39/V`032#>?710D;c5O"*,<Ce,/.W#">?5Gv"'"+[ ,/9K0C3371CI-IKR,/9<0ACD"+>F712K9+PKLCg9,/.l 03(v2=5(*,<('71#"IK03`97103,<"'&5C3&<(*.W(*2K0-"V`P-"'"^.lXE99,<.1&<P-2eCA0A(j2#,/,<#""3.W0A?LF2=03J&<"*"'.1X#VAV3>?C3.12K>v"'CD2E$K7n,<7W.1"ACD>?,/k.1C303('V37W2TIK"a9B.l,/,/90`"+(*&<0g9v0 :AR ["',)&<CD"'"+&<.12P "
,/K03&<03I#VA#7W;F.12TMOKCD$#,/"'&t L
3543 8 A E 1
/,!9/.1I#03#"&B2+5CA&/Lq"F(*-"^CDI#9&<&B&<"F5"CA
K9B(*"+"^"^:3(j9,]"+:g&<C_CDC3&<7n&);?Co(';v03.W2>?0D'j5$#Y71.17e.12K(+SZ('Cgf%.1,<P-9&.W*`"+2#^w2EV`-6,5jag5"+CAkJ2#(j,/"',/KC&<0ADV3&<,;?9U.l9+.1.122HkEK0CaR g03[4&/,/"^h,9>_,<&/<IK.l#"(j()F,<F,"+$#P8<J;#"('-'03;9B2#.l('CA"{9U(jC ,03R 57W03.1371I-.W"{VA,]E,C_Ca/.1>?&<2#CoV.1;?&/&<CD030D2K5&^P L&/"ZdfJI
K.W#"+VA>F(*#7,/WCD.1;032h29/$%$%L "'"+*&)(*(*IK`"'715j$#C35 7&Z
9/P-I#"+&B$@5"+CA2K(*P-"^9u"'2E&<, "
KR "^.l(jC3,f9{"+.12#2T"'&<&<"V3
K;H"^"+(j,/|E.1IK2#CDV`7171.W;H2@(*.12T.lP-"'CD2E717,P#&<.WCA&<"+P-(*.lCg,/.1,/03.1032K29+Lfk R !I-JI,{K.W9+,6k%CDC7l9B9/0HI#&/KC5C33('9U"6P-2#.1&<0D"+,(j,<03.W2#0A712K;HCD7@C3R 9{.lC3CF9+KL [Co:A0A"'&/71"+"'0g2#:3V3"',/&^k
,/$%K"03u.12A"',2#9B"+0A&/I#VA;_&<('0A"]&q0D.W5m2E[],/"+#.2KW9/,/.b"u,;v71.1V30DE,5m&)C3[]P-.1.l7WCg7@,<&/.W"^0A(*2v"'.1P-:3"+"!$@71"+"+2K9<9yP#"+92#I#"'$@&<0AV32;_,/P-KC.l93,)2CD2K(*('710A"!9/a"'&y9B9/IKI#&B&B5CA5CA(*(*"]"]"'"+71"'7W"+>?>v"+"+2A2E,),<9n9+5LnCD&/!,/K"K"u'&q"*5Gwz&<"+03(*>,.1C 9
[]?9/.W>?.10D7W75r.171R ,/C3#""!& 2#R 039/"*I#2J,&/[I#52K"'C3"+.b(*5G2"U0A&/"+,/>NK"7W"+{>vP#&)I#"+C3"!2EP#,u,/.1CD0{&/,/"+,/.1712#K"CDV_],/.12#:30 "R-032Ji ,/"+I#0?(*2#,,/.WK"5GCD0362@&<PF>9B0A,/I#P-K"&<.lU('9,)"9/CD"'.l2K2@9u('9BC3"+0A719q&9/0aC3"'7W710A:A"'2#"'>?&<Vf;"+,<2A#".1,)>v9']L $%.1>?Y03&/C39!,<V3C3C_.12E2#&<,+VU"+L 9/&<I#Co7W;-,+9+kJL.W>F!C3#"V3!"f03.1&<2E.1,/"'"+2E2K,<CD9B.W,/,/.1.103"+2 9
n
1
C
1 A
1
S s C A
2 2 Object
Light n Surface
2 A
Source 3
C
3
/,&)pr.1C3.W03P-VA2@I#.lCDCg&<7n,<".W,/0As#02 L1tQ,<.lV@#"9x ,<JI(*KR#&<0A9i 9<"+9U(j,]9B"^9/ I#(j,<&B.W50ACA2 (*"8"' 71"'[]>?#""''2E&<",< 9 v .196.Wh &<,/ &)#" C3HP-$#.lI#&<Cg"+2#,<9/.W"+,a"'P 2E2#,/R 0A"^;FP &/>F7W.1,<V3CD0`E,7y],/,/#"09B0A,<I#9/#"&)03H(*I#" &)9/(*TI#"A&/L&<5C3"+ (*(*2A""+,<.W:A"'C32K"f2K9/PX"+.W,2#;T8"'&<0D.1V3965;?,/&/$##""^&<(*03"+$%IK.W:A2#03"+&/.bP , Z
3
Y 0]
Light 2 Object
Source A
3 Surfaces
D,/0pr0 5.WVA,/R I##""&<?"0D#"5ns#+L1I#>vt 2#q .l.Wx 9/5G03$#&<#">.b'wz&<IK"?R 9/&<"3(*.1"'k-V32EE,0A,<&O/"'2#&<"^"+C39/PT9O> 5GCDR 0A,U"'&u&/C`,/CD.l719/CD7mI#2:E&BkE.15"'CA&<[]" (*
K"a$%"^03"'(j.171,/2E"'.1>?,<039!2H"'5G2EP-&<,+03.1La9B> ,/&<!. []REI#.I-@,/19{()"^`,C392T"+<KC2#"+"'g2A&<,u,<V3.W9/;v&<I#"v&BI#5$#2#CA71.W(*C35G"U032K&<CD.l>?9]&{7W:J$K;?.1CD9/.1,<. 2HR ()T[7WC3"A7WL ]7zP-.171.17y&/"^CD(j$#,/$%.103"+2@C3&9
.1(*2TIK&UCD715G7&/0AP-> .1&<"+9/(jI#,<.W&B0A5CA2K(*9u"^039f5n,<,/KC#"ga,_#"C3'&/>?"?.l&<9B03$#I#K"VA'e&&<"_<"'(*7l"+Cg2A,<,<.W"':A&<"_"+P,<0CD,/,u#",/FKCD[!,{Co:39/I#"+7W&/"+52#C3(*VD",<T0"+7W3"+5O>?,<"'#"2EF,+L 7W.1V3E,.Ww%^LIK9/!"_#"&<F"
@.W2E"+(j,<,<"'.W2K0A9/2K.b,9u;T0-0D(*Z5
,/(*K"0Aa2K9B&<,<" CD
K2E"^,(j5,<C3"+(*P ,/03.171&7WI#.l9>?,<.1#"2KCg,<*`.W0A9hie2T7,].lU{9{03$#5&/0A,/$@K"0A{&B9/,<I#.W0A&/2K5C3CD(*7"A,/kJ0H[],/#.#"1?()H..12E19,/"'712@0g9B[4.W,;5G03&]0D5yP#,<C3#"&/Fv9/&/I#"^(*&/"'5C3.1:3(*"^"^P9OC3.17W2K71I#P>?K..WW2@VACg85,/.1G030A2&Oxu71.WVA,/K"E,
9/I#&B5CA(*"^9'L
P-.Ww%IK9/"&<"
K"^(j,/"^P W sKL sE
;; =@?BADC6ECGFHCJI-E
e ^V7 w7eS5 -0/21 'kf%^J\G*SV7@^V7 w7eS5 ' 9 - 1)5f\/k- \U`^kW@9 a:-0/ `* 969,.-6^V7VSZ5 R- U./+'Zl 'P*
^7G'kf%9 5-65H*VYY7*`^'T58UP)
*`g`7:50)B7'Q*`W7@i^w- 1)5 /.7G''u\e^VU`W *`969ge-R7 4 YU-0/B5 'l
J,/: K".W"+[O!:J"^#".WP "+u[O5G('&/"+&/0A&.W>,/7W.l0-('C3,<('#"CD7#,/8().1KC03"+D22E&)L,/C3.1(*&/p#,/"&<"'03&<K".l> '9>?,<.1pr(O.19/.W.1$#VA9qI##",/&/+KC"&/D"H,qsK0DLW,/t 5u#"q fP-k.19/9/&/I#I#"^&/(j&/55,<C3C3.W('0A('"2K"F9'"+"'k7W"+71"'R >?>?"+"'(+"'2ECD2E,yIK, 9/[]" .W71.W7#,<KC9 []oR.W:A71&/7".1V3@C,/E,#"o<f:32#"v9<"+CD9<,/>?9#"H".l9_9/R C3.1&<2K>v.WVAP-"E,"+/$@R 2#"+&/"^2K.19/V3P-9nE,"'[]/2E2K,v#""++0D9<2 95
[]R &<#".WVA+2vE,/:J2#.1"^"'9/[9]"+[]P_K"5G'&/0A2>N:J.W$%"+[O0A9/"^.bPH,<.W0A5G&/2K0A9 > { "+.b03,<& #"'& J 9B.1>?0A.W& 7lCD &< 71;3L k39/5yI#CD&/7157C3(*,<"#&/ "+"6 []9BIK{ .W&B717K5CACD(*7l"9/0U"'C371"'$#>?$%"+"+2ACD,)&n9f,<0 C3&/R ""u>F035KC3P#,<#""6f0D9<5nCD,/>?K""
9[]<CD.1>?7W7"fC3$#>F$@Cg"^,<CD"'& &<.1R C3&<7 .WkEVA,<A,#"<'"';F&KC,/@CoD:A2"],/ K"{k#9<P#CDI#>?"{"U,/0aCD7 ,/R {#""^P-0aCD2KC3V32K71PF"+9O,<,/EIKC@D9 ,! ,/#" ^[]9B"U.1717z9BIKC3&B$#5$%CA"+(*CD"+&9R>F&<CD.WVAAE,"f/[]"'&.W,/,/`,KC3/2K"U P#{ .WkJ&<"+[](*#.,/.1l03()2
0DY\5m,<9B#"IKf&B5.1CA717W(*I#"y>?"+.17W2K"+>vCg,<"+.W0A2E2,Ly[]J.17WI#7E&/2#50DC3,('"uR "'"O71:E"'>?.l9/. "'R 2E71,".W5 [] .1717K2#03, R []"#"9/'"'&<"'" 2 CD.l,9C3,<#"7W7KO5G&/P#0A.W&<> "+(*"+,/.b.1,<03#"2U',/&0g$@[!0ECD9B&).W,/P.103,/#"2 O :J{ .W"+03[O& "+ &+ L L
0DCD5y&<"F71.1Y V3>_E,I@(*{0A()&<2E
7":J
@W.1.12K"+3(j(*"8,<.12#"+CTPVa(*"*030AX#wc9/CD.12#>?CD"82 $#(*71"+"UIKV3&/V80D:A5C3"3P-2Kkr.WPTwz[]IK#.C 9B1"U()R cP71&<C3" #2#
K"'"^>?(j(*,<03"+.W0A2K&<2HC39B,/>v.l&)9Cg.l(,<V3"+.1:g9U:3C3"',<9/2HKC"3L`g.W2,a 2Epr,/,/#".W"+VA`2KI#9B9B&<.W@C"{,/.1D"+sK$%9LW"t^5Gs#&<0D03kJ5!>[],/#.K"Cl8()`9&<0 0gR#/[ #0i "+g0D(j[u5y,v9O,<9B#".WI#2Ev&/,/5"+.WC3>F2K('9/"FCD.bVA,.1; "9
(*710A9/"'71;&<"'7lCg,<"+P8,/0v,/#"&<"
@"+(j,<"+PH7W.1V3E,fCA9!$#&/"^P-.l(j,/"^P R t; S|EIKCg,<.W0A2HsKL sKL
250
’egg-vaseR100’
200
150
100
50
>?03&<"9BKC3&/$K7W;CA9 >?0g:3"^9]Co[Co;v5G&<03> L
0]
9/$%"+(*IK71C3&]&/"Z
K"+(*,/"+P
W sKLrW3
/
Y
sKL
" O \.
"XNe - 'W<-6^k^U`^k9 - ]7 ^7 w7eS5 -RU./Hl - 1)5 ^7 w7eS587, U 50)B7H'kf%^J\G*]Se7 -
; =@?BADC6ECGFHCJI-E
- '1^*#,.-*`587, UXf%5P-0/ * 5 - 1)5 SeU./.7 *]ieUXf%5@58U 5)7 ^*Xa U \ ^V7 w7eS5 -RU./Hl
U`^7eUXg 7Z^ 50)B7 4 *Xg 7Z9h7Q/21]50)
SeU`WY.U 'w-65 -RU / U\P05 )B7 ^ 7 w7VSZ587 ,*9 - 1)5<- 't'w-6W<-69&*`^ 58U 5)+*X5@U\P50)B7 'ZU`f%^VSV7 *./ , -0/^,7 YB7Q/^,]7Q/B5U \P5)7
'kf%^JG\ *]Se7@SVUX9hU`^Zl
; =@?BADC6ECGFHCJI-E M RQ M O RQ M NcU./ *./ U]i Z7VSZ5 - 'P*ciZ^w- 1)5 'jYUX5S*`f"'Z7, ia 5 )7'jY7eSZf%9&*`^ ^7 w7eSZ5 R- U/ .
U \P*9 - 1)5u'ZU`f%^Se7 l- 1e)%9 - 1)5 '-0/^,.-RS*X5 7:5)+*`5 5)7@U]i Z7VSZ5 - ' 4 *3_7a tW7Z5*X9 -RS `U ^ 1]9&*''ka 7Z5 S l .
k7
w<. 2 33
Viewer
V
.
R N
2
R S R
1
N V
.
S φ φ
Source N ∆A
2
P
Specular
∆A
1 Surface
ow "$x # ]#%"u,H
d
2
S d ∆A
1
r
1
r
2
r
3
,/@Cg,f9/I#&B5CA(*"U.l9!:E.1"'["+PL b
ow >st! r,H"$#%st
Q H k J XlO Y Q
$ v t K o %
sKL
[ Q H [ O
,/.12A.103,<2"'2K('9/C3.W,2 ;TR 0D"{5],/CD#0> AI#R V3.1"'E,2E!,0D7W5r.1V3CAE,9!C_5G03:A&"+(j[!,<03Co:3&!"+"+7W|E"+2#IKVDCD,<,/.10328Tk ,/&<"+Cg ,<.W2K.19Va,/"^#"C3F()[.12E!,/"'Co2@:39B"+.W7W,"+; 2#VD0D,<5,/TK"9/.W7W>?.1V3.1E,71C36 &/9/71;303LI#&)(*
" ?a .l9,/5GK"0A&
3Q Q
Q
[!&<" Co
K:3"^"'(j71,/"'.12K03VD2`,/&)CoT; Ly
!#" 03a w,/#"6d F9/I#71.1&/V35E,C3O(*"U9/03"+I#7W"+&)>v(*"u"+.l2E9,+CaL P-.l9,) CD2K('" 5G&<03>,/#"{9BIK&B5CA(*"u"+7W"+>v"+2E,CD2@P?>?C33"^9 Q
b
ow
! "u xB,H# st "u&
,/4R 0?"*,4,<[#""'"',<2vL&<!C39BJ.W#"2#.12__.12#&<5VC3"'(*VAP#"?.WCD0A,<P-2KCK"'9xy,/('"+&/03(*"+>?,/V3.1.103$#032TI-2K,<9!C3"+7WPm03VA5nL 039/&<J5@.b,<.W.W#>2,r.l$K9r.b$#C3X-9{&<"'0 7lP-9uR "+C(+9<RCD(*2`7W&<". R ,/,/#""^KCP +D2 , C R RR CD"a0g&<:3"CD"V3R @VA0-&/&<P-"+9B,U;VACDP#$K,/"*CD"+,/&/PH"^,<(j9CD,)2KK9P`717#9/JCfVA.W"'29/03.WVA>?(*2#03"'.W71@,/03&<('&{.1C3({C32A&<(+,n"'(*$K7l03CgC3&),/P-&B.103,r.12#2@0DV 95
,/C3K"9f{P-.1"+>F9<(*CD&<VA. R "3kE"+P,/#".1+2e28MO,<KCKCg3,!$-,/.1>?"+& C3V3k%"UCD(*2K0AP`I#715GP 0A&uR "I#2KR P#710-"'()&)39,)"^CDPm2KLP-MO.12#03VF710303&5 .1R9.WIK0A9/7W0A"*5GV3I#.l('7zCD5G70A&.W>FCA('CD('VA"+"+9<9!9,),<CD0aA"'.1>F2`CD,/VA#&"<03P#IKCDV3,<CC R FC39/>?"+9+.bZ k
(*&<0A9<(*0A$@"AL
on ! "u stsx x ,H# s
/,,/Yf.l@C9/9{g$@,fP-"^.l(jCD9/,/&<('&)"{IKCD9<7n2#9B0D9/"^"',]P2K$%9/.W2h"'03&)&^(*MOLf"'KC.1du:3D0g"^$-PH[,<"'"'CA&:A9]"' (*&^kz0Ak@C87W9/0A"'&9/2K"'R9/2K.1;2#9/03VHJI&u#(+,/>FCDKC2 C3D,{2KR 9'"v0 JR 5GP-,<0A0AC3&]2#.W2K"*"_X#9 .1CD2x8>?R('$#03C371712K"303k-P#&f.192`>?0D.W"^5y2-C3,<5G9/&)#"I#CD_&/&<"+"+"+>?P 7W"^"'(jR 2E,<C3,<&/2K0A9fP#>?$@9!"+C30D&V352#$#,/"'.W#",/X-.l6"'(67r9/9/$%.1$@9{"+"^(jCF(j,<,/&/>a&<IKI#I#>`> 7bZ L
[!(*2 7lCgC3,/9<f"+9/.b&q5G;JR9B#0.1CD2#A2KVFI#P#7l,/9!PaK"03aC35r$#9/Cv$@I#"^&B9/CD5CDCA&y,/(*"+P#"67W71C3.b.1,<&/>F"UzCDLr.W>FVAdf"+CDCoP`VA:J"3,/.W2KK"k-V'#0&<3>a"6,uI#IKC37b9/9/,<.W$#.W2#$KKCV`7WD"]9B7W>?,].1>?&/"+0E$#CAC39B71"6P#IK9&/$#"+&<9/>v#00J('3"+"+2EI#P-,<7lP`9nIK&/CgCD"^,y$#9'CU$%Lu"+9B!C3.12##"& VAvR 7W"!&/9/.1(+$#V3CDE,.W2#X-u2K"'7-CD.W2#2K.l9nVHP`0D9B(*5~;-,/0A9B"+71,/2?P "'> IKR 9B0J"'('P#5GC3I#.W"^2 7-9!5GR 0A0D"&5
t
K"+CD9/2@71"F$%P "+5G(*03y.l&<CDCD>F712
71;?Cgu,),/.W9$%#""'IKU& 9/9B"+@CPe3t AP-,/0T0gVJ[!9BjZ,/xe>F0A&/,/C3"F#"9/e_P-.1,<&/V3"+"^.W(),<C3#2C3P-7y#"+0A&8.1>?7W0A('C3V3C3V3;a2 "^5G9'03(*L 0A&]2Kf(*9B0A"'IK7W,<0A7bCD,&O.17l,<P-96KC.l9/0Dg$#5, 71Co,/R K";-0J89+0Ak-=P-('"+CD5G9/2 0A.1V3&HR 2
"{>F0D5GCD035]2JIK(*;S2K0AP7WP-0A&6"*.128,)P-CD,<.l.1#"9B7198$#{7l03CoV324;T&)CD@C$#,<#"D#.T&)l('P-9>F[,/C3C3"'&/2EXJ"A; , k
RR ;v.10371pK0303VA71.1"'(+P; CD737:J5.l*`9B.19@0326t A9/;-sE9,<j"'L>F!9rK"CD2KR PU0J,<0A#" '.1R &n;v()KCD"'&):JC3.12#(*,/"6"'&<.lt 9 ,<#q.1(+9nC3(*90AP-2A"',)CD:J.1.l2K(*"+9n9+,<L #" fP-03&<.l9/"('P-IK"*9<,)9BCD.103.17A2?.l90D5V3.19/:3"'"':A2_"'&).WCD27#,<P-#".Ww%"+R &/0J"+032E ,
R.l9; CHVA:30J"+0J&/.1P 2#VD9B,<,<03CD2&/,Bt.W2 3E,< #"*Fkg[]$K9/#.;J1()()_,K03<71C3033V3"+;9rCf71.b,<,/"'"+&)()CgK2,<#I#.1&/(+"ACDLF7-9/!.WVA#"2KCDP-7E$#.l9/&<('0JIK('9/"+9/9<.1039B.12T2#V{035CD$#>F$#CD&<,<0A()CA#.()1L2#V(*.W0A:J7W.10A2#&{VA9BK.,/10A9B28,/0AV3t &) CD>F9
,/[! K"C3039&<58P-CA(*&)03Co"{2[]"*>a2TXJ,/I#5G&)&<7WC3,/03(*.l> ,/9B$%.103"+J2(*[,/[&)C3CD03.W2h7&<FC3CD2K('2@CDC3P 712 ;-!9BR .lC39!"{7W0D7l5GCD0A5n&)I#,<P\2K#"PHBt .WR A2`&) CDC6t^.12,<"+CDIK()2@#29/P .W#2#.lVE('CDC3.17z2h&/H"+CDu$@2K0A('P &BC3, 2 yR CDR ; .1"7lCo!5G;A0AC3C I#E2K.l({tPACD.12K2sEP`j,/5L E#",/_0-$K()03JCD&<>F$%"F"'CDP-& 2T"*R ,)B;`CDt .13719UACD 0AXJ*2 , L
L
SyI#LE&<pr0371$%"+"+()C3z2k _MOL-03pK2#5G03"'&)&<9B"';E2K,/('HC"{D0A2K2PHMOM0AL >?y$#&<I-"'VA,/"+7W"+H& &fBt.l9B .1sA03sA2 k@jJ$#-0/ &<.W,.2K-0V3/2"'1 &/ZKq* "'-]&<771C3, VKwk 7eqDUV YHxD9hZ7's k Ay &<L 0-(*"'"^P-.12#VA9q035,/K"
xKL KL#pK0371"';3kk Y6L#:gCD 2 {CD>k@zL@p#"'.12#"+&fCD2KP @L#duI#VA#"+9_t A sE $ N72
M $ ( m.
$ O"
% m
+XNe$ )
k YfPKP-.19/032#Z "+9/7W"+;3L
t3tAL]UU./^L r*/.CgXJSe7,rC3W2KKP *71Y_-0/"LD1DkEI#.12@2 P-"'&/&<0-:30A(*"+71P"+P-B.1t 2#AVE 9VE03 5K,/K"f%9 5 f- Su'jYBSj7eSSe5j^e*`9 0A&/-/ 9/*`#09 a3'w$a- '032U \ O5).1037>?
w"^^P-*.1-0(+/:CD"7 -0/ >F*CD7VA1" /HYf752K-RCDS 71r;-9B7w.l'9+k
58&',%"%!#N/1"OP$#&-3%(+@'*%)!$+,"7-!=,.#:0/+,)F1.%7'*QKRS!)T"2%+,">?-3'4$6#:57>B','*) =,-!I%77UV8:9;#A6"5.+<'*%)X7=,WV>?Y.)@-!(?#ALZ>B',[F=,)!.#A%C)3=<#A)D5\"-3+E',""'7@=,5]#:+,.)F#%G&%^+*#&/H5_#:+*)D/`."7I=@%J#AK+@)3',)3%CLM',)3"L+
5a7"#-!AI#&%^!57('*".8a%.7#:l0)b"!+,-!"WZe.\%0'*#:5.)!'*"#A)P)3!=cWFe2'd+*qD/m53+@',-!)D"e.5#A"[3e#A=@.',LP7)3IU'*F'*)38:"OZ-!LP%^e#&3%7%Qf7.DLEa"!-!+B"Me#&#ALZ+,>B./`)@',"=,-3#NP/1KOE+*nJ3/(-!)!gh_=,#:8:+@=,,WZ!UonJ"',. 5)30L iQ:5j<"8&-!',-3%"e%^'@I%e%H7D"-!"-!!"77"O<MY+,k@./`79!"O"d-!.%?L!7)D#:pa%^.'4Q #:")375]IQ
#:'*)T)FLP'*)T,D#A>B!',"W!=,e8&,',Q_=,5\#:}B{k,.!9!%K93#AZ9F37+D%(8&%^%7#:YQ)Zgh/1+,-3#:">=,'*B!K"'4"_-!#:iZ?+,Q)cY-!#&'*%%J-!WV"+,+4+,p0=,Z\'(%m*>-3-!<"+*7/_3'LZ4#A"tV
74.=,H#:.+,*)D) ]a4#:7>B8:@8&'*%K7=@?F.%0%73"+*-3/|'4+,"6/`7=@#N_#A-3+@?-3)3'@%57%(+,pG8:,+,#N"D\%-EC"+@-!pGK##&-!%a:)D#A#A)De.)3.9!%^)3#A#A%#N#:.J.8:O %%
W!LZ#&#:=M%J"#W!:8AW!+ZZ5\"}Z#A%.+@lC)P+,)3-3e'*0pGpm-3+@#N"!?8:L<',)3WVLT$+,5+@)!)3e%^W!#&LZ8&',.5\I}LBQYa-3-!.B257LZ7#N)Dt7."(#7)D:>BG'*"=@Y-3!'@".%?%.j.Q`<a%^-!>B_'*8:8:8/"pG>e-!+D#A%J0?#:W!>B8:+Z'*5\=@}_%6-3',',)3%LsJpjI+
*@
*
!#"$"%"
%-3>?',.8A(8W!pG8&-3',#N5\"}62W!'*8:)3+ZL<5\}Z%o-3/1+@.>(?W3#:8:)!'@=(5\}V'KUZ5\#:-!);.5\'?}@%J7""W#F:9F+D'*ILP\L69393'4'47."))ooQ Qha-!a#:=,-D">e+D%Jh#A>B',=,H-F',%u%^#A_8A+@)!=(W!8A+Z5\}Z%.U
g #:=,3$iQ Zla-!"7_LZ#At7"7)DG7D"!".%apG#A-P-!2%"'*>?_LZ#&%J"#:W!Z"#A+@)M+*/W38:'@5\}E'*)3LPpG-!#A@Q
%93^',"^3"a5]#:57"-!.!?Ld8:',#:>?8/1"+:O6,',>=,#A)eI%CW!+,+,!8&',/"5\LZgh}d+#A+,=@'*%!)3""Ld5.pGiZ)!-!Q.E#A%up5<+@7)D"I"e5]'*\',#:'*)!^)!"#:)!#N=@[F=(8AI57WF#:%7',Q;+,8A8:O;-e)35"'4."!'*!""'E.,Lc8Z#&%$'*'*)357)F+,LYLX>?>B5>?+@'*)D+,)(")!& '*>B8:#:OT)c',LZ/1=,+,7!+@+,)3>?WZL nJI#A5]) "#\&%752)FQ'493{Z'*'*3^)F"',L.8m)U,F%"%^%_5+,75)3)3+,..)'%.%.& UU
=,i\'Q 6,%"#:%.8A8:U438A%^I'w\'k,4.%.IU4%HW!%"#+,:>?5\}ZG%.U,+*'*/)F"LY-!.>B%0',)D)3O$'*>e!\'+@*8Za"+@WZnJ.35"I%%7 Q5")0.'*+,GG'K"-3'47mD"!-!"G.JL?p'*+29!LZ9V#A.tV',."',.)3)D5HW!#:"#)e:5\#:}Y>B'*7=@D."%.!Qh"gh.%`#:=,',!)3"L
J>?p+,+<"$LZ#A"tV-3.'*)<.)DnJ(3%^8:_.'*/`-!.7#A_+D"@!WZ"nJ..%652%^-35+48&pG',%")X%^#A[F'*"57Y'*qD#:+,!)3#A%.?QYLZa#AtV-3.#:%_.5\)@-3I',Q29Za.-_L3Z%7U#:%""5F%%3.%(IpG%C-3>Y'*3(%J6"WV?3L!?.%"#&5%7"#UoAWV-3.+4L;p W#AO
57',)<WV_"79!".%7)DIL<',)3LP5+,>?9!!.LoU3'*)3L<pG-3'*0#NC5.'*)PWF_3%.L</1+@G#A)M#:>?',=,6'*)3',8AOZ%#:%.Q
*+-, .0/2143576/98:.0/21;/=<?>28A@B7CEDF3@G3H?>3 HJIK>
*+*) + 57@B3 H3 @G3 H-, / . /K143 576//. /S@ > 576/S>
hg #A=@!$iZQ !luap+?#A>B',=,.%apG#A-;LZ#At7"7)D0.LZ=@7)!I%%a',)3LP.LZ=@?&SLZ#A".5#:+,)P%J\'4#&%^#&57%.Q
9V-F7'*G)cym!+,)!)F-!#AC%^E#&'*LZ#A">B7.2'$'*=@#:-!%6?Ej@+,JQ)c3pmQ+T-!aB-!6"#[ :#A=,>B-DM.'*Q#A=@>BKR ',2+@=,)E-F.',%Y"%2-!%^6-3',)T+4#pG:=,I)c-DLZa=,#:)sB-3',#:gh)d% #:=,7!k,.".L!PO=,X.i%aQ+,Z)!+@QTBZaa+,+*/-!/#A"#A"%$#:>?%K@,',<$=,9!9!#N#NZ+@Z)v..8:8:%.%.U-3U!%E%^+;+e8:#N#A\"/Y%_%a..#&%YL!L!=,=,W!773)3)3%..#A.%"%"%%
J9VpGp7#:8A+$8o!W!F)!#:%^)3#A(%m'*-3"..9!.'2_I#:W!%^%m.#A+,)F)D)!%a#:8:)!O?/1+,=$!G-L!Q ! ',3Q+@}#u?N7g!.+@+@L!)D`=,"".'*-!%m8CU'*k,=@)3."'LE^@"LZ8A#:#:5.#A=,.'*-D)D8U! &'*.>?)3LZ=@LP',.=,LZ%.)!Qh#&#A'*g3=,F+,+@LZm)30'*-!-!8#&(I%JLZ"=,+,=,\'=@I,"'%7LZ,Q`#:>?7a)D%.-! U*& _pLZ#:#:C>B".pG'*5]"#:=@8A#AK8+@)?',+@%")<-!%!#:"%^>?-!+@_G=,8:\'-!*/0>B.-3%.('@U,'*%p"
D
!#"$"%"
1 1 0 0 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2
1 1 0 0 0 4 0 2 0 4 0 2 0 2 0 1
0 0 2 2 i 1 2 2 0 1 2 2 0 1 2 1 1
0 0 2 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 0 0 1
g #:=,3$iQ ilrC)P#:>B'*=@(pG#A-;'?LZ#&'*=@+,)3',8"!693'*^"7")oQ
!$UZW R"!$## )0+@>B'*8:#N7.L;ym+& +Z5757!"7)F5
-3ym-F'w+,'4k@>?`K9!"=@-!!"'Gw_O?W!8&""',-!+,5\2)!}$$)!93+@!#N>ZQ B7C8&'*%+48:-3#p N7'w.k@LZLMa+57I=,+%a\'& w+#NO605.5"7+,!9!)3"""07.!)3%7U*57)DK"a-!>B0-3'4=@6""'#wAO_9!&"#A!Z 76 8& %
93-3'*/1+,'w^k@0"7")-!=@P2"'w+,#:O2/|>B"'*-!+,=@_)3__#A>B+*j,/`U@',gh',=,)3#A=@ LY!-!YCiZpGQ ie-!'@#N"%G%!9!>?#A#:.)!8:= %
\35 -!%$++@$K'%)!? T-39!%J<+\@'4LZW!#&#&8:%^%^793> #&8:57'@'*5pG8|7>?#N"I- .%J)@0LZY".+Ek,#.:%k57#A8:)3+@.= 5]CE37Q -!2r !k4"',%^T+@8A!8A>?! x I%\#:',+,a%)v+*!/ %^I3E%B=,=,/1-3"+I'*,%J"C> .-3Ld'w5k,W%+ 6&O+Z"5.V-!532!5\">?},..+@2')3%^5K*X)3%^Lv>?"3'*5]7""#cN!:757"+@.%9F%<Q!+@"#:!%<-38:'4+@-!K%_+4#:pz#&%.%_U!"""+++
>B'4Z#:>e#N7("-!_k4'*8:!,l
x E x
& & < x < 1J x & 1RY<Dx DD jw
Q
V
O26 !" '!" 8 '6 !"W
J+*r0O/)39Fk4+*I'*%B"#-3:7+*'*'/(#:+,*7)c939!pG+!D#N""',,-!5\Q #A-s)v'<+d'wp0[!=,Z%B..)!LZL(77& \'k@%4#M7N."8:#A?+,)!9V=cpG.#ALb")3L!'T+4p_!"Q?P"r/1!.'*%J&!2.)!"+,.7/m%?"=,)!#&O %e#:)!E',+v9!E9!3"+d%@M'@P5\8A+Z- 575.+,'*)-F8Gk,'4+@>BE8AZ',>?"%#A}Z+@.%e'@)X%^3>B+v',ILZ%%$}Z""%(.-!5#:X%_',Fkw>e%^',I#+@L :!+,F)D"+ %
9!pG5+@#A-!Z>?#&75\9!8-;Z+*'*/0<""(-!7%E#A>?#:>B!#:8:"','*Ea=,<.)!+eWF7."=-3,#A)3+@O@=T%Uh2pG'*%J)F-3"'*3#:5\8:LZO- #:N...#:LP%$L #AQc)X-!a.ym)s-!-3P',"79Z>?9!".'@.C%^%}ZZ7%Y)DQ "'*."LdEW5+@O >e' 93Zk@.I5]Lv"+,Y+/1"+,*>/0)!#:)!-!PE)D/1+,38:>$8A+4pGWV7#:)!\%2=T/1k,+@.Y5I+@',"%5\.- U
Km x KHLZ=@I
x o.k,78 &"jj &J jj
{! x {9V+*\ &"j &\j
C x
G#:9!9!8:I j &( & j
8:LZ+75.'*.a8|5-!"'w%$0k@7#)F\':'*9!*>?9!=@,8:..Q`%%.aQP+,/-!aV -!-3K0<Yk@.Lk,5.5+,5+,\%+@`)CLk@LZZ+,I8:%Z"57.##:5:+,WV")d%GaI>BLZ-!=,',.#AI%m9}Z%7U3!%_!'*-!"9"YFB+D{3+,%^eIWZ%7\k,Qu'*.#:a5)!-!.+@Ld 0LhZW6OT"k,.57I5]+,5]\>?%C+@9!%=9FZ,"+,#:#A"k,)3%.I= UF%`',+,'2)3ZL<5".7)DY9-!!7&+
KZpmLZe.Fk,#A5]=@."-@5%2".+@+*L /
/193+,',8:#A8:\%+4ap0+*%7/Q k,I5]"+,\%7Q`g3+,07Z',>?9!8A@UZ-3_>?'@%^} Km Y#:%C5+,>?9!!.L;'@%-!$9!+ZLZF5]0+*/ Km?',)3L ?'@%
_j _j _j
C
j C 0 _jIjI 0 _j
[ j
j j j
pG'B#:9!)3"aLZ7+4-!93p(+Z[3'*5\%I"+J,%0%!.%^)3L<LX.#:9<>?-3#:',1) =,@|#A>BU3'w#:p0',);=,% ,pGDUh93-!'*+#:Z5\)3- 5LdILZ%-!!!$WZ"K"'w"'k@#&@%75]\'*+B#:=@)!"K=P7#:>?)D-3+47k@)FC8A%^+Z#A5.JtO<'*.8H+,5'w"/k@%G.7+,',\'/5\*-;=,#:8A$8:)3!/17>?+#:@=,#:)3>-WF'4"+@I#A-',+@35\)<+D-dW+Z9!OLP#A>?#&%0.+48 )!U|kI#A'*)3+;G=?9!"'e"++4Z%N7LZ>?.3+',57F8A 8 Q
)39!a"'*-!79!!"+\'%Z*M# N.58o?I%"%5+*%./.)!L<.-!%.#A>BBQ`rG',pG=,/#:",)37UZLZG93+4"+p-!Z_LZLZ39!7579V"#A77)39!)3="+L3Z%^%_5#A.+,%")T7%.#A)!)P-!=F[3U8N.57"',8:7'@5\"-P%.%6LP+*+,/#:/>?-!#:',>B2=,'*I%%7=@#ADQ 7""O|7^.Q
);'d9 jI 16Y. YD
|>BjIWF<',2%pG}Z-!#A%G)F_'*LZ""+4.(p %',!9!8Apa09!',+*8:%6#A/hI3L<[3%8N."+?7LT"#A/1)3-3+@=
!#"$"%"
*
!
!
Q Q !
!
I
j .
j 3
!
Q A
Q
j I
j ,
j !
I
j j Q Q .
j w
j D
*
i !
Z
i Q Q
D
3QQ
DD,1*33CQQ 1
"'@%% jjw*!iQ:Q j jID3iZQQ j.!ijIZQQ i ,D ZQQ:j FjDi4.33QQ jI,i,, FQ3Q j FQQ @FQ3QAj
'#&5\}j
@j4,i 3QQAj
'#&5\}! *
i Z
Q *
3
Q !
j 3Q !
Q I
j ,
3
Q D
i @
j Q @ 3 Q 3
Q ,!!j@QQAj
{D+@)! @ 3Q jI,3Q i % Q 3jIZQ , Q j.3j,j@Q jI*3Q Fj.3Q
pG#A-P-! -0/P>?'@%^}<'409!#AZ78 16Y.D
Q`a-!.)P-!BSb@ 7Z27V7 B?\ $/1+,a[38A. #&%0LZ7[3)!IL<WO
* S *
3 Y
* Q S * B
9 1RYD
B x iQ:jI@
KH-3'@_5\- #A)!"93Z0!#A>B"B',=,7,)3Q 7"=,O;>B'*9d#&%_'E/138A8m#A>B'*=@,Uo"793I%^.)@"#A)3=E"-!'*9!938A#&57'*#:+,)c+*/H"-! -0/c>B',%};"+
9!>?"+.Z'@LZ$K%^3!)35"57X.Y%("-!-!-!c+@#)!%N7#N#:+@)!)DT."7'*[3)d8h)3.'*7L!)38(=,7>B?"=,'*5O +,93)D%.>BU0"7'*")D9F7.9!%2U|8&'*',',"57)3?#AL )39!=s+Z .KLZ'@5\FB- 5>?.93Lo.'*U'@#:5Pp%^.3^G\I#N'*%K"#:- )ck@7#A%"O%M>?#&57'w',>ek,8.7I"'LZ,"#:=,=,5?B,Q9F5'*+@g3#:)D"%+,_7P',)DI!BQY'*5a>?+@-!>$9!B8:W!,'w#:U )!k,KmI.L "' ,=,"+
+*/h-3.%KJp+?>B'*93%a>?.'@%^3I%+*\'*8 ILZ=,_5+@)D7)DIQua-3_)!#A)3_I%^!8A"',)Da.)!7"=,OB>B',93%0'*"
K
Km h @{!
,{! h
K
K Km Km
Km,{3
*{3Km Km
C
CK
{
C!, {!
C {!
C
C,{!
#:'4>?',"#a=,AW3m-!Z2pGI#N""%h.-e%/1!+,'Ku8A0k,I+*-35]/`G'*+@>?8:+8o',,"#A/3)Y-!)!2#:7)!9!m"+Z!5"Ia%"%+*!#A/F)3aI=e','4=@5\-e#Ak@"#.+*AW3%G/FZ)3-!#AIG)!%h$=@'*"'7h@)!I%.%',=
45\@%^-2OE+@93>B)!#NZ.'*7%9;8
wQuW!#:>B"#&',5\'*W!}C=,8AI#:0>?%Gi+,',Q:jmIU=,3I%%57-!+,+4+,)3p0/V57gh%|7#:9Z=,-!"!3a"'*C)!8:#:8Ai)!O@Q UFm!'Q7a%D#:-3")!!.=,"%8:
i7Q e#A!8:8:"3Y%J"'*"'^*"#I:W!%Z-!I2%K%5.7'*=@);>eWV.)D$"3'4%".#A+@L;)E+,+</u57%8A7Fk@%J7"\'7*6'8*>$);!#:8A>?M# ',&=,2"#:)D!+<6#:>B.=,'*#:=,+,I)3%a%G#A+,)D/`"+?!)!57#A8A/1F+,%J">"7\%7Q "!@QKgh#:=,!"
6 )%O# %G!"!" W"%G
% '!8#$)! 6
7/1a!8:-!7)3>?G5'*.#:)@!+,\)%E+Z5',+@x )3E/L"3 7Y 8&E '*'48&"%^a#A+ +@+*)6/uL!/1.'*!%"))35"#5]& A"WV#A+@. )Y%?j8+,"/F-![ '*&)e[F#:)!>? 7',)!j6=,I#:%>B%57
4'*'*57=,)Y+@(',WF"%/1a+@70L3)!%ZI.#:%L$%%e9!8&+,+6',/(57LZ7"7>?-!.;75)D" E.9F! 7",#Ax QE/#:3k,YaaE -!93T'4a#&'*%a.Z)=,"3#:+k,%h577+,+,)P"/!W.7O 8:D'*"!#:+,")
/15"+@.)DqD!77)D)F]5?O;'*LZ)3+,L >B',<;#A)Xp5..'*L!)T=,.WF% ?x LZ/1+,#:kD+#&LZ@I#L :7)D#:)@\'4"+#:+,)bSYB5.+@
=,)DB#:+,7)3)D%C]?WF+@'*!)3)3L LZI-3L ;WO;+,"5'*#:"58C77!)!8&'*.C=@"#O :)!#A=@) % Ix /1',+@5\K/-f1"..qD=,!#:+,.)f)35#:O %
5+@>?9!ZIL<+?9!"+L!35_'B%G+*/h7D"!"K/1I'4"!I%7U!'@%a#A)D"+ZLZ357.LP#:) ym-F'*9Z"7CZQ
*+ .0/2143576/ D /
/!BP3 @G3 H#"PB
ghg!.8:',)3=@5% @jI*3QAQ j j,,j.33QQ i i*D FQiZQ i j.Di*!@iZj@QQ i i*@*i,3!iZQQQ j.jI@*3!QQ D@j,iZiZj@QQQ @Z*jI3!QQ
{'>B#A\'= ,'*%"38:%8 +43p+47p\% 7\% ,j@j FQQ j.@,33QQ j.@,! j@QQAij D@@!,!!j@QQQ jw3j*3@QQ j@@,jI,*FQ33QAQ j j i43QQ jI*3QQ i @j.*3QQ
'+,\LZ7\%
ijI!QQ i *3QQ j4i,3QiZQAj ZQ Q @ii4FQ3Q D!QQ QAj j !QQ
',W!8:2iZQ 3l |'wp0%7!"67)!.=@O>?.',%!".%m/1+,a"#A=@7G"7=@#A+@)3%+*/%^.k,7\'*8LZ#AtV..)D0#A>B'*=@.%.Q
aa#A#A=@=@Y 77Ij]*! ' j4j 1 i j@QQ 1 C%1i CQQ 1 j,@jw1 ! j,Q:Q 1j 13j,QQ 1 C@1@i43!QQ 1 j@/j 1%!QQ 1 CjIj.1 FQQ 1 D 1 D*3!QQ 1 @@@1 !CQQ 1i
aa#A#A=@=@77]\4W j4j i,3iZQQ %!QQ j,$%j4i,iZQQ ,@!@ij,QQ DD* FQ3QAAjj jIjI,D,i*3!QQ jIjI* FQ3Q D,Zj@QQ @, FQQ
aa#A#A=@=@77] jj 3QAQ j ,FQ3Q i @ D!iQQ ii Zi@*3Q!Q i DD FQQ jI!j.j,3j@QQ j,j.,j 3QQ ,@,!QQ @ %@iZQQ i
aa#A#A=@=@77i j4jwi43QQAj FQQ j.3Q!Q @Zj,j,Q:Q j DDZ*3j@QQ j@jI!j.,jw3iZQQ i j,j,jj FQQ 3jDi*I!!QQ Di43!QQ
5-3+@78A+@OTK5.4'* )d5GLZ"+;)!3+MCWV5.^'*")7_LZ+Y"-3WF'*7)c^""7-!IUB@W!+,!9Va7\'%47"=@+,>e\%C.)D""-3'4'4"$#A+@L!)?+*[3/o)!)3e'*"-!!7\'>M*8VQ<%57{7.)!=,I>?%`7#&%H)D\'*'4)E#:!+,)3)c%+,W38:'@k,%^.IL?LX93+@+)c@W!WV8A.+*>M"- Q
{.Yym-3'*9Z"7_jI2/1+@0'?>e+@65+@>?9!.-!7)F%^#:k,(".'*>?7)DG+*/%7=,>?.)@\'4"#A+@)E#:)P=@7)!."',8 Q
*+ /%/S6/!B7IK/S>
@j Q 7Q
_*!Q ym*+D %%KG'**)3 SL;]r$ Q K?Q 4'D
w'*]#:
&)o_U 4$ 5 '* "}, +4 kZ
CV'*)3]LZF+@ 7>
NgD#:7@8&"L 7U +,8Q`3~ r +R
L!&S!7UF8&%7j U ,3U@939oQ`Z,*&S! #= Q
!Q
_%^#A[FQ 57 v'*Q#:+,C)o',U "',8A#&5\}U ?!Qo{4-F3'*)! >Y!
4=@3', >P*U ',)3LXw]R] Q7$LK # nJ)FX%J"74#: )oCU *"$|5 7D"! \\'*]8/1.'4
"]!]"U .%K+@/18 +,Q6(#!AUh>Bj ',=,i4?!UV58&9!',9o% & Q
3Q 'Kj Q i,',Z3UD8A9!I9o% N@QHU 6&K(@Z39VQ 7"#A>?7)D\%2#:)v-! C#&%^F'*8a~u7\579!#:+,)d+*/C3@U @7
F
K?7]
\43U
! "
D
!#"$"%"
%7k,."',8 LZ#Nt7"7)DC5.'4.=,+@#:.%.Q
FQ ?MQ
&\]
'wAp0 %7OU 7Z
05,*', 9!\#:LU|j 7,!!UD"9!<9oRJQmL!D7i )D& #A@[F,573'*Q #:+,)oU v#:)
* ?.@ $"\]
D -*
!Q2~u7Qo\5h7'*9!>$#:3+,"')o3U U{Q ;+@#!',)3*!Ld76 7Q
H*'*!>B 'w4p ',}w# U ] "7|Y7D"!X\'**8` 6g!I*'4$"5!I%2 \ym7+,]V"7I %^
9V]+,U )3L!+@#A)!8 QB=<!+U )*K$Y#:%Q3'*8U
Q0gmQ*+,>?!#A"*'3!U 7Y Q,7{
-3*#A!\'*#4U, '*)F0Le4{ Q*7G] %4KnJ#VU *c
LCw]I
&G%57*#$:9Z5 #:X+,)Y +*Z/
|V7 D]"3!S"7.%u
N@W7O$ '6\7{DU "3+@5]8 Qh"!~ \'r *8! ;r0
R )F&(3U'*Z8:Oj %#&@%7!U U
9!9oQGj.@Z&\j j,Q
iZQ v|
&Q ]
v4 Q|"#"Ak@".LZZ#
U] G$K4WZ$nJ5 I5]]4 BLK7D I5]" #A$+@") \]'
'@D%^,IULf+,+,8) QH*3"'U wj O o3U7k@9!78(9oQGymj ++Z57&S57!!j "Q.)35@U *0 7Z 7
3Q v4$QD5 34577C"O$@7Z'*)S',)3L
&]r$
4Q 3?UKHQ '@L3',%7#AQ)|yKU "Q |27QDym!-3"7C)or0U `)FQ,'*g8:OQ,%~#&%7',U 2oU*#:) '*)3$L?*~u$ Q5 {Q,"~u Qd '*G)!=F4U Sc]+, "8:CLB? {Z*"57*#A.F)@
"
#N[V*5
Q vZQD*!37 5777"O
@4'*!)< '**)3 LGr$*Q S?7]Q 'D'*K#:)oVU *
w]
&P34 65 {X7=@ >e Z.
)DV" '4"]#AF+@) 73C
N%D#:)!@ = \U +@ +@$K)!8+,Qc#V~ujwZ+,U8:O)0=,+3+,)FQ %7!U Umj 3U
9!9oQHZj@j?&JZj Q
j.3&Q `CQ ?*d,'*3)!
=
4', )3L 7LY SQa\yK]U Q C+@8,QGU jI!U j /"!3;UD93579o8:'@Q %%D#N[V57& '4"j.#A3+@Q) 3K%^#:)!=s"!X{Z9FI5]"!>MU G* S7]
j,j@&Q /1'3+,Q c.7% "N7"'}4,'3#A)UZyKymQ 8:
_'@%$Q %LK#N[VO,57.'4.U"D#A+@'*)o)3UL?r2Q
G+D%^.Z)Z/17*8&!L 7U "7r
4ym!+, >?*93 ',"'*w]#:k,S0Y{D "3LZXOe4+* /o|47 5 !" ;\].'@%^3
]I]% U
jI!Q0|{Q7D"!Q "VCFr05\)3},7',('8AOZ*%)3#:%.L U L$Q 4C7$ cN77Z+,S9V +,3a8A+D"%7 U
gh_#:)3*LZ$ #:)!5 =P?{D".@F 5]a3 &Y\#A)v\\ym
+ *& U +5.5+@!8 Qa""jI7!)3UF57j @!'4U*"9!#&9|5QHI%0* /1+@&
,,3Q
"!# $ %&(')%*",+
/-25?a.1Qb0325^c474769<_8:X]8[25.N;=.N<9<94C>@.D?BFHAC.D8UXO<9<9EG;=FH8d<5A7JLIK?@X]JL47?M8UAN2B8O.e47JL?@?c29690P0LW=29?@;=QR<98O47ST8:AN^H8O47<g?@f\298O0H4N;=Eh>c8U0ji_;VJL;k<B4N25W=6BFH8Y8UQ@XO2g<9A7;=29F@8Y29JZ.N?@8UXO.\4N8[I@292l.N`BJZ?@8)696B0L<9WV?c0L8)8U.7Eh.\47<98];(S_^H298O?m?@.N8OJZ`BST8 n
^H;=8U8UXoQ_ACJ32gXOA729JZ<B0a?pJL;kA7<d256B2:8U.Uq@iB4N25;r?aQk4N8[69258U0LJs?cAt8OWB4Cuw25vx0@;kXO<9256B0L0Z818[XoQ@A72gJZ<BA7?@29F@.{29<9.NE}8U^c.yIc8O<5STA7J3<9.eAz6B47Eh<9294{^cI@.eAN.U<9uG47~/JL?c.N6d8U.D254N`gAz2547XOWV<90L2B0Z8[XOXoX]A7<BJZ<B47Qc?@JZ.O?ci56Y.72gA7A7<p8O0L290ZJZ^cAN^c8|0LJLJL;kXU2g25AN6BJL<98U?w.Uiu
^@JL-?c294N6k4eA/A725JLX]XO?@<B>c250Z0L0LAN8U29<9X]4Y;pANJLJZWR<9;k?<9256B4|>@8.NQ_8O<_A74CIcX].|AN8O;k<9W4C2l.1I@WR2l0L<M`9f|<B8=J3T.e.eJZIm?c8U8O6pAN?}<REhu=<9q@4
?@.7Qm8[25Q_;=fJLXU<B^c254N0L8d0{bQcJLFM?@25Wm.tA7AC292k25F@?@X]29XO8U.N8U4e8p.1AC25>a<9JL.eEy?8U2V4729.:4e69A7;kJLJL`9.e2l8UA?mW <9Q_41FHJ38VA7.N<=8U;=29q@.N8[?@89Q_u{QJLXU:<B25>_0{8U?cA.e8OANf|>@4C25IcQc0}<k8OXO?M^@<9A70L.d290ZJZ8[?M.eXoANANAN>@8[JL<9QcQ?aWB2 .n
;=Q_<BJZ;=6BIM29AyJZ?FH8\<52BE{XOA7XOIc8UJL.7.Y.e8[29Qd^c^cFT0LWdJLXUJZ2g0L0ZAN>aJL<9.tA7?4725J3.:AN<98O4C?c.}<B0L4N<T;=<9T<BJL>@?c.O6PEh<B<B?c4a8t>a>@.t.NAy8OAN4:Ic;=8147JZ6BJZ6BIMIMA)AGf1^c25J3Xo?MA7A/>c4NA78<bEhq@<9?a4zQ 29?JL;=254N29AN69J3X]8[0L.8<5<BE4GIcFH<9<T4C<9.eP8[.OuGiP125I@?c8 n
<5A7Ic8O4;=JL69IMAzf\29?BA.e>@?@.e8OA7.Ui925?aQ2)ANIcJL4CQ;=JZ6BIMAFH810Z<T<BMJL?c6)Eh<94z25?V25F@.eAN4C29X]AyXO<9?@XO8O^_A[i9.e>aXCIp29.y0L<g`98Bu
;AN=I@<B8p.evxA{Qc;k25XO25A7296B25.NFa88U.w29Qc.NAN258I@A78O25.eWFaW_.e2929AN.N4N8U8U8\;.<9XO?cFT290LW?WFHJL2R?@8\Q_ITIT8O>c>cST;k6B8[2989Q?i9FTXOWXO<925?MBANA78O8O29WT6BJZf?@<947JZ<B?cJZ47U6:Q@8O4[.}ITu>cA7I@?@2gQ_<gAz47f\8UI@Q@8O2l`B.G`B8O<98{4[E@i@ANA7<YJLIc;=FH<9298|>@69.7Q_8[258U./?aXOQcXOJLQ_29.y8[?<9Q4Fa>@;=8V^aJZ47<B0L8]0Z?VJLAN<94729?aJL?@8O.G`9Q<98[8UEaQ?MJL;kAN298OXU2547X]698U<9Q8[4C.OQ_JZuG?MJL?cvxA7?<6
AN<9< 4/<9ANIcF_8Ut8[JZ4VXoA)X]<9XO?M0L2BA7.N8O.N?MJsqHAUiyXO2gf|A7IcJZ<B8O?}478bu\XO<9Ic?MANJZ0L8U8?BAA7Ic;=8JL.e69A7IM25AAN8478]<9EhEz8U4d.N8OAN6B<;=XO8O<9?M0LA7<9254ANJLQc<9JL?.eAN2547JZ?@F@Q>_AN47JL8U<9XO?@<9.U6BiG?cANJs8]A7JZST<BA7?>c4N258B0Li69<94N8U47JZ69ANJLIc<9;k?.|.eI@J3./29^a.eAN8[JL.O0Z0i
^c.NWT47.eJZ;=AN8UJZ;kANJL.\`98B29iw4N8)X]<B<5;VEA7;=8O?K8U472lXO`gJL2929JZ0y032529Fc?@0LQ8/47<B8U?R.N8UA729Ic478)XCI .N<9W_47.t03QRA78O;k.:J3Q_I@8Y2l`98V8UFHF}8Ouz8O1?IcFcJL.|>cJLXC0ZIaAd2529^_?@A7Q8O4\258]47S_8V^c290L<90Z47478U8U2B.DQ_ANWIc8:JZ?;=>@8].NAN89I@w<TQ_Q@8U.;=FTW<
f|IcJ3XCIIM>@;=29?@.|XO29?K478]A74NJL8O`B8)JL;k256B8U.1f|JZANIc<B>_A4N8[.e<B4eA7JZ?@6A7<=2VB8OWTf<B47QK.e8[254CXCI}u
kU }d ¡:¢y£d¤y¦¥¨§K"©ª]¤
f\.N« WT<B<9.e;V47ANT8U8/.U;´uJZ;kA7125I@Ic6B2g8=8AQcvt0L18U2gQAC
¯25ANF@< ®:2B.e28[.zvNXO°<9I@;=2l±{`B;=478|<58OFat4C8[8UX]Xo8OJ3A:25?R0z²:X]^c<B2g47?@AC<_25.eQ_ANF@>@472B>@Xo.eXoA8VA7Qc8UJ3Q:.d8O`9t258U>@?0Z.e<BA{8]^aScAN8[<p25Q;=.e29Ic^c?@<g0LQf¬8p<9.eIc<BED<g0LA7fQIcJLFT2Y.YW^@T29vtJL1?@4eA7Q³
µJLXOuR>cu}®:0Lv¶29A\4{47vN478]°8]A7AN4N47J3JLJL.d8O8O`B`g2b8U25.:0@478U.NJL.N;=W_8U.t2929A747698OXC;8[I .
ANF@478O8]2BSTAN.e47AN8[JL>c8OQ47`989<B8/u1?JZ;k·/`MJL25J34C.N6B25>@8U6925.D8B0{F@icXO29vx<9?@.N?M8UX9ANQku\8UQ_?B<BA[8U?biG`9X]8UJL<B?@0Z<B0ZXO<B^a0Z4U>@8[iMQcQX]JZ?c<B2k;V6 X]^H<9.N>@;=<BXC.N^HJZIAN8]JLA7<9^cJZ?}47?c<9iM6b^HAN8O^c8OST4N4NAN<_ANJL>cQ_8U47.d>a89Xo2BiTAU.25i@?@ANX]QbIc<B8p0Z.t<BA74d·/4N>@JL^a47X]8U29AN4769>cXO8d478O89?M.NuzA78U29251694CIcXC8UI8[.U.eiw8:8OXO?c<9256B0L?@<9JZ?@QR4d89<503i@2lANf|I@W9<98OI@4\>cJLXCAUJZI;kiw29XO25?@296B?Q 8
8].N258USc6B25298O4CF@;VXC2BIR^@.e0Z8B8U8Bi_?ciT2p69ANJLIcXO?c8<98U0L.1¸y0Z8[XUJLXo?c25AN8?bJL<9-FH?m8Y4N<5A7>@E.|.NQ_
8UJLQk69>aJZ.eA7AN8U<VJLO>c8U.N;kQK8U29.1^@47<5XC29IKE JZ?M« QcAN25JL2g?c?AC6M25¸c.OF@uz4C2B25-.e?@8[XO.{¹|JL.7A78OX]I@?@<V2g<9AI@JL4|252l`B47^@8/8)25JL^@^c?M4N47AN<g<gJL?c`T`T6J3JLQ_QcEh8U8U47QbQ<9;ºFM®:WkAN<9IcvNANJ3°.|Ic8UX]2941<BXO0ZXOJZ0L?@8U8U.e.7X]AN.\ANJZJLANAN<9>c<V?mANANJLJL<9I@.|?@8O.N.UJLIc4|u{<gvx¸cf|;p<B? 4n
JL? ¸GJL69>@4N8d»cuL¼U2@u « JL;=JZ03254/QcJZ6BJsAC250w294eA/XO<90L0Z8[XoANJL<9?a.|25478dFa8UJZ?c6RXO4N8[2gA78UQmJZ?;k25?TWK;=25t<94XOJsA7JZ8[.|<5EANI@8
½g¾B¿
½
!#"%$&$$
2 1¹|8O?c<BJZ4|^a25JL?BA7JZ?@6VJL;k256B8
('
F 1-/;V8OANITW_.tAJL;k256B8
)'
f\<9470LQ³u
2<95474|8/JLvx0L2l0Z?p>@`g25.e2BANJLQc034C25Q_2gFcJZA7ANJZ0LJL?@8|<96=Eh?<9294AN4e<Y0ZA7J3JL25X]XO4N8U0ZA8[?@.O.NXOu JZ<9?c0L)6p0Z8[?@XoFT8dANWVJL<9<5^@?aEy4N.OANJLil`gIcA72g8dIcANFc8)8O47JLX]698\>@6B29.e8U4NAN.e8<BA|;V69JL8U.18U?c47A78O.DIc4C8pf|250MIc°JZ<;k<947;k29Fc69J32l.|81WV-X]f\<94C0L29XC0L?M8UIcXoADJL`9A7ANJZ89<BI@i_?@8Of|;.GI@f|EhJLXCIc<9I4\<B.N;kX]8<B25JL?M?@47A79Q_258]JLJL`TA7?@JZJL.1?@Qc6d>@;=25^c<90T4N47JL<_8:;=Q_AN29>aI@69Xo298[A7? ..
AN29¼ < .IcXU;=25JL.eJZ^_0LAN0LA7<BJZ>c<B4N47WB?b8pi@JL25;=A74NIcAU298=i@698OEh8[>c?M.O0LiTAN0D8Uf|4e4CJZAC25AN25?cImJL6B?c?c8p;=8U<9298OE\?M4N0LAUITWkiH>c<9.N;kXO?cJZ298:8U??@;=X]8O8JZST0L0L29^@JZ<B?@4N?b8[Qm.NJL.NJZ?m?@JZ<BQcQ_?>@JL69.t29A7JZ?@A74N29QWB0Hia^aEh29<98U?@4747Q;=XO8O2525^_A1?cA7JLJZ29;k<B?@?}25QK03.O69Jsu|A47<g°XOf|<9<9?MJZ47?cA7Fc6a29JL.JZuG?@1^c.d4NIc<g.NJ3>@`T.|XCJ3Q_25I4C8UXC.1XOIc2547JLAN8]`98OA78|6B4N<9JLA78O4N47`gJLJZ8U8[29.. 0
10
2
<5<9Ez?@0ZJZJLA7?c./8YJZ;kJZ;k25296B698U8d.1QcFTWm2gAC9258OF@WT2Bf\.e8Y<94C<BQb4N6M2925?@?cQJLOFT8[QRWbFTFcWb47<gXOf25.eANJL8U?c696a<9u47JL-8U.\?@<525AN?@I@Q8O4/.N8UXO25<94C;=XCI@^@2925Fc?T0ZWB8/i@AN±{Ic47Ic<9<9>@AN69<MIm²/J39.N8OX9WTiaf\290L<9.N4C<=Qc.U^cu 4N<g`TJ3Q_8U.|29?
ANJL;=JL<929?avx69.O?8[u.{29125Qc?@Q_IcQkJZ8 ANJLXO<9)<9?0L2g<9ANAN4{JL<<9XO?a4N2525<M4N0.NAt.ef\}n¶.N<9JL8UFc47X]4CAN25JL2947<9?@Wµ?@Q.U<5igEY^cACIc25
9<58UA78U<9?kQ_6BJ32gX]47ADJL29?c^c`B8I@8O47.U^cWpia47<gA7.NIc`T;=8OJLQc29478k8U0Z0@.=25JZ?M247AN8p8UQc4N.72g`gX]ACJL298O250L?M.F@AN2B25JZqa.e0L<98mX=?c<5256:E ?aANQ/I@8/4C;=2lFHW_8U<TQc.OQci\JLXUJZ8[°\25.{0z<5JL;=E}.72dXO292569;k?a8=.O29X]i\0Z8<B
0Z290L8U?@¹|X]Q vn
43 5- 76
+
Eh¸y<9EhJZ<B4/?a4)25>@2=0L.e0Z8UWBEh47i98U.8A7Ic]f|u8/Ic1<RIc<9f|847J30L.e~Q=I?@A7JsA7<=8UJ3Q_Q q@8)?@« Q AC2g8U29A7FR?@8UQm.)JsAC:<9.e8U4C8U0sQ_<9E}8O0LJ3<94/.\6BQ@2JLXU2gQc25A72g2k0 AC« .N25>@8]F@AC4N2B.`B.e8OJL81?@W A7X]I@j0L~>@2gQ_A1« JLX]?c<B6b« ?BACQc25JZ^c6BJL47?@Js<gAC.z25`TFH0wJLQc<5.78UA72g.|IkA78O2kAN0L8O0Zf\JZSMAN8A18OF 2529?@?@.NQR8UQ290L472529XC8U4NI4N6BJ38|25XO0³29?M^@JL>@;k25;F@25FHJZ6B0L8OJs8UAt4C.UW . u
' + '
"!#%$'&)(*&+,-/.
01 #2+,$#324657,/&859+:-;$=<#/2465>&?(@ 1 $:?(@+:5
NAf\147<9IcJLFc>c8>_03Q <BAN8F_qatf18U?@X]Q29A/.k25f\.N?@<98]Q>cA=034NQmA78O<GANFa>cF847B?ANA<k25
0L470z8]« ANJZF{;k47JL258O25?a`96B8dQ8U.)JLf|;kEh47I@25<9<B6B;´.N8U8 .|A7<9« IcEy:8kA7~/Ic.e8O8¹A°H6B?@8OA25; ;=25X]8[Ae<9QA74N0L0LJLvt8UFc
Xo>_A7A7-JZ<B8B?f\A<52B²)E.kANIc.e8O8 f|AV« IcA7;=<B<G.NJs8bA7F «I@°\
.e<B-zvt?cC|J325A ?« vx:?@/.eE¹ ANvtD(JZAN- >_2gA789ANFZn uu
0
0
0 3 #3
47¸yQ_8]8[JZAN6B.N47XO>cJL4N8O47JL`98p^_8[AN»cQJL`9uL¼O258|F0L.N<98].e?cA{Ic6k<g<9ff|EHB.:JZAN8OI25WT?f;k<B252547;=?TQ@Wm8].wA7f\IM<5A7W_<9Ic.e>cA)8O034QVJL;k6BI@8O252l;69`988JZAN;kEh<d4N<B29FH;6988U.U.eANu1ANIc<9J3vx.Y47?8UX]Q<9<B4CEh0ZQ_<90L8U8O4DX]4AN8UJL29AN<9<RXC?}IV25uYJL0L;=0L1<gfIc29698=;=8B25uw;=<9vx47?k8]8A72YIM.N8OW_4N0L8U.e8UA)0LX]25ANJLANJL;kJL`9<98d25?@6929478p8]0_ANQcf472gJL<B8OAC>c`g252503F@Q 032B.O.eiaFH8B28 i
I A8D: :¹/²f<B>c03QKFH829?25AeA74NJLFc>_A78dANI@25A/X]<B>c0LQIa2l`98Y;>c0ZANJL^c0L8`g250L>c8U.|Eh<948[29XCIJZ;k296989u « <=ANI@8
AN925I@8U;=8WT8OfQ_ANIT<B8U47W_.NQcJZ.t47AV.U8UiP.1JZ25;k<9?@Ew25Q6BA7Ic8bX]8d<9;=>@>@0LJL.NQ698OIM4[FHAVu8=¸@Ia4N<92l8O4|`9AN8b478OJZS_8U`g29`929;=8[0Z>cQ ^c8[0Z29.8BXUi_<9X]ANE<9I@4CF 8Q_-/JL«?cJ
®6kANA7|<m BC 29>@D 0Z8O0y47« ANW B I@4NFZCi8U8F °\<9E¹ 4dD 29?M« Wy- <9E{KANFZizIc8p25?aAN2Q I@4NF8U±D89~/i}Q_¹/8U± ^aL8U?@AMQ_FyJL?c2B6K.JZ<BA7? .
0
#- -
"!#%$'&)(*&+,-/.
01 #2+,$#324657,/&859+:-;$=<#/2465>&?(@ 1 $:?(@+:5
+:-6O7P3 0 $#-G465+& 1 3/K5Q$'#RP3 0 $#-24657/#3/+5
$#;P3 0 $#-2465TS<#S5VU
47« 8]:AN47~)JL8O¹|`9°H8[.A29J30Z.80³FJL«;k
256Bvt|8U.D Eh«4N<B; vtAN-Ic8d.NFL8]iUA|25?a?@QY29;Vf|8[IcQRJLXCIYvt
I@-2B.}B2 AI ²)A8:D:i_ f|Ic:<M¹/.e8²µ°\`g-z250LC>cA8z<5E?:F -)¹E
JDADJ3.B|FBD A«
B« FLiFLi_F °\f|¹EIcD<B.N« 8 n 0
¸yJL69>c478Y»cu ½ {±{JL6VJZ;k256B8U.1478]A7>c4N?@8UQKFMWb98OWTf\<94CQb.N8U2947XCI}u
*
view full size view full size view full size view full size
view full size view full size view full size view full size
Columns: Rows:
]8¸yScJZ6B29>c;V47^@8m0Z8Y»@u JL;=m29¹|698d8[.e.N>@Ic0s<gACf|.k?K<5EYJL?m2AN®:Ic8Y\A7vN<9° ^m.N0Z8U8O29EA/47XC^HI <B.NF@JsA729JZ.N<B8U? Q<9JZ;k? 25X]6B<B8U0Z.|<B4pXO<903>c2lW94NAN<B8[>_.eA=Wk.N<9JLE;VADJL036B252547;=JsAtWP8[\. ]ANu Ic8 M >c8U4NW J3.VANI@8
/ *
+ '
JL;=29698[.\AN<=Fa8d478]A7>c47?c8UQ³u
<50LJZE?c8OGn¶Qc<b472l9 f|8U*8OJL?c
^6 <9C.N>cum94Y8O1A7Q_XCIcJ3I}.N8kXOiD>@JL;=<9.N4=.N29JL<9698O? ;=8k^_6B;k8OAt2lWB?cWiD8U47JLFH29?0j8RiHf|20Z8OIcAdQ_J3XCJL>@I69.YJZA7XUX]2929<90{.N?a8b^c.eIcJ3A7Q_<9Ic8OAN84Y<96B4N2 8O4729AN47^cJZI}8U'`giy#"2520129>@.e.Y8O.eA=8U254e? ;pn¶^@>@ 29( .eJZ*A=?M, AN<B8[. ?cQ0 0L W 47<9JZ;k.N>@256925ANIJ36B.t8Eh8]WSc^c250LA7>@;=Ic.d8^c2K0LX]89<9.eiy?c8O2 An
<AN9.eI@AN4d4C8O25;k;JL?B2luACW.Ovxuz? .e^H1A78UIcIcXO8Y8VJsEhWX];V<B<9<M?@F_.t.eAdANt4C8[X]25Xo<BJLAC?B;=.:ACAN;V.\I@;=<B25?Ap2lWk.eXOI@2BFH<9.e8Y8B>ciH903QAN8UIcWMFa8f\8R<9 M4CJL>c?Qc8O.D47ANWIcANI@8bJL25.YJZA;k2K.e25IcQ_6B<BJZ6B8k>cJs03AC25QR25?@0FHQJL8:;=8U^@`9294N8O698[?8.e8U.NAN?B^@I@A|2g25A7JLAY?mJL29J3.:.N0{<94NX];=8U<90L;=8:25AN^@JZJL?a<929Q_?@4N8]8[.NS_QIcJLJL?c^@AN<m6V.d.NJL25;=W_;=.t29A7<B698O?c;8[6 .
JLO?µ8U4NAN<aIci98mA7IcQc8Y2gJZAC;k25F@292B69.e8/8K8O29ScXO29XOXo<9A74C0ZWkQ_JL;k?c625A7ANXC<Ic8[25.{? A7Ic
, 8 * B
+>@8O47W9
u ·{* 250L>c 8U.\, 0325*4769 8U4{ ANuIa25?bIcU8U8O?µ47<ANJLIc?@8mQ_J3Q_XOJ325.tANAC8:25?@`lXO298b4NJL<947>a8]AN.>@Q_4N?c8U698[47Q8O8[JL..
AN<5X]I@<BE\8O0Z.e<BJLJL4/4D;=Q_03JZ2lJ303W9.t25AC<B4725Js>_At?@ADWmXOQ_8)A7J3<b.tA7AC<VA725IcAN?@8IcXO8 8/ M>c M;=>c8U8U4N8U2BWB4N.euYWB>cuvx47;=¸y89uJL2969169>c8VIc478d8).e8[»cJZ25;ku 4CXC25I JZ6B0L0Z8U>a8O.?c.t.eA76BIc47JZ25<g?@ANf|8U8U.)?b.\>@A7fIc.e>a8U8d4N258|470L8U0ZA7W.NIc>c478/0s8]AC8UA7.1>cJZ6B<54NIME?A2b2K;=®:.N<B8].eAYA\vN°¨<5.NJZE{;=.eJL8[;kJL250L294C254DXC69Ib8[JL;k./F@25JL2B?69.e8[8[<9Qb.z4CA7Q_<B<8O?K4)ANJZI@<5A78. E
/
M>c8O47WRJL;k25698Bi_f|IcJ3XCIKJ3..NIc<gf|?KJL?KANIc8d>c^@^a8U40Z8OEA/^H<B.NJsA7JZ<B?m2B.1JsAJ3.1;=<B.eA/.eJL;=JZ032541A7<VJZA7.N8O0ZEtu
½ 5¾
!#"%$&$$
¼BuX]<90L<94|.NJZ;=JL0L294NJZAtW
½ u1AN8]STA7>c4N8d.NJZ;=JL0L294NJZAtW
/ u.eI@29^a8d.NJZ;=JL0L294NJZAtW
¾ u|<9F_t8[XoA25?@QK478O032gANJL<9?a.eIcJL^.eJL;=JZ032547JsAtW
"!$#&%')(+*,%-(
LJ°®:;=<9\290LvN<969° 4V8=.e25f|JL0L;=JZ0LAN<gJZIf0325.DAN47IcJZ>@At8R.NW8OXO4C;=<9.0L8[<9AN29<=4.N>c.eXO^H<94N8[?M8U.XOANJs8UEh29?BWK4NAd8R2 <9<9 ME\E>cAN28U8U?4N.NWk8U`9X]JL<B8U?b4N?@WµA7Q8O47.NJZJZ;k;k;=.25^c6B<90L8=89EyuXO<9<94d10L<9<5Ic4\E18U^aW 2 8UX] M47<9XO>c8O;=8O?M47^@A7W2929694N.N8R^a8U.U8[ANuX]IcJZ1qa8IcXOX]258)<BAN>a0ZJL<B<9.e4p?}8U41ukX]<BXC¸cI@?M<BAN<M4d8O<M?M8].eAV8[Sc.D25<5;=>@E^b^c<90L?@A789<8 i
q@Eh<9`B4:8JLX];=<9290L<9694C8[.y.|EhAN47Ia<9;2gA:2d294NX]8p<90LX]<90L4<B.NAC8U25.eFcA/0L8/AN<K29?@I@Q=2l`TJZ?aJZ?@Q_6kJLXUAN2gIcA78[8U.e.8VA7IcX]8/<B0ZQ_<B8[4.e^aJL4N8U8[47Q=XO8O^a?M8UA74729XO698O8[?M.OA7u/2969181I@<58E³^@8[29294eXCA7IkJLXOX]>c<B0L0Z29<B4/4Uuz^c®:0329XO8OvN;=° 8O0L?M<MA:<B_<5.E
AN47I@8]AN8p>@X]4N?c<B0Z8[<BQm47.Eh<9f|4:JsA72 Ic MJZ?>c8OAN47IcWK8pANJZI@;k2529A:69.N8^aJ38[./X]JZ?@q@<58UA:Q 2k¾ +E 29. XoA7<94N8[4)Q³JZi?AN+Ic. 8V.eW98[8U250Z0L4C<gXCfdI}uiH29¸y?@JZ6BQ>c¼ 4N/8p. »cu ¾F@0L.e2BI@XC<gHfu|./2RI@.NJZ0L8]8A:A7<5IcE{8pJL;=XO<9290L69<98[4C..
47X]8]<BAN;=>@4N^a?c<M8[.eQJZANJL29<94N?@8K.Uu `98O47W .NJZ;=JL0L294pJL?8[29XCI<5EA7Ic84N8OAN>c47?c8UQ JZ;k29698U.UiANI@8mJL;k256B8U.VI@2l`98K`98U4NWµQ_J 8U4N8U?MA
( /&
f|2 IcI8U4NJ8 L A I B; Y.NJL;V25?@JL03DQ 2547A JsAtIW> Y;=252547AN8p47JsS³ANIcum8 vx?I n¶ANFcIcJLJ3?.pIc;=J3.e25ANAN<9476BJsS4729X];k<B0Z.)<B<947.:EA7JL;kI@2g25A=698[25K. 478k;8]25ST?@ANHQ478O;=>=8Oiw0L4NW8[.e.N^HJL;V8UX]JLAN0325JL`948O0L.NW9IciG<925>@?@0LQQ I@F 2l`BJL8.
+ %' + '
`g.NJZ25;=0L>cJL0L8U29.|4NJZXOAt0ZWµ<M.e`g8:25A70L<V>c8U<B.k4|XO
8 0Z M<M>@.e8m290PANAN<<k<BO?c8U4N89<ai\u f|IcJL0Z8X]<B0Z<B47.pA7I@2gAb294N8m`98U4NW Q_J 8O478O?MAb.eI@<9>c03Q Ia2l`98.eJL;=JZ032547JsAtW
fEh|47<9JZAN; I°<9252d0L?b<9AC4:258UFc;=032l0L89^_W9uAt<9Wkvx>c?KA:6947¸yJ3JL.dQRJL6925>c4N?c8U47<9^c8)AN4NIc»@8[8Uu.e8U4Yi9?M^aA7ANIcJL<M?c8/.N6.N>aJZF@A7.eIc0Z8U8=84Q_I@ BJ3>@2B.t.8OAC2547.NW=?@8OXO0L298U8V?@X]ANQk;=8[Q=8[A7<V29At.NfXC>cI@<V4N<M8BX]<Mu<B.e0Zv¶8:<BAd47X]J3.{<B.d0ZEh<B4NX]47<B<9.{;;=Eh<9;=A741Ic<98U8Y?2BX]XCEh<9IR<90L4Y<9<54A7EGIc;kAN8=Ic2g8:>@AN4769.eJZ8U47Sk4:JLQK.NANIc<7. <g Mf|Fa>@8U?R29694N25JL8[? A.
AN47I@JZ6B8dIBA[>cuk^c^H18OIc48=0L8]JZE;kA/25296B?@8UQb.YIa.NIc29.1<gf|^@?29JZ?M29AN4N8[8pQRANA7I@Ic<B8O.N; 8=AN<9I@?M25ANAY<Vf\A7Ic8O478 8:0 t>@L Q_6B0=8UQ.e^a;V2gAN<MJ325.tA0³03.N2lJZW9;=<BJL>_0L29A14Y69AN47<mJLQmAN.eI@I@8 <gf| B>@?m8O4725WA\A729IcXU8dX]<9>c4C^cQ_^HJL?c8O6 4
ANAN<<R.e2mA729.e4eJL;=A|f|^c0ZJZ8kANIXO<9250L?<94:8OS_0L2l29WB;=<9>_^cAY0Z8YQ_JLJL;k.eA7252969?@8dX]8V29?@;=Qm8UI@2B.e2l>c`9478:89ANuI@-)8.Y.eW_f\.eAN2B8O.);(.NIc4N<g8Of|AN>c?47?JZ?<5AN¸yI@JZ8O6B4|>c4NJL;=8V29»c69u 8[i³.\JZANAdI@JL25.YA25I@03.N2l<b`98d^H.N<B^@.7.e2gJLA7FcJL290L8 0 /
X]<B0Z<B4|Q_JL.eAN47JLFc>_ANJL<9?a.1ANI@25A/25478:.NJL;VJL032541AN<=JZAUu
ANIa2gA|°X]<9<90L<9;=4z^@032l29W94N8[<B.{>_A{8[29;=XCIR8U2B6B.e4N>cJ347QR8U.z>. BAN>aI@252547AD8>@<5.NE}8/A72dIcB86947 BJ3Qp>@8O4747
8 Wp M>cA7<JL478A7Ic2d8:69XO47<9JL47Q=4N8[>. M.e^H>@<925?a478Q_JZX]?@<B60Z<B694D47JLQ_QbJ3.t7.AC M25>@?@29XO8|4N8;V<98[EG292.N>c^H47<5N8 A78O+M3 ?MOQPANRSJ3P25T 0
( ! ½
&
view full size view full size view full size view full size
view full size view full size view full size view full size
74¸y8UJZQ³6B>ci 478p+. »cu ¾ WB|8O0L¹|0Z<g8[fd.e>@ic0s29AC?@./Q<9ED¼ +2m. ®:F@\0LvN2B° XC .e8[hJL25;k4CXC25I698[F@.|29X].N8U<BQ>c4e<BA78U?.NWkX]<B<50Z<BE84/A{^H6M8O254C;=X]8U8U?B. oAC25u 6B8U.U@A7Ic8 M >c8U4NW.N^a8[X]JZq@8UQ ¾ +.
/&
*
+ '
&
½
0
!#"%$&$$
y¸2 JZ6B>c^@47298 JZ?MAN»@8[Qu 6947JL¹|Q³u 8[.e>c0ZA7. vx<9;kE"2569258[? . LJ hE;=4N<B29; 698 A7QcIc2g8 AC25F@
2B.evt8 .e8[
254C8UXCQcI JL2 JL? G25f|F IcJ3XC·/I J3.NGA78]IcS 8 MQc>c2g8OAC2547WF@2B.e8JL.
*
IMAeA7^ `TJ3.e;=<_Q³u f|f|fdu ;=8UQcJL2@u ;=JZAUu 8UQ_> T` JL.N;=<TQ JL;=29698U4NW ·)JL.NJL<9?@G8]STAN>@4N8 `TJL.eAN8OS³u IMAN;=0 ou
*
+ -
'
&*
( ! ½
2
;k2gACXCIcJZ?@6VJL;k256B8Y29?@QmX]<9;pFcJL?c8U.\A7Ic8d4N8[.e>@0sAC.1JZ?MAN<R2=.NJZ?@690L8:JL;k256B8YQcJL.eA729?@X]8
3 T5 OQPRSPT B+ ; = >,'@ /M3 OQPRSPT +
(+
' =
+ ' ' @» u ½ + '
ANANf|I@I@Ic8=8m8U4NXOXO8 <9<90L0L<9<94:4VJZJZ??¬wAN4N2Ic8U8k^c6B474NXO8UJ3<9Q.N478O4N?M.>8[ BA7.e.P>a^HA725<9Ic47?@8b81QcX]XOJZ<9?c290L6b? <94G69JZA7JZ47?p.NJLQ8O690ZE/47.7JL MFaQd>@8.>29 M4N`B>@8 8O254747W8 <9.NYE{JL;VAN<5I@E@^@8 2)0Z8m MQc>c<92gAC4V8U254N;=WF@2B<9JL.e;k478{8K25JL;k6BX]<B8 25;=6B>=8^cu0Z;:J3XO12525I@?@AN8V8[Q Q³47u 8O^@« 4N<98[.e;=}8U47?B88OAC^@.e2g>c4NA78[JZJZ<BA7.e298U??BFc<5AC0L8 .E
+ '
+ '
478O^c478U.N8O?MA725ANJL<9?@.1294N8
¼Bu1ANIc8d;=8U29?mXO<90L<941JL?KA7Ic8d6947J3QK>. M>@25478
½ u1ANIc8d;=8U29?m29?@Qm.tAC25?@Qc2947QmQ_8U`MJ32gA7JZ<B?K<9EGA7Ic8X]<B0Z<B4
/ u2p;p>c0ZANJZn FcJL?IcJ3.tA7<9694C25; <9EwA7Ic8X]<B0Z<B4
;=1Ic8U829?c6BJZ4N?@J365QEh>c7. 0y M>@Q_29JL.e4NA78d29?@Q_X]J3.e8[A7.O25u|?a¸@X]8<94M3 8O;pS_29>@;=.eA/^cFa0Z8B8pi@JZ25E{Fc;=0L8Y8UAN25<R? <BXO^a<98U0L<947254ANJ38d.|<B47?K8O^cA747Ic8U8.N8OXO?M<9A70L8U<9Q4|2947.)8O^c2V478UAN.N478OJZ^c?M0LA78 25ANJL<9?K= AN<k= ^co47<_iaQ_ANIc>@8UXO? 8
AN8UI@.7.78:25;=47JZ0L8[Wb29.NA7>cIc4N88 FHM3 8U.e@ AY<9?c8Bu/vx= ?@.eAN8[= 29Q<9EDC X]<9;=^@=294NJL?c=6 = )f\= <9>@0L`gQK25Fa0L>c8d8[.O29i³?b.N<9<9FT;=`T8JL<9.N>@WT.1.eANXC8UIc;k<BJL./XO89^@iT29Fc4eA7>_JsAA7JZ?c<B?<9A\X]?@<B8U0Z<BXo4n
+ '
!+ ' +
'
°<90L<94/JL.eAN<B694C25;º²)JL.eA729?@X]8[.
vxX];=<B;=^c0L^@8O25;=478d8O?M8OAdJZAN2 Ic8U¾ 4/A7L Ic8¾ f|L I@<9¾ 0L8XO<9JZ0L;k<94/2969I@8UJL./.eAN<9<B4/694C.N258O; 0L8UX]Q_AN8[JL.eQ A729.e?@>@X]Fc8VJZ;k;=298U692B8U.e.>c<5478dE{8UA72BI@XC2gI}AduXO~/29? .N8JZ;=A7Ic^cJ3>c./A)F@At2Bf\.eJ3<bXdJL;=;k8U252B69.e8[>@./4N8Y29?@A7Q<
JL<5;VE³A7^@Ic0Z8U8/;V6B8U4N?MJ3QkA)252=?a69QR47JLX]Q@<BQ_;8UFcQTnxJL?cX]<B8U.{0Z<BAN4|IcQ_8:JL.eQ_A7J329.tAC?@25X]?@8dXO;=8U.{8[FH298].N>cAtf\4N8:8O8UA7?RI@2g8UA)2BXC29Ik0Z0L<g^@f25JL.\4DAN<9I@Ew8X]>@<B4N.N478O8U4|.NA7^a<R<B?@.e^HQ_8UJL?cXO6dJsEhWK6947ANJ3IcQk8.7 MQc>@JZ;=294N8O8[?a.z.eJLJZ<9?M?@A7< .
<92?.eJL.N?c8O6B`90Z8U8=4729Q_0PJ3.t^@AC2525JL?@47XO.18=<9Ey2B.YXO<9.e0LIc<9<g41f|JZ;k?29JL?698U*8.| B29>a?@2gQmANJLf|<9?JsA7I»cu ½6947u=JLQmw47Q_WJL;VW98U<B?@>c.N4YJZ<B69?@47.YJLQ@¼ Q_8UL Q¼9Ici J3.t¾ A7<9L 694C¾ 25ic; 29?@Q_QJ3.eA7» 25?aL X]8=»cu ;=8U29.N>c478
% ,* % G Q"! # %')(/* ,% (
!
G8]STAN>c478dQ_J3.tAC25?@XO8:;=8[29.N>c4N8[.\I@2l`98:Atf\<=2B.e^H8UX]A7. *
¼Bu1ANIc8d478O^c478U.N8O?MAC2gANJL<9?b<5EyAN8]STA7>c4N8d29?@Q
½ u1ANIc8Q_8Oq@?cJZANJL<9?<5E.eJL;=JZ032547JZAtWRf|JsA7I4N8[.e^H8UX]A\A7<=ANI@25A4N8U^c478U.N8O?MA725ANJL<9?}u
½»
!#"%$&$$
NAIM¸y>@AeJZA76B4N^8 >c478 `T.NJLJ3;V.e»@;=JLu 030 <_25Q³47Jsu Atf|W f|fd¹|u h;=vx8U;k.N8U>cQc250ZJL6BA72@. 8Uu ;=. JZAU<5u 8UEEhQ_47<9> ; 25`T? JL.N;=ANI@<TJLQ8;=29JL;=698
2969vt8U 4NQcW 25A7·)25
FaJL.N298[JL<9Q_.N8?@JL2 G8]ST.NAN8Uw>@29254N478F XCI `TJL.e·)AN8OF@JLS³.729Gu.NIM8U8]ANQ S ;=0 ou <9Qc? 2gAC25F@AN2B8O.eSM8 n
*
*
+ -
'
&*
( ! ½ 9¿
Eh`925<98[474d8/XoA7Q_XU<9258[4.N03X]XUXO>c4N25JL03?RFc2gA7JLFH?c8U8:6KQR>@25.N.eJLA?c8[Qk8U692B0L8A7XC<pIRA78].N^c>cSTJZ;=ANS_>@8O;=4N0a8VEh29<94NJZ41;kJLO28/2969.NAN8U;=Ic.U8)29u0ZAN0¸c8O<BSTh8B4YANu>c6a;V47u18/<B¼ 4NJL?K8pL2969?R8U¼?c8O8O?Mz4CAN25?@JL0y478O8/JZJL;k69JLIT;=29Fa6929<B8U694N.U8BI@iPi9<MANA7<_8OIcSTQkJLAN.\29>cJ3Fa47.\8V<B<9>_Qc?cAD8U0LWkA7.7I@X]2472gJZA169^_<TA7^cJZ<_JZ<BSTQk?8U;=0j`Buz8U8]1XoA7A7IcIc<9<_8U4C?Q .
ANANI@8OST8AN^c>cJZ47ST88U0LXO.D25AN258O476B8\<96B474NW=<B>cJsA|^Hq@8UQV?aQcFT.OWpu 2dX]0L>@.eAN8U4NJL?c6d250L69<B4NJZANIc;rANI@25AD29.7.eJL69?a.z2Y>c?cJ B>@80L29Fa8U0_AN<d8[29XCIkQ_J 8U4N8U?MA
+ '
ANAN<pI@82:: AN^cJL8]J3`9STXC8OMA7?K>cn¶294NAN?@8IaQT2gXOnxA0LX]2B0L^c.NJL.UXCJZS_i9?8O`gF_0329Q_.|4NJ3JLXO.t<9AC25>@25?.y?@FHXOA7898]8STuz29AN1.7>@.eIc4NJL8/8Y69?@Qc>@8UJL.N.eQb8OA74292p?@.NA78OX]8]0L8[8UST.{XoANXOAC>c.|2947?k82FaQ_A78]8[8/ST.NQcXOAN4N8]>@JLq@4N^_8Y?cAN8[JLFT<9Q³Wb?muzX]`910L8[J3IcXCXo8MA7<9JL.N?c4JZ6V;=25<9^c?a?0LQb8U.e2V03A{25^cFHAN8OJs8OS_ST0L8U8UANQ0³>cJZ4729?8/.12pQ_FHJ3AN.t8O8]AC0L<925ST?@?@A7>cXO694N8|JL?c8[JLQ6 .
4718OIc698JL<9?.N8O0L<98UE{XoA7AN8UI@Q 8 MAN8O>cSM8OA747>cW478mJZ;kJ3.k29694788O^c<B474/8UFT.N8OW ?MA7.N8U8OQ0L8UXoFTA7WµJZ?@6RJZA7.=ANI@A788]STANAN8O>@ST4NAN8>c47Q_88[Eh.N47XO<94N;JL^_AN2bJL<9?¬^c4N8[`9Q_8[Xo8]A7A7<98O474[;=i{f|JZ?cIc8[J3Q XCI.N8]J3AY.k<5X]ED<BXC;VIc^a<B25JLXO478U8U.UQ u
ANQ_<8Oq@A7?cIc8U8kQmA7FT8]STW AN>c478RQ_8[.NXO4NJL^_ANJL<9?`B8UXoA7<94C.d29.7.e<_XOJL25AN8UQf|JZANIANI@8RQc2gAC25F@2B.e8Bub1Ic8bQ_J3.eA725?aX]8k;=8U2B.e>c478=JL.
3 5 O OIR 5 O B; = > @
5 GC I>
+ ,' ,+ ' ,+ ' + »@u / '
f|Q_8[Ic.N8UXO4N4N8 JL^_ ANJL<9 ?JL`B.)8UXoANA7I@<984A7258]AdSTANAN>cIc478b8=.NQ_8O8U0L8U.7X]X]47ANJZ8[^cQANJL^c<9Js?S_8U`B0{8UX]<9AN4d<9Eh4Y<B2g4dAYANI@^c8bJZS_8O.e8U0 0Z|8[Xo<5A7ED8UQJL;kAN258O6BSM8A7>c;478R25?@X]03Q 29.7 .d<<5> E\ANIcJ3.)8 AN BIc>@8p8OAN478OW9SMuKA7>c-/470s8 n
,+ ' ,+ ,'
ANFHI@8<92l>c`96B<9IJ3Q_AN8[IcQJ3./FT0LW<T<9478O_^@.4N0L8[JL.e98U8?BA7JZA)JZ?@;=6:JL2d69IMQcA/25A7FH298pF@29X]<B.N81;=JZ^c;k>_25A76B2581ANJLFM<9?@WV292:0Z0L0ZWmJ3.tJZA{?M<9AN8UEH?@JZA7.N.{JZ`BAN898Oi@SM;=A7>c<M47.t8A:XO<52gEA78OAN6BIc<98V47JZX]8[<B.y;V2B^@.z>_Q_A78]25A7AN8OJL47<9;=? JZ?cXO298[?Q
FT?cW=8U8UANQcIc.y8<9XO?@0Z0Z>aWd.tA7A78O<)47FHJZ?c8|6VX]^c<B;V47<_^aX]258UQc478U>cQY4N8BA7uy<)¸@A7<9Ic4|8\8[AN8O29SMXCIbA7>cQc478\25A7Q_298[F@.N29XO.N4N8)JL^_JLA7;kJZ<B25?6B`9898[iMXoANA7Ic<98 4C.w M>cJL?p8U4NJZA7W=.A70L8]J3.tSTA[ANuG>cvx47?@8dQcQ_8]8US_.7JZX]?@476:JL^_XUAN25JL<9??K^@`94N<g8U`TX]ANJ3Q_<B84
8O`B8O?KE 29.eAN8U4|4N8OAN47JZ8U`l290ju
269547>cJ3ANQc<91Q_;kIc8UQ8)25AN^cJ3;=XOJLXC258UM0L2B0LnxWk.e25>@?@<94NQ_?8[n¶.XO2 0ZQ_J3 BXCJ3.NV>@XO8O>@Qc47.NJLWR.e.NA78UJZ29Q;k?@2929X]698)Fa89<g4Nuz`B*8 8p B->@EhJZ;=4747<98U<9;%.{478YANIcX]69<B8:8U0Z<B?c>@4Y8O.N8O4CAN425<0HANAN<=A78O8]ST.eST8UANAN0Z>c>@8[474NXo8Y8BA\um;V2- 8[6929JL`9.N6B8U>c4N?kJ347Q8:AN8OJ3J3.|.dSMA72=^c>c03476929898UX]T?c8[Js8OQA|4C25XO<g0L29`9JL?cU8U2g4Y?cA7<9ANJZA<BIc?R8<9^H<5 M8OEy>c4CAN8U2gI@4NA7W 88
JLJ3;=.|2529^c69^c8:0L25JL8U?@QKQRAN2<=ANA78OIcSM8A7>cQc472g8:AC25Q_F@8[2B.NXO.e8:4NJL^_JL;=A7JZ29<B69?R8B`9u8[1XoANI@<B8d4D69J3.47JLXUQc25Qc038UX]Qb>c03AN2g8]A7ST8UA7Q=>cEh4N<B8d4Q_8[J329.eXCA7IR25?a6BX]4N8dJ3QRJ3.1>. 69 MJL>@`9258O47?m89uFTW1Ic8).725;=8)^c4N<_XO8U.7.
3 T 5 9 29 T B; = > @
+ ,' M3 9 9 T +
+ ' = +
'' + »@u ¾ '
`g2547JL29Fc0L8U.\>@.N8UQKAN<=^c47<_Q_>@X]8YA7Ic8YAN8OSTAN>c478YIcJL.eAN<B694C25; A7I@2gA/Q_8[.NXO4NJLFH8U.\ANI@8dJZ;k256B89u
K%$ "! # %')(/* ,%-(
M°>@<9250L<9?M4A7Js25A7JZ?@8[Qp.YANAN8O47STWAN>cA7< 478/Q_258]47A78|8O47FH;=<5ANJZ?cIk8b6BJs0ZE<BF@2250a6BJZ2g`BAe8OA7?4NJLFcJZ;k>_A7298U69.D8k<5E}I@252B?k.2JL;k.e25^H698U8BXOuGJsqa²)8UJLQµ.eA7X]29<B?@0ZX]<B8/4d;V<94d8[29A7.N8]>cST47AN8U>@.z4N8bF@2B29.e?@8[QQV<9f|?=IcAN8]I@A7Ic8U8O.N84
½0
!#"%$&$$
w8OSTAN>c478²/J3.eA725?aX]8d
8U2B.e>@4N8[.
A7±{.N29>cJ3?@FcXCX]JL;=8.e298U;V`9698O8=8[4C29<525.NE|0G>c47Q_28UJ .kQc8O2gA747ACI@8O252g?MF@AA2BA7X].e8]8V<BST;VJLAN;=>@^a4N29258p694788B;VuRAN8[Ic1298.NIc>c8OAN478]?8UST.1A7f|>cEh47474NJs<98A7; 8=JZ?2m°^cI@2 4729<9.e^_>@6BAN47Fc8U294JZ;k; =29AN2969I@?@8 25QA<9JLEJZ;V;=2 ^@^c0Z M0L8U8O>c;V;=8O8U478U?MW?BA/ACJL.AN;kI@2m258O;6B69847JL29Q@AN./< Q_JZ8U;kANQTI@n 2525AN6B8OAK8STJLANQ_?¨>cJ347.t28 n
72
i. _ 2p.1?T!f\>c <5;
nx Q_FHoi}JZ8O;=4\.NJZ8U<5?a?@EwX].e8d^@JL<94NA7<B?aIc^a258O0T8UW4e.eA7I@47JZ8]298[Eh.^a8O4)81<9Ew47AN8U<RJL;=XOAN<929Ic69698=?@8)Js.eA74NIaJZ8U<B2569?^HJL<98J3.z?@2925.D.)?f2RJL8U;=4Nf|8Y^aIc<BQ_<B4e8]0ZACqa8B25u/?c?M8U1A{Q³f29T.N<KA7^aIc8[.e8UXoI@.NAz298Y^a<525EH8[47./JZ8/;kXUf|2925I@69? 8|25FHA\258pf\?@29XO8)<90ZW_XU;=.N25JL^@0L.U0 25u}
47vx08U?b Q%)°*-2B0I@XO29XO^_<9*4CAN. QT8U4n
/
AtANf\I@8Y<R.7^a25<M;=.N.N8YJLFc0L8O0Z8?c694NAN<9I}A72giTA7Eh<BJZ<B>c?@4|.|^a;p<M.N>@.N.tJLA:Fc0ZFa8Y847<5AN47ACJZ2g8[ANQ³JL<9u?a¸c.>@;p4eA7>@Ic.e8OA147;=FH8d<947X]89<Bi@?@JZ.eEzJ3Q_ANI@8U4N88[Q³;kuz2g±{t<B474)<5t258U?aX]QANJL<9;V?KJL?c;=<B254)A72gXCIcS_JL8[?c./6V25I@47829.125FHFH<98O8U>c? A
.N>@XOXO8U.7.tEh>c0L0LWR>@.N8UQmJZ?0L<96B<p478]A74NJL8O`g250 u
ANFcI@>_8|Ad-FaJZA:<B?@>c<5J3.:?@ANI@Qc?c8O29<54D4NAdW^H47<B<9<5.7EaAC.N2gA7JZFcIcANJLJL8<90LJs?a.NAtI@WV25250L0ZJL^HWm.D89ANJZu<p?T1`gX]25<9Ic47?aJ3J3.z25.tA7?M;=4NAU>@8UiPX]29FHA{.N8U>cANXO47I@29818/>@JLIc.N.z8J329.tA7A7>_Ic<9AN6B8<B47;=AC292525;r?cANJ36B<gXO8O`929?M8U0ZAd0L4zW25AN.NI@?cJZU86B810ZA78[2929.)?@?c2969Qp4N8U8VAN?M4CAX]25<9?@25;=?c.N036B^c2g0ZAN>c8)JLAN<92g8U?aADQ 258[0LEh0Z294NWdXC<BIk;´JL?T^c`l2RJZ29S_4Nq@8OJ3250@ST?M<B8[A[?Q i
<9J3.=47JLAN8O<µ?MA74725<5ANACJL<92g?AN8m<5A7EDIcAN8 Ic8=.eIa.e25Ia^H258 ^H8929udXOXO1<9Ic4CQ_8O47JL?c8p6294NA78V<µ.eJs8UAC`9.k8U47;k292g0GtQ_<BJ 4R8U2g4NS_8UJL?M.kA:2Bf1.k2lQ_W_8U.|.7ANX]<47JLFa.N<98[Q¬0L`98d29FaA7Ic<gJL`B.:89^cu¨47<9-/F@?c0Z8U<5;mA7Icu 8O4R).N?cJZ8p;=f\^c0L2l8OW 4 ,0
« I@29^a8/JL.eAN<B694C25;k.
25?@4N69JZ0LAN88m2g2AD8[^c2947XC<9I=694C^c25JZ;´ST8U0@ANI@<B25?=ApANIcJL;V8^@FH0Z<98U>@;V?@8UQc?M25A747.W2<9EP.eI@ANIc298:^a8O.en I@I@29JL^a.eAN8B<Buy69
4C2525; 98|Q_JZJ3AD.eA74725<5?aACX]2g8bANJL<9;=?a8[25290L0Z.NWp>c4NJZ?T8k`g>a25.e47JLJL?c29?M6A{A7FMIcWp8R4NAC<925A7?c256BAN8OJL?c?M6 A
ANJ3.DI@8)A7IcIc8:J3.e;VAN<9JL?c6B47JL;29;>c; <9E³Q_ANJLIc.eA7B8 29 M?@>cX]8O8:4747WV8]ANJZ;k>@4N25?c6B8[8)QR.NFT<dW=ANIa8U2B2gA1XCIb8U29<5XCEwIkANIcF@8[JZ?K.e8:694N8]<9ACA7.252ANJL<9AN>c?@47.U?buy~)2B.{.e8:A7IcW98/<B>cqa447.eQcAJL.eFcA7JL29?K?@29X]?@8:Q=;=A78UIc298/.N>c478U478.N>cA70Z< A
X]<B;=^@25478:.NI@29^a8[.\ANI@25AW9<9>m8]STA7472BXoA1Eh4N<B;º478U250³JL;k256B8U.18OJZANI@8O4|FTWkANI@4N8[.eIc<B0LQcJZ?c6=<B4|JZ?MAN8U472BXoA7JZ`B8O0LW9u
N47. 8O8O?M^cA747258U.NAN8OJL<9?M?bAN8[<9QEw29A7Ic./8Y 2b
Fa.e
<B8* >c B?@>@
Qc8O ?@29XO4NJL88U\.\<5<9Ez<5>cEG^c?@JZANQ@S_Ic258O8 4703.W M>c<9;=4)8U4N25;kWRA7XC2l.NIcWbI@JL?c25FH^H6m8p8Y2525250L^@69?@^c<9Qb474NJZ<lANANS_IcIcJL8Y;k;kJL.);k2gAN4N258[*8 69Qm B8Y>@FMJZ.NW47I@8252k^HA7Ic^H898=<9uz0L18]WTST69IcAN<98Y4C?w29FHu1X]<9AN¸@>cJL<9<9?@?4:Q@2R252947?@.eWRQ 8* MXO47>c258O?m8O^@?@4NFHXO8O88 n
25?aQK2k.N8
M>c8U?@X]8Y<5EX]>c;p>c032gANJL`98dQ_J 8O478O?@XO8U.
@ ( 5 C 5 ! (( = "
5 (
»@u 0
@ + ('
@
¼ + $ ! C $ '
R + »@u 2'
»@u »
3 P T 5 T B; = > @ C
/
+ ,' + ('
$# &%
* ,+.-
' )( (
+50 2 ' 64
AN^c25I@?@JL?c8/696m0LJL8 ;=Eh4N29<B69.N; 8Ic<929>º>@?@0LQ=QAN< 4N;=*8 ;m M29>c^ANJZI@47A7258U<:.zAd2:AN;=I@^@252929A\^@JZ4.Y2Y<90L^@EaJZ?c29298kJZQl4e.N2B<58OX]E}6B8U29;V?BQlA8Ue?M2BJL;=A7X].Y8U29?B69<5HA E8\ BAN0Z>@JLIc?c8O8 8|47W M.N8O>c0L69JZ8U?c;=4N8:W8U.e?BA78UAC<69.G;=.NANJLI@8O;V?M25JLAAC03.25;=4NANn I@8U0L8]8O25A{?cA692g;=ANAzI8O2Y8O0ZA.eJLJL?c;=2g8kA1JZ03.N2Y258O4^@69;=2525?c4N8UAN6B?BJ30ZX]AC8 >@.:0L29<5j4E u
74 84:9
<5EyANI@8.eI@29^a8YIc8df125?MA78UQbAN<=4N8OAN47JZ8U`98Bu
\<9>c?@Q@2547WR
2gACXCIcJZ?@6
Ic8[2lIc `MJL0ZJL8Y0L
WRA7
Ic>@8O.N478U8YQm 25.e47<V8:E ;k254|29JL?M?WkX]T<B?c?B<gA7f|8O?M?mAen¶25F@0L2B69.e<B8[4NQRJZANIc478];kAN47.JL8OEh<9`g4|250 FHuD<9°\>@25?@?Qc25W947<BWR>b.N8]I@S_25^c^H038Y25JL;=?25f|A7ITXCIcW JL?c6aiBA7Ic8OWKI@2l`98:?c<9A1FH8O8U?
;
<
( ! ½0 /
2 \1Ic8d>a.e8U4
F .C M>c8O47Wb.NI@25^H8
&'
F 11f<V<5EyANI@8d4N8OAN47JZ8U`98UQbJZ;k29698U.Uu
)'
X 1-/?c<5A7Ic8O4|478]A74NJL8O`B8UQKJZ;k29698YJZ?mf|IcJ3XCImAtf<=Ic<B47.N8U.\f\8O478)Eh<B>c?@Q³u
'
k;8UQc2g69 t8U<B
.U
4u| 8UvxQ_? 6BAN8UI@.
8p
JZ? -/ ¹29
?µ JZ
;k« ~29B69« 8]8bADA7XC29~)Ik?@
Q;k250Z.N<TA7WT<BXC.eIcANJL8U?c;Eh<B64ic.NANW_EhI@>c.t8pA70L0\8OQc;kXO25<9.DA70L25<929Fa40Z0L29<g<B.Nf 486BA7X]Ic47<92l8/?aWM.e>anxJ3.N.t.eACXU8U.254{0L<9AN8p<EyJLEh;kJZ>@?c0Z25^@0Z69n¶>_XO8[A\<9.d0L2d<9A74)47I@<92gJZ>@;kA6925IaIR6B2l.N8U`99.|8R8]<9AC;kEzXCI=2gE 25AC<5XC;=E³Ic<9ANJL?cI@>a68.
^@XO29290ZJZ0L?M8UANQmJL?c256M? .Ou * % 1 Ic8 * X] <B
0Z, <B4=*
+JZ;k u 256B8U.=25478m^c4N8U^c47<TXO8U.7.e8[Q 2B.VEh<90L0Z<gf.pAN<<BF_A729JZ? 25?¬JZ?MA78O47;V8[Q_J32gAN8mEh<B4N;
¼Bu^c-Js^cS_^c8U0L0L.|WK2929?@?mQK-2 2=k;=?c8Y8[Q_ANJL4C2925?b?@.eqaEh<90sA7478O; 4|A7AN<V<k47478O8U;=Qc>@<gX]`B8:8)AN?cI@<B8dJL.NJZ89;kuz2516BIc8:8dAN<k478U2=.N>c^c0ZA|478UJL.N.^a2V8[X]?cJZ<Bq@4N8U;kQm29.e0ZJLJLOO8B8[i@Qb.N>@JL;kXCIm25692B8B. u 0 ¾ L 0 ¾
½ uEh²/<98O47AN;V8U8[X]A/Qk8UJL?RQc69At8Uf\./<p>@.e.NANJZ8O?c^a6R. 2Ryq@694C4C.t29A1Q_69JL8O0L<9?MFaAen¶25F@0H2B8U.eQ_8[6BQb8U8[.\Q_2569478O8njq@Eh<9?a>@Q_?@JZ?@QR6Rf|25JZ0LAN69Im<9472JZAN6BIc0Z<B;F@u|250@1ANIcIc8478U8[.NQ_Ic69<98Y03Qkq@A7?aI@Q_2gJZ?@A16bJ3.J3.|Fa29^a.N8U8U4eQ n
<929?pXOXOAN<9Ic4C8|Q_JL;=?c6d8U29AN?k<p250Z<_?@XUQp250L`g0Z25WM47nxJLX]29<9?@;=X]81^c>c<5ANEH8UANQkI@8|ANIc69474C8U29.NQ_IcJL<98O03?MQcAU.U5uzAN1Ic8UIc?V8/0L47<_8UXO.N29>c0_0ZA\8UQ_J3.6B8UXU.z250L250Z478[8|Qk.eA78UIc0Z8[8)Xo47A78]8UqaQp?cEh8U4NQb<B;8UQ_AN6BI@8/8|JL69;=0L<929F@69298B0u
*
« 98OA7XCI
2gACXCIcJL?c6
²)
8U~ .NJZ« 6BAD? ~)25
¡?aQ¨.NW_JL;V.tA78O^@;0Z8U;Vu{~/8U?M.NA8YJs2¬A|A7.e<kB8]4NAC8OXCANI_47nJZ;k8U`9258YA72=XCIc.eJL8O?cA6 <5Q_EGJ3T.eA7?c25<g?af|X]?m8JL;V;=8[292969.N8[>c.|47829XO25XO<90L<94C?@Q_6 JL?c6ANI@A78<V0LANJZIc?@8d8U.m>@.N<58OE4*FA7.|Ic.e8µB8]-/A7XC¹Iw u
+% ,%-(+% % %-G ) Q !# %-(/*,%-(
-X]<B0Z0ZAN<BI@4U<9i9>cAN6B8OSMIµA7>c;V47<M89.tiBA29?@<9QRE1AN.NIcI@8b25^HQc89JL.ei9A7AN29Ic?@8[X].e8k8:25;=478|8U2B?c.e<5>@AD4N8[AN.dIc8W< B8O>a47258U?MQANJZFTANJLW 8U.{A7ANIcI@8k25q@AD4C;=.tAp<B.eJZ;kAD8O25?@6BQR8k>@.e8[.e8U25474C.{XCIf\298U?B?cAD69JLAN?c<8[.d.N8OJZ8B?Tu `BAD<90L?@`9Q 8
>@.N>@.N8OXCIm4C.d2BA7.18O?@^aQ8U<9AN^c<0L8Y2B<9.e4Q_Eh<B<96B4V.1JZ;k<B4129XU69258U?m.pX]Fa<B8?B29AC25F@JL.e?cANJL4C?c296XoAX]XO8U<94eAC?@25XOJL8O?µ^_AC8O.O?MicAN.NJZAN>@JLXC8UI.Uiz29f|.1IcI@J329XC^cI ^cXOJL?c29?µ8U.7.1Fa8m<941^@^H29<g4e`9A7JL8OXO4N>cAt0LW929uz41<9IcFc8:t8Uq@Xo4CAC.e.OA i
FHJL.N?mWT<T.eQc<BANJZ478U8[Qc;k.O8Oi³.V4\25ANAN?a<k<QFH< Ic8d<98O>@4C4k.N.N8U8]<9.UEhFc>cut0}18UJLXo?mIcAkJLJZ.)47;k8UJ3.)25XO<96B29698Y??@4NJs258OA7AN47JZ<B478UJZ?2V8U`lA7I@29I@2l0j2gu`9AY8mf|0L<MJZ0L<B0y94N8[*8 Qµ B>@EhJZ<9474R8d.NEh>c>@4NXCANIIc8U<94)F_t478[8UXo.NA78U.k29472BXC.VImIMJL?>@;=<9Fc29t? 8UXoE A)2BX]4N8[8[.OX]i<96BIM?c>@JZ;=ANJL29<9??
( ! ½0
7AXO2929 JZ? ?@
JZFH?c8V6kJL^H?
8O<B2R^c Eh
0L4N89<Bu{?Mv¶A7A/25¸a0yJ329.|<9XOQ_8k4:J2R<5q@A7?@X]IcQ_>c8OJL0Z4Y?cA/6`TFHJL8UJL8O.XOfd29JZi³>@;=25.N^H8Y?@<9QE 4N29A7X]X]25<B8[?M;V.A258pFH47JZ8:8U?XUEh25<92R>@>c.N`g?a8R29QK4NJZJLAVJL8]?At29W250Z0L0L<g<50wfE\.NJZX].YU<98U>@0L.<9.4C29.UAN?@<u:Qm-.N0Z8U<_29.eXO47W_25XC.eANIANJL8U<9Eh;´?@<9.14Q_JLJZ?8O;k`B25258O?0L6B<98UJL^H.p;=8UX]Q 29<969?c258BAn i
v¶8]°\A|S_25^@X]47<929?c?T?@8U`BQc698OJL.{8]4NANnxA7
Ic.D8XO8O<96B0L0Z0L47<B<92l? 4\WMJZn ~;kAN<B?c29?cJL69`9818U8U47.{4729.NAN?cJZ<VAt69Wm69814C8UA72l;=IcWV4N^c<B.70Z>cXO<g29W_690Z.YIk8/2RI@AN<VJL;p.eAN2l>c<B`9690Z<9AN4CJ3JL25QR4N8[;rXO.e<B<98*0Z0L M>_<9>@4A7JZ25<BQc0L?JJZ[2g8O29A747^cJZ8O^c<B?@?}47XO<Buw8U29.Uv¶XCiTAI?cAN<9IcA7<m478U;k?R.N25<9>@0L0L.NJZ`9U8U88U.D.zAN2IcEh<B?c8k418O.N>c0ZJZJLU4C69258pIM0@AN^@?cJL4N?c8]<B6aA1FciMX]0Z298U0329?@;.eQ n u
.N1Jsq@Ic8U84?@A78OI@>c2g4CA:250_f\?c2B8O.1ADAN474C8U25X]JL8U?cJZ8U`BQ8U.z<B29?µ?k2¼ JZ;k0@i 256B81<5JL;=E ½ 29698[L .|<5½ EzE @ 2BX]¾8U./25?@JL?MQAN8O?@?a<9.e?_JZAtn WpE 29`gXO298U0Z.1>cA78[<b.{29^H.{8O4NJsACEh<9.{47JL;(?c^cA7>_IcA82947?@8UQ=X]<BX]690329?c.7JZ.eANJZJLq@<98[?w. u
&
ANAN<bIa2g<5A|ANI@ANI@8O8d4<B8OW9F_8[t8U.OX]i_A7?@.|<B>c.N89?@ic0Z8[25.N?a.1QbA7Ic;=8O<9Wm>cI@ANI2l`BQ_8Y<=2RJZ?`98O6B4747WR2lW=^@29A74e<9A7?cJLXO8Y>cJL03;=254|2969^@8[25.OAeuAN8U4N?A7I@2gA:.eIc<gf.1>@^JZ?A7Ic8.725;=8df\2lW
-/?c<5A7Ic8O4f12lWR<9EGq@?aQ_JZ?@6k<9F_t8[XoA7.JL.\A7<=q@?@Q478O69JL<9?a.JL?JL;=29698[.\ANI@25AI@2l`98:ANI@8
f1<9X]<B>c290ZA).<B4:^HEh<_<929X]47?@>@?cQ.N<98U6BANQK478]29ST<9^cA7?b>cIT4Nq@Wk8V?@EhQ_4N>@<BJL.N?c;>@6k250L BJL0L;=W >@8O29294769.7WK8[.e.D<_478UX]<9.NJ3EG2g>cA7?@0Z8UA)29Q9.e8O8Uf|A7Qb.UJZANu/^aI8U1<9ANIc^cIa8p0L2g89Ad;Vi@<9f|8OF_ANIcIctJL8[<_XCXoIKQA[u I@Q_29)8O.\`B?c8OA78V0LIc<98Y<5^HE8U>@QAN.NIc8]FTEh8V>cWm0}q@¸y4C29.t^c0LAY8U^cXC80LJLXU<9252g?a4NANA7JLQ<9.:?m¸cJL?<9<54CEwA7.NIcq@WBJ30sA7.dA7I 8O2547I@JZ47?@8U2B62 .
0
@ + 'GC
+ '
½
+ '
+ »cuL¼ ½ '
+
' @ ¼ ¼ & &+ ' + »cuL¼ / '
*
@
3 ;C
3 <; + + (' ' + »cuL¼ ¾ '
ANf|.NI@MIcJL8p?m8U4N.NJZ8JZ?U8
JL;=<5E 3 29
698[25.\?a3 ANQ 8O]?a
uQc1.13 IcAN8<=29A7I@4N8]2l8dST`BANAt8d>@f\4N2p<b8`B.N298O8O;=47^@WR^c29470Z.eJZ;=25ANAN>a<T8Q_<58;=A7Im;k8[Q_AN25JL8]^29ST?A7J3>c.q@4N>a0Z8BAN.eu 8U8[47Qm.)AN<5<kEDQ_q@J?aQ8O474N8O8U?M69A:JL<9.N?@JZU.8U<5. Ez0Z
<gf 3 A78]STJL.pAN>c¼947u 89iHA7.eJZJL;=?@XO8U8.
( (
+
'
@
" + ('
v¶Ez2p^@JsS_8O0}E 250L0L.1JL?MAN<k8OJZANI@8O4|<5EyANI@8YEh<90L0Z<gf|JL?c6pAtf<=4C25?c6B8U.UiMJZAJ3.|;k254798UQK29.|2=.NMJL?m^cJsS_8U0ju
¼Bu =Y¼B¼ A ¼ = ½ 0
! !
½ u =Y¼ A ¼ = ¼
/
2 / /
¸y0Z8[.eI25?aQK¸a29X]8¸yJL?@Q_JL?c6
vx0325;=4769^c 8O0L8O4z
;=29
?@8O?MQVA)AN247 W@A78[<Y.eIq@?@q@Q=?aQ_8O8O`T4|J3Q_A78O<=?aq@X]8|?@Qm<5EH47E 8O2969XOJLJL<929?a0_.1Eh8U<525E AN>c@478U8U.N. IwX]JL?k<90L^@<94[29u 4eA7« JLXO8U>c0Z8[0LXo29A/4Uil47A78OIc6B8JZ<B8U?@W9.\8U.U<5i9Ez?@2k<B.e.N^H89i98UXO29Js?@q@QV8[Q;V.e<BJL>_O8ANIw29iB?@JL?Q
AN<5IaE2gFHA8O<9JL?c4C6kQ_8U24\E <92BEyX]8B^@u4NJL<947JsAtWBuy12B.e8[Qb<B?bA7Ic8YEh8U25AN>c478U.1WB<9>Kq@?@Q³i@2B.N.NJL69?KAN<=8U2BXCIK478O6BJZ<B?RANI@8d^c4N<BF@25F@JZ0LJsAtW *
( ! ½0 %2
)47JZ6BJZ?@290Pvx;=29698
0 « 8U69;=8O?MA725ANJL<9? « WT;FH<90LJLXY¹|8U^c478U.N8O?MA725ANJL<9?
Eh¸y<9JZ4|6B>c478]47A78p4NJL»c8Ou `g¿ 290ju )F_)t8U47JLX]69A7JL.:?@2525?@0PQJL;=.e29^@69258YANJ30L25JLXO0y8O4N?@8U.N0L258UQKANJL<9Eh47?@<9.N;IcJL^@°./<BAN4NI@8U250 AY« ANXU<_25XC?bFH±D8VIc8]<5STA7AN<B4C.U29u X]AN8UQEh4N<B; JZ;k256B8U.)25?@Q>@.e8[Q
*70
+0 '
¹|8]A74NJL8O`g290}FTW )F_t8UX]A7.|29?@QK¹8O032gANJL<9?a.eIcJL^@.
)^H<BF_.7AC.e25JLFcJL?0L89<9i54A78]f|STAN47>@JsA74N88Buy2k¹|^c>@47<9?=6BAN47Ic298; ^@AN4NIa<B2g69A)4C25.N;8O6B<9;V?k8U?M2dA7.N.8]A{2R<9XOEa<9A70L<947294JZ?cJL;kJL?c256d6B8dJL;kJZ?M25AN69<b8[.4N8UJZ?k69JLf|<9?@I@.1JLXCF@I=2B8U.e2B8[XCQIk<9X]? 0329XO.7<9.0L<5<9EP4<925F_?atQ³8[iaXoAUJZE i
0
0
AN>@.NI@>@.N8U8UXCI.N.V8dA72BMIc./?@8A7<gJZ.ef|6B8U8O?m694[;=i}478O8O.e6BT?MJZWBAN<B8Ui_?@4kt.1>c25?c29?@XU6BQ¬X]0Z8B<9X]i}4C03Q_JL29.:JL.7?c.e^c6pJZ47q@8UAN8U<=.N4p8OAN?MA7I@AY<8OJZJL^c?4)4NX]<_.N<B8OQ_0Z`9>a<B8UX]4|47829250G?@2JLQK;k.NAN8]258OAR6BST8U<9AN.U>cE)u47038d25wFH^c4C8O25470LJL<98U?^HQ8O24N4NAN8UXOJL690L8U2BJL.U<9.Nu{.N?@Js.qHXO47Eh2g<9JZANA74R8JZ<B292=??^c25JL470L?c<969^c6B<B>c474NJZ29ARAN; I@JZ;k;ANI@25<B6B25? 8A
FH252?a8]69AtQ f\4C25A78O^@Ic8OI8O? ?µ.e^@ANX]2547<B>@JL;=47Xo.pA7^c>c<5>_4NEAN8k8[47.:8OJL?6BANJZIc<Bf|8R?@Ic.U.NJ3uXC^@I251ANA7J3IcIc258O8k0z?47?c8Of|<_032gQ_4NANJZ8[ANJL.<98m?a2525.e47?Ic8=JL^@JL<9?M. F_ANt8U* 8[47% Xo2B A7Xo.dAN JLEhi`94N8R<B%'; Eh0 4N<BzAN?BIci AV8=028OA7 ?@47 29Qµ$ JZ?@ ANi JZI@?c
256 A=
.N298] 0ZA$0L<g 29 fi?@.25Q?a>@ANQ.NIc8O8k4C* .d 8[A7Q_* <69 8[ JL.d?c^c 25$ >_47 8A
AN>@I@.N8d8O*4 4NF C.*8 B M>@>cJZ8U478U4NWBQKu 4N8U0L25ANJL<9?@.NIcJL^@.Uu{1Ic8d^c47<9694C25;º.NIc<B>c0LQK478]AN>@4N?250L0}Qc25A725Fa29.N8:JL;k256B8U.\ANIa2gA/.72gANJ3.eEhWRANI@8
½ 0B»
!#"%$&$$
)® >c8U4NWRJL?@Q_<gf ¹|8]A74NJL8O`B8UQKvx;k25698
f|vx¸y;kJZJZ6BAN25I>c6B478 ^H8)8O« »c478
uL;=¼ M>cJL.7y8U.e?@¹JL<9X]8U?8[.N./>c<5>a0sEAC.e.\vJL?cAK<56 EGA 2V«A^a.euw^a2g¹AN2gJL8OAN<5J3^cnx2547G0ZJZn¶8O?M4N;=A78U8U0L^a25QAN<BJL47Eh<94729?@<90 .N; wIcJL<9^ 69« J3 BX5WM>@i ;pk8O47FaFTW9<BWu 0ZJ3-XR¸yu³JL²)69²/8U>c8U.747X]0y8:47\JZXO^c<9JLAN;>cJL<94NFHAN? <@8[.ei?29W=A?@<9QµuHEG·/·/-J3XOJ30L.NFa29>@4N8U25JL4e<@0|A7iH<V®)²²)>cu8O8OH470³WTJL\?cJZ?cJL69;6<B?cFH<5J< E i
* +
* *
02
+ *
* *
!
iz·z<B0ju _i /<@u ¾ i-/>c6@uµ¼ ¿9¿ u X
-
¼ ¿B¿ vAKA A
& 1'
2 3 (
FTW 25?aQ >@.NJZ?@6bA7Ic8=4N8U;=29JZ?aQ_8O4:<5EANIc8=Q_JL`MJ3.NJZ<B?29.)A7Ic8=4N8[X]<94CQ?T>c;FH8O4d<9E{ANI@8V478UXO<94CQmAN<FH8
+ .'
98UWR`g250L>c8YJL.8
M>@250PA7< ¾ i_f|I@JLXCII@2B.eIc8[.\AN<=^H<B.NJsA7<9? JZ?KANIc8dIa29.NIKAC25Fc0L89u
(
+ '
HASH TABLE
0
1
2
3
QUERY 4
KEY=45 5 45 data 45 data
6
7
8
9
y¸ JZ6B>c478Y»@uZ¼B¼ z-.725;=^c0L8:Ia29.NIKJL?@Q_8OSPu
*
%
++
Dn AN478O8[.125?@Q % njA74N8U8U.|25478YF@250325?aX]8UQb;>c0ZANJZn¶f\2lWb.N8U2947XCIbAN478O8[.\ANI@25A/XO25?mFH8
>@2gA).N8UFaQ <9EhAN<9I 4:JLJZ?M?@ANQc8O478]?@S_29JZ?@0w6K25?@25Q?aQ 0L8U252547Ez8p?c.N<_>cQ_JZ8UA725.Ui@F@f|0Z8IcEhJL<90L8p4:4729% ?c69AN8478O M8U>c.8UI@4N2lJL8U`9.U8uYQcD25n A7AN2k478O<B8[?c./0LWmIa2l25`9A/80Z`g8[2g25Ez0L>c?c8[<_./Q_<98[ED.Ou198UWT.)825f|?@JZQ0L0QcX]<92gAC?c2 n
X]8U?MAN4C2gAN8Y<B?m % AN478O8U.Uic.NJZ?@XO8:ANIc8Qc25A72VJL?2=Qc25A729F@29.N8d.eIc<B>c03QbFH8.e8U^@254C2gA78/Eh47<9;ºANIc8dJL?@Q_8OSPu
- .e8[254CXCIAN478O8=<9E<94CQ_8U4 J3.d2RA74N8U8VJL?f|IcJLXCI8U2BXCI?c<_Q_8kXO<9?MA729JZ?@.
C¨¼V98UW `g250L>c8U.Y29?@Q
^H<9JL?MAN8O4C.Uu- % n AN478O8dJ3./2k.N8U254CXCImAN478O8YA7I@2gA/Ia29.|<B?c8dEh<947;k2gA|Eh<B4JZ?MA78O47?@250}?@<TQc8U./29?@Q2R.N8UX]<B?@Q
2 ½
!#"%$&$$
¼Bu|v¶25A?cI@<9AN2BIc.z8UAN4|I@?c8<_EhQ_<9478;k252g?aA Q 8U29XCI = 5 = JL.)2== 98OWm=`g25 0L= >c89u\ vx ?M=AN >cJZ AN JL`9 8U= 0ZWBi " 5 f| Ic^H8O47<98/JL?M8[A729.|XCA7I <b2k5 .NJ3.>cF_2AN^a478O<B8JZ?Mf|AN8UIc4{<BA7.N<8
?cf|<_IcQ_<B8U.N.8)XO?@<9<T?MQcA78U29.JZ?XO<9B?M8OA7W_29.|JZ?mf|9JZAN8UI WT.\`g25f|0L>cJZAN8[I.|`g0Z8[25.N0L.|>c8UAN.I@2969?478U<92g4A78O8*4\ BAN>aIa25250}? A7< 5 u 5 iHf|IcJL0Z8 5 ^a<BJZ?MA7.|AN<b2k.N>cF_A74N8U8
/ u|v¶EyJZAJL.|2V47<T<5A|?c<_Q_89i@JsAI@2B.|2gA|0L8U29.eA ½ .e>@F_AN478O8Y^H<9JL?BA78O4C.Ou
AD2BXCIb0L8U25Ey?c<_Q_8d<9Ey2= % njA74N8U8d.N25ANJ3.tq@8[.\ANIc8YEh<B0Z0L<gf|JL?c6
*
¼Bu|v¶AI@5 29J3..2=ANIcQc8b2gACEh<92p47^H; <9JL?MAN8U 4Uic 29= ?@Q = 9= ^a<BJZ?M=A7.|2AN= <V AN Ic!8d ?@= 8]STA !0Z8[ 2gEy"K?c= <_Q_ 89u29 " f|Ic8U4N8 5 J3.p2B8OWBi
½ u q@8O035Qb^H<9<9EGJL?BA7IcAC.y8dANJL<d?@Q_2:8]4NSm8[X]JL<B.147?@Q<5f|A/Ic2V<B9.N8U8|WR.e8[<525EG4CANXCIcI8Y9q@8UW0L89J3u . 5 <94AN<d2:Fc0L<_XC<5EP.e>@XCIV478UX]<B47Q@.GJZEHANIc8.N8U2947XCI
/ u AD29XCIK0Z8[2gEy?c<_Q_8dI@29
. ½ d`l290Z>@8U.Uu
+ '
¾ u-0L0}0Z8[2gEy?c<_Q_8U.294N8Y2gA|A7Ic8.725;=8Y0Z8U`98O0³<9EwA7Ic8YAN478O8Bu
AtANvx?MWT<=AN^aJL8U8/?M4NAN?@<58O29E³470w?@?c?c29<_0³<_Q_Q_;V88[JL8U./?M;=AN;k<Y<92l47ANW9WmI@u 8I@^c2l`9IT8pW_.e2RJ3XOQ_290cJ Fc8U0L4N<T8UXC?BpA:<5<9E}4C.eQ_AN8O<94 4C25 6B8\A7I@AN25I@? 25AD0L8UJL25.{E{ANIc?c8/<_Q_>c8U?c.UJZHAAN25Ic;=8p<969>@<M?B25Az0}A7J347./29>a?@.e.e>@Eh8O29470Z4N0LWm8[QAN<kEh47<9q@;A:8[Q_29J3XC.eI
G
< @
q @
?
Q
2 9
6 L
J 9
` U
8 µ
? 9
U
8
W g
` 5
2 L
0 c
> K
8 9
<
4 C
4 5
2 @
? 9
6 R
8 9
<
E l
` 9
2 Z
0 @
> U
8 p
. Z
J ?
2 % njA74N8U89iyANIc8m478]AN47JL8O`g250\.eW_.eAN8O; .eA7294eAC.
AN692gI@AdJL`98VA78UIc?B8R8OBW_478O.)<TW<5JZ?Ad`g25AN<50LI@>cE\258VANAYIc0ZJL?@8R8U<T.UANQciP47898OAN89udIcuK8=v¶Ev¶^HAJZ<9A:4NJL?M8[q@AN29?@8OQcQc4d.:.:FHA7At8]I@f\At2gf\<KAp8O2B?c8UQl? <_eQ_29A78kXOIc8O8OJZ?M?M;´A)A7<B^H8O;V<9W_JL.:?M8U;=A7`l.:29<9A70Z47>@<bW8UA7.)25Ic?aJZ8k?Q.eAN>c^HIcFc8O8V4NANEh47?c<98O<_478p;kQ_AN8=.dI@FH252AY8]AtFcf|f\JL?@JL8O0L258O0{47?X]W<9f|?M.NIc8UAC2525J3XCJL4CI ? XCIANANI@I@<588 E
AN6925IaJL^@`925^c8U?4N? <BAN^c9I@478U8JLW25q@AN`l8p4C29.tA).N0Z>@>c98F_8OA7<9WK4N4)8U`g89AN25uI@0L>c8V« 8JZ.N;=;kJL?JL250L29AN0L0ZIc4N8[0L8p.tW9A:i³?cJZ`l<_ED29Q_A70Z89>@Ici@88=ANJLIc69? 8pJL`9AN^a8OI@?<B8pJZ?M96BAN8OJZ8UW`B48O`g? A729<k0ZB>cAN8O8VIcW8J347.Y0Z298O69?cE47A)698U8B<52gu/EA78Ov¶A74/E{IcJLA7AN./IcI@8V299?8U69WKJLA7`9Ic`g8O258=?0L>c0L92B88O.tAYW478]9`gEh8U8U254NWm0L8U>c?@`g8pX]298[JL0Z.:>c.18=0LAN8UI@JL.7? 8.
AN25I@^@8:^c4N?@<B<T^cQc4789JL25iTANAN8/I@8:.N>c^HF_<9A7JL4N?M8UAN8/8U4I@2BA7<V.DFHANIc8O8U8Y?R47JZJL6BQcIB8OA1?MAN<5JZEwq@8UANIcQ}J3i_.1JsA198UFaWk8[X]`l<B29;V0Z>@8[8:.{47A78]IcEh8/8U4N478U<T?@<5X]A\8[.{<5E³A7IcANI@8d8/X]<BA74N4N8U4788UX]ANA\<V.NFH>c8)F_AN.N478U8O258B4Cu XCIc)8[?@Q³X]uy8:1ANI@I@88 0
478]AN47JL8O`g250}.NW_.tA78O;º^H8O4NEh<947;k.\ANIcJ3.|<9^H8O4C2gA7JZ<B?b478UXO>c47.NJL`98O0LWk>c?MANJL0}JZA4N8[29XCIc8[.12p0L8U25Ey?@<TQc89u
9`g258UWR0L>cvx`g89?25up0LAN>cv¶I@E8 8R<B 0Z?c8[0Z5 2gWu{E|1<B?c?cIc<_8V8Q_8B929i8O.7W.e2 <_`gXOFc29JLJZ25?a0Z>cAN258U8=47QKWJ3.Y^H.N<9.e8UJL<B25?B>c4CA7XC698OIIM4 AUJLiP.p5 A725IcAN6MI@8k258O29JL??.7.e^a<_^H<BXO8OJZJL4N?M25EhAC<9AN.18U47Q;=AN<V8U4N8[QANI@X]<BAN8< 47QcQ q@2gXU?@AC252=Q?4NA78[?cIcX]<g8R<9f4C69QbJLFH`9XO8V8U<9??M478]A79A7298O>cJZ?@W47?cJZ?c<98U6V4pQ³upA7.tIcACv¶25JLED.4NANA79JLIc?c8OJLW6 .
J3Qc./252=A72V4C254N8[?cX]6B<B847Qc.e8[.\25>c4C?MXCI}A7JZi_0³ANA7I@Ic8 8d8O?a QK 9<9Ew^HA7<9IcJL?M8AN.e8O^H4C.|8UXOJLJs?qa8UANQmIc8p98UQcWR2gAC472k29?c4N8[69X]8:<BJ347.|Qc8O.|?@XUXO25<9?>c?MFHA788O47>@8U.NQ³8UuQmA7<=q@?@QA7Ic8478O;k25JL?cJL?c6
y
¸ Z
J B
6 c
> 7
4
8 c
» L
u ¼ ½ 9
6 L
J 9
` [
8
. 5
2
? O
8 c
S 5
2 =
; c
^ L
0
8 % njA74N8U8YANI@25A)JL?@Q_8]S_8[./Qc25A725Fa29.N8d4N8[X]<94CQc.1f|JZANI ?T>c;=8U4NJ3Xd98UW_.
2525?a478Qµ.NJZIc;k<gf|2969?8bf|QcJZ25ANA7I2@uQc2B1.eI@Ic8U8RQJL?M478UAN8OX]47A7?@25?@290690L?c8U.U<_uQ_8[1.Ic2984N8b47<T.N<5IcA/<g?cf|<_?µQ_8pf|^aJZAN<BI JZ?M.NAC<9.0LJ3A7Qµ<R4NAN8[I@Xo4NAC8U258p?c6BQ_0ZJ 8[.O8Ui4N8U25?M?@A:Q.NA7>cIcF_8mAN470Z8O8[8[2g. E|?cAN<_I@Q_<B8U.N8.
ANf|.NI@IcJZ<B<gANIf|.N8?}9f|uy8UWKJsv¶A7A7Ik`g.z299470Z<T8U>cWp<58[Az.|`g^a250L8U<B0L>c.7JZ.|?M8[AC.zAN.Ia69AN2547<Y8U?25At<9ANf\8O4/<d4{
8 AN0Z M8[I@>@2g29EP25? 0}?c½AN<_< Q_8U¼ uG. w1<BicIc?cAN8)8|Ic.e<Mf|>c.eFcJZ8dANANIkf|478O9JZ8AN8UI Wf|BJZ`gAN8O25IRWK0L>cB`l8U8O29.{Wp0Z0Z>@8[`l8U.N29.|.y0Z>@A7FH8UI@8].{25Atf\?FH8]8O¼BAt8Uf\¼ ?µ8O¼8U25??@QV¼ 29<9?@?@Q 8|25?@½f|Q JsA7½ Iki@299?@8OJLQW .
*
!&
! & !&
100 200
subtree with key values <= 100 110 150 subtree with key values > 200
JL;=29698dQc25A72pq@0L8U.Uu
% AN478O8[.d25478 @8OS_JZFc0L8k25?@Q8!RXOJZ8U?BA29?@Q294N8V>@.N8UQIc8U2l`TJL0ZWJL?478O032gA7JZ<B?@250zQc25A729F@29.N8V.NW_.tA78O;k.Uu
f|1IcJZAN8UIW25XO?m29?JZ;kFH298\69>a89.eu{8[1QI@JL?p8OWRJL;kf\258O6B478\8YQc?c25<5A7A|29JLF@?B29A7.N8O8?@.NQcW_8U.tQKA78OAN;k<k.yFHAN8d<:>@JZ.N?a8UQ_Qb8]SpAN<k.NJLJL?c?@69Q_0L8]8SK?T>c;;=>c8U0ZAN4NJZJ3n¶X\Qc<9JZ;=4y8OAN8O?aSM.eAJL<9q@?@8U290L0wQ@Qc.y252BA7.N2c.N<_u X]J32gA78UQ
G,) %
!
R-Tree
R1 R2
R3 R4 B C D
A E
R4
D
E
¹ ½ I@2B.1?c<5AFH8O8U?mF@4N<B98O?mQ_<gf|?KEh>c4eA7Ic8O4)25?@QmX]<B?BAC25JL?@.\ANI@4N8U8YQ@2gA72V<BF_t8UX]A7. {)ia°)ia25?@Q²pu
/
*
( ! ½ 2 /
JL;=29698dXO29?KFH8d<9FcA725JL?c8[Q³u
EhQc4725<9A7;´25°Fa<9A729?aIc.N.e8b89J3uGQ_Qc8O1254I@A7q@298MF@4C M.t29A>c.N898OANIc47yW8dJZ?MJLXU;kA729>c.N25Js8/A769JZ8`B<58OEy> 0L2pW9iGJ3.N.DANJZ?@XOIc<9698U;=0LW8)^@.NQ_29IcJ34N.t<9AC8[>@25Q0L?@QA7XO<8)478O8U;=^c2B47XC8O8UIVAN.N478O<9JLX?MEPAYAN3 Icu{AN8Ic- 8KB8O.NQ_W_8]J A1.Ui 8O<5 47EG8OB ?M=8OAW=XOJL0L;=2B=.N29.N698U 8[.Y= . <9XUE125.7?biBX]<98UFH?cF_8Y8UAC25.d.e8UJL?cJL0Z?8[JZ?@XoANAN6I@8[Q28
.N258]0L0yAJZ<9;kEw25Q_6BJ3.t8UAC.)25f|?@XOJsA78UI. 3 Q_IJ3>.eA7=25 ?aX] 8= 0L38U.7I>./AN= I@ 29? =Eh 47= <93 ; <> ANI@= 8 M>co8Uu 4N«W >c>º^@^a.N<MIc.e<98/>@AN0LI@Q25FHA8VA7Ic4N8/8OAN>@>c.N478O?c4\8UI@Q}2Bu:.D1.N^aIc8[8UX]? JZq@Eh<B8UQR4)8[AN29I@XC25I A
+ ' + ' + '
½ u^a-<Bu@4e±A u@¿5\¾ n 8U4N;kn B25½ ?wi[i ²)8O-^@29?c4e8UA7f ;=8OQ@?M2gA{A72k<5E}.eAN°47<9>@;=X]AN^c>c>_478YA78OEh4 <9«41XOE JZ2B8U.t?@A)X]829^c29^c?@47Q <lS_ADJZ?c;k692gJL?cA78)8U8O;k47JZ25?cA76aXCi5Ic~JL?c?c6@JLi`9k8U47G.N8UJZAtXCWIc?c<5J3EPXO290}2B¹|.eIc8]nn
JZ?c69AN<B?}i t¼ ¿9¿5¾ ou +
&/
'
¼ n7¼ ¿ e¼ ¿B¿9¿ ]u
2 & + '
12 3
! *
*-0 . %
. *
,/.1 '
ai@-^c47JL0ji}¼ ¿9¿ 0cu
¿ uJZY;ku 25I 6B8/2gANQc<a25i\A725YFau 29I.N89>ci 4NJZA7
2@i u /!A7.N >}* i
I uD*0 JL 4725A7 2@!'i - .N98O A7XC
I¬* 4N 8O'AN47JZ8U`g 25 0|;=
8] A7
Ic
<_Q @iTEh^c<B^}4=u Eh>c0L0/X]n <B0Z<B4 i
13 0
+ t¼ ¿B¿B½ ou'
!/& !/&/
¼ u1²)25u A725DpFauy29
.N8U2.Ui k25?@JL?Q±D:4Nu <_«X5u|uG
vA 25AK?gAt>@?@2g<9A747I}_i .eI@M<9^A|<9?¹-°<Bw?M- AN8OG?MAN<Tn¶<910LFa29<l.N8USQEh<9-)4 XOXO)8U2l.7`M.JL<56BE{25ANvxJL;k?c6 2969w8252947?@698=Qvx·/;kJ3Q_258U6B<8
3 * ,3 -
- }JLFc47294NJL8U.UiP¼ ¿B¿ Tu 2
¼9¼Bu|Y
u\ ± u\
JZ?@
l 2 25?@ Q
¹d u$ u1ic^@±{^}J3XOu 29¾947¾Q}[i n ¾ vx9½?MANi 8Ue47¼ 2B¿BXo¿ANJL0 `9]8 u w8U294N?cJL?c6 f|JZANI 2 « <_X]JL8]AtW <5E
<TQc8O03.Oi
2 ( .+ &'
4-
"!
# !$&% !' () ! *
TFCN+-CEAm,/9H.1FT;JILC103KN259L6^;=4725I:684fKN21684Z:21.54@9:;g,<ZL;=>Y.521;_;?F3Z:>@I:68F[F70BFT21ADZr9dCEREF3;G9HSh6^F72503C12i4s9H;J;<>@ILjlK70Tkb;J2[;=MDAmILZ`KN6^6O>@cd06a03Z:047.m9H;J;Q9d0YP7Z/R1K[036O;=t7Ml21;=;J,=2uFY;?.1,JFT03S1FT>YR568>@I/;=90TI/054T0Tnl;Jk19JF703UWIdILZJVCEUg21;=+ZH;XZ:,v;=>YZLI`6^68FT47R52w.[2EZ]Mlk5\^;=.5;JI/0T;J9o25ILZ/2_03FT21>Y0`Mp;=4T2EI:F7F[0s\aSbFTF7Zd9HcdC14T9H6^I:25;JFqIL4ecGK7CN;JZL.AM
Fq03KT47;J;gId9HZL;Q6^P7>YR1;x;=21,J,=03;g2mk5CbILFq;xKNMl6OMlR5;D;fS~ZL;JF@03ZLZ:R5.5I:;f;J9>YS~FTF7ZLIe6^FTMl2m;=ZLF3;JSy,<ZLF76^Cl25zo4;J,<F7Z:Cl9ezo;JFT,<IdZ:Z:9G.5Z:;f.10qF7ZC19H0T;JILIL;DK7;=>YI`FqF7KNI`6821Cb4_F3ZLF7.{IdUDS~FT|?I.1,<0TFT25>Y4T;Qk59dR5ZL682w6^254Y032mZL.56^>x;J68I}
ZL03I/\^\^0qFqzoc;Q,vZ:S~FTFTIeI:68;Q,=9=FTUd>Yk52uRlZ:,J680T219L4x;DZ:ZL.5.5;g;_>YKN68F3;JZ:c?68F7;J2pI`6OFT9eS>YZ:.5Fq;gKN68KN21684@;Jc?ZL.5;JII:FT6^2iR14TZL. .5;g0@cI:;=FT\OI:0q\OZ:M68UK7;=\^Ai9HZ:03ZL6O,gc?F7IL\OMnE68>@0347;f,/.10T254T;Q9
039LR12E,/M.@
IL6^0T>Y;Q9h,<68FT9L\O0347kEI:25;J\8;J68AZLM_6^,/FTFT.E2IW03U`S~25R5m472E68FT25,vZLZL4_6^6^FTFTk52 2{68jlUW,J;=+e03\O9G2m216803I:2m\^;=AlKT039H;Q2i6O039W\6^F3>YZ:S.50TFT;x4TC5;rzo9L;J.1k5,v0TI:ZykEFq>YK[;6OFTMlFTZLSX;D6^FT03032Y2m2iFqF768KT>YCl;JzokbI;JFT,<Z:ILZ68>YZ:0T0T;`9e27ZG>@c?S~;J0B;Q\8A0q\]ZLCb0TR1;G9`IL;rZLFT.1ZLS~FT.5;`Id;JR5IF7\8ZLCl,/6^.1>Yzo;J0T03,<I:Z`ZL07;d,vMlZ:47;<;=F7Z:I:;J036^,v9H\ZLZ:nq6O68S~,=F7F79J2 I n
6^ 21FN9oM1Z/030B21AT,=nl;d0_68.[2R1,=4TFT;D2[ZL03I:>YFT\^FT\^R568252[4rZGZ:F3I:S]03@K[6OMl,;JEF7Fq9Gc03I:F7;Iy>@682070TMl21;e03Z:\^FYAN=IL6^;Q25,<4rFTZLI/.5M@;e;J47KT03;=2[68ZyZ/9dF3S030D21Mpkb;=9oI/Z:9HILF7R12Y,<ZLcdR5I:6aZ:;r.F30DS{Z:25.5;=;Dcc?k5F7I:ILF7\O9HMZLUW.5;QZd9H6O6^9J9 U
259:,<;Q;=,<21;J;J9:9:903S~I:FTAIdZL;QFp0T9L.1As0BKT0T;f,J,<>_;Q9L;=9JZLnl.503Fl21M50T9\8AlF39LSX6^99L;=FT47Id>Y;QMl;=2[68ZLZL6^6^2525414@U Z:.5;J9L;f6^>@034T;x9H;QP7R1;=21,=;J9`6^2[ZLFp>_;Q03256^254TS~R5\;JKT;J27Z/9`F7I
0k532EI:FTMrC5 ZL\^.5.5;=>@6O;?9e689x>@,/.103030TI:47;kl;XZLMl;J03I6^2E9:03,<,=RE\^FTAN9L219L9L,=6O;J9;=M2[R1UwZL9LI/;J+`0qMrZ:21;JZL0T9`Fe\8AlF7;<jN2u9L6^ZL9fI/Ml0T;=F3,<ZLS`Z;JT,<S~;JZL6^03FTZL2 9oR5Z:I:ILFT;JRESy9J,vU{>YZLmR1F3ILZL;=;s6^ZLFT.50T2Fl21M5S~MI:9{FT>YS~>FTF3I]Z:T9H68F7F7\82Rl6^Z:>@Ml68F7;=03I:2g4T6^KT;QF39e;JSNMZL0T.121S~;?I:MFT03>KNCb6^FqMlKT3;J;yFp0T9Lk56^;J>Yk5P[\^0TR56^4T,J;J0q;Q219gZ:,<FT;Q6^2 99
Ml6O9L,=R19:9H;QMs6^2u|?.103klZ:;=IgQ5U
@ J¡ ¢ £g¤h¥<£x¦¨§ª©«e¦£_¬«e¦®¯®¦°¨±³²m²m´=¥<µd®r¤h¥<£_¦¶
ZLMlZY.1;=;ZL6^;J9x9L,<;=ZLR16^K79LFT;=;<2iI/S~R503F3\\GSZL6^0x>_F>Ykb,<FTF7FqIL21KNZ:9H680T256O2[Ml4xZ_;JIfFTI:Cl;=Z:zo\O.5;Q0q;p,vZ:Z;JKqM-ZL0TF@IL036^03FTk52ER1k5039x\^6O\^,=A[,=0q07JZ:689H6821;QF749219JZLF3.1U S`;r>Y I:.5;=FT\OZL;0q6^FTZ:k5;J2·I:M@FTF7C5>YC1\^;=FT9L;=>@ZLI:6^FTKB9_2p0TZ:C5F0T\^;21CbMi68;m29H.19H03F70T2·\8kEK7;r;J6^>@M·F303SI:47>f0T;s25R54T9H\8;p;QZL6^P[k5S~R5IL\^;r;=F721>>Y,=;pFq>YKN0T6^;=2125I:M4;
FTC5zo;J,vZ/9=U
6^27Z:;=¸ I/,/;x.1036O21Ml47;=2[03Z:C16a\8S~;rAmcdZ:.56aZ:;_.iS~ZLFT.5\^\8;DFqcdZ:;=6^I:25>³4sS~¿TFTÀ<R5Á=ID½<¾v4TÂq;J½<25¾v;=U I/03\W,=079H;Q9eFTSX>YF3Z:68F72U ¸ ;xR19L;_ZL.5;xZL;JIL>º¹/»3¼Y½=¾L»xZLFiCb;
7Ã3Ä
7Ã
!#"$"%"
U
L9MlR5FN6847C1FTR59HIyZLI:0TI/;W0T21V5,vM_Z:U^68%0gF7XW2p|MY.]ZI:;=;= K7S Z;JU[D0TY<]d\^+ª9G6^4T,/kE.1.[;J0TZI:[259L4T FT;Q2w.5Ms;`03I:,/k5;=.Ekb470368;JF7250T2147I:9G9;cdMl682 R1.5;G;=0@I:ZL;rS~FrF7ZLILZL.5>Y.5;f;d;JkEILkb\^;J;=AI:I/9L9LR5FTFT252i2_Fl6^Fl,=9h,=,=R5Ml,<\^k5;JR1;=6^Ml;J>YMw;Q;J9GMYc?ZLF7.19LIL68;g47tl25C19Lk16_0T^E0T,/,=tN,=0T;T4T27UI:ZhFTYR1cd|?21.5;=Ms6^2[\^;GZ:0T;=21ZL\I .5M[`;d0q>@FTZdZL03ZL.5.147;J;;I
ZocFY0TIL;r;<jlkb;J,<ZL;JM0T21Mi.5;=21,=;D684725FTI:;JMU`Y >Y0T4T;Q9d,<FTR1IHZ:;J9LA@F3S
U } ¸ Ub|?.5;J2Ua[
Vcd68ClZLzo. ;Q,v.5Z:Z:.5;g9y;f9L>_68F7>YFqClKNk5zo;J6^\^25;J,<49HZJZeUD0T,=e,=07IL;=9HF[ZL;D9L;Q9]Fl,vZ:ZL,=.16^,=FT0qR52uZ?I:9GF3C1Shcd0T,/ZL.1tN.1;=4T;J2mI:9LFT;x0@R1k5219o68Z:Mfjl68\^;=\{cd\O9e9L6^;=\^,J\12103I:9L2 ;JFT9LI`R5I:;=9H\aZ?K7Z:0T;J682IL03;Q\{,/9GZL.1.50q0TZe;_250_4T9H.E;QIL9W03;Jkb\^ZL03FD;fZL6^Z:F3KT.5SX;J;e\8ZLAs.56^>@;x,=FT03FT2147Cl;d9HzoZ:;Qk50T,v6a2[ZrjlZG;J07\^CE9`9y0T07c,/9LtN;=9L4T\^Fl\]I:,<FT076OR50q9eZ:2E68;JZ:MM 9 U
.5>Y9LkEF7F3;J>_Z:;J68M;QF79`203Z:n721FpcdMi.1REk16^9H,/03;_.@ZL9H.>YR1U ,/6^
.w4TR1.[9H,/ZX;J.m21Cb9H;9HF7;JMl21I:9`R59LFT;`ZLI/FZL9Fg030TZ:RlIL.5Z:;gFT;e,=>@FqFTcd>Y0qZ:25>Y6^;J,JIX03FT\^25,<\8A\^F7A>Y9LR1cd68259L6a;J4gZ/Mp,/.1.uS~FTFTFT>YI2w;`9L030FTS~IX;<\^68ZoZL47AsFf.7ZD0T0T212@R5MkbR5FT9H2N;Q2c?,<R5;JMl\^I:;<,=6aZ:FTZo;JA7>Y,vUhZ:;d68F7Z`6^272 6^Z:9eILF3RE,<SFTMl9H>Y;=6^4TIQ>Y25U _6 FT ^E2i.1,J03;JS~2[F79L;ZI
S~9L;J68>YMik56^2[\^;YZLF@>_0YFTZLc?6^FTF72ILtl9H9L;Jk1210T9H,=F7;eI:F79DId,J68032i2wZL0TI/\^0q9LFi,DCE,<;YF7R12[9LZL;JI:MwFT\689H2Al9H>@ZL;J03>Y2NRl9S Z:07.1,v0qZLR1ZeILM56^25;<ZL4;Q,vZ:FmZ`>YMl;<FqZ:KN;J68,v21ZD4xZ:K7.5;=;@.5k56O,<I:\^;J;J9L9J;=U 21,=;fF3SG0ik103ILZ
FZLTR1C5ILzo2s;J+ ,v,JZ/9H039=Z:2@Uh0TmILI:6^;=25FqK74@KN;J6^03,=25\50T4ZL>_.5F7;J;ClI:zoCE0@;J;J,<,J.1Z:039?0B2mKN>f6803F7R1\OIX9L9HF@Z?F3SCbk5Z:W;IL.5Fqb;eKN¾L6O»7F7Mld¹Cl;c7zo½;JM5e`,<03ZJFqZ:U 0_K7U ;=S~IhF7FTIXIZ:68;<>Y03j521;0T0T>_ZL\8AlFfk19L\8k16^;79dILn[FlFT0MlSWR1,JZL03.5,=>Y;;f0;=>YI/b0DFq¾LK7h» >Y;=g=>Y½/6847i¹ ;=b.[¿q2[Z?\¾ Z:Cbj`9`;eF7F3ISWR19Lk1FT;J256» MYb;lNZ:nlF7FfIecd039L.52E;=6O03KT,/\^.;JA[I:J6^0T2 ; \
ZL
.1;J;_KT;=CbI/;=03.E\h0B,JK[036^>YFTIr;=I/F30TS9rkE,=;J0TFT2wk5\^Cb;_;YcdR1.59HF;QM ;=2[Z:ZLF;JIk5ILZ:Fl.5Ml;YRE\8,<F7;@C5CNMlAm_6 mbF3;JILS?;J9L27FTZg>YKN;_6^;=C5c`R19D9L68F321S?;J9:ZL9D.5;@FTIr9:03cd>Y.5;_FFTR1Cl9Hzo;Y;Q,v9LZJFTn>YZL;x.NR1c9gFT;JI:21tl039HkEC50T\^6^,<25;74 U
ZLFT.1IG;rk1,=03FTZL>Y6^;=2[k5Z:Rl9GZ/0q6^2ZL6^FTIL;J2p.1F303S{C1kE68\^0q6aZ/ZL0q.EZ:9X68F76^22iUh7+ fU9LAl 9o.5Z:;=6O9> 6^9,=F3R5S I:Z:IL;=;J2i27Z:Ml\8AsFT25R5;r216^Ml2;JI`ZL.1Ml;r;=K70T;=21\^03FT\^k5Al>Y9H6O9X;=2[FTZSZLZLI/.50T;D,/tl>Y9?F3ZLZ:.568F7;g2k1F3\^0BS]A70q;=ZLI/.19?\8;=0TZL21;JM 9
C10T\8\6^2m0fZ:;=25216^9d>@03Z:,/.m0321Mpk5I:FqKN6^Ml;Q9G032m03210T\8Al9L6^9FTS{ZL.1;g;=\^;=>Y;=2[Z:9`F3S{Z:.5;g470T>Y;TU
>ZLY.1;=;2[+;=ZX2N6O>YKN9y68FqR5I:KNFT2E2168,/21.1>_4s03;J25,=2[470TZd>_6821ZL.1;J41I:0TU 0@2 ,=.10BILKB6^;Q9X0T0q68>_Z:\O;J03FT9dC1ZL\86^6^;r>@FT2YS~03I:4TFT.1;x>079X,/.10@9L;=039LKT256^;J2547I:4T;f0T\^\N;MlR1R5KN9H;68;Q;J9=ZLcdFsU kEU 68F7Z:6^9e68I:2[9HFqZSZJcdn7n6a2mZX>@>YZL.50BF36OA_9`ZL6^FT6O,<9GI:2{;JZLnE0q.1;JZ:;xKT;d;=,=>Y2m079HFT68;DShI:;dcdZL.1FT.5;xC1;J9L2 T;=ªI:0YKq0q;=k1ZL2N036^KNFT216^2E25IL9WF768212lF34 }S
S~ZL,=FT.E0TI>Y032_,<;=FTI/ZL>Y0Y.5;ek56^9eR568>@Z:R10q9H03Z:;Q4768MF7;J29hZLFTFsF3SbShk5I:ILIL;=;JFq>Y\^KN03FT6OZLMlZL6^KT;d;;gFT0@C5Mlcdzo;J;Jkl6O,vMlZLZ/;=.m9=I U FTY~ SWkE.5F703Cl6^25I:zoF7M;JI:nT,<0TZ:68>_Z?9`,=6O9LG,0T6^[212_,<KNk1;D6^IL;=Z:Fqc.5KN;6OF3Ml6^Sh;>YZ:S~.50TFT4T;xIy;Qkb9:9G,<;=;JF3I/25Sy,<;T;J,<klU \^F7ZL
6^9LFT;J;D2E,<FTF7oqCl21>YzoMl;Q;J\^,v0TATZ:9LnE9eR56aZDI:,/;=.1,=>Y0303252m;=472[k1;DZWILF3S Fq0TSKN9HZL6OZL.1Ml;J;;I
ZLT6^FT29L.19L6803>Ykb6^;f\^0TFTIXSXZ:25F_;QC10368I:25C[FlAi,=R5FT\^C50TzoId;J,v9oZ/Z:!9;=I:n;=F1U]Z:.52i;xk5>xILR5Fl\8,=ZL;J6^9:k59H\86^;Y254fKN6^F7;=Icd0Tkb21FT036^27\^ANZ/9=6^0T25\84_\^FqK[c6OMlS~;JFTFxIDF70@pI Z:^1IL\^6O>03214T,=FTR52[\O0qZLZ:;J682725ZQ4inN6a,<ZdF76O>_9Gk1F3RlS ZLZ:;J032 }
GD\ 6
LR 7 Ã7Ã
6^>@>_0BkbAmFTIL25Z:F30TZD2[ZdCb;_ZLF6^2[MlZL;=;JZLIL;J;Q,<9oZeZ:;JkbM FT6^6^272wZ/9dZL.56^;Y2,<ZLF76^>_27Z:;f;=2[cdZ:.59r;=FT2SyZ:ZL.5.5;;@,=9:0T,<>_;J25;J;xI:0_C1Rl6O9`Zgk1I:0T0325ZL.525;J;QIMp6^F72uIdZ:=.5FN;YFT>Y>@;Q03M825Xy25;J6^2IDZL682w.56Ocd9e.5,J0T6^,/9L.w;TnlZLc.1;;
9:,<;=21;rcG0T9GKN6^;=c;JMU
>@03I:036O9H2N;QA9h.5cd>Y;m6aFq>YZ:K[.pF76^250g9HZs4iI:FTMlFTCb68ClF3zoZ?;Q,<,vR5KTZ/;=\89`Zs.1Z:6^>Y.1,=\80qF3;ZDZ:21686aF70BZg2-KN6O689D4[k10qMlILZLF76a6^C525\84D,=;JR5>@Z:\a.5ZD9@ILZ:F768Fp2NR5K74T6OFTMl.@\^;=KT.12[;;JZ:6a0B>YS~KNA AfFq0TK[Z:2[6^I:25A 034,=FT9L,3;=21UW219H+`9LZ:FT0T25I/2[FT9@ZZL.503C1;J2107I?M,/t[6^2[9:47ZL,<IL;=;JF7I:25R5;J;J219H9@ZLM6^25,=U FT4f
2[,JR1Z:0T0T,/9L.68;`256^0p>Y254,J68470T.[9L9LF;Z
CbFTI/;xMlR1;JI?9L6^Z:25FY4pZL9LI/;=0TK7,/;=tI/039L\{;=K7,=;=FTI/>Y03\>f>YR521FqK[6^,J6^0q25ZL4Y6^25FT4iC5zo,=;J03,v>YZ/9G;JI:682p079GZL.1ZLFi;gc?>@F703ILtTtl;x9Lk1,<0TFT,=I:I:;T;JU 9LkEF721Ml;=2E,<;J9`682uZL.5;J68IrFTC19L;=I:Kq0qZ:68F7219`6^2
FZL3.1SX;=Zo>@c?.59HFp;J;\8FTK7Ir9H;J;Q9G>_,vZ:F7F768IGF7IL;x21ZL.59_68;J>@CE68Id0T;J\84T>YFq;JcF39Z:6^68;<2uF7j5203FTU >YI/Ml6^;J25I`;pZLKqF0TMlIL6^;=FTZLR1;J,<9xZD6^>Y,/.E0T034T25;47;J039r210TMl\8R5Al;x9L6^ZL9_Fs>Y>Y;<FTZ:.5ZL6^FlFTM52u9_F7ZLIe.E0qZ:FiZ0T032121030T\^\8ANAN=J;g;pZ:0 .5;Y9H;QFTP[ClR5zo;=;Q21,v,=Z/;9
Ml;JFlK[,J4$6O0q,<56ZL;Q/$;p9+.',0m0T4
IL>Y;_F3,<ZLF7 6^>_FT2>YM5F7;<25ZL\8A;Q,vZ:R1FT9LIf;JMu6^225;JA70TFTIrR5I0s2147;=0T6^I:4T0T.N4TCE;gF7FTIL.1IrF[.5FlF7MwR19HZL;x.E0q;=Zx2[ZL6OI:9ATREU9Hh;QM;JIL68ZLS~FwA9LZLcd.10368Z:ZD,/.P[R5FT6O,/2tN\80 A\8;J6^4T27.[Z:ZJ;=I:U 6821 4.1ZL;J.19L;;
Z
03MlI:;=;JZL0@;J,<9LZLcdF7I68Z:6^,/2[.5ZL;QFs9`>YFT2 6O9L9L06^25\86^4p4T.[A7ZJFTURY 0$[Y C;y[ jl¸ kE;J.EIL6^0q>YZg;=Ml2[FNZe;JCN9ApZL.5cG6O903\^;<tNjl6821kE4@;JILKT6^>Y;=I:;=A2[Zr9H\^ZLFq;=cd\^\W\8A7ATUeF7|Ru03032mCbFTATRlF7ZrRi.5S~F[FqF7c\{ZLZ:.1.5;x;>Y>YF3F3Z:Z:6868F7F722
Ml ;=03ZLI:;Jt ,< ZLF7IxcFTI:tl9 Y ,G[`Fqc MlFN;J9xZ:.56^9_I:;=\O0qZ:;ZLFwZL.1;sZoANI/032525F[9L0TR5I:R19I:;<j6^2ZL.1;p>YFqKN68;TR1I:079H6O,
- .
{6O9ZL.5;gC56^210TILAF7RlZLk1RlZ`68>@0T4T; 6O9`0Y9L;<Z`F3S]CEF7R521Ml6^254@CbFBjl;J9JU
7U U9H;=FTZI`- 0T\8\. k16ajl;=\O9 IJDn , 6a{S`6^Y2pZL- .5. ;g6^25k5RlZ68- >@.10 0347;J9Jn [
9H;=Z - . *_F3Z:.5;=I:cd6^9L;TU
(
!
#"
$!&%'
1U ]d;=>YFqKT;D9L>Y0T\8\I:;=4768F7219G0T9:9HR1>_6^254_ZL.1;=Ap0TIL;r25F76^9L;TU
) U ;=ILS~FTI:>0@,=\8F[9H6^254_F3S - . R19L68254@0@9L>@03\^\Ml6^9Lt@Z:FYS~R19H;g21;=6^4T.NCEF7IL6^254_IL;J4T6^FT219JU
Ä5U|?FT>Yk5RlZ:;Z:.5;gCbFTR521M568254@CbFBjl;J9GFTS]03\^\I:;=>@036^256^254_IL;J4T6^FT219F3Sh,/.10T254T;QMk568jl;=\O9=U
U ]d;<Z:R5IL2 - . 032EMZ:.5;gCEF7R521Ml6^254@CbFBjl;J9 F3SWI:;=4T6^FT2E9?FTS],/.10T254T;QMsk16ajl;=\O9JU
*
ZL,=.10T;>Y<;=¿QI/¹0@NFTÁ@I¿ C[YA¹/¿ >YFqb¾LKN»T6821*¹ b4@¿ ZL1FqUcG03]I/¿QMm¿q¼ 0@k10TIHZ:6^,=R56O9D\^0TkEI;J9:IH,<S~;JF725IL>Y;f;QkbM FT6^2[CNZAmcd682E.5,<F[I:9H;J;x0T9L686^>@2540347Z:;f.5;YMlFNS~Fl;J9,=0325\WFT\^Zr;=25,/4T.1ZL0T.254TF3;fS?0Y <¿J9H¹ ZLN6^\8Á \
kb¿ @FT6^½27iZ/k59G» ZL5F_Á Z:¿ I:#0T[v21U 9H\O0qZ:03;T25n52107689d254i9H.50pFqcd,J032i>Y0q;=ZdI/Z:0p.5FT;gIrIL6^ZL4TR5.[I:Zd256^6^252 4iU FT6^4TR5R5IDI:.5; ;QV50TU M5l9DU ,=0TR19L;J9ZL.5;Y6^>@034T;Q9rF3SXZ:.5;@T9:,<;=21;
LZL9 F_6868>Y47Z:R56^.1\^I:0T0q;IZ`Z:V1F7FeU C13Z:9HX .1;JIL0qK7Zhm;JF7;JMsC1,<Z:cd9H9g;J.5ILFTK7;=S?2;JMg=cFNcd;F7.1>_Z:;=R56^2_25I:24mc?U ;032E>YMwFqKTkE;y03S~25F725IL6^cG25034mI/MgF72w6^2_6^>@0r039:,<4T;=;Q21M ;S~0T;Q210qZ:MR5Z:IL.5;Q;G9=U ;im ;J.5,<ZW;@FTi; S1mk1;J0T,<Z2525F36^SG254=FN6OFT9h>9L68>Y6^2 6^\^0T6^9I
Zoom out Zoom in Pan Right to Left
U
Ábl5l5½¿ e OÁ k ^»T¹/½<¼@l½ ¾L½ b Áx¿ bOl5Á½»3¹/¾v» ¾L¼@6» 8½j » e [¿ ½vbÁ_l5½ ¿ g2N¼@>;Âq½:)G¿q*¹ +< b>;¿q9 ¾/Áx ¾:4#
½ -.kK k1¾L½v¿ Á=D½ l5b Áb½r¼@d¿6»7bb l5d¹ ¿lu½@¼@¼YÂq6¿¿½:¹*bb b¿¿ ¿q¾/Á ÂB¿ ½/*¹ bb¿3l5¾g½ Á<¼ ¹/¼@½ b» l#[½ b`½rk1À/¾L¿½ ½
k<;¿q¾Lb ½<¾vÁ Á<¼@½ od½»Be Á b
!"
#$"&%'")(*#,+.-0/
78 9
;:<=>
?A@ -B C
C
-1/
ED @ F
G
2
2
43 /
H
I
65
¼Âq@½ 8b»¿Ql [¹ ½db<b exjpÁ »6b½<bF» \Á bb b¼@¼@» by½6» »b½_6» ¼YbMb » 7¼@½ b½e ½=¾ b»b k1Âq¿ ½ ;j bh]» ½/b »T¹b lY¼@¼@½ ¿6b » ¿ De Âq½/b ¹iMÁ bl5¿q¾G½/$» ¼ e_»,b lOb]b l1¹/½ ¿q¾v¾:¼@½vÁ » k1[¿ ½gE¿ e!bb ¿fl16» » b]Á=»q1¼@Áb½ » ;b» bk1½/¿ ¿ NÁb
JC K 0
93 /
H @ L 2 G= M
78 N
C 9 O 43 /
QP K H 3 /
8POR S@ + C C 1T 2 = N
UC VP@
c C ½Á=½ 1_esÁ=¿qÂB¾ ½/*¹ ObÁi¿3¾/¼YÁ ¿3e  Âq½<¾ E[l1½ ½ E
l1D>@½ l5/$½ JF' > 4
OÁ b<1jd9Fk ',¹:+.»>E9 jfbl5½ ¼@» O[SÁ ½Yb l1¿ x6» b » O¼@Á »bl5[»6½Á=b¹/k5½ ¿ ¼@S½ » bk1[/¿ ½W¾:¿q;k1¼ bM¿ b;F¿ bXl »3bd¹ ¿ ¾ lpeX» »qF¾1l e ¼Y¹ Fl¿ l b b¿l5¹dl ½
JW!"
#$"&%'")(*# F
0@F
0 10 YX
d:fegLh
[Z\M] _^
' C
C G
`
;3 /
A
U
a7 b
7
C
C
;7 i
U
C
C
U
»Á=½ ]1Á=¼@¿q6¿¾ b OÁg¿ ¾L½/ÂB¹/½/d½ *¹e b¿3¾/Á_¹/¿ EÂB½=
¾ >@[½ /$`JF»'TD>e HOÁ /$>;b jd9Dk )G56¹/13» /),j +.>Eb l19 ½ ¼@» [½¿ x» Á=¹/½ `½ k1¿ ;b /¾L¿q¼ Fl d¹ lAbl5½
;
2
_
O
iA@jF
@
0
T N
10
J C
C
kZ\l];m ^
K 93 /
_
U
`
7
n7 b
E7 b
ZL6^>Y;g682[Z:;=I:KB0T\ Y 2 [vU
q
)P
lP p
2N13:E4 > OÁ bl5½r¼@6¿ b ¿ ½ _e@¹/¿q! ¼ k Ob½ e EeT½=¾ bl5½»qÁ/Á l!¼ kEb ¿ bl5» b ¼Y» 7½
b½ 5Á b<j ½/»q¾¹/¿q¾v¾L½<Á k5¿ Ee k5¿ b Á OÁ¾:½ 8»b½ js¹/¿ 1Á\b» b
irs!"
#$"&%'")(*#jt vu - 2 c C J
G
b
2 8 O
v
i
UC C w@
*
!#"$"%"
<ZL, .1F76847;i2[R5ZL\^I:I:FqFT; c\`V5;=Z:IYU .53 ;uILX 6^4T4[ .[03.5Z@>Y;p,<; F7>@ILFT0325S2·;JILIJR503n?21Zf0u25ZL68KN.1216O;p4Ml;=\^ZL;<F .1S ZY;u,=0T6^9x.N>_R5>@;JI/I:Ml030w\8tN;QFT6^9=25CEU 4 9H;JI:ILR5K7.525;J;u259f6^4[ZL2503.54u>Y;>Y;u>YFTMlF3ZL6OZ:6^9HFT68k1F7212\^9x0BAFTcdSe6a6OZ:9sZL.·.19L;i.5.5Fq6Ok19_cd\^0B203A7I:;=>Y0qIQZs9xnyZLcd03.521.5;M6O,/IL.·.16^4T036O.[219YZQM1UR199H;QZ:2MF
U
ZL|?FFT>Y,<F7k527R5Z:ZLIL;=F7I\y&rZ:.5I/;p03k1I:.5R56^25,J219=68n25h4F7\y9Hkb ;=;QnM'`03FE2EUWM zoY R5 >Y0Bk5A[6^}12574wR525FT;YS`ZLG.1V$;sV .N[yR5CNI/AMl\8kb6^25;=4I:>Y0B6^KB9:039HZ:6^FT0T2iIJUF3SW]`;= k5 I:68`2[Z:U ;JMS~I:FT>
4TF3S6^KTZL;QU.19;68470iR5,<9LFTI:21;2[03Z:V5k1;=U 2[9L.5Zg68\^FTF3\8ZRES 9oF3Z:Y SX$0I:03[<ZLZL(U.5;J;_9'`>YZLF3.5Z:F3;y;YZL>Y6^ZLFT.1FT203ZLZg6^03FT21ZL20T.503\8;YAl2E9LZ:036^FT9J\^ANkn9Lcd6O\89;=.5S R1Zf6^\89L; ;JF3MS U ZL68Y 47FeL0 R5[D,=ILFT9H;2[.5ZLV5FqI:c`U FT9D\3Y C;ZL0.5[d;yKNk1.N6OILMlR5Fq;=KNI/FiMl6OMl\^S~68;JI/219r034d>Y03472w;Y03>Y;<F3jlSX;7k5UZ:\O.503U ); 21684703"HR5ZLI:FTI:R5;I:25AiV521U >Y6825Y 0T*4 L0 k$ [
)
)
)
decath. event
optical
flow decath. event
vertical flow
field history
decath. event
flow history
horizontal
decath. event
decath. event
^\KTU ;<;Q68S 47,vZ@Z:R5FTF3I:I/S;W9f9LV5.5;=U j[FqZ:c`XdI:9_07\^,vR10uZ:9H;JZLKNMI/6O0qMlS~Z:I:;=68FTF7Fw>2mS~I/F303>xSy>YR5Z:.5;s\8ZL;x6^FTk5>YS`\8;iZLFT.5ZLS~I/;6^FT032u>Y"LIL;J0TR59J2121U 0325\^68Al 219H4.16O9`$ ;fR1zok1R59L\^;J0B>YM A7k5;=ZLIQ6^Fi25nh4cd,<FTFT.52[S`68Z:\^;pILZLF7.5ZL\;.5ZL;.N.1R5;x>YI/.NMl6^M1R5\^;JMlI/9_Ml\8;i\^6^689Y25\^;<4p6^S 21Z47Ml0T9H6O,=.1>_03Fq;7ZLc`;QU M9f >YCN.1A;F3Z:ZLZL68F7F7.1k2 ;
)
KT ;JIHn Z:'`6^,JFE03UW\>Y FTY ZL6^FT0B2 A[1} k57\^R5F325Zr;_9H.5G V$FqVcd2m[y6^cd2m68ZLZ:..5;fkb;=>YI:>_6OM56OMl9:\^9H;T6^FTU 2iY<]dF3;=SWk5I: 6^27 Z:`;JMiUa[ S~I:FT> |?FT>Yk5RlZ:;=I &rI:0Tk5.56O,=9Jn hFT\
zo>Y"~R5zoR16^>YM1>_Mlk5kE\86^;x25%9 41$1F3U US` +eY 0L.59r[v;GU 9L,=.5U 0TFq68>_cd47R5;J2mI:I:0`;682 >fV5UU R1ÄY6^9H4T9HZ]R1.5CbILFq;G; c`9HV19d;=U Z]ZLÄ .5YR5L0;kf[vkEnZL0qFr0ZHKNZ:I:;=68R5;JI:25c2m25ZLF36^25.5Sh4;>Yk5>YF3\O0BZ:F368ATZ:F768;=2mF7I!2 KT9;JI:Zo,<;JcZL9LFeF7R5I:\a.1Z/9G0T9eR1216^9L2 M5;J9WMiF70Tk5Z:9{kEFsZLF[.5,<9H;F76^252[k54ZL\OI:0B>YFTAT\;JFTII:ZLR56^"HFT25I:2 R525216^K7259 ;J4$`,vZ:0T0TFT2121I/MM 9
6^6^2 21MlZL6O.1,=0q;fZ:Zo;JcMwFs0TK79r;=9HIL.5ZLFq6O,=cd032u\].1682w0T\8K7k1;J039`ILZFTSyY C;ZL.1[;fF3ShS~I/Z:03.5>Y; ;T^1U 4T¸R5I:;T.5U;J2u Cb.5F3;xZ:>Y.uF3>YZL6^F3FTZ:2w68F7KT2u;Q,vKTZL;QF7,vI:Z:9eFTI/689e2 03U I:68;f47R5R1I:k[;WcGV503I/U ÄMn9LR50>YzoR1>@>_03kwI:68J6^;9
ZLC5.1Rl;@Zd68Z:>@.5;D0347ZL;f;J>YEkEFqcF7I:0T6^2u\ILZ:;Q;=9HI:F7>Y\8Rl9DZ:68>YF72p;Q036O259G6^.5256^434TS~.R1U \WZLFiZL.5;0Tk5k5\^6^,J0qZ:68F72U .1;Y9Lk103ZL6O03\hI:;J9LFT\^RlZL6^FT2w6^9DK7;=I:Am\8Fqc
4T+`;Q>Y9oZ:;JR5IL.5I:6O;X,=;d0T6^Zo272 ANZ:kb
;=;`IL6^4TS F30T2 S{,=;yZ,=F7ZL03Fr0T25I:47,<9LF7R1;G>_03>_47k1;WFTRlZLYZL6^+ ;JFTI:2
9JZFU 0T[d21U 03FTFT\^IWI`Al;<9H9Lj56OFT9h03>YR1>Y;g9Lk5;J9HMY\^>@;TnQ6^032@S~\^Rl\^ZL;=Z:.1R5IG;eI:4T;Ml;Q,=9o;JZ:FT,JR50q>YILZ:;Dk5.1Rl03\O03Z:\^FT;=252@I/479{R14[>Y030347>Y6^4T;T;d.[U Z]>Yk168IL47Fq.7KNZ6OMlk5;yI:FqS~F7K[I6OMl6^;`25k50DRl47ZW;=R1259L;J68I:210T4 \
oZ+ cF_9Lk16^0T>@I:039L;47;J>Y9GF3Z/03Z:68tTF7;J2 2i^103;=Zd\OMZL6^>Y,J03;J29 Cb2 ;i0T,=21FTM >Yk52 RlZ:;JNMU CN A.5;g6^Mlkb;J2[FT6^ZL2[68S~Z:A[9d6^25c4;gk1R1039L6^;gI/9>fF3R1Sd9HZ`kbFTCE6^;x2[Z:Ml9f6^9HZLZL.16^250347ZYR5,=6^9LFT.5I:;QIL;QMp9Hkb6^2 FT219LMFT>Y6^2 ;
VP 9P R
!#"$"%"
6^2_+e\847FTI:6aZ:.5>BÃlU+`2Y03\8ZL;JIL2E0qZL6^KT;FTkb;=I/0qZ:FTI]C10T9L;JMfFT2fZL;<jNZ:R5IL;G6O9WMl;=K7;=\^FTkb;JMx682Y032x;<jl;=I/,<6O9H;?CE;J\8FqcgU
`+.9K +.9D),4L54#'G)G+<9F:
\ X >E+.9D)G'>0 1T:;+.?;4#9 +.9 X FJ )+.2N13:E4
" 6O9d032F7RlZLk5R5Ze9H;=ZGFTS]6^2[ZL;JIL;Q9oZ:68254YkbFT6^2[Z:9S~I:FT> U $
t
" i6^9d0_Z:.5I:;J9L.5FT\OMsF72sZ:.5;g6^27Z:;=I:;J9HZdFTkb;=I/0qZLF7IGFTRlZ:k5RlZ $
t
+
{YW6O9d6^270YZ:;=CEI:;JF79HI:Z Ml;JF7IGkE;Jk5I:6ajl03ZL;JFT\ I ) Y 4#n59 IQn5C5,3ILn5;Qc03t [ 2 [ 07M5M Y *[ ,Y *[ ZLF9L;<Z
0 t
(
X t
"6O9ZL.5;g.10T\aS~cd6OMNZ:.mF3SF7kE;JI:03ZLF7Icd6^21MlFq c$
"
;J;g03\8ZL;=I:2103ZL;rZL;=j[Z:R5I:;<}C10T9L;JMp682[Z:;=I:;J9HZGF7kE;JI:03ZLF7I6^2pZL.5;g;=jN;JI:,=6^9L;J9JU $
KK5f XX KqKq0T0TILIL6O6O03032121,=,=;D;DF3F3SS6^6^2[2[ZLZL;J;J21219H9H6868ZoZoAsAsFTFTSS.5K7;=F7ILILZL6^6O=,=F7032[\Z:k103\6ajlk5;=68\Ojl9 ;=\O9 5 /
5 /
t
"
t
R
L
I =
; L
Z 5
R :
I )
i
2 _
> ^
6
5
2 ^
6 f
> 5
R >
)
5 /
5 / t "
R
t R
"
CNMl A 6^ IL;QS~R1IL,v9LF7Z:68\8> 21A 4s9L- ;JZ:2 .50TnNI:;@c,/.,<;eI:Z/F7- 039:t79o}ZL;e,<F68F7Z:ILMl9?I:;<;=25Z:\O;=;=0qI:6^Z:4T>_68.NF76^Cb2i25FT;_>YI:.5ZL;=.1FNZL;_FN.5MFl21M ;=682 cMl-;J\^29:Fl,<,=0TI:03216^CEZLHM 6^;QFTM ^E2u216^FTM@2SXZ:|?;J.507.E;,/03.uCbkl;JZ:kb9H;=ZdFTI6^,<2[ÄlFTZrU I:I:S~&rI:;=FT\O680q>K7ZL;=6^252 - 42q03U 212;= 6^684T2[.5.NZL6^9D;JCEILF7,J;Q03IL9o.12uZ:68F[21CbFl4p;@MYkbMl6^%2FTFT6^212[- ;Z
p
p
Up
GD\ 6
LR
;=jNZLR5I:;<}C10T9L;JMp6^27Z:;=I:;J9HZdFTkb;=I/0qZLF7I
hjlkb4$;=5625I:/$68;=+.>Y6^',4T4
;J.N27Cb ZdFTcdI: .568ZLFN.iFNMZL.1U ;U 6^S~I:F79H\8ZJ\^Fqnlcd,<F76^25>Y4Yk568Rl2[ZLZL;e;JILZL;Q.59o;rZG4TFTI/kb0T;=M5I/680q;JZ:27FTZ?IQnN>Ycd0T.54T6^25,/68.iZLRE6OMl9d;eC1S~0TF79LIX;JMsZ:.5FT;e2p;JZL2[.5ZL;D6^IL;Z:;<68jN25ZLk1R1RlILZd;D68F3>@Sh0303472i;`;=R12[9LZ:686821I:4;
-3
6S~^2FTIrMl0368I:\^\{;J,<k5ZL686^jlFT;=2 \O9` 6^2mZL .1; 25* ;J=68 47.NCEa F7IL*.5FNaFl Mm= ,<;J2[8 ZL;=gI:;J M[6^039
Z zoRE 9oZ?ZL.5;`U 9L R5>6O9`F3Z:S .5 ;
FTkb;=I/0q ZLF7I
#
2
2
(
("
*R
R
ATF7R5IGFTkb;=I/0qZ:FTIGFT2m0xS~;=c >YFT25Fl,/.5I:FT>Y;r68>@0347;J9JnN6821,=\8REMl682140_,/.1;J,/tNCEF[03I/MU
Image I1 Image I2
tail
o
head
(Tx,Ty)
(Hx,Hy)
motion vector
U
t
4TFNFlMnNZ:.5;=268Z`CE;Q,<FT>Y;Q9ZL.5;g.5;Q0TM Y
P [F3Sh0_>YF3ZL6^FT2iKT;Q,vZ:FTIQU P
t
R59L;J2103M5I/;=,/Id.pZ:S~.5I:0T;>_0T9:; 9HR1- >_S~k5FTZLIe6^FT0Y2i47ZLFN.1FN03MiZd>@ZL.50q;Z/,/0T.i>YZLFTFYR52[ZL.1Zd;F3SW25;=>Y6^4TFq.NKTCb;=>YFTI:;J.527FNZdFl6OMs9dFT\^68SW>Ykb68FTZL;J6^2[MZ U U 68476^R52I:;S~I:V10T>YU ; 9LtT- ;=2qZ:U ,/.5 ;Q.59G;f.5,=Fq;=c 2[ZLZ:;JF I
kb9L;JFT 036^I/27,/Zg._03S~2EFTM I cd 6^
\8\h6^]9XCbF3\8;J6^S]>Y,=ZLFT6a.5>YZ:;f;J;fM@CEZ:Z:;Q.5Fx9oZe;_0g,=ZLI:FT6^ku;JI:,<ILZ:FT;J0TS\^03250ZL4T6^R525>Y\O4x03FTI21ZL6^;= FT6^2u4Tj!.NK7CE;JF7,<ILZLI:.1FT;=F[4TIrFl6^cdFTMp2@68ZL686^2. 2- 6^>@ 6^039d4TZ:;e03 ILt7Fq;=c`2i9 ZLF@ CbW ;DCb;=ZL6^.125;f4i
,<
ZLF7
.1 IL;fI:;J Z/9L03"kE6^F7\ U 21Ml 0T6^2125.1M4;
p
p
\^]d68>Y;Q9H68R5Zf\8Z:ZL9rF FTZLSX.5;p03k5KTk5;=\^\^ANFl68,<21684ZoAuZL.1FT6^SG9DF703Cl\^zo4T;JF7,<ILZ:689JZL.1U > .50T;sIL;_I:9H;J.59LR5Fq\8cdZL6^2m254 6^2 03U\^4T6^F74TILR568I:ZLW;.5>³V1U Ãl6^9fU 4T 6^.1KT;J;2ZL;QCE9o;JZD\8Fq6^>Yc0T0T4T9f;JIL+`Ai\^4TcFT07I:968ZL,=.5IL> ;Q0qZ: ;JM U
CNA>YFqKN68254_Z:.5IL;J;D.56847.5\^AZL;=jNZLR5I:;JMi,<RlZ:FTRlZ/9`0T,=ILF[9L9G0_\^6847.7Z:\8AZL;<jNZ:R5IL;QMiC10T,/tN4TI:FTR121MU
,I:=;=0Tk52\O+`0TCb,=\^;?4T;g,<F7ZLF7IL.5682[ZLF[ZL.16^9H>2[;fR1S~FTFTR1I:>Y9L,=\8A03;=I:2pZL\8I/AiCE0T;,/6^M5t7,=;=;JFT2[Mr2[ZLFqZL6_^1KTI:FT;J;J\^MuI\^;J>@68MY2 03Z:2NS~F_I:Ar0T68S~>_ZLI:;J0T;I:>Y03`ZL;J;039J21ZLU .5Mm I:.5FTZL.5R1;?;x4T,=.sFT25I:;=kE25cg03;=6^InI:9kEkbF7F7F3689:S2[9HS~Z/6^I:C59{0T\^6OA>YMl;=;J,/2[9G.EZ:039H6 ^125Fx47;QZLMg;J.EM0q6^2gnbZd25S~S~I:;=;J0T6^034T>YZL.NR5; CbI:FT;rI:kE.5GF7FN68,=Fl2[0TM5Z:2 99
GP
<PUR
)
!#"$"%"
6cd.5;J9GIL;HZL.1Y ;g032EFTM RlZ:k5 [Rl5Ze6^99L/ Z:;<.5Zd0T;DF3ILSWZ:;D0T>Y6^6825\F3k5FTZLRlSW6^FTZ`0_2i6^>@>YKT;QF303,vZ:47Z:68;JF7FT9G2pI/9F3K7SW ;J _,<Y ZL0qFT3j Id]d0TFq21c [M ,YILY Fqc` 9G 0T21 Mp[ [ 6Ou
9G0q68Z:jE9d|?.5FT;Q\0T,=MFTU \^R5>Y219=U
t
O 5
/
t
"L;<Z:;J,<Z`>Y03Z:,/.56^254@,<F7IL21;=IGkEF7682[Z/9`0321MpI:;<ZLR1IL256^254Y>YF3Z:68F72pK7;J,vZ:FTI/9 $
" 6^9d0xZL.1IL;Q9H.5F7\^MpFT225;J6847.NCEF7IL.5FNFlMs,=ILF[9L9H},<FTI:I:;=\O0qZL6^FT2 $
S~MlFT;<I`Z:>@;J0T,<03\8Z\Z:,/K7,<T. ;JF7,vILX Z:21FT;=I/I CE9 ;Qkb_9oYFTZ 6^2[>@Z:9,0qY Z:,/[ F. ,YY
[ [ {6^2 [
p
t
X t
t
"oZ:F_ZL.5;g25;J6847.NCEF7IL.5FNFlMs,=;=2[ZL;JIL;QMp03Z Y [6^2 U $
t
"h^1I/9HZG6^21Ml6O,=03ZL;DZ:.10qZ`0Y4TFNFlMp>Y03Z:,/.i.10T9G21F3Z`Cb;=;=2iS~F7R521M $
>@":,<03I:YZ:F7,/
9:T. 9G ,<X FTI: I:,<;=I:"\OF70q9:!ZL9 ;#$ ,<'MF7IL[ 68I:'2 ;=\O-0q2 Z:$; cdY 6aZ: .
' 6^2 - 0T9G6^2u|?.1 03k5[ ZL;=IeÄ $
Up
t
t
+ 0 P$ #% OP ) F4#9 2
X I X , Cb;J9HZ X >@0qZ:,/.
( /
¸4T F[;f03\7 25F3FT& SEZL ;gKN6^Z: M5.5;=;xFx&9L,=686O>YFT9>Y6^21\^k50TF3ILI:Z{68;JZoZ:9:AsFr9H6^,=CbFTFT2@;<>YZocREk59H;=Rl;Q;J9?Z:2u;?,=0eFT>Y>_ k5FT \^ZL;<&6^j@FT2 >_FTkb^1FT;=;=ZLI/\O6^MgFT0qZ:2uC568F7Rl,=21ZWFT9y>YZ:FZ:kbFx,<;=F7,=21FT>Y9:>Y0qk5Z:k5IL68F7;QI:9L2;J99:9X0TZL.5210x;GM K[9L+e6O68MlJ\8;J;X47FxFTF3I:Sb9H6aZL03Z:I:.52;J>³036^>@> 03R54TUks; 9HZL;QF@.5P[;f R5*+;=9L*R521X8Cl,=7; } U
CN>YAmF3Z:k568I:F7;J2sMlKT6O,v;QZ:,v68Z:25FT4pI/9XZL.1Cb;Y;r,=,=FTFT2[I:ZLIL;J;Q2[,vZZrILFT;JSk59LILFT;Q>Y9H;J;f2[Z:S~0qI/Z:0368>YF721;Q9y9`FTS~SI:FT>Y> FqKNFT68ZL21.54f;JIFTC5S~I/zo03;J,v>YZ/9=;QnN9=UC5R5ZgZGF76O9r25\^25AYF3ZgZL.16^03>_Z?kbZ:FT.5IL;=Z:A0T2[k1ZILFqZ:KN.16O0qMlZD;`ZLS~.1F7;I
4T03FN2pFl;=MY2[ZL036^k5I:;_k1IL FBjl6^ju>Y 03ZL6^6^FT>@219]0347FT;SF7C525\^Fl;d,/6^t@>Y680T2i4TFT;d2125;e;J68S~47I/03.N>YCEF7;rIL.5cdFN6aZ:Fl.iMf0xS~IL>YF7>ªF3ZL036^FT212iF3ZLKT.1;Q;=,vIQZ:U]FTIG+eMl2i; ^121 6825 4Y&.5;=Fq2Ec ,<FlZLMlF_;=\8IXFl,=IL;J03k5ZL;r\^07ZL,<.1;Q;9
ZLCb4T.16^;JKT;9H;JZxR12·>@9L;g6^20qF3Z/,/SWZ:.5.5>_68=; 21FT4^1ZL6^4TFT R52mI:;;Qj9o,=Z:0368>@k5ZL0qC16^Z:FT\868Fl2F7,/U·2t68F32iS`6O9oZL6^Z:.12768;f25Z:;=47 21R59L6O 9H68ZL.5 6^;Q;J&M96^,=6^2·>@FT>Y9L03FT4Tk5>Y;iI:;J;kb9:9HFTk56^6^FTI:27;=2Z/KN9Y9:6^FT,/03.5R1I:;=9g;p>YS~25I:;T0TFTU>_Z_e;7RE;=U9HZ:;Q0TMU 68\OG689d4768R5F321ILS]9H; ZLZL;Q.1V50T;fU M9L,/0u68\^.1\^R1R5;=>Y9o21Z:6a;I:S~F70303ZLILI:;Q> ;9
$
!#"$"%"
T I
F1 ME
b6
b4 F2
F3
b2 b3
I
F4
B1 b7
B2 b5
b1
86 47R5I:; 1U
P
V X + /%>E1O56'G4 ?@+<4 >10 )2F4
S~R1I/9L0368>Y214@;>_R19LFT68ZL21 6^FT4m2ZL.5KT;;Q,vZ:FTI/9ZLFT479L;<,/Z:.5.5;J;=>YId;@cdS~68FTZL.mI_9HC56^\^25Fl4T,/\^ts;Ml9HZL6 b6^\8;J\IL68;J>@21,<0T;Q4T9 ;Je9JU js 6^6O9x9x0 k5,=Fl6ajlMl;J;J\S~MI/C503\^07>YFN9x,/; tl0T9b2 ¾:½ 7¹ G½ 1½03Y½I:;DS~TI:\8FTFl½ >,J0qZL~;Q M
U ! J',4 >102(>),+.>E9 ?;4#/%)G>;5' ),> /%>E2 X 564#','f)2F4
@? +.K4#> ',4 8FJ 4#9/%4 >0 0 >EJF5 0<56132(4L'\;7_\/@7d\3@7_\ U
Ee
k U De b Y [
% & U ) k de ib e U
_m *X Y B [
6^2@S~I:030T21>_M ; pg0TREIL9H;Y6^25Ml4s;=ZL0Y;=I:>Y>YF36821Z:68;JF7M2m;=KT2[;QZL,v6^ZLI:F7;=Ie\^Am03C[2EAuMi6802[ZLC5;J\8ILFlkb,/FTtp\O0qF3Z:Sy68F7Ml2w6 bRE;JIL9H;J6^25214,<;Q>Y9dF3ZLF@ZL6^FTCb2;xKT07;QM5,vMlZ:;QFTMI/9U_ ½ Xj·½/½ /C5¾L\^»3Fl¼Y,/tl½<Á9
U _m
*X
*b7
9L>Y0T\8\2NR5>xCE;JI`F3S]C568Z:9`0T21MZ:I:0T219L>_68ZHZ:;JM03\O9LF1U
25F3SFTZ?k5+`IL>YFq\8ZLKNF3.1Z:6OMlFT68F76^R5252s474x.w030f21Z:0T>_.5\8;AlFT9LZL 6^6^9JFTnT f2 I: ;J^19L& ;=;J\O0TM>_I:U ,/FT.1 ZL;=6^.5I/FT9W;D2 .10TKT0BMl;QKTKq,v;`0TZ:27CbFTZ/I/;=039g4747R503;`2I:6^;Y9?Z:FfM5Z:.1;J;=9L0qjN68Zd47kb25;= I:;J6^Mw>_ S~;JFT&2[IDZ?;=Z:cd2E.568,<;ZLFl.k5MlR1R1;=I/IL9L9kb6^25F7,=49L03;Y2pZ:.5F325;=S`Fq>c,<F7S~>_F7,<F7Iyk1>YZLIL.1;Qk5;9LRl9Lk5ZL68F7;R12wILZLkb.10TF7;J219L9LM ;;
KT,<Fl;Q,vMlZ:;QFT,=I/9G9D>@6820BAI:;J6^0T21\WMl;JZL6^;J>YMi;pk5I:03Fq2EK[M6OMlZL;r.5R1;JA9L;<S~0TR5IL\;>Y0T\8FTI:ZL;J6^07FTMl2=A ^1k5;=\OI:M5;J99L;=S~2[F7ZId6^>_2 FTZLZL.56^FT;p2mK[036OMl2E;J03F \^AN9o9LZ:6O9IL;Q0T03k5>k5Um\^6^,JV0qZ:k568F7ZL6^21FT9=21U 9f682 S~RlZ:R5I:;
e¸+ 9:.19L4$R50356Zx>Y/$+.6O;9',4
0YZ:.5K[ ;s6OMlI:;J;=FYk5I:9L;J;J9LP[;=R52[;JZ/210q,<ZL;D6^FTFT2SF7S~I/Rl03ZL>Yk1Rl;J9dZxZLCN.1A03Z`032;J0T,/.i .1 0B&K7;D}Zo[AN kE*f;pj;=21 ,=FN* M5;=I}C5S~68F7Z`Ix>_0uF725CEFl;=,/Zoc?.5I:;JFT;=>Y2;S~I/k1036a>Yjl;=; \O 9JU!Y~Y C;0L[[
-33
)
& ¸ ;0T9:9HR1>_;sZL.103ZxZ:.5;FTClzo;Q,vZYIL;=1;J,<ZL6^KN6aZoA032EMZL.1;p6^\8\^R5>Y6^210qZ:68F72·F3SeZL.5;FTC5zo;J,vZYMlFN;J9_25FTZ
,/.1032547;rM5R5IL6^254_ZL.1;g682[ZL;JILKq0T\ 2 U P
Pp
& ¸ ;D0T9:9HR1>_;ZL.E0qZGZL.5;DMl6O9oZ/0321,=;J9F3SZL.5;rFTC5zo;J,vZGS~I:FT>Z:.5;r,J03>Y;=I/0F7IG\86^4T.[Zd9HF7R5I:,=;J9MlFN;J925FTZ
KB0TILA9L6^4T256_^E,=0T2[ZL\^AFqKT;JI?Z:.56O9d682[Z:;=I:KB0T\ U
& ¸ ;X9L.10T\8\[03\O9HF`079L9LR5>Y;WZL.103Z;Q0T,/.g9H>@0T\8\7682[ZL;J219L6aZoAr25;=6^4T.NCbFTI:.5FNFl
M 0qZ{ZL6^>_; 2 6O9F7C19H;JILK7;JM
6829HF7>Y;D9L.568S ZL;QMkEF[9H68ZL6^FT2 U
QP
d2?;=cdS~4$;=6856IZL/$.@ZL+.F ',6^274
U Z:68;= 4721R59L I:68Zo; AYV1ÃU V1cdU 68 ZL.5.56^;D2Y6^ZL2[.5ZL;`;=2E,=9HFT682[ZoAYZL;=S~jNR5Zp21Vf,<ZLÃD6^FTÄ2iY~6^689Z:9y 9LY k1 0qZ:6^0T\1[v,<UXFN|?F7I:FTMl216^9L216O03MlZL;=;JI9hZL0T.1IL;; Z:FTk5>YF[9oZGk568[vjNU ;J?\9o0qZ:ZG68>@ZL6^0q>YZ:;;
]
-3
P
>Y;<Z:.5FlMp6O9`0Tk5k5I:FTk5I:6^03ZL; 2
"#JP $ ) P P
!#"$"%"
L6^9 27.59LZ:Fq6^;=25c214 9L.568ZoZ:FqAe.5c;pS~R5680TZG2ECE,v,JFqZL036^K72FT;s2 Cb0T ;9:Y9HRER19H>_;QM@k5ZLZL[<6^F_FTnQ21c,<F79J;X>_nW0Tc?k1k5;Rlk5ZL\^21Ar;rFq6868cZ:>@9 0TMl4T;=0B;`I:A[68E\^K7FTFq;Ic9Lcd;=KT.1I:;J6^03;J,<Zx9ZLF7I:6OI:9f;=9Jk1,=U IL0T;Q\89H\^9H;J;J6^M2725Z/4x0qZL.5Z:ZL68.5; F7;D2r¼Y,<6^2fF7» 2770`Z:½ 689L2N>@dR503F7¿ \^R1\T9y25½ >Y;J68147Fl».NMlbCE;J\bF7¿ ILwFT.5S0TFNZL21Fl.1MM ;
O 7 U
Y [ Y [ Y.V1U8 [
R
R
PYR 1P
P `R R
R 1PER
P
ZL6^4T.125;rF7'`F7IL25;xFTZL;rZL;d.5KBZ:;Y0T.1IL.50q6O03Z6^4TC1X.1\8;rP[;=IgR1,=0T03FT9LZLI/%;6^MlFTX ;JR2 IeV5Y Z: U^;=`I:>Y6O9X9 0f [ >f
R5
\8ZL
6^ KqFT03YS I:X6^[ 0TP[C5R1\8;e03ZL<KT6^Y ;=FT I/2 [ 9L68V5F7 2_U^U _UFT0TSF721IZLMw.59L;>@c?KT03F7;=\^ILI:\tA_25FT;=682[216^4TZL\8.NA R1Cb6aZ:cdFT68K7I:68ZL;.5.FN03FNZ:k1M1.5k5;Y9XILFBFT\8jl6^MS 256^>@Y;J 0T0qIrZL6^ZLFT;=2_I:[X>@S~cF79=;I U
JP
R
JR
$
P
S~6OVMlFTR5Ie;=2[I@cdZL256O.5,=;=6^0T,/jN\T.mZ@6^2[c,=ZLIL;g;=RE2EcG,<9H6O680303Zo2[Ae\`Zd259HZLZL;J;=F68k479L.NFT6OCE9Y\^KTF768;IL\^.5\^,JR1FN039oFlI:Z:M ILI:6^03;J ZL9?;QhM·ZLFT.1S@6^;2 Y 682[U Z:6^;=4T21R19LIL6a;ZoAiV525U^;J3*168[47U 0q.[ZCb Z:FT.168I:>Y;i.5FN; 6^Fl>@TM 03U 47 ;p2 .5E6OF39{Fq`S 07c Y 9L 9LKTR5;Q3>Y,v[`Z:klFT03Z:IZd68F7ZL 2r6^>Y>Y; ;Q032219ZLFZL.10T032 Z
P
dP
Kp R
R gPp
Y R 1U
R
P`R 1P [ Y
P [ Y.V $[
#
Y.V1U L [
" 1P R
"
P
N
2
N
1
V
P’ .
P .
t
2
t
LZU .16847;R59LI:0T;!>_V5;gU^ 07*9XZL.5R5;g;`6^2[Z:ZLF;=2E>Y9HF368ZLZL6^6^;JFT9d2@FT6^S2s25Ml;J6^68I:47;J.N,vCEZ:68F7F7IL2 .5FN? Fln[MZL.5 ;D682[0qZLZd;J21Z:689L>Y6aZ:68; ;Q9y3F3U S21;=6^4T.NCEF7IL.1F[FlM 2 0qZXZ:68>Y; 2 03I:;
1
VP
Kp _Pp
ZLcd03.1\^.5FT;r;J219L24>@I:ZL03;J.5\^9H;s\bZLI:0T9L6OkE;=,v;J47ZL;QIH>YZ:M R5;=IL2[Z:;rF Z 030mCb]gFT9H>@RlU Z0TU \8kE6^\h4TF725R1682[;JILZ68;R47 .NV1CEn7U8B68F7ZGIL.56^9H9?FN.5kEFlFqF[Mc`9Ln9g9LF76^C5S~IsFT\8;R5d» Ifk1ZL.E½<M5\¾ 0q6 b Zml;=¾LI:½=;=n]>Y2[0TZxFqCEKT;QF7;JMlRl9X4TZgZL;F kE,JF7] 0T682[9LF7;JZ 9DI Y S~ I:FTFTO> IG[<Ui9L0mFTV>Y9:C1P7;e9LRE;=FT03I:ZLI:KN.5;@68;J25I?FT4iClkbzoFTFT;Q216^,v2[\8ZJA Z U
2
P
.Q
. . .R
LZUMlF6O689H47k1ZLR5.5\^I:07;;M,<\^;JV16^Ms>_U87kE68%ZLF7X{;Q68Mm+e2[Z 2x9H6^ =6^2[;gZL,=FT;=FT2ESWR59HZL\O68.5MZoAg;Cb;J21; Ml;=F476^4T;?.NT>YCEI F7FqILK7.1;JFTF[9IdFlZLMFq9HF7cGn1>YFT03IxI/;MD»FTk5ZLZL.1½=.5;¾\;Jb II:l6^kb¾:4T½<.[FTnE6^Z2[R1S~Z`9HI:;QFT03Mp>\^FTS~25FTZ:684fI`>Y>@ZL; .50q;gZ/2y,/;QZL.5MlFr6^4T25ZL;D416^>Y9Hn1;JZL; 4T.5>Y;;=)U \^2[Fl`Zd,=03FqMlZLc;<6^FTZ:;=;=KT2I:;J>YF3IJSWnq6825MlZL;QR1.1M ;;
lP lP p
CNA@ZL.1;=>U
,<,<R1F72[ILK7ZLFT;JM_R1I?6^9LZ:FT.1C10qILZe6^4T0T.[k5ZLk521I:;JFB9:jl9y68,<>@F70q27Z:Z:;eFTR5Z:.5I/9J;U ,< F7.52[;ZLFT;JR1MlI47\^;JFl9y,=9L0T.5\8\^FqATcdU 2@6^2YZL.5;k56^,<ZLR5I:;ecFTR1\^M_Cb;`ZL.1;`Z:0T254T;J2[Z:9WZ:FZL.1;
¸
; =
, 3
0
2 ^
6 7
2 :
Z =
; :
I 5
k :
I <
; Z U 6847R5ILH ; V1U87Y079rS~FT\^\8Fqc`9JU@+,/.103214T;Y6^9DF7C19L;=I:KT;JM0qZgkbFT6^2[Z 0T21Mw,J032 Cb;
1FT>YIgFq;Jc 6807Zx9HKTR5,J;JI:03,<;J2ZLM_F7CEICN;A >xU R1 ,/. . 1v\^,=U 0T0TIL 2p47.5;=Cb6OID9X;6^,/2 0T.19d0T,J9L250T>@9L4T;Y;d03\^ZL;Q\{.5P70T;YRE903EZ:\OFq9h.5c;gZL.1kEKT;e;J;QMlIL,vkbF3Z:FT;=Z?2EIgk5MlIL6O6^9gFl,=MlR5682RE\O03,v0I`Z?MlFTMl6OS6^9oI:ZLZ/;J.503,v;e21Z:68,=9LF7;Dk12 03ZLFYZL>f6O03Z:R1\1.5,/47;g.I:2507Ml;=Ml_6 c mb6^;=;J2[;JILZ Ml;J2[47Zg;gpS~\8ILFl0TF7,J21>0qM_ZL6^ZLZLFT.1.12{;; n
"
!
1P
!
"
Cb6^27;xZ:;=F7I/2m9H;QZL,v.5Z:68;YF72p9:03FT>YS{;ZL.1I:;J68479L;6^Mm,<F7FTCl2Ezo9o;JZ:,<I:0TZJnb682[ZLZ:.19J;=nN2 cdZ:.5.56O,/;x.i16OFq9cZL.1KT;g;J,<682[ZLF7ZL;JI:IL9Kq0q0TZ\ 032EM 03 21M 0T IL;f25U Fqc ,<F7219oZ:I:0T6821;JMiZLFpZL.1;
" )
"
)
) )
,KT=0T;Q2 ,vZ:U FT6^>Y68I/479yR50T0q4TI:Z?;J;fp9 ZL1.5V1Fq;DU8cB,<gF7CE03IL;Y252E;JM 9LI:039XS~V5;=,=U^\^03JAmg2@,<;JCbFT>Y;r>Yk5k5k5.1ILR5F70TZLk19L;J6^03Mu=4[;`R10qZoZ:9Lc68;J25MYF4iMlkb9HFqFT>@cd6^2[0T2YZ:\89J\WZLU .103U ;kb6^;=;QI:IL9HMlZLZJ4TR5nN;QI:F79;J25[9J\8.5U AYFq
c0q;JZ?;=,<KTF7ZL.5;J21IJ;rMn7n6^0T27,<9 Z:F7;=U 21I:6^;J9H4TZL9HR1I/ZL036^IL256^;!274fV1Z/,=9`U8QFTF7I:2m25Y ,G;=ZL[hI?.59LkE;x.5F7Fq168c`2[FqZ:c9J9 n
68MlZ6O9o>YZ/036^4T2[.[ZWZ?S~ILZ/F703> t7;e03>@2NA032N,<AYF7IL6a21Z:;=;=IQI/0qU Z:
68F7F721>_9y;Z:;<FfjlI:kb;J;=07I:,/68.s>Y03;J272Z/6^9W2[68ZL2x;JIL1k5FqI:c·;<Z/,=0qFTZ:68>YF72@k5RlS~FTZ/0qIZ:;J68F7Ml21479];e.1kb0BFTKT6^2[;Z:CE9J;JnN;=9L2_R1,/kE.i;JIH0TS~9F7IL >YnT;QZ:.1M0qR1Zd9L680321I:4;
C C’
A A’ D D’
HP
cdCbFT.5R56O,/21.uM103,=I:0TAT2mU ZL.1;=2uCb;_k5ILF7k1034[0qZ:;JMiZLFi03\^\;QMl4T;xkEF7682[Z/9eCNA;=2lS~F7I:,=68214p,<F7219L6^9HZL;J21,<Am03\^FT214@ZL.5;_;=2[Z:68I:;
Pp =
2f.503;d21k5MI:;=S~KNF76^IFTR1\^Fl9W,=9L03;JZL,<6^25ZL6^4FT21Z:9h.10qMlZD6O9:9L,<0TR1>_9:9H;x;QMfFTCl>Yzo;=;QZL,v.5ZrFlkEM5F79W682[S~F7ZDIh6826^M5;=0@2[S~ZLFT68S~\^AN\^Fq6825cd4g68256^42[ZLS~;JI:IL0T;Q>_9oZ:;_68250q4DZkbZLFT6^>_6^2[;Z:9WF3S,<0\^F7S~9LI:;f0T>Y6^2m;GZL036^Zh>YZL;f6^>YZ:F;
ZL>YF 2B68Uh47ZL.[I/S{0TZrZL,/.5>@tm;r03Z:68t7.52[;f;Z:;=68kbZr21FT9L;Q6a6^0TZo27A@9LZxAi21FqZL;=KTF6^;=4TID.NZ:I:CEZ:0768F7>Y,/ILtm.1;F[03REFl2 9HMY6^F725FTCl4mS{zo;J;J25,<07F7Zr,/IL.>@6^2wkE030TF7\^6^2 68=2[;JZG68M >@6^9,=0TIL4TR5F[;x219L6^9g9LP[;JR5,=P[FT;JR5I:\8AY;JIL21;JZ:\^,<03;<;7jNZLn6^ZLFT0TR529I:Us;J68M2u+en7ZL\^Z:9L.5.5F1;@;=nW2p,=Ml07c?F79H>Y;D;f9L0TF3.568Sy2 FTZ:R5I:tN\O0725M@,/Fqt[Cbcd6^;r25\^;J4s0TMlC50T47\^2 ;;
P P p
P
FTI/03214T;ZL;=21256^9`C103\^\682m0xZL;J25256O9d>@0qZ/,/.nlFTI`0_k56^25tS 07,<;g\^FNFTtN68214_03Ze0xcFTI:tl9oZ/0qZ:68F72U
R5>f25RE6O9oP[¸ ZR5;mCE;;Z:25;<R1FqjN9HcZL;QR1M_,=ILFTZL;pF_21FT9L,<Ix6^FTM5\^,=;=\^FT;JI@\^,vFT0Z?IkE>Y6^F72l68FTS~2[I:F7Z:;pIL9?>@476^270q;=Z:25Z:Fg68;JF7I:ZL20TI/Uu\`0qzo9H;Q682,vZLZ:R1ZLFT03.5I:ZL686O6^;Q9xFT9=2-,JU 0T¸ cd9L;T.5;n];=>YZLI:.1;;=;p2[>YZL,/6^Fq.1FTK[0T2Y6^I:25Z:074 .5,vILZLkb;J;J;ILFT6O6^9H,=27ZLFTZ/6O21,=99g,=03ILFT;=I:Sd;iZL;dZL25.5k5F3;pI:Z@FT>_C5Z/\^03FT;=4TZL>@476^FT;J9X2MCE;=68cdZ:S~9LFT6a;=Z:I:\8. ; S
,<MlF7R521>Y9L6^kbMl;J;JMuIL6^25FTRl4rZeZL.1F7;203ZLCE.59o;xZ:I:4T07I:,vFTZhR54T2E;JM825XX;=I/Z:.503\1;f,Jk10TIL9LF7;TC5U \8U ;J>F7Iy6OFT9e25ZL;`Fs9L68,=ZLFTR1>Y03ZLk56^FTRl2Z:;nN,<ZLF7.121;f9Hk16OMl03;JZLIX.m0DF3CESyFB;Qj_0T,/F3.mS>@C10T03\82N\{AS~ILZ:F7;=>25210s6^9XKNC16^Ml03\^;J\^F 9
16^9L21;JR5MlP[F7R56^ILK[;=;Q6O2E9LMl,=,<R1;=;T0T2[U?\1Zek12 k10T0TIH0@IHZ:Z:6^9H,=6^;Q,=\8;Q,<\8;Q9yF79`2103Mcdk1kE689HZL;Q68.uZL03R1IhZL03.5Z:ZLFg;f6^FTCE12;dR5n16OZ:c?Mu.5;;03cG2E9:03Mm03>Y2[FTZd;dC1Z:9L6^F2;=I:9o03KNZ:2Y68R121Ml6^4@>YApZL0T.514T;JR5;7686OIrUMi>Y21F3Fq0rcZ:68Z:F7.5Z:2 .568I/I:FqM@FTKTR5,=;J4707Id.i9HZL;76^0@nT>Yc,/;T;d.1U 0Tc¸ >f0T;_Cb2[Zh;=0TI`ZL9:Ff9HCNR5Ap,=>YFT>_>Y;f68k5jlZL.1Rl682103Z:4;Z
ZLC5.1Rl;ZgkE9L0qR5ZLIL.E;J9\8AiFTSEZ:.5kb;=;=I:F7;fk5c\8;FTcGR503\OMm\^t[Cb6^25;_40s682Y.50e6^4T>@. 0Tk5\8I:\UhFTCE|?03\^C5F3Z:6^\8.568Zo6^Ai254ZL.1>@030BZDAg9L>@FT>Y03t7;f;X9LZ:;<.5Z/9r;68F3>@Sy036^2147Ml;J6^9]K[F36OMlSbR19HF70T>_\^9;ckbFT;=R5FT\Ok1Mm\8;G.1R50BK725;6OP[ZLR5.1;T; n
9L68>Y6^\^0TI`03k5kb;J0TI:0T21,<;Q9?6^2iZL.5;g6^>@0347;J9JU
9Lk10T,=¸ ;TU;Y,J032;<jlk5\^FT68ZDZL.5;_S~FT\^\^Fqcd68254i4T;J25;=I/03\h079L9LR5>YklZL6^FT2E9eZ:.10qZg.5F7\^MuS~FTIgk1.[Al9L6^,J03\WFTC5zo;J,vZ/9D682 T
7U .5;D\8Fl,=03ZL6^FT2iF3Sh0_k5.NAN9L6O,=03\F7Clzo;J,<Z`,/.1032547;J9G9L>_FNFTZL.5\^AFqKT;JIZL6^>_;7U
5U 9Hkb.5;=;x;QMpK7;=0T\^21FlM,<68ZoMlAi68I:FT;JS?,<ZL0p6^FTk52.NU AN9L6O,=03\]FTC5zo;J,vZg,/.10T254T;Q99L>YF[FTZL.5\^AmFqKT;JI`Z:68>Y%; XZL.16^9r6^21,<\^R1Ml;Q9CbF3Z:.w68Z:9
GD\ 6
LR V1
Q’ .
C C’ Q .
. X
P .
A A’ A Y. .
R’
R
.
B B’
<ZL, FF7684721 R59H3ZLI:I/5;=03U`6^V127Y U8,GZ/Q[?93S~+`XAI:FT2iY >0$;<[_jNZoZ:c+ ILFr;J>_9L25P[;=;rR16^0T4T03IL.Nkb;iCb;=ILFTFTZLI:C5R56825zoI:;J;e4,vZ@k168>@IL>YF70TC54TFq\8;yKT;J;Q> E9fFqXWcI:0T6^4T2s;J.[P[Z;JR1\8F703Y~ZL25EC 6^47FT[x0321ZL09W;J,=MC50T\^FT2fFqClcdI:zo;JR5;QMl,vkREZ?,<F3>Y;?SrFqZL,=K7.5FT;J;dI:9?250368;=>x2sI@C5ZL+ 6^.54T;DR59LMl68.5Zo6^ADFqILc`;QF3,vSb9fZL6^M5.1FT682pFqI:;Jc F3,<ZLS{ZL6^68FT.1Z:2 ;9
object
U (
1U`+`2FTClzo;Q,vZ`,=0T2pCb;0qZ`F725\^AFT25;D\^Fl,=0qZ:68F72p6^2m9HkE0T,<;g03Zd0_4768K7;=2pZL6^>_;7U
) U c?F_FTClzo;Q,vZ/9d,=032125F3Z`Fl,=,=R5kNA@ZL.1;9L0T>_;D\^Fl,=0qZ:68F72i03ZGZL.5;9:03>Y;rZL6^>Y;TU
>zoY;J,<F3ZLZ:6^68FTF7.522i; n,=^E9HIL6^I:;Q219H0q,<ZeZL;_;QZ:9G.5FT21IL9H;J>Y;x;fFNF70TClF39:Z:zo9L.i;JR5,<>Y3ZD kl>YZLZ:6^6^4TFTI:03.[21zoZD9;J,<FN03ZLCb,JFT,<FqI:\^KTR16^;J;gMl9J;Y.5U F7 03\^25Mm.5FT;rS~ZLFTS~.5F7I`;JR5IJZ:IHn.5Z:;_0T.i21T07Mm 9L9LZ:R5.5k5>Y6OI:9DF3klzocdZ:;Q68,v68F7\^Z:\y2s68F7,<>@21I:;J9`0B03AFTZLSh;_Cb7k5;rªILKNF76^9LC5FTk1\^\O;=070q>@,<Z:;J; 9`MS~9LF7R1>_Ig21FNMl0iFT;=ZLId9L. 6^k125TIL4TFT\^; }
0S~TI/9:039L>YR5¸ >Y;J;g9JklU 25ZLU6^FqFT6^c 21I:9H9?ZJk1Z:nqILFYc;Q9H,=;X;JFT2747>YZe68K7k50T;?Rl2m0`Z:;g03>@\^0_4T03FTZL9LI:.5>Y68;JZLFN>Y.5F3>03ZLZL.1n56O;J,=Ml9H0T;JZd\NKTM59L;=;<\^i; FTZd^1kbFT25;JS68MiZLk16^FTCN032fAZL.1S~
FT9;<IZ:ZL.5ZL.1.5IL6F7;G03R59L2E4T>_M .pFN[kEFT03ZLF7.56^682 2[25Z/;QYo9G9L, 9FTV F3C1Sb%Ã9L;=[v0eI:nNKT9LZ:68;Q.125M0q47Ze\86^;2iREk19H0Y03;QZL9G9L.;JZLP[U .5R5
;;=;J2E0T,=CE,<FT;rFq21K7MF3; S n
c
º;Y9LM5>Yi; F[^1FT25ZL;.521ZL.5;J;9:9g9L>YKq03F[\^R5FT;JZL.59JU ;Q9oUZ689L2E;<03Z\^\8FTA7Sn
c;@kEMl0q;iZL^1.E219g;@0TZL9r.5ZL; .ET0qZx¾L½/9L½;<e6ZgjwF3½ SGN¹dk1l103» ZL.179g½cd» 68ZL7.¿3¾ Z:.5b ll;@¼xFTklnWZ:cd68>@.56O0T,/\X. 9H6aR1Z:>);=I/0qF3ZLS6^KTZL;J.1\8A ;
;<0qjNZdZ:;Q;=0T21,/M5.p9XZLZL6^.1>_; ;g
6^21k19HZ:0q0TZ:27.1ZQ9yU S~I:FT>ªZL6^>Y; 2 ZL.5I:FTR14T.YZL6^>Y; CNA_>@03tN68214f032F7klZL6^>@03\9H;=Z?FTS079L9L6^4T25>Y;=2[Z/9
P
;
HP
i C
2
d
d
C
C
QP
T
o@
U
1 2
6
3
2
3 5
2 4
1 3
4 4 5
6 5
O66OU 9`9G6847>_9H.1R5FqFqI:KN;Wcd6^252V54YU^S~ FTILI6^X 4T9H.[ 68ZGjsI/0qZL6^zoFY21;Q9o,v\^Z/;<Z:03S FTZQ2[I:U Z:68;Q9G9`FTF3SSXZ:68ZL>Y.5I:;7;=U;x'0FTCl3zo21;Q,vMZ:9J n 0TIL;D 47;=ª25;J0TI:0TIL;_\8\^A@9H.5>YFqcdFqK[26^25XG4_ZL.5S~I:;_FT\8> Fl,J\^0q;<ZLS 6^ZdFT2uZ:F@F3ILSX6^4T;Q.[0TZd,/. cdF7.5Cl6^\8zo;;J,< Z
6
)
2
2 3
1 4 5
3 4
p
Ip
GD\ 6
LR V7
p[i , t]
.
θ .
V
i, t
. V
.
. 2 "
. 1U
Y.V ) [
>@0347256aZ:R1Ml;Q9ZLFYZL.1;=6^I`0BKT;=I/0347;e>@03472568ZLR1Ml;7U
.102
. [ YH [ Y
.10 2
. [ ! ! ! !
Y.V1U $Ä [
.10 2
.
.10 2
.
Y
. $R *"
!
! !
! !
!R !
!
;<KTjl;Q,v;JZ:I: FT,=.56^I/9L9g;?;J9Jc?03U I:[ ;J;Y6847'`ZL.7.5FTZ ;sZL;f9:ZL03FT.1>YS503ZL;@Ze.1;XS~03FT2EZoIrcM 0F`X9HS P[07ZLI/R1,v03ZL0q6^F7Z:4TI:68.[F79{ZdT2 6^9WZLV1I/9L0qR1U Äizo,/;Q.gAN,v6^ZLZ:;=F7.1\OILM50qApZ9cd*76aU *1Z:. n{cd;JP[.5 R16O,/0TT. \8nq\^Acd6^9.59HZLk16O,/.507.f;s,<;QANFTM6^kl;=Z:\OkEM568F7>@9 682[*03Z:\X9 kE03F7\^68\ 2[.Z:Zx.5 9L;x>YMlF[6_Y mFT
ZL;=;=.5I:;?;=2121ZL;J.1,=9:;;9
ZL.1 ; cd^168ZLI/.9HZZLS~.1I/;03>Y>Y;x68250T6^IL>f;xR1\^> 0TCEZ:;JF3\8;QZ:M 0T\{ 9L>_FN FT/ZL .525
;Q
9L
9`
KB0TU \8R1 ;T.1U ;f k5F3Z/I:03FT\]C5\^9H;=>Y> FNF36O9eZ:.5ZL25F;J9:,<9GFT2E6O9e9oZ:MlILR1*; ^1,<Ze25;JZ:M.5; 6^'2
XZ:P[I:R10303zoZL;J6^,vFTZ:2 FTI:V568;QU 9
e+9L>_9:9LFN4$R5FT56>YZL/$.5+.;`',254
ZL;Q.E9L9x0qZ 0q Zf;Q0T,/*.
ÄK79L;=FILZLZ:;<.1j0qZGF3S`Ml6^0mIL;QI:,v;=ZL476^FTR52p\^0T03I21.5Mp;=jl9Hkb0T4T;=;QF7M203cdI:68;eZL.·c;=R56^4T25.[68Z_ZL;Q9LMY6^Ml;J;QP[9R16O0T9 \8\^*1ATUU`ÃTÄlY 0LU [ Y~
C;.1[ Fqc¸ ZL.1.10303ZfZ6^kb9fFTZL6^.12[;Z
-3
kbFT6^27Ze9L>YFNF3ZL.125;J9:9d0qZGZL.1;gKT;=ILZL6O,<;Q9GF3SW0_9:P[R103I:;
k56^27I:Z:FlR5Ml+`68ZLR1\^6^4T,<KTF7;f;=IL\^ZLA-68ZL.5.1;Y;<>j5>Y03>Y6^, 25V 6^6825>xMl; R5;=K7>9H;=F7\^>YFTkbk1F7; 9x9:9HF30u6^SDC5\^9L6a;Z/;<9Z_F7F3 kESn;JC5
I:Rl03ZDZLZL6^I/;<FT0qjl21zokb9@;J;=,<cdI:ZL68F7>Y68ZLIL.6^;J;J279fI:Z/;<9rFqS~KT;J.1;=IL0BI;JKT21;_,<;9HS~.5I:Z:0TFqF>_cdZL2u;Q.19=;u6aUuZr9HZL6^Z_Fi>Y6Oc?k59f\^F7; 21ILF3ti;<Zxj5c0347;=>YR1\^03\ k5U I/\^03;mU 2[6^Z:6^I:2;=9H;JZJMwUnc68Z:4TF; }
R50T9:I:9L; 6847V52_U^QkbÄ5FTU 6^2[ ZX03C5\O03\^;Cb;=V5\O9XU^D03k5I:C5I:Fq68ZLK[I/6O03MlI:;Q689`\^Af0Y6^2YIL;QZL,<.1F7; I:Mp^1I/F39oSWZXZLS~.1I:0T;f>_9H>Y; TFNS~F3F7Z:Iy.5;<25j5;Q0T9L>_9dk1FTSy\8;79Hn7F7F7>_Clzo;g;JkE,<Z 0qZL .E29`,< F7219H 6OMl;JIL;QMU 8 ¸ J ;f10T,=210T2M
FTC5zo;J,vZ 2 J U .1;gZLI/0qzo;Q,vZLF7IL6^;J9d,J032Z:.5;=2 Cb;f;=jNZL;=2EMl;JMiZ:FZL.1; b½/»q¾:½vÁ\b{kbFT6^2[Z6^2
N
V )
!#"$"%"
ZL.E0qZeZ:.5;S 07,vZ:FTI 6O9eCb;<Zoc;=;J2 *032EMTU Y ,G['`Fqc9L.5Fqc ZL.103Z . 682 XP[R10qZ:68F72 V5U Ä
p
6O9GCE;=Zoc?;J;='2 *Y0321MDk5I:FqK[6OMl;QM@ZL.E0qZ 6O9GCE;=Zoc?;J;=2'*Y0321MwTU
¸Fl ,v
Z/.14$03034T56Z?/$F76O+.2s9y',4
Z:cd.568;`ZL.mZ: F39LZ:6^Ml0T\b;Q9`9L>Y9dFN03F32EZLMi.1250 ;J9:9y}kbFTFTS6^2[ZL.5Z;QZ:9HI:;e03zoZo;Jc?,<FZLFTkEI:0qAZL.E03\^9*FTXh210 4_0Y}kb9:FTP76^RE2[03ZyI:ZL;I/0qcdzo68;QZL,v. ZLF79LIL6^M5AY;J039 \^FT 21 4DS~FTR5IG9H6OMl;Q9yF3S{0T2
-3
)
)
LZ9L9L6^R5>_FTC12{FN9LFTU ;JZLP[¸ .5R525;=;x;Q2[9L.1ZG9f0BS~KTS~I/FT;g03I_>Y>@Z:;J0T.59GM5;JX 9L;f;s0@8Zo c>Y: F6^9HZ:k10T0qtTZ:;g.19Y3CNn5A0qZLS 9H.5ZLcd;J;IY68,=Z:,/\8\8F[FN.59HFT6^;Q25tN9o4@6^Zd25Z:4wkb.5FT;x0T6^27.507ZQ;J,vn107Z:M03R12E03ZLM \FwZ:I:ZL03.1zo;i;J:,< 21ZL;JFT03I:6^I:;J;J 9J9HUrZx¸ CN21As;=;f6^4Tk5,=.NI:FTFlCE>Y,<F7;Jk5I_9:Rl9G07Z:9LF3;9LS]6^ZL4T;=.125\^;g68>Y>YZL;=FT6^212[Z:0qZ/039}\
p
Ip
ZL;<0q.1j5ZD;J,/Z:9L.168;>Y0T25Zo; c4T;QFYMk1nT0q0gZ:5Cb.1U ;<9GZLU 6OZL9I:;JFTI?*>
9LV[>_Ã Z:.5FN;FTZL* ^1.5
I/V259o;QZD9L9yZocKB 0TF
\8V7R1ILÄ5Fq;`Uc`F39rSS]*ZLF3.1
S V%;DV 07039LC59L*\^6^H;4T
V%25VV5>YU^x;=2[cZ/;
9 V 9H;J6^a;_9? :0TZL .1,/.5036^Zg;=K7ZL.5;JM;YgU]Z:0T+dF321Z:S M 0TZL;J\yIy9H>YZ: .5:FN6^9XF3Z:;<.5j525,/.1;Q9L0TD9r25034TS~F7I:;7;I n
vP
lR
p
Ip
`Fqc;=K7;=IQn30qZhZ:68>Y;
0;<3j52E,/QM .10TY 254T2 ;QMu6^>Yk5I:Fq KT;J9Z:ÄF3Z:Z:0T.5 \X;`[v9LUm25>_;Q|?03FNFTI:FT;J>YZL9H.5Zhk525RlkE;QZ:F79L689g68212[4S~ZXILF70TZLF3>³9:Z/9L680347 \X25
9L>Y>Y;=FN2[F3Z:ZL9W.1
ANV1256^ ;J;=9:\OM_9DZLcdÄ I/6a0q
Z:Ã3zo. Äs;J,<ZLZLZL.5FuF7;QIL9H6^;J;@
9S\OV 0TY !9HZg2 Zoc
V F07 9L 9LÄ6^4T
25i>YFq;=KT2[;JZ/9I[
HP
)
VP
p
P
5U /
/ 139F:E4 0>@> S~FTIGGZ X DfZLF@2l}/
X .
P
P
, i9L;<ZdZL.1;g;<j5,/.103214T;E034YFT2iFT21\8A68Sh032;<j5,/.10T254T;rc079>Y07Ml;
Y G[
ZLF_Z:.5; &rIL;J;JMlAhj5,/.10T254T;r+`\^4TFTI:68ZL.5>U )
Z x Z D Z r Z Z DÄ Z
Y _[à *$[ YoQÄ7ÄBÄT$ [ Y T[ÃJ[%à [ Y % V7sQ [ Y pTqà [ Y ÃTÄx7 *$[
)
YHT *sQT$ [ Yo *sqÃ3$Ä [ Y NÃ *p *L[ Y 1 *p %Ä [ Y3 TB% [ Y YÃT%Ä [
) ) )
) ) )
¸S~ I:FT
FT> 4$R556\OM /$kb+.FT',A76^4
FT27RmZ/ 9D;<68jl2kb;J6^>Y,<Z0T4TZ:.5;Y; 9H;Q&rP[I:R5;=;=;Q21Ml,=A[;J1} 9y68j52w,/.1ZL03.125;x47S~;gF7\8+`\^Fq\^cd4TFT6^25I:684iZL.5,J>0T9L;JZL9F 9LR1y,=jN,=k1;=\^;J0TM 682w682ucd,=.[FTAm219HF7ZLIDI:R1cd,<.[ZL6^Am25421F3Z:ZJI:U=03zoY;J0L,v[Z:FT I:68.1;Q; 9
-3
LCb9 >_F39LZL;YFN. FTF3ZLSdZL.5.5+`25;w;Q\^4T9LIL9JF7F7UXILC568R1ZL2 .59HZL>º9L25kb;Q;JG9L,<Vp9p6_^E.103,g210T9g0TM k5Mlk59H;Jkb\^>Y6^;=,J;QFT0qM ZL216^9HFTF3ZL2EI/Sg9d0qZ:Z:>fI:;J07MuR1,/,/tNZL.m68.525;@>Y4EUkbF7FqILc?;DS;J6^2lIDS~;QS~F30qFTS?ZLI:R1>@REIL9H0q;Q6^ZL9s256^FT4032I:FT;u>Y25\^0B6^Am4TKq.[03Z:6^Ze.5\O03;@CbC5;f4T\^;m;J0B25KqS~;=03FTI/6^Ii03\^0T\h;JC507,<\8F7,/;r.21Z:9HF@ZLF3I/S6803216^Z:,=27.5ILZ/;;Q9r0T
9LF3; S
S~kb\^FNR5FT,JIL6^ZL0q27.5Z:Z/68;J9=F7IJn72·npZL.1^5F3;=ZHSe2@Z:68ZL21S~.5;Q4;i0qZLFT25R1S`;<ILjN;dZLZY.1>@;ZL0qI/,=Z/0qR5,/zo.5I:;QIL,v6^;J25Z:27FT4fZYI:,=Awk10T2@kb0TIHFTCEZ:6^6^2[;0TZY\X682E6^Z:,<2I:\^03R1S~zoMlI/;J03;J,v>YMYZ:FT;6^I:2@A Z:R5.5k·;e79LZ:ny>_FcdFNZL.5FT6^>_6OZL,/.5.; 25;Qf,J9L039?,J2·03,<2F747>_ILCE;Qk10q;RlZ:\8R1Z:A 039LZL;JI:6^M·FT;JMl21ZLR19JFU,=;sk5&rI:Z:F7;J.568Ml21;i6O4,v;iZY;=mK7ZLFT.1;=IL2 ;Z
9P<R
6P
GD\ 6
LR VNÃ
<,+R16847I:9L9LR5;JFTP[I:I`;R5;=cdV52EU^68ZL,<B.1;rOÃ FTX F3RlS] ZrSI:0T07R1,<,/9H;DtN6^25686^254s>@4sZL03.5F34T;xSh;Q9GZL>_.19HF7;f.5R1Fq;=9LcdA7;T;J6^U2594xY 03 ZL21FTI/MmkE0T,/[ 21tNF7U 6^259L07;4x,<;xF3FTSXkES{0@F[Z:.59Hc;f;gFTM5;=I:A7;<tlZL;J9o;J9GZ/IL0q03>YZ:21686^F7Mi252i;J259REF[9H9H9H;J;J;7\8IU`;Q,v;JY~Z:2168>@03F7C52 03\^47;J68;J2u9e9G>Y>_,<F7Fq;JR5KT2NIH;=RZ:>YU;J9L;JYA@27, ZF3FTS)F3ZHZLShhF7ZL;=>R.1I/0; [
U
, 03tN6O,3aU [
>YFlMl;=\O9FT2pZL.5;DMl;J,/t@FTS{Z:.5;g9H.56^kUh+`20T,<ZLI:;J9:9XcG0T9R19L;JMZLF@,=0TklZLR1IL;ZL.5;r>YF3Z:68F72pFTS0f\^6^KT;r.[R1>Y0T2
V
!#"$"%"
e6OMl;JFs9H;QP[R5;=21,=;J9d>@0BApIL;Q,<FTI/Mp>_6^2NRlZL;Q9`F7I`.5FTR1I:9GFTSh9LR5I:KT;J68\^\^0T21,<;7n1Ml6_mb;JIL;J2[Z`Z:0TtT;J9GFTSy0 25;=c`9
,<03I:2E;=McgnT9HZLFTF7IXIL;0 ^19HR125C16O9L9H.5;Q;JP[M@R5;=Ml21Fl,=,=;JR59Y>Y6^;=22[Z:Ml0T6847ILA6aZ/03F7\dIh>Y\^68C1FqI:K[0T6^IL;T6^U];J9fZyS~FT6O9hI@CEI/;Q03,<21F7M5>_FT6^>º254g076^21,=,<,<;QI:9L;J9J07U 9H6^25
47FT\8>YA;m6^>Y68>YkEF7kbIHFTZ/03ILZ:2[0TZh27ZLZF,=9LFT;=2147,=>Y;=;=kl2[Z/Z9
03U 2E68I/M@9HZJ>Yn5c;<ZL;g.1FNMlM1i; ^19?21I:;;=\O0q9HF7Z:;J>_MY;DZ:kbFxFTkE6^2[03Z:I/9G9H6^25F3Sh4f,/0T.1210TMs254T0T;2103S~FT\^ANR5=2E6^25Mp46^2KN6^KNM56^;=MlFx;JF79L;J9dP[0TR521;JMp21,<9L;QFT9?>Y0T;DIL;F3Z:Ml.56^9:;=,<IdRE6^9L>@9L;J03Ms47;D682@9L;JZ:P[.5R56O9;J219L;J,<,<;QZL9=6^U FT2U
& + ',/%4#94 / 139:;4 6^9G0_,/.1032547;FTS{;=2NKN6^ILF725>Y;=2[Z [S~FTIG;=jl0T>Yk5\8;7n[S~ILF7> 0fI:;J9HZ:0TR5I:0T2[Z9:,<;=21;eZ:F
0s03I:9H;ZLI:>@;=;<0TZDM5;g9L,=Fq;=KT25;=;7I?U ZL&r;J2iI:F7ZL9:F9e^5,/S .EZo03As25S~47I:;J0T9`>_6^;Q2 9GZ:R1.59L;f6825CE4Y0TF7,/tN254T;DI:F3FTS]R52EZL.5Mm;03,JI:03;>Y;<;=jlI/kb0f;J,v;*Z:mb;J;QM,vUfZ/9dVeCES ;JZ:\8;=Fq2cgnU 9:,<;=21;x,/.10T254T;Q9
2 (
IL;Q9HkbFT219L;rF3S]ZL.5;07,vZLF7I , 0T,=ILF[9L9XZL.1;DZ:03C1\8;7U
& + /$132N4L561 139 6^9rR19L;JMuZLF9Hc;=;Jku0p.5FTI:68JFT2[Z:0T\{KN6^;=c FTSyZL.5;@9:,<;J25;TUgSyZ:.5;@,=0T>_;JI:0k103219
S~ZLIL.5F7;_>IL6^I:4T6^.[4TZQ.[n;Ze^EZ:21Fp03\^\^\8;<AmS ZQ;=njlFT6aClZ:68zo25;Q4i,vZ/9I:68470T.7k5ZQkEUg;Q03mIF3ZLZ:Fi68F7;=2u2[ZLKT;J;QIg,vZ:0qFTZeI/9Z:.5,=;YFT>Y\8;=Sk5ZDRl0TZ:;J21MmM S~>YI:FTFq>K7;x,=0TFT,=21IL9LF[;J9L,=9`RlZLZL6^.5KT;_;f6^S~>YI:0T0T>Y4T;Q;J9`9Z:F3F S
X
FT9HF7IyR5S~I:I:,=FT; >, cd,=.50T682_ZL;eCbS~;eI:0T07>Y,/.5;J689X;JKTZLFx;QMf9LFTCN>YAg;S 07K[Ml6O68Ml21;J4gFfFT9HRlF7ZXR5+I/,<;T0TUW21+MxZLZL.5I/;J032_219LS 6a0TZ:Ml68F76^2Y254gS~IL6^F72 >, K[U76O+ Ml;Je FxOÁ/9LÁ=FT¿ R5ÂqI/,<½X;e,/.E+ 0325ZLF_47;JKN9]6^MlZL.1;JF;
_ K
k5F3S16ajl+-;J\^CN9hA FTSYH+ 682[ZLFg[k1036ajl2E;=Mg\O9yZLFT.1S;?, k568FqjlKT;=;J\O9]IyF39HS ;JKT, ;=I/CN03A \NS~I/03>YFq;QK79=;=UhIVZ:.525;?;dS~ZoI:AN0TkE>_;d;QFT9 SMl6^9:9L* FT\^ KT ;G c?;J68U47+ .[Z:9]ZLk1.1½];`>Yk5680TjNtT;J;Q\^99 C
FT0q
ZGI:R56^k14TZ:68kE6^>Y21F[0q;9HZ:;d6825Z:34.5U ;eZLY C;.5cdI:[ 6^FTkb
R5;eR547k56O.@9Xkbk50TF768,J9LjN;D,<;JF7ZL\ >_.1* ;rk1\8cd*6O9H6^.1kbY ;JZ:;gM_FT6^kS~9dI:\^FT07;<>ª,=S Z\,<[?F7ZL>Y6^03>_ZXk5; Z:\86O689L>Y2.5;;JZLMsF2 ZLC[6^03Ap>_2E0f; M@47;=`IL21FqCNM5cdA_68256^25R14f4x9HZL6^25,=.5684fI:I/FT,<0fR1R14T\^Ml0T.6^I0Tk54TI:F768;=jl4721;=6803\F7\52p\^ 6^0325Z;`Z:F3.5S;D9L \8S~F7I/kE03>Y;f ;
HP Pp
IP "
"
S~I/03>Y;J9JU
9I:L>YFTC50TR1U \8\?9HF7ZyIL03>xKq>Y03R5FTI:\O6^R5=0 032[ZLV1Zg6^FTU ÃsF32Sdnq6O9gk1,=0TIL\^F768>Yt7kE;=;=F[\^I/A 9H0p;QMxZLkEFm03CN2A>Y6OFT9HI\^07;J9o9L07Z:FTMR5>YI:R165;@9g03FT21CNClM Auzo;Q[AN,v03Z6^6^;=2 \O>YMlY<68F3V521Z:4 68[vF7nT2w06O9W\^6^0T2Z:ILFg4703C5;Y2 ILM5;QF3036 Z:mtg.5;=;=Z:I:I:.5;=cd21;d6O,=6^9H;@>Y;@cd0T9H4TZ:.503;d;=C126^\82[;ZLZ:Fg.59L.5;=\O03I:F3;@I:ZQ4TUs6O;=9gIW+;=C5K7>Y\^;=Fl2 FT,/tlI:0;9
ZLU9H.EZ:F7030qILC1Ze>x\8;YZ:R5.5\OZ:0;.103ZoV1c2 U FUfU 6^F7>@ILS>x0304TR5;Q9L\O9e0Rl0TV5IL,<U ;gÃ6^;=S~2[cdI:ZgFT.1>;=2N2 R5;J>f9:ZL9L.1Cb;=;@;=2[IgZL68>@6OFT03SX\^03\847ApZL.1;JZL9;_.10TC1;xIL\8;Y9:Fl03,/.5>Ytl6^9r4T;f.1.19L\80B.5AuKTF3;_ZLZQ;<Ur=jN;J|?Z:ILR5\8F;QIL;Q03MlMI:6_\8mbA703;Jn 21ILU ;JM FT21I:0T,<>f;_IL;YR5ZL\O.125R0 ;=FT2wZ@V5U ZLÁ .5b»Tcd;À 6^Ml\8\];QQCb,<½ 6O;feY9H6^>YFTS~I:2wFTFTI:> 6^;9
Jp p
S~I/03>Y;rZLFYS~I/03>Y;rZLFYIL;J>YFqKT;ZL.5;g;*mb;Q,vZ:9`F3Sh9H>@03\^\>YF3Z:68F7219GF3SZL.5;,J03>Y;=I/05U
C
p
"! R Y 0
p ! [p
p
1U
Y.V [
2 p
$#% Y 2
IpG[ %
*
+* *
!#"$"%"
Y- 2
- p [ # Y 2
p
[
! !
ZL6^>Y.1;=0T6^ 4TIx; .5.5;`- 6O29HMlZL03_6FTm2147;=MI:I:0T;=>@21,=96^;d9y0T68CE9f>@;=Zoc03c?4707;J; 9;=- 2YMl7FTU]Zo21c+ ;sFg6^682 >@}03\8;J47KT;J ;J9h. \[Y,J.1- 036^2Y9HZLF7CE[g4T;eI/F3IL03S;J>k5|?IL.1,J;Q030T9H2Y;Jkl2[ZLk5ZL;J;JI:I FqMxK[6^6OU 2YMl;GZL2;=;=I:21>@FTFTR19hR5Ix47F3._S,<R1Z:\^.5IL;=I:K7;e;=;=2[Ml\O9=Zx_6 mbU Ml;JU 6OILF79:;J,<IX21R1,<,<9:;dF79H\86^CbF7FTIh;<2{ZoKNn c6^-wMl;=;J;J6^2F 9
1
U
L9
;=k568k147I:0TR56^25I:I:034T;ZL;JV5;JIHMw}1U^h0T;=X,=I:IL\^U 0TF[FT419LR59DU IG0S~I/,=030T>Y>_;Q;J9GI:0pS~ILF7C5>I:;J0T0@tbMlUFl]d,=R5;Jk5>YIL;=6^2[2[ZLZ:;Q0TMuILAS~I:KNFT6O> Ml;=FEbU .10321.54p;g;=Z:ZfFTki03\dZocGV$FYVT0Tp21cdMp6aZLZ:.5. ;fkECE;JFTILZH>YZLF76O9L> 9L68F7Zo2 cF@S~I:FT03I:> ;
FlR5,=I:;,=R5U V5I68U^47G k1R5V@ILI:6^9LW;FT.5IeV5FqZLU^c`Fp9`0pZL9H.5.59L;,=Fq;=c`.1259e6^;x9HZLS~C5FTF7I:R14T;JIeI/0303S~t>@I/03039`>Y2E,<M;JF79e>YZLS~.5k5I:;_FTRl> ZLCb;QF3MZLZH.1Z:S~FT;_I:>FT9:>03Zo>YcZL;x.5F; M5S~I/^1FN03,=I:>Y9HR5Z`>Y;JZ:9e;=.52[FNILZ:,J;J0T,<;gILR5AS~IDI/03KN0q>Y6OS MlZ:;J;=;=9IFEU9HZL.5.5 Fq;Ycd.19:;f2m,<;=Z:6^21FT2 ;fk U C5Zo68I:c47;JR5F0TI:tbS~; I/U 03V5U >YU^ 684T;Q9} U
Ml;J.5IL;g6^KTZ:;QFTM_ki0TZoILc;dF@\^6^tT.5;=6^\^9HAZLF7Z:4TFgI/03CE>@;`9GS~IL03F7I:>;Z:9H.56^>Y;e689:\O0303>Y,I Xh;`Z:.59H.16^9eF3ZJ>YU ;J 03.52E;`9GCbZL.1F303ZLZLZdF7ZL>ª.5;.5Zo6O9Hc?ZLFYFT47S~I:I/0T03>>Y;JMl9d6_mbS~IL;JF7I:>9?9H6^cd4T.5216O6 ,/^E.i,J03ZL2[.5ZL;J\^ApAgS~cI:FT;=I:> ;
GD\ 6
LR + *1
U
309L68I:6847;u4725R56 9LI:^b68; >Y,=03V56^2[\^U^0TZ:G Ip\8VAYX 07Ml9s`6_mb036O;J9oI:Z:IL;mFT;J2747Z:Z?I:.50T; S~>YILF7S~9I/>03S~>YILZ:F7.5;J> ;`9Z:S~ZLFTIL.5k@F7; >'Zoc^1I/cdF19on7.5Zx686^2E,/ZL.5.MlI:6^,J;=ZL0q;p.5Z:;J68S~A-25I/034fc>YZL;=.1;JI:9_03;uZX9HMlZ:.1.5;JFqIL;`cd6^KTS~2I/;Q03M68>Y2 U ;dU S~68I:47.5FTR5;w>IL=; CEcdFTV5.5ZHU^Z:6O FT,/.>'U 6O9y .5cG6O.59o0T;pZ:FT9XZL4TM5F7I/;=k03I:>68ZoK7c;J6^MF 9
6O
9pk5I:Ml6^6_25m4T;=;JI:IH;=}12[hZs;=I:S~\^I:0TFT41> U ZL.1; ^1I/9oZpZoc?FEU ]d;Jk5IL6^2[ZL;QMS~ILF7> b.103214;<Z03\f,V%V7cd6aZ:. kb;=I:>_6O9:9H6^FT2S~I:FT>
v
1
.
v v4
3
v
2
LZ;<U .1j56847;p,=;=R5kb;JI:M1;;=I:9`V168k1Z:U +.5.5*3;x;=XI:K7A e;=ILF3;=ZLS`R56O,=I:Z:0T6O.59o\];pZ:,=6^,JFT>Y9r>YFTS~kEZLFT6^IgF7FT252NMl;=;<2[^EZ:ZD;J;=,<\OF3MZLSX6^U FT;J26a Z:.5F3.5S;=;iIr,JM503KT6 >Y;Qm,v;=;=Z:I:I/FT;=0I,21X J,=FN;p FT2 FT> S`KTCN;JAu IHZ:,< 6^F7,J03>Y\Gk1,<
03FTI:>Y6821kb4s FT>Y25 ;J2 F32[Z:Z:689_F72w0T,< K7I:;J
F7,vU9:Z:9gFT
I/Z:689>Y.5; 076^\^,<0T^1I:IL;=F7\^\O9:ATM 9 n
S~FTI.5FTI:6^=FT2[Z/03\^\8A_FTk5kbF79L;JMY>YFTZL6^FT2sK7;J,<ZLFTI/9JU .5;Q9H;IL;J\^03ZL6^FT219X.5FT\OM
! " p ! % ! !
2! p !
*
S~9L9LFTA[R1I:>x,/>Y.CE;J0TF7MmS9 \86O,`6^l52 ¿q07¾/F7,vÁ=ZLI:½X6^MlFTFT;J2@Id`I \OZLl503Fp¿CbN;=\^0TÁ=\O9X½=CEUy;J9LR1\{+`,/S \8.0TZL>Y.507F7FT9`R5R1¾4T9e.YkEZ:;J.5FT;ek5TRE\^n;T9Hnb;`FT,FTlOISb 4T>@;=32103nN2N;=FTI/Af03I S~\{I/eTF703½QCl>YÀ:zo»;Q;Jb 9h,<Ze683>YI:U ;Jk5,<U \^F76^0T;J4T,=9?25;`>_68ILZL;Q6^F7FT,<IL2mF7;4T>Y,<25FT686^>YZL4T6^.[FTk5Z2YR5k1Z:>Y0qILFqZ:684768KNF7.[6O21MlZ?03;gCb\1;`\^i; 0TmkECEFT;J;JILIH\^9Z}
2
b !
c
i
i
GD\ 6
LR + *7
cd6^2168,<ZLI:.;J07KN9H6^;dM5;=CbF F3Z:,<.YF7>YZL.5k1;r03,=I:03;JC1Mw68\^ZL6aZoFwAf9oZLZ:Ff68\^\X9L;=6^47>@>Y03;=4T2[;QZy9=n{FTZLCl.5zo;s;Q,v68Z/2l9hS~F7S~I:ILFT>@>03ZLC16^FT0T2,/tNk54TI:I:FTFqR1K[6O21MlMx;QMw0T21CNMxAwZL.5>_;rFT,=ZL6^0TFTk1203C50T6^21\^6a03Zo\^AfAlZL9HFf6O9g,=9H\^.107FT9L9LR56a\OS~MA
ZL.1;=>U
?ZL| ;JFT252E4$259H566O6O9y/$Ml+.>@;=',If4
0qZ/ZL,/.5._;i S~03ILF7k5>k1\86O0D,=03KNZL6O6^MlFT;=2FgnWFTMlSE6O9LZ:,=.5R1;`9L9L>@;JM0qZ/;J,/.03I:U`\^68Y ;J0$I[ 68¸ 2.EZL.50qZ?6O9x0T,/IL.E;G03Z:kl.5Z:;e;=IQ0Tn,<ZLFT6^SeFT21,<9yFT>YFTIhk5;=R5K7ZL;=6^252[4uZ:9h03ZL2.10303Z?21030T2@\8Al039L2E6^9g03\^FTANS`9L6O0 9
7U`fZLU{.w+e AT ;J I:9g 0T¸ 21MwF7ILtl9LU.5FT
ku.10TFT. 2wYH+eG V$k5V k5\^[<6^,Jn 0qeZ:68½/F7¹/21¿ 9rF3SG |?F7>_k1lRl¼YZL;J» I 6^9L*¹ 6^b FT2¿ 5n Á IL6^21,<» ;=ZL;F7b26» nb '/¹ e¿QYo,¿qVq¼_}onl_ ILVrFl,<,TZ U
> !
id
+ v
2
)
GV%V [ B} ÃlU ) )
1U Á<k1UW¿ DreT03½ I:bI:;=¹/\^½=\ n Yo, V%V [vn ¾L$» e » e¹ l¼ n 86»
b0T27ÂqZ/½i0 Á , ¼ 0TIL8CE»303¾ I/b<05j n5|b¾L+ » 1YÁ 7<¿qR5¾v25¼ ;@G<V$¿qV¾¾L[ ¿7À Ä N\Á } b% ¼@lU » [½u¹/¿q¾v¾L½
+ C U
bC 2 G
C ) U
56>@/ t m
) U NÁ U5@0TILÁ\I:b;=½<\^¾:\ ½:n ¿ &_U¹/¿ &r8¿3F7¾ I:GMlF7» 2Enle k5»U b<eb½<0T¾ ILKN6^eT\8\^½*;gb½/03¹*21b %M ¿ 11n U ¸ FNFl#M ^1\^\ Yo G V$ V [vn ; b½ T¾Ln 6»
b03½ e2[Z:k50 ½=¾/, Á=0T¿ ILAC10Tb ¾LI:»701d¹ n1c |+
Ä5U ¸03=R1U 25U 6^I:9J;=n ;Jf>@U 032n03f4T;7Un +`2EU Ml;=I/A[9HR1F7>Y2n 01 n U , Ub;J 0TI:68A[M5039L\^tT;=;ATn0T21|M UbFlU Ml 4T0T;721nE03tq0 DU ]dYHG F3V%Z:V .n[<|n Uy¸ ¿q!¼ ;=k6O9LO9L>@b½<¾032n O¸ Á ¿ U <;=¿3IL¾}
b½=¾L»T¹*b Âq½ y¿q¼!k Ob½=¾ G¾L»k3l ¹vÁvn W>E2 J),4$5 51 +./$'N139K -.+./$1O)G+<>;9' n
J
$ 4
U h, FTU \eUFTqI:Ã 2mYo03G 21V M , [v U
ÄB,/}o.N R5*7521U,/t YHG V , [<n *½ b½<¾v¼ FkEb ¹/» ^¿ hn 5)G+ /%+<13- 9D)G4#-<-.+.:E4#9F/$4 n /
!
i e 2 CY:gC 7 + )D t
+* )
!#"$"%"
ÃlU ]g]gUU 070T9o9HZ:ZLR5R5ILI:660303212EM M ]]gUU[0376^0T2N682 YoGYV$?V5M5[v9d[<n nDj b »3¼ ¹|?FT>YOÁ k5¿R51ZL;=nbI 6^2
WFl,<>;6^;<2 ZoA JF )GIL4L;Q59L9Jn ¸+<'G+<0T>;9L9 .56^25 435Z:+<FT9F2/$nD+ x-.4#U |' Un
/ G * m X X
U Ue¾L ½ 803½<;QÁ/9=Á n Ur e0TIL¿,I:e6;=j \^\ n , bU ½<¾L, »7\^¹iR5b >f¿ Cb;=I:4 b 03l 21MO+fb¿ U ¿q¼@;=2[¿ ZLN\O03Á 2EM [YH½ G;V$b V Ávng[<+en |E l1½ mR5\8ZL6^>Y;JMl;6O0 jBÁ\b
½<Al¼9H}
sF + 'L
V1 U &_ d¾LU ¿Q »%6^e725¹/47»B0TÁ\\8b 6Ávn n U 7;J0T2i0T 21 Ms vU|03I: \8CbFT> n
YH03G 2[V$Z/V 0 [<, n 0TeILC1½/» 0TI:01nl|¼@+ ½ 5Y T¾LR1»7¹d25c ;@GV$V<¿q¾[L *q#}ol5 » bÄ5¹/U ½e E½ OÁ
CQF$ 6F
ILl F U !
56>@/
t m
*1U fÁ ¿U 1
n03\O03 I:6 03 21Ms vU
;<ZL.1 6 YHG V$V+ *$[<n h¿3¾v¾L½<<Á k1¿ DeT½ b¹/½f¿ {½/6» b l¾L½ `¿ b Á ¾L½<Á<½ b¹/½xn ¿ hFT`\U ¹:¹ Q5 n
V: 2
e C
T7U
U
>YFT\^68;JIi0T21M `1} b.10T254 n YH, G V$U V U R1[<ILn .[Z .Y e7?½/M ¿ [vn Ee7\^RN½ c?;JI+» ,=E0Te M5;=>Yi½ 6^b, ¾ ½=ÂBR5» C5\^n6^9L6^.52 ;=I/9JDn JFYHG -.)GV$+.V 2([L4L KV7+.q1 }
$ A
i C
Q5U d¼Y} ¿1b U ¿ bu.EÂ03.25eT4E½/n?¿qn +U 0325tq0321.103\^\86d 0T21M
U
n>YhFTFT\^\h6^0TTI n '`Yo, F1V%UGVTRL [vYHn GV%V7O$b[<¿q ¼@*q}o6» b ¹ U k1»q\¾ b b ¿ ¿
+
2 2 2 !
i _
bC
C
0 JF-.)G+<2N4#KF+<1 P@'G)G4#2N'
"!
%# KA$'^7&)&,+%(*&,RS(5+*-/_X#%.1$'03&`25YV47Ka69P;8,bc6:RT4;Ud0<-<6,=?PV>@Ua2AeM>B.D(*CAPV=EILfg+*I%&GFHRT&5Ih+*IJFHK7(L+%KM(L(*$'$'&)&O+*NQ&,Y7P;RS+LK7(LU?RS(LIiRTKV(LUWK3K;+*&,FXN'PV+*UW&5ILRS&,-<Ua(JP;Y7-3&Z&5RTP;U7U?(*KERSU'PMYVFHj'IL&Gbk([P;K;+*&5F\P7+LIh&5YVK;RTFlKV(*U?$'IJ&)(L$?RT-9P;(m
]P;Y7&VnoIpj ] $dPVIq(L$?& ] +LK7N?I,naj'+*r?P;UdP;+*&5PVI5noP;U?s3FHK7+L&tIu(vIqKVFwPOI*PA(*&,bTbSRS(L&[RT-3PVYV&7_wx@UdK;(L$?&,+%P;U?PVbSegILRTIq(*P7IpfgI5n
(L$?RT+ &yj'+*&,b}P;YV+ZRTKVPVUQ+ I\-3IL&,RSY7YV$7-3(h&5rQU7&[(vI`Ip&,RSU~(*IiRTK;-<FcP;rzY7KV&5+vI`sg&,K;+iFJN'VR|{g&5bTRSIiUQsgYVj?+*KVIp(Lj'+*NzRTPV&5b\s3KVRTUarg(LuKO& IL(*j I5_d] $MIp&,(LYV+*j RTKV] UQ(*j'I`+*-3&5IqP
P7eIXP;bTRSb}U?IpKW&"rzIL&,&MYV-3sg&G&5QU7U'(v&5Iqs~PVU?P7s I
YVNz] +*KVKVbT] eaj?Y7N?KVIyUkKV_FqN'] RS$'{g&5&,U3b}Iy(L$?$'P
&^oRTRTUaU'(LYE&5+Lrz&tK;Iu(*(*RS$U'Y)PE+*rQ&,Y7K7+*RSK7s'U?&,I\+`sgP;K)U?sU'KVPE( N?KAPV^7+p(*&,R +] j'(*$'b}P;&] +"JIL$'$?K7PVbSNQ&J&3RT-<Ipj P;] YV$&7nVPVhI[& P ] PVRTUM+ ] IubS(*&9RSbTKVb'+[(vP;&,bTbTf9bSRTN?P;ILrz&9KVj'K7(+
IL&,YV-3&5U7(vPA(*RSK7UkngRSUa(*K9FHK7+L&5YV+*KVj'UQsM+*&,YVRTKVUQIiKVFwRTUa(L&,+*&5] Ip(yP;UQsEr?P ] foYV+*KVj'U?sE+L&5YVRTKVU?]Ii(*Krz&)RTYVU'K7+L&tsc_
IL&,RSYVY7-3j'+*&5&)U7(v5I%'_'i&g&5)+L(i&[bT&GK {o] fg(*+*I\P RS-<(L&tPVsEYV&ZroeEHbT&G(LF1$'(&+XPV*[U?s# &G{o
(L*"+vPrg] u(L& &5s3(yJIL&G& (XKVKVFcY7IpU'(LR|+v(*P;RSK7RTYVU$a#w(\KobTRSKVU'bT&"foR|Ip(&5qYVNQ-3P &,UafA(*P;IyY7&VH+*_ RSY7$7(_#%$'&bTRSU?&
] ] ] ]
YV+*&5P;(%s'&5P;blK;Fs'KV-<P;RTU?Pr'j'RTbTs'RSU'Y<foU'KAJbT&5s'YV&V_
&,-3b}I\KV+*KV#%&yF?$'(L&,&y$?£ &IL& RSRS]-<&5KVUaPVU?(iYVs3FH&%K7K7+q-OrgFHuj?j'& Ip+L] (\(L(L$?rQRT^V&,&y&J+JKVKVP;+*FlU?Y7IpPVP;&5bSU?egYVRS-3IL5RT&5I[&,sZUaHRTK7(*UaP;+i(L(LK`rzRTKVK;$'U3(*RT$QYVR}I\$'_&5(LKO+p, m:bTNQ&,&5^V+*+pRS&5FH(LboK7R j'+LP;- U'bzRS(*R}P ILI\IL](*j'$?$?&[PVPARTU'(qIhYVPVJ&J+L&%$'KV&,Fk&5(LR|+L(*$'&5$'&5N'&,+i+L+\&tK7-3Ip+i&5KVUaU'+*(*KV&%PA(%(*-3ILRSK7&,&5UkY7P;-3_wU?#%RS&,U'Ua$?YV(*&FHP;j'(LN'b'RTRSKVK7{aU +m
]U'PVKVU (`jQrzIp&W&3NQP;] &5Uo+pe FHK7IL+LNQ-3& &t] s~R}P;b\FHKVsg+3KV-<-<PVP;RSUoUefasgU?.R KA- J&,+*bS&t&,sgUa(MYV&7sg_OKV#%-<$'P;R}RTI U?I] ]$Qj?P;ILNgRSU?(*] &,Y+`Y7N'&,+*U'&5&5IL&,+*PVUabi(*I[rzIpK;&5(LYV(LK7-3-9&,Uam:j'(vPAN (LRT-3KVU&G(L-3$?Ko&Gs?(L$?IKo(Ls?$?I[P;(<(L$?s'P;K (
$?sgR}P
I ^7&yj?I*NzIpK;&t(Ls &5UaRTU (LR}P;(Lb $?j?&9ILFH&"K7bSRTbTUdKAJ-<RTPVU'UaYde<IL&sgR.-(LRT&,KV+*U?&,I5Ua_O(%#%s'KV$'-<&P;N'RT+*U?K7I5IL_ NQ(h& KV(*(LI[$EKV+*Fq&,Y7$?RSP
K7^oUgRSm:U?r?YdPVILP&5s<IpRTU'PVYVU?bTs &3] Ipj'&5YV+L^7-3&G&,m:r?UaPV(*P;IL&5(LRTs3KVUj?U'ILR|eg(vIuIJ(*P;&,-+*&
h-<KVP +*] f9$'RThU'&,&)bTbz^oFHR}KVIpRT+%KVUP;bTbQP;N'N'+*N?KVbSRr?bSP;&5(L-3RTKVIhU?P;I%N?-9] NQj?&tP;Iu(+irz(LK&OrQPV&`r'bSsg&[RT-(*K _\X$'{oKo] NzK7&,IL&"+*RT&,FH+*U KV] -¢&y$?PP7(LIiKoILKV$'b}KAIp&,J(U<K;(*F$?-3PA(J&G(LP;$?UdKos?RS-3IN'P;bTU?&,s-3Nz&,Ua&,(*+*KV$?+hP;NQK;IF
(*PVRSbT] KV+P3ILKVbTjg(LRTKVUj?ILRSU?] YfoU'KAJbT&5s'YV&[K;F(L$'&ZPVN'N'bTR] ] PA(LRTKVUl_
b]5}?PV_SI*"#%ILRRS$']bTbTP;R}j?I bIu](*+L$?+*&5P;YVP;(LRTNgKV&t(*IhU &,+`(LY7$'+Lsg&)KAR}IhIL] &,&,j?YV+vIL-3I,ILn &5&5]I[U7bT(vj?ILPA&,Ip(*^V(LRS&5&5K7+L+*UERTPVU'bwK;YFsgP;.R P - bTYV&,KV+*KV&,+*bTKVUaRS(L+*([$'&5-<fos<RTI5U?RT-<n s'PVI[P;U?Y7K;s&"FhKVbSIpRT&5FU'YV&3PO-3FHP;Ka&,U?UaKVs (*(LP;r?] (LPVRTRT+bSKVbc] Uj'Yab}P;PVP;-3bS+`Y7&[KVP;+*+ RSR|Ua] (*(L$'sgK-<&,+*(LIy&,& YV]RTU RT(LKVK7] UQbS+*j?I5Iis'_OKVRSFlU'YdU'RTYV&t(Lj'P;$?+*+L&& m
]x@U K7U?rzIp(*K;P;(*Ua$ ( ] ] P7K7IpbS&tK7I,+5n\_U?K;RS(LY7&Ej'+*(L&$?P;t(9''_ (*&O$'IL&$'KA+L&tIpIij'bS(L(*$?I9&)P;] bS+*RTU'&M&ZFDPVIL+O&,YVFH-3+*KV&5-/U7(vIhNz&,&G+L{oFH(L& +v] P (3] (Lro&5esE$aFH+*j?KV-3-PVU PVUdIp(*RT-<P;UQP;s'YVP;&`+vs'KVI5Fl0_ (LKA/eEKAr'hbSK &,^7] fg&,I5+t_n
(L&G$?{'&5PVIL-&3N?ILbS&,&7Y7ng-3RTsg&,&5UaUa(*(LP;RSFH(LeaRTKVRTU'U?Y<I[-3N'b}RSP
Y7eV$a&5(Z+*IhN'ro+LKAeM^oUoR}sgj'&-9j?rQIp&5&,+JFHj'KVbX+JRT+*U'& N'jgK7()YVU'FHRTK7,+)RTU'$'Y3RTYVP$'&5N?+pP;m:+LbS&5(%^V(L&5K<brzPV&Zjg(LPVK7I*-<Ip&5PA-O(L&tr's bT&5N'sc+*_ K ] &tILILRSU?Y?ncFHK7+
]
1!24351 687:9!;=<>@?BA4>C;EDGFH9!D+>@I=;EJ
K
L(JK<&,Y7IpK7RSK7-3U?& IJ]K;$QFqP;PV+vU P ] RT(*-3&,+*PVRTYVIp(L&ZR ] ILng&,Y7ILj-] &5$Ua(*PVPAI%(*YVRSK7+vU P
e<Ip$?bT&,KV^Vj'&5b}b sWn ] rzKV&ObTKVj'+tU'noRSKVFHKV+%+*(L- &,{o(LP;j'U?+*s& $?KV-3KVY7&,U'&5KVj?IJJRS(L$+L&tIpNz& ] (
K J&,Y7RSK7UERTU7(*&,+*RSK7+*IJIL$'K7j'bTsdrz&ZIpRT-3N'bS&ZPVU?sdJR|(*$'KVjg(-<PVUaedIp-<P;bTbc$'K7bS&tI,_
K
+L,y&ts
IppNzP & ] ] &,(hUa(*(K+L(L&5$'YV& RTKV] U?$?IdPV+*K;P F] (*P &,+*ILRT&,Ip(LYVR -3] &5K7U7Ud(vPAJ(*$?RSK7R ]U $Ip(L$?$?KV&,j'edb}s PV+L$?&[P
j'^7U'&RSFHILKVRS+*Y7-U'RS_ ] PVU7(*bSe s'RL- &,+*&,Ua(^
PVbSj?&5IJR|(*$
C =B
V
y
LRTI +-bSj'bT,/j?r?. IpIL8(L&G>:+v61(*PAI0(L.1&t=a] sW4)P;bTRSbSroU&tes3N?(LP;2$'(p,/&. (L&58Nz>:+L61KVU0vRTU78+*_([& ] N'KV'bTYVK7K;U?+(`R|(*&,K;RS{'FqK7P;UE-3RSR}Y7I%N'j'bT(L&V+*$'&EnX&)RS5FyN??+L(*_ K?$']n&&tILN?bSIhjQPAIuKV(L(*(LF&,&,+*N?+*RSUPVU'+pY (*^7R|& (*]RSK7K7(LU?U'KVIp+vRTR}U'IIp(*Y<P;I"P+*K;&dFXIL&GN??(PVUQRSKVsg+vFI9RSU?NQK;YdPAFy(pIL(*+*j'&,&5r?+*PVUdILbh&G^7Uo(*I[& j'] -9KV(LFXKVrQ+vNQ&5Ih+*K7I3RSRSUaUa(*P7(*K II
(L$QPA(yP;+*&54 ] bTK7IL&76O(LK<&tP ] $K;(*$'&,+JRTUqj ] bTR}sg&5PVUE(uh] K;m@IpNQP ] &7_ ]
I-3L&,&,^VUa&5#%+*(*PVP;$'(LbX&MRTKVsgY7Uk.R &,-z_hU'&5&5#%+L+*&5$'PVU7&5b(OIL(L&)(u&5ea+LRTNzU8 - &5IO2 K;,9. F 8v>@16bTj?0.1Ip=a(L&54<+LRT+*U'&GY FH&5+*P;I)bTYV(LK7K+LRSPW(L$?Uo-3j'I[-9(*rQ$?&5PA+O(9KV$?FJP
s'^VLR&<- &,rz+*&,&,&5UaU(OFH-3KVj'&GU?(*$'sKgj?s'IpI5&,_FHj'bq&ERTU~JRTRT-3bTbqPVbTYVKa&MK7fIL&,P;YV(m
T
b ?
j g
s & ] ] bTP7ILILR ] P;b ] bSj?Ip(L&5+LRTU'Y<P;bTYVK7+LRS(L$?-3I5n?ILRS-3N'bT&)$'R}Iu(*KVY7+*PV-9m:r?P7Ip&tsM-3&G(*$'Kgs'I,n
]
*"$'b}P;U?s'&,+t Ih+*& ] j?+*ILRS^7&"$?RTIp(LK7YV+vP;-mBrQPVIL&5s3(*& ] $'U'R}¤aj'&VnQP;U?s $'RB I%YV+vP;N'$gm:N?PV+p(*R|(*RSK7U'RSU?YO(*& ] $'U'R}¤aj'&V_
:<;>=?@?@A>BC=;D:<;>EF?7G7HJIKA>LFMONP;>MRQIKASG@TVUW?
A^#%P;P;+*$'KVbTj'&`j?&5U?YVI5sE&5_EU'N?&,x@U~R|+v{gP;&,RTbz-<b}N'I5_P;+*KVY7#%r'&3$?bT&,PV& -U?P;KVRSbT-3UegIpNz] R}I5bTKVj?nkU'Ip(L&5(L$?Ua&,&M+*(*RTI%U'^VK;Y9& F] R}(L(LIhK7$?(L+*&5KI[IL&[+*N?&,PV^7N'+p& +*(*&5R|(L(*ILKVRS&,K7+vUaIU(ZPN'PVRSUdIp{g&,&,RT(JU b}I)K;FwbTKVj?^7+Zsg& &7IL] KV (L-3KV+v&,Ii(LRSRTUa-(L&tK3IZY7IL+L-3K7j'PVN?bSbiIiU'$?&,P
RT^oYVRS$oU'rzY3KV+*ILRS$'-3KoKgRTbTs'PV+I
] ] ] ]
7_JRSUa(L&5U?ILR|(ueM^APVbSj'&tI
&'_D X ( ^
PVbSj?&5IJP;UQs ] KVbTKV+%N'+*KVNz&,+L(LRT&5I%sg&5+LRT^V&tsMFH+*KV-(L$'&5-
V
!#"$"%"
? _ ] P;b ] j?bTP;(L&5sdN'+*KVNz&,+L(LRT&5I
Q_%(L&G{o(*j'+L&`-3&5P7Ipj?+L&5-&5Ua(*I
$?K7P
U'^7U',&"& UorzeO&,(L&5&tFHUdsE&5PAY7+*(*&,+Lj'Y7K7+*RSj'&JK7NQU?(L&t$?IhsMP;j?( RTILUaRS] U'(LPVK Y U<] rQbTKVj?&"U'IuPV(*U?&,I*& +vIpIhK (*]&5r?R}s PVPA(*IL&5&5K7ssE-JKVNzUdRSKV(LU?$M(L$'&,P)Ua&tIp(*N'&3I%RS{gb}0<P;&,rzb6*2A&,] 8bTP;RS. U3U?0LY?6Grz_ 0<&y6,j?=?IL>&5:s8 ?(*2CKZ2v6iYV+*^AKVP;j?bTj'N9&5N'I5RSno{gR|&,(b}I,R}Ih_ &5*"P7U Ipe3] &J(*K9N'RSQ{o&5U?bTs I
] ] ] ] ]
%'&
JN'+*$'K R ] &5$Ms'-3j'+L&5& P7Ipj'KVj'+*&5b}sIq$'KAK7U?ILRT] sgbTK7&5IL+y&2 (*, $', Nz&"K7s?I*PAIL(*RSr'P9bT&P;+*N?&PV(*+pKZ(*R|(*(LRS$?K7&,U?RT+hI\RTP7UaIL(LILK RSY7U'&5s bTj?] IpbTj?(L&,Iu+v(*Iq&,+vPVI,U?_ s3, Ip&5bS&tbS& PVIp(X(pm@(*IL$'¤a&j?PVK7+LU'&t&JI (L] $QbTj?PA(qIp(L-3&,+*RTRTU'U'R|Y m
()+*,.-0/'1324 /
-3*"U'RS5&M]&5I RT-3WNQ_ K7 +p] (vRTU P;]Ua&y(O(LR}$']ILILR}Ihj'&MRTI R}]IZKVJ-3$?N'&Gj'(L(*$?PA&,(*+ORSK7K7U?+OP;bTU'bTeKV( RTUgFH&tPVR}ILIZRSr'fobTU'&VKAn7J(L$?U&"RTNzU ] KVN'PVsgj?^AbTPVPV+qU -3&7&G_ (*$'Kgs'P;UoIi] ePV+LPV&"bSY7P;KVN'+*N'R|(*+*$'K
{g-<RS-<I)P;&G{g(LRTNzKV&U?I5( _
65
P+*RS(L7&,I9+*RTKVPUkN?n'P;IL+vj P;-3$&,PV(LI%&,+OfV&5FH&,+LN'K7-RTU'Y(L$'(L$?&&)j?^
ILPV&,+L+tR}_ P;U *y&[(L$?K;&,F+vI9&5P P;(p$ (L&5-3bTj?NgIp(9(L&,(*+yK bS&t?ILUQIhs~(*$?(LP;$?U]&dP<rz&5IpNzIp( & R|Q&5P sd]5]^
KVPV+vbSj?sg&VRTU'_ Y(LKILKV-3] &
!
7 8
] ] ] ] ] ]
9
:
-3G@&GH(*IK$'= KgG@scA R_\H x:( ] PVUrzH=&)LF&G?){gN':<+*;>&5EFI*IL?1&5G@sEHIKP7A IhLVFHM KVbTbSKA#%$'I5& _ [m:-3&5PVU?IcP;bTYVK7+LRS(L$'- RTIkPJILRT-N?bS&7ntRS(L&5+*P;(LRT^V&$'RTbSbSm ] bTRS-9r'RSU?Y
<; >=?A@ B5
&' _
i$'KoK7IL&"+vP;U?s'KV-3bSedPIL&G(KVF -3&5PVU?I u
ut H I
' J u
_
?_'bTKVj?+yIu(*&5&,P + ] $)^7& J] R|(*(*KV$d+ (*$'&)] U'KV&t-3P;N'+*&5jgIp(*(%& -3 &t P;Uk_ ,pJFHKV+&tP ] $ P;U?sWP7ILILRSY7U (*K<(L$?&
]
6! <DGF KL" MA
%
OP
D+F IQ
<DGF <DGF . <DGF
(L+v$?P;U?& sg#%bSK7&t$'-PVR}I`Ip(MP;bSILbTjQYV¤aIuKVj?(*+*&,PVRS+v(L+LIy$'&tI<- P;UQIp&5sR}I`U?(LIpYV$'&7j?&5_ PVU +* PV(*U7K7&,(*-3N &,&tN'&sjg(L(L-<&OKdP
(L(Le $'&5&5+LrzRS-3+[&WRT-3U?-3PA&5Ko(*PV&Vs'U?ncR|I,?r'_ &tjgs (Z(L&5(LRS(`NK~-3¥3N?P
PV-<eW+p(*P
R|U?e(*K;RSK7rQ(`U &?(LU?-3$'sKo& s'(LIL$'R|&G?&3(E&tsY7KVbSF[K7(LKr?^7P;& Iub](*(LKVKVKVN Ng+v(*I3P;RS-9F1RT(LU7j'&,(*+"- K (L$?RTU &
N(Lz$?&,&+ ] PV&,N'UaN'(vP;bTR]YV&qPA(LK;RTF?KV^7U& ]K;(*F\KV(L+v$?Ic& (*$?[PAm:( -3] ] $?&5P;P;UQU?IYV& bT] j?bSj?Ip(LIp&5(L+L&5RT+*U'IwYdRTU9PVbSPY7Y7KVRS+*^7R|(*&,$'UZ-RS(L&5RSU+*P;(LRTKVX UZ(R}IILIpN?-<P P;&)bTbB_w(LKdRS(LY7$?j'&O+*&yKV+*5RT?YVRT_ "U?P;RSbTblbTj?FHKaIu(*KV+*(LP;r?(LPV&tbSI b
]
RT-3PVYV&`K;F] RSY7j'+L&3t'_TV_ ] ]
^5
;P ?@UQQ soFmB-3= G7&5=3+LY7&):<(L; &EV] ?7$'G7U'HJR}IK¤7A>j?LF&VM _,Ya8GP;C RTVU2;>:PV2 I*IL2 j',/-3. 8&Z>:16 (L0$Q.1=aPA4E([(LR}I9$'&5PV+LU'&3K;P;(*$'+*& &,+9R|(*&,] +vbTj?PA(LIu(*RT^V&,&d+vI P;bTYVKV+*RS(L$'- L( $?P;(9j?J IL&5RS(LI$P -3IL&5N'P;bSRSUQ(pIm
: _ ` ba
7 c
dAdA
C =B
V
'NK7+*RSY7bSK K7j'] +*&5+*Ihs'& RTj'UE5+L?&3(*_$'QH&)+*9RTYVKV'$a+*KoRT(vYVKViRT(LU?Ipr?$?P;PVbzKAbSbiJRS-<RSUd-<PVPVYVP;I%&VY7\&sgR}s'IpHPVbT(L&G+LRTUF1f<(] ZY7(J+LPVYV&5U?+v&,sP
Ukeng-3(LK7&tU'sg&5RSI5j?] _\bT-j?#%Ip$'(LYV&5&)+*+*&,IOIp&5RSUk{ +Lng&t] Ips'bTj'j?P;bS+*Ip(Lf<(LRTU'&,r'+vYI bTj'FH] +*&VK7KVn?+L- J+*&5$'ILP NQR|(*K7[&VU?n?m:s3IL-3RTbS(*&5^7K9P;&,UQ+t(*noI$'PV&)] U?bTIpj?sdRS{MIp(Lr'&,-<bT+*P RTP;U'RTf UY _
]56" 5
] ]
IP;+*&"^7& ] (LKV+vIhK;ngFP;U?(L$'sE&`bS&,FHK7( +L - rQ&[(L$?& ] KA^
PV+LR}P;U ] &-<PA(*+LRS{MK;F ] bTj?Iu(*&,+ PVIhsg&GQU'&5sdrQ&5bSKAyG_x:Fl(L$?&
d
%
EK
1N2 M
dM
"
(L$?&,U&5P ] $d-3&5PVU L
%
RTIJP^7& ] (*KV+ 1N2
%
%
"
%
%
P;UQs
R}IJsg&G?U?&5sroe %
A
%
"
_
_
_ _
A
_
_ _
_ u5?_S
(LJ$?Ko$'&&,&5£ +L] & KARS^A&5P;Ua+*(MRTPVrQU &,] (u&9irQ&5R}&,Iy&,(uU (Li$'&5(L&$'&,U&^AP;(L+*$'RTPV& U PV] U?&Zs!KVP;F"U?(Ls
$' & KV -3 ] NzKV] KVK7-3U'-3Nz&5NQKVUaK7U'(*I5U'&5n U7&,Ua(vI`(K; RTFiI<(LK;(L$'F\$'&3& (*$'^VIp&O& (*] PV^7(*U?& KVs'] +v(LP;I,KV_E+v+vs Iy sgPVU?&,^os R}R}I[PA (L(LRT$?KV& U ] K;KV F[+*+L(L&5 $?bTP;& (LORTKVRTU I
" ^D P7" P P
(LU'K& (*(L$'&tRS&Ms Y7j'K7+*+LKV&9RT-3YVtRTNQU?'K7P;_ ¥ZU'b&,RTFHUabSKobT(vj?KVIi(LIpr?(LN?+vPV+LPAbSK (*bX&5RT&tIh-<sg(Lj'P;$?+*Y7&Z&y&P;JKVN'F$'N'R wbTR $E]RTYVPAj?N?(*RS+L+LK7&KgUdsg5j KV?Fl_S&57(*sM_E$'&)(L#%$'RT$'&)ILKgR}IILs'&,PA]YV(vbT-3j?P Ip&5](LU7&5bS(vjQ+ZPAIu(*RS(*-<RS&,K7+*PVUERSU'YVIpY<&<$?PVKA%bSJPVY7UMI[KV+*(LRSR|U$?(*$'&M- RSRSU?Y7RSN'j'UWjg+L&(Z5X (*?K ( _S7P _ILN?] #%KVP $?U'] && m
(L$?K7+LbS] K7&t+pIpm@$'ILK7N?] bTP s%& $'& j?FHrQKV+3&7_ (L$?&WRTILKg] s'PA(vP ] bSjQIu(*] &,+*RSU'Y%PV] I<IL&G(3(LKPILRS5&KVF9t) (KVF"(*$'& IpR}sg&K;F"(L$'& X (
] ] ]
*A>U!+-;>H-, A>?7G7QRMIK=U .-=?7H
? _ @ HJG7TFQ _F?
L(x:RTUa(LRT-3&5^7+*KV&5P;bTI5(L^V_ RT&"^V(h&W(L$'& N?&)] PVP;bT+pj?&5(*ILP7R|&)(*IuRS( K7(*$'U KV&,-3e+L&tN'+*P;&5jg+*¤a+*(vPVj'PAU'(LRT+LRTYVKV&Z&5U-K7U'(*&5RSbTUa-3e(3&)K7I U'K;] &ZFw$'&,(LN?$'-3P7&)IL&tIyI<-3(L$?&t$?PVP
+LIL^VK7j'&j'+LYV&5(*$-3K(*&,YV$'UaK&9(/g(*s'Ip$'N?P;+L(*P K7P?j'nQ& YV$'$ R}bTIpj?(L(*IpKV$'(LY7& &,+*+*PVRTRT-3U'-¢YOPV-3YV(*& & &,(L$'s'$'U?P;KgRT(*¤as'P~j'I"&tILN'&GI,+*(E_ KVr?-<PVPVr'UabSee
] ] ] ]
't
!#"$"%"
$'&
132 4
24
Q_ (LK7NdJ$'&5U
%
p
D 2 4 2
N ; M Q IKASG@TVU xuILKos?PA(*P
ibTj?Ip(L&,+*RTU'Y X N\
5 [m:-&tP;U?I%PVbSY7KV+*R|(*$'-
(LIL$QN?PAP (\)&V$'.}n'8KVRB>@-3_ CL&7C4 K7_i0LYV2;K7&,0¡UU?&,(L03KV$'jQ&OC IwV$'6%K7RTrgIp8G(L6vuK7&6 YVA] (*+v.1=oIP;4i-RTUORT_XI(*Px@$'-<&J-3P;RT&5-3Y7P7&ZPVIpj?YVIp&5&h+LYV&5-<--3P;&5&,U'UaUaRS((vFH/oPA&5IL(LIpN?RT(\KVP (LU]$'& &5R}I-<] bTP j?Ip&5IpbS(L^7K7&5&5-+LIRTU'N?PVYbSIR}IpN'(*$?+*$'&5K & s] ] &trobTILj?eEIlIuRS(*-<U9&,+vP;JIN'$'RSN?UR ]RSU'$O-3YMR|&5((LP7$'RTIpI&j'PV+*I*&,bSIL-3jQj'Iu&5-3(*U7&,&5(+vs/ I
ba
r?K7P U?] ]fdIp(LRS(*(LKjg(*(L&q$'(*&$'RS&%-<RS-<PVYVP;&3Y7sg&hKVIL-<&,Y7P;-3RTU&,UaJ(*I5$?_l&,+*'&OK7+(*$'YV&3+vP
-3e7mBP;(L{gK7RSU'-<&XP;RT-<b ] P;K7YVU'&tU'I,nt& (*] ]5$'(L] &t&%s -] &tKVPV-3ILj'NQ+*K7&,U'-3&,&,UaUa(v(I"/gKVIpFqNQP(*$'& & ] bTbSj?jQIuIu(*(*&,&,+*]+`RSU?bTYPVrQ&5PVbTU I
rzrz] &9&J(LP $']5&y] K7RSUa-(LN?&5+LbSR}^AIpPV$?b'&5K;sF ro^AeWP;bTj'sg&5&GIq(*&,rQ+*&,-(uiRTU'&5RT&,U'U3Y<^A(*P;$'bT&9bS&5^AeoPVI5bS _ bT&,,egIN'RTRSUW{o&5(*b'$'J&O$'$'KaR}IpIp&J(LKV^AY7P;+*bTPVj'-&R}I\PVU?RTU3sW(Lsg$'& & ] b}P;(*$<+*RSU'RSUaYM] (*&,(L]+*$'^
& PVb'] bTR}j?I\IubT(*PV&,rQ+v&5IJ] bS&t(*sK
JN'RSRS{g(L&,$b}IRSU?Js'$'&G{KaIpq&ZPVb}P;U?rzs<&,(*bw$'RT&)I Ip&5zYV#%-3$'&,&9UaP;(hjg(L(*K3KV-<J$'PA(*R ] R $d(*RS(J$'+*rQ&5&5ILbS$'K7KVU'b}Y7sgIhRTU'R}Y3I%KV(L&U'&[$'K;U'FwR}¤7(Lj?$'&9& sg] KVR}I U'U'j?& I*]Ip(*&t&5ss RSOU ] KV
i-3$?NzPVKVNgU'(L&5&5U7+"(v<I%K;R}IyFwPVPVUbSb OD
'NYV+*+*RSKVY7K j?j'] &5N?+*s'& I,j'5+LYV?&W+*_ &,¥'D&59+LUkRTYV'n'$aKos'(vKVPV`(L+Lr?ILfM$'PVr?KAbSbiJbSj'RSU~-<&7n'P;PVJY7I)&$'s'RS(LRTHIp&7bT&G(Ln?F1RTU(IpZRT] bT(9^VPV&,U?YV+ts+vngP
P;eWU?s(L`K7r'¥U'b}&5P ] I5bS_EjQf Iu_#%(*&,$'+v&3I)?+L&t^7Ip& j?]b|(*bTRSj?U'IpY (L&,FH+v+LI K7-] KV+*PV+LU~&tIpNzRTILKVKgU?s'sPA(v(LP K] QbTj?^V&Ip(L&,] +*K7RTbSU'K7Y +
] "
]
'jIL;&,=z+*bT&WC& ] 5(*,?RS6 K7_ 5 gUk47nkn 6 J$'AKA$'. hR0L] 6 &,$2,^V>:&56IL+5$'nzKA> N' +*0*Kg6ILsg8KV'j-3C ] &<,&tAs-3.1=o(L&549$?PV+L(LU'&5& RT&OU'$'Y;(*RT$'FH¤aj'+Lj'bq&t&tIp+LIy$?&5KVJYVb}RT$?s'KV&,IyU?+*I[eo&)RTK;&,(LFhb}$'sg(L&ORT$?U'(L&<YM$'+*RS(*-<&5$'ILP;&O$'Y7K7FH&VK7bTs'_Ej'I +[#%(L$?$'$'RTKa+*I)Ip&5&5-3ILU $'KVK7sg(LbTRTsg&,^
Nz&tP;sW&,(LU?&tRTI[s-3(LKVPV$'UWYV&M&trzIyU?K;&,KV(*&5Fi$ s(LFHRS$?K7YV&+m
$'R}Iu(*KVY7+*PV- P;U?sd(L$?&Z¤7jQP;bTR|(ue
jQIp&,FHj'bSU?] &5I*IiKVFl(*$'&)+L&tIpj?b|(*RSU'Y3+*&,Y7RSK7U?I,_ ]
a a a
a
TF;>=LS_FHJI ?
HBCEVIK?7AT; H , A ?1G@Q M IK=U ? =?@H _
HJB TFLVA&EVH
}R+**"sg&,$'&5YVPOb}RTP;KVRTU?UQIqs'Ii(L&,K7K9+drgNQ(*6,&5PV>Z+pRSU?FH2 K7&5, +Lsd-p FH+L$'K7 R}- Iu(*"KV(L+*YV$?&G+v&Z?P;U'-+L&t&MIp-3j?(L$'b|Kg(v&dsgP;&"Ua$'( RTILIp&,(L&5bTK7j?faYVIuRT+vU'(*P;&,YO-+vI,?m:ng+*r?j?IpPV(qU7ILK7(*&5RSsU<bl+L(L] &5$'bTYVj?&[RTIpKVJ(LU?&,$'+*IJRTK7U'PVbS&"YW+L&[RSRT-<s'KVrg&5P;PW(vY7P;&yRTRTUU'P;&5UQPWsds3+*(*(L&$?$'] PA&5j?( UM+*ILKVRSP;^7UEU&<&5rQhP &O] P
$Ee7s'_&K;Fc#%K7(L-$?$?&& m
Nz-<K7PVILIL&5f s9nwU'PK[$'FHj'R}Iu+p(*(*KV$'Y7&,+*+tPV_- #%$'K;&,FheZ(L$'rz&E&,Y7-3RSUP7roIpf7eO&5sgs&,NQ?K7]U'+pRTU'(*RSY)K7UP"-<K;FhP7(LIp$'fO&MIL&,RT-<bT& ] P;(LY7RT&<U'Y)RTI P;bTboKVN'-3R|{gN'&5jgbTI(*&5RTscU_ (L$'W&J&5RT-<P7IpP;j?] YV+L&7&5-F_ X[&5UaRT^V( /o&5UIL] N?PVP Uae &
](L$?bTj?&,IpUZ(L&5R}sg+LRT&,U'UaY<(*R|R}?Iy&tP;sZN?JN'RSbS(LRT&5$)s(*$'(*K3& ](LbT$'j?R}IuI"(*$'&,+lRTIp(L(LKyK7YVJ+v$?P;R-] $)ngN'(*$'+*Kg&,e`sgj rz] &,RTbTU'KVYEU'YQP<_lILx:&GF'("(*$'K;&,F +*] &X] bTj?R}IlIp(LK7&,U'+vbTI5e[_ K7qU'R|&X{g&,-3b}IJ&5P7RTUIpj?(L+L$'&5&O-RS&5-<Ua( P;/oY7IL&ZN?PP;]]+*&&
8
]] bTK7j?-3Ip(LNQ&5K7+5U'ng&,(*Ua$'(*&,I9UKV(*Nz$'&,&)+v-<PA(*PVKVIL+ZfER}I3R}IhP;(LN'&,N?+*-3bSRT&5RSsUQPA(*(LK&tsc&t_XP x:] F$ (L$?] bS&,j?+*Ip&[(L&5R}IJ+5n-3N'KV+*+*Kg&[sg(Lj $?] PVRSU'UYKVPU'& IL&G] (bSj?K;IpF(L&5] +5KVn'U'(L$'U'&5& Ud] (*&5(*$'s~& +*]&,K7Y7U'RSK7U'U?& I)] (LFH&tK7s +
&5R}I`P ] N'$ bTP ] bT&tj?sIp(LK7&,U+"bTPPVrQ-<&5b PV_"ILf qP Ip](*P$ f] KV_<U'#%U?& $'] &3(*&5-<s PV] ILKVfg-3I`NQKVK7UU'(L&,$'Ua&M([IpRTI(*P (L$'fW&5U+L&5j?N'IL+L&5&tsIp&5(*UaKE(`YV+*&,&5Y7U'RS&,K7+vU?PAI"(*&Z(L$?P<P;U'(Z&5P;+*& -3P7P;IpU?fs'RTJs'$'P;R(L] &t$ I
FHN'KVRS+`{g&,FHb}j?I\]+pRS(*U$'&,(*+Z$'&JIL&,$'Y7R}-Iu(*KV&5UaYV+v(*P;PA(*- RSK7Uk] KV_<-3yN'j?jg+L(vRTPAU'(*YWRSK7U9Ipj N'],+*] K &tILIL&tRTIL^VI5&-_ R|
i(*&,bTj?+vPAIp(L(L]&,RTKV+*RTUQU'I,Y)ncRT(*I$'+*&<&,NzU'&5&,{aP;(L(Z&t-<sOFHP7K7Ip+\fW&5RTP U$9(L$'U'&M&5 Ip(*P]-<] P7f IpfZIp&5j?bS& U7] (*(*RSI b
(Lsg$?RT+L&& Ip(*(*&5P s] fIpN?R}I[P;(L&,R}-3P;b Ng(ubSe7j?_ZIp(Lw&5RT+LYVRT] U'j?YQ+L&d_ 5'_ RTbSbTj?Ip(L+vPA(*] &5Iy(L$'R}I`N'+*K ] &5I*IJ$'R ] $h& ] P;bTb+L& ] ]j'+vIpRT^V&O$'RTIp(LK7YV+vP;- /
] ]
U'IL&GKV(X("K;'rzFzK7& +"^AP;] K7+*K7+*RT-3PVs'r'RSN'U?bSjg&tPVI(L+L&te sWbTK7] RTKVILU?&,bTKVsg++[RT(L^aK)RSR}-<sgJj?P;$QPVY7PAbS&5bT(\eI5)n(LKV$?*"U& $a)(*(*$'P'P;&9n +*$a)+*j?&5PVskU'U?nQ&,PVU Y7s'/ +L&V&5knc&,KoUkP;&,U?nz^7s P;&"U?D sWN'P;+LfAr?RTUPVbSj'R%&RSpN? PVDb X 7K7"(J-IL Nzj'] KVYVKVU?Y7bT&5&,KVUaIp+(L(*&5^AIvsWP;w+*(L(LR}+vP;$?P;r'P;U?bT(`Ip&5FHI5$?KVnQRT+*Ipr?-¡(LjgK7("YVh+vK7KVP;U j'-<b}sP I
5 M
4 4 4
'&
!#"$"%"
25
20
15
10
0
100-119
120-139
140-159
160-179
180-199
200-219
220-239
0-19
20-39
40-59
60-79
80-99
VKJ#%r'$'$'u&&5& +L] *"&y(vI\$'(L$'b}P;P;&5U?UQe<s3sgYV&,ILRTRS+ ^VU?%&yYV*"bTbT&G$aK;m (*(v] P[IhKVbTK;P;KVFkbT+YV(*K7+*RSUo&,+LRSYVe<(LRT$?KV+*-3UQ&,YVI,IRTnAKVhr'UQj'KVIX+*(qf)RTUMsghK)(L&,&,U'bT{oK;b'(L(\KVj'U3&,+*{a&5+*(*sd&5&,PVU?P;IL+*sKV&5UQhPVP;I5&,r'_ bTbgbT eZ(L$'K IpRcRT]-3sgKV&,N'-3^7bT&,&N'bTbTKV] &GKVNz{ObT&5KVRTsd-<+XPZI P;] YV-3&5&tU'&GI&5(*K;I$'F JKgU?sMRSPA(L$<(*(*$?j'-<PA+vP;( PVb'UgI PVmB] -<UM&,U?P7j?&5sgILI5&& n
rorzeO&G(u+*h, &,&,-3&,YVUMKA+vP;^o(LN'RS$'U?$ &"Y[(uPViUaKeOIp&5 &,sg(*Y7I&5OI (LPV$Q] U?PVPAUMs( ] rQK7&[U'N?U'P;PV& UE+p] (*(XrQR|(*U'& RSKgK7sgU'K7&t&5-I\s<N?RSRTU jgUa(L(L &tK9sEJ(uiPVRSIX(LK$3(Lsg$'U'R}&`KgIHusgILK7j'&tRSUaI\- (iRSU K;Y7Fc+*EPV(*N'$'_$?&"#%Iih$?J&%&,RTR|s'YV(*$E&,$aYV(vU'+*IX&,KgK;&%sgFc&`KV(*F $'ILsg&G&[(*R}I*I&5IpsgRTY7-3&5P;RSIqb}U?P;(Ls +*$?R|(uP;e (
"
F G 9
6 " $ O o
S u5?_ &7
&
*"U'&M%P
eK;F%FHKV+*-Oj'b}PA(*RSU?YW(L$'&Ip&5YV-3&,Ua(vPA(LRTKVU~N?+LK7r'bS&5- R}IO(LKbTKoKVfFHKV+O(L$'&09.1=Q.10 . 0 2 . >qRTU
M* *
C =B
't
#%$'+*&5IL$'KVb}sd+*PVU'YV&`9(LKMV #%$'+*&5IL$'KVb}sd+*PVU'YV&`'[(LKtV
9
6 " $ 9 p H u5?_ a
#%$'&)sg&,?U'RS(LRTKVUK;FU'KV+*-<P;bTRS5&5s ] jg(R}I%(L$?&,U
M* +*
I(LLK<-3rzPVbS&)b RSj?(LIL$ &GFH(*j'$'"blR}I[^ARSUP;s'bTRTj'&G-3?&tI,U'PVnRSYV(LP;&)RTKVU?ILUls&,n YV(L-3(L$?$'&M&5& U7N?](vPAjgP;(*+L(`RS(LK7RS(*(LUk$?RTKV_\PAUQ(`'I`j'N?+L(LP;(L$?+L$'(LP;RS&5(O(L+LRT-3KVsgUQKWK7Iy+LN'&7K7+*nojgKg(L(`sg$'j &)IL-<] +*&M&,P;b}ILbTPAbw-<(*R}&5P;ILsKVbTb b}PA-3(L&5&tPVsW IL[j'Nz+*KV^
&yRTPVU7FHbS()j?K7+J&5ILIZ&G(L(*KVPVI"(*+LPVJ&3bcRT-3U'bSbKVKVU'+*+*-<KV&<([P;bSRTbT$?fVRS5P
&5&5^7bSse &
>
F F
Current
mask Compute histogram of Histogram
masked image.
G 9 &
F 6 " > u5?_
ILK9(*$?PA(&5R|(*$'&,+JKVFw(*$'&,- ] PVUdrz&)j?IL&5scn?P7I ] K7Ua^7&,U'RT&,Ua(tnaroeP9NQP;+L(LRS(LRTKVU'RTU'Y3N'+*K ] &5sgj?+L&7_
roeMN?X[ PV$'RT+p^VRq(*&,R|+*(*U3PVRSK7U(*U'$'(*RS&`U?$'Y9sg&E&G(*PV?$'rQU?&)KAR|(*^7N'RS&3K7RS{gU?PV&,IXbSblY7FHILKVK7&G+*+ (tR|(*_ $' - $' RBX (*IJKPVILU?&,Ips &5Y7YV--3&5&,UaUa(*(ZPA(*RTn7RS-<K7hUdP;&yYVN?U'&t+LI`&5K &5] r?sM&tPVsgPOILj'&5N'+*s&`+*K K7RT]IJU&5P7sgr?Ihj?+LRTFH+LYVKV&J$abTbS(*(LKA$?U?PA&5(%I5I*_I,Ipn &5YVKV-3bTKV&,+tUanl(vIqK7+`P;UE(L&,RS{a-<(*P;j'Y7+*&&
F
K uiRTIh(*$'&ZILN?PA(*RTPVbcbSK ] P;(LRTKVUK;FU'Kgsg& v_
<D D
u Q ung(*$'&)RSUa(*&,U?ILR|(ueE^
PVbSj?&VngFHK7+Ip&5YV-3&,Ua(LRTU'Y3RTU7(*&,U?ILRS(ueMRS-<PVYV&5I5_
u "! ! $#X z "! ! z
@ ungJ$?&,+*& ln n'PVU?s <PV+L&y(L$'& / &% ^APVbSj'&tI,naFHK7+
<D " TD
K] 7bSK7+JIp&5YV-3&,Ua(*P;(LRTKVUk_
<D " 3 D ' F <D
u
K;FX`P;jQILIL
RT PVUQ(q' ?
bS(L&,+vIJPA
(J^A(P;' +* RTKV
@j? uIJInz] JPVbS$'&t&,Ih+*&`PVU?(Ls$?& KV+*' RS&5UaPV(*+LPA&9(*RSK7*U?I5* n7FHXK7+%Ds'(L&,LR -{a(*&,j'+*&,+*U&`] IL&Z&,Y7K;-3FXsg&,Ua.R - (*P;&,+*(L&,RTKVU Uk] _&
<D I"
<D
TDA D
L((Lx@U?$?KoK3Ip&O(L&t(*sgKVPVR}ILN s3ILRSK;bT-3&GF F1RTN?( bTPVPV] +h+pK7(*(L+LR|K9(*U'RS&5K7(L+v$'U'&`RSU?P;+*Y)U?&,sYV(L$'RTKVPA&yUE(p(*RS-<&,(L-3K3P;Y7NgPV&Vs'(vInasMP (*(LKd$'0L6:&5Y74;-+L.DKAC;_1=<0yC4 &5IL0LP j?C ] P;$ bT6bTeM+L0\&5rzP9YV&,RTIpKVY7(*UWRSP;U?(Lj'IqR}IuUaPA(*(*(qR RSbK7P;U'(Lbz$?&J(L&O&tNQIuN'Ka(JRSIp{gR}RSIi(L&,RTb}NzKVIyU<&,rz+LRTFH&,U3KVRT+*U'(L-3Y $?&&5] sMKVRS-<-3(LK<PVN?YVsgPV&O+L& &tDsWK;RTs'F1(L&[P;&5+*RSU & F
(L(L$?$QRTPAI[(yR}PI+L(*&5$'YV& RTKV] UdPVILRT&VI_ P3/yILPV&G+*(PVKVbSR F ] fdK7N?U'+LU'K7& NQKa(L&tIps&tsN'(LR|{g$'&5&9bTI%FHKVJbTbTRSKA(LJ$RS(LU'$?YE&Z+LIL&5PVYV-RTKV&`Ugm:NzYVKV+*N'KA] Jj?bTRSP;U?(LY9RTKV(*U& ] -3$'U?&5P;RT¤aUj'P;&7UQncsEJ$'^ARP;] +*$R}P;PVU I*]Ip&Vj'_ -3&tI
] ] ]
+*&,YVRTkKVUd&,( -3¡&5P;rQU &)P9+LP;&5YVU?RTsKVUEI ] KVPAF (L(L&55+ N'4 R|{g&5robTI%e U'&5RSY7$orQK7+LRTU'Y9PN'RS{g&,b JRS(L$YV+vP
e(LKVU?&"RTUa(L&,UQIpRS(u3e 2 gy&,?U'&`(L$?&
.
"
$ F p5'_T &7
6 7 *8 9 *:
'
!#"$"%"
7_ P; U?&G(%sj'JN$'POK7ILh&O&,&tRTYVsg$aYV(L&t&tIps<&,( YV¢+vP;N?RTI`$ PIp&,([ KV Fqh9&,qRTYVJ$a$?(L&tK7s IL&"&5U's'KgYVsg&5&tI[IpJ&,( RS(L $ OR}Ih (L$'o&`GIpnc&,(L(J$'K;&3FlhN'&,RS{gRTYV&,$ab}Ih(`K;KVFkU (*$'(*&`$'&3RS-<&5sgP;Y7Y7&&
" B
rQ^V&&,(ui(LK7&5+y&,UK;F U?KoP;s'U?& s Z(LPV$'U?&s -3?&5n P7Ip] j'K7+*-&,-3N?jg&5(LU7&t(Ls m:ILN?P7PIO(*&Z$'^7&W& IpRT(*-3KV+[RSb}P;K;+*F RS(uQe~_ rQl&,&G(u( i&5&,U rz&9(L$'(L&$'&<-3IL&5RS5P7&9Ipj'KV+*Fq&,-3U'Kg&5sgU7&5(LILm:IL&GN?( P <] & _
<D
TD " $ @ O a
P
<D u5?_ V
IpP;KU (L$QPA( u%s'RT+*PV&,YVN'U'+*K7&5U?IL&,P;Uabz(v-<IhPA(L$'(L+*&`RS{M(*K;J(*PVR|(*b $ ] K7U'K7U'UE& ] RS(L(*RTIJKVsgUR}P;FH+*Y7KVKV-¢U?PVU'b _ Kgsgk& &,(X(*KMrQP;bT&)bkP;K;U (*$'&,+y U'Kgsg&5IpI5eo_ -3l-3&G( &G(*+LR rzPV& b
]
<D >D O!
(b)
9" V '
2
( )
KVbT^V&"(L$'&ZILegIu(*&,-¢K;Fw&t¤aj?PA(*RSK7U?I
1 4 4 1
2
! 2 29" [! p5'_T5a
FHKV+%(L$?&)&,RTYV&,Uo^7& ] (*KV+v1I 2dP;U?s&,RTYV&5Uo^
PVbSj?&5I k_ 4
Q_K;yFl& (*] $'R}sg& &)R|j'F(y(L$?P;U?& s] j'-<+*+LP;&5foUaRT(%U'YNQP;IL+Lj'(L+*RS&[(LRT(LKV$?UWP;Ip( $?KVj'b} sEqrzR}IJ&OrQILj'&5bSr KAsg RS^oPR}sgN'&5+Lsd&,m:FHILj'Nz+L&(L$?RS&,?+&tsMroe (*$'] +L$'&t& Ip] $?foKVRSU'b}sEY^A(*P;$'bT&Zj'&7Iu(v_ P;r'RTbTR|(ue
] ]
F
DP7 DrQ ]
3-RS(ORS&GY7RT(*I)j'$'+*ILKg&W$'sKA5JH'rzU_ :m RT1UF**"Gr?_X+LbTRTx@PYVUMRTU?fz+*P;&5_Eb\ILj'x@Y7Ub|+*(hP
PVRSea-<bSmBbq(LPVK;K7YV(LU'&O$?&9&,D+)RTrQ-<+*naP;&5(LY7IL$?j'& &[b|(vDI,ILP7&,nlZbT(L& P;$'] U?&d(L&5ssMIp&5+*+LbS&,& &5Y7YVRS(LRTK7&tKVU?sU<I`+LR}N'IX&5+*YV(*KoRT$'KVs'&"Uj s'] RTPV&tI)+Lsf3IL$'rar?KAePJ] (LUfo$'YV& RS+*UKV j'RS$'(*U?RiI)sILK7&,+*+LY7&,RT-3YVY7RTRSU?&,K7UaPVU(*b\P;ngYV(LPV+vRTU?KVP
Use
(LK7U'&5I5ngJRS(L$(L$'&)+*&,-<] PVRSU?s'&,+JK;Fw(L$'&)RT-<P;Y7&`IL$'KAJURSUr'] b}P ] f _J
iK7j'+L(L&5ILeMKVF7RTPVUarzK $'RB_
P;UQs 4
" $
AF
p5'_T5a
67 8*9 :
Q
U g
s ,
& %
+ *
( '
$ Z
& V
P *
I p
I
R}sg&,Ua(LR ] PVbSbTeEsgR}Ip(L+*RSr'j'(L&5sU'K7+L-<PVbTI5no(L$'&ZIp(*P;(LR}Iu(*R ]
0 ?
j
- '
N L
( T
R V
K d
U L
( ?
$ ;
P y
( ;
P T
b c
b L
( '
$ )
& ?
N *
|
R g
{ ,
& }
b %
I T
R U
4
;
P ?
U d
s
(L$?&`(L&5Ip(N'RS{g&,b 2EPV+L&`RTU?sg&5NQ&5U?sg&,Ua(yPVU?s
2 4
"
t 4 V
p5'_T o
] ]
.
4
FHKVK7+"U?IL#%IpRT-<sg$'&5P;&M+LbTbl&tILRSssgY7&5U'(LYVRSK+*&,] rQ&tPV&IJU K;]&5&3F¤aj?FHbT+L&,PV&5^Vb &5n&5sgb (LK7$?-&dR}b}IZPVP;U?+*PsYV&5j?bS+OILKA&,hP +L&,mB+*N?+%&,+LFHY7KAK7RS^o+yK7R}U~sgb}P;&5RT+*sI5YVn&5N?(L+%P;$'s'+v& P;&,-3YV+*bT&GK7&,(*&tIL&,&,IJ+t+_MK;P F#%FHN'+*$'&,RS&<{g&5s'&,^AbBKVP; I9-bTj'^A_h&<P;#%bTK;j'F$o&Ej? I5$?n?P7 +*I)&,Y7(*KRSK7)UrzR}&EI)I ] $'(*P;K RT(pYV(*(L$'&,$?&5+v&+I
)D
)
, K7UdbSK7KA+`^VKV&5++Lb}P
eZK7bSR}K7Ii+*I[POKV-U&,(L(L$'K7KgNsEKVK;FiFl(*IL$'$'&3KAJKV+*RSRSU?Y7Y)RSUQ(LP;$'b&[RS-<+*&,PVYVYVRTKV&VUQ_ I ] K7PV-3UoeWN'jgRS-<(L&tP;s3Y7FH&3+*KVN'- +LK P;UM&5I*RTIp-<RTU'P;YY7&IpegroIpe(L&,KA-<^7I`&,+*N'bTP
+*eoKA^oRTU'RTs'YZ&OILKV(*-3$'RT&I
K(LV] K7NzU'&,&)+vPART(*-3RSK7PVU]YV&)PVI[P;UQN?sEPV+p(*([$'K;&)FXKA(*^V$'&5&,+LRTb}+`P
e RS-<K7PVbSYVK7&G+Jm:KVRTIj'(LILN'KVjg-3(`&,N'(L$'+*KRTU'] Y&5s'(Lj'$?+LP;&t(yI,_Iu(v0"P;U?Ips?j?IJPVbSKVbTeVjgn ((*] h$'&3&,bTbkKV+*K7RSUEY7RS(*UQ$'P;&ZblRTYV-<+vP
P;e3Y7&9(LK7R}U'I`&5PMI5n'YVIL+vj P
ea$ m
8
HFRTlU7j'PV(*+LrQ&,(LY7$'&5&,bS&5&t++qsWJN'P;RT+*-3U?K s] PV&tYVIL&tIL+LI"RS&tU?PAPVY?(*+L&O_w&Z#%P;Y7UW$?Ko&KoRT-<s RTs'P;RS&5UaYVP)(L&O&5R}I\+LJ-3(*$'KO&t&,sg+*PV&ORTI*P;IpP;(LRTYV&9bTbwU+L(L&5&5$'N'P &9+L] &t$MN'IpR|&5sg{gUa&G&5(*(*bTPAIy& (*] K;RS(LK7Fq&5U?s3P<I%+*+*FH&,&,K7Y7Y7+"RSRSK7K7+*U<U&,Y7P`JRSK7j'RTU?bTU'bwIJR}$?¤7(*P
j?$?^7&yPA&Z( R}sgRS] (*&,P;IUaU(Lj?RSU'P;?b}RT&5Ip¤a+"Kdj'H&9rQjQ&9IpRTs'j?j?&,PVIpUabS&tbT(Le9s RS?PV&,RTUU +
PfoVI)RSUQ(Ls<$'K;&5RSFl+9K7N'jgR|(L{gN?&5jgbq] (5^A_ P;, bTj'bT&VPV_ rQ&5WbS&tKas<Iu( RS-<] KVPVU'YV&U?& ] P;(*UM&5s rz&"] KVjQ-3Ip&tNQsMK7U'PVIh&,UaP)(vI)foRSKVUQNzsM&,K;+vPAFk(*-<KV+vP7I<IpfDIL(L&,K95& RT
is'&,$?UaPV(LNgRSFH(Le3&5+9N'R|a{g[&5bTN'Ii+LK;KgFwsgjPZ] +L&<&5YV(*RT$'KVRTU I
RTU IpK7-&)K7NQ&5+*P;(LRTKVUd(L$?P;( ] K7-3N'jg(L&tIJ] +*&,YVRTKVUN'+*KVNz&,+L(LRT&5I5n'ILj ] $ PVIJPV+L&tP9K7+bT&,U'YV(L$WK;F-<PAuK7+PA{gRTIK;F
Q8
C =B
'
FHNz+*KVKVRT-/U7("(LbS$?R}Iu&(t_ bTR}
iIu(<K7U K;F[&5NQNgK7(LjQRSUaP;(vbTI<bSe7n?PA(<P<P;rzUoKVej'U?sgs?&5P;IL+*RT+Le<&ts(LKM¤arzj?&ZP;Ua&5(*U RStKgPAsg(LRT&tKVsdU R}IP;U?KAs ^7&,j?+*bTILPV&5RTI3sdbTKV&5] UWI*IP<ILN?I*] ¤aP j?] &dP;+*(L&`$?YVPV+*U RTs(*$'J&$'KaKVIp+*&ZRSY7ILRSU?RTs'PV& b
ba
b(LT&,$?U'&<YV(LYV$~+*RTssg&GRT(*U7&,(*+*&,-3+vIpRS& U'] &t(*I`RSK7(LU$?&<NzKV+LRT&tUaIp(*K7I`bSjg(*(*$?RSK7PAU( KVKVFq-3(*$'& &M&,bTK7U IL] &5KgIpsg(`] RT(LU'KWY?_ RS(O P;(v+*P;&+L(LjQRTU'IpYW&tsPA()(*K (*$'sg&<&GQrQU'&5&MYVRTIpU'-<U'RTPVU'bSbXYWbTRTK;U'Fh&M(L$?Ip&5& YV]-3j'&,+*Ua^V(v&7I n
(L(L$Q$?&,PAU(qu&,K7U RSUWKg&tsgP &5] s$WPVY7IJ] +LR}ILs-<NQP;bTK7bkRSUaRTU7((*(*&,KEY7&,K7+vU'Iq&ZFH+*K;KV] F\-¢RS(*,I"&5U'+L]K&,RTYV(LK$orz(*KV$'+v&)I,_JUoj'#%-O$'rz&9&,sg+RS+*KV& F] U?(LRT&,KVRTU?YV$oIyrQK;K7F+*(LIh$?j?&5ILIL&5&OsbTRSRTU'U&9(LIp$'&5&)YV-3&5U &,UaKg(*sgI"RTU'P;+*Y?& _
P;+*RS&MY7j'&5+*U &O5Kg] ?sg_S&ts~&`PVRTbSIObTj?WIp(L+vFHKVPA+9(L&tPIX(* $'dR}IiIp&5&5YVU -3] Kg&,sgUaRT(5U'n%Y<JFHR|K7(*$d+9PPVUEo&,¥ RTEYV$aIp(L&5mBYVU'-3&5RS&,Y7Ua$o(5rQnK7j'+ N] $?(*KPVRSU d] FHKgK7sg+9&VP _\#%?t$'¥ &[MbSRTILU'&,&`YV-3Ip&5&5]YVU7-3(t_W&,Uax@(vU I
(LYV$?+*R}&Os?RSY7Ua]j'(L&5+*+*&VILnc& PM(L$'RTKV&,UW{'P;NzYVKVK7RTU Ua(*IpIyeoPV-9+L&9rQK7Ipbw$'-<KAJP;UW+*fgJIRS(*(L$'$&sgrQRTPV&5-3YVRTU'KVU?U's'RTU'I5YE_yKV#%FX$'(L& $'& Ko] KVbT+vK7sgILRT&5U?s PA(*] &5j'I+*^VKV&7Fnz(LPV$'U?&9sWrQ(*&5$'YV&9RTU'+*U'&5RTIpU'("YEKVNzFXKV(LRT$?Ua&(
Q
N'#%bT$'j?& Iq(L$'$?&P;RT]U $?P;] KoRTU s'&O] KgU'sgKV&[([P;K7+*U'&JbSeW&,U'I*K7P
j'^VYV&t$3Iy(*ILKON?P +*&,&VN'nz+*Kgr'sgjgj( ] &%PV(*U$'&P;b}]Ipj'KE+*rQ^V&&P;j?(qIL] &5(Ls $?&yRTU+*&5ILILj'KVr?bTjgIL(L&5RT¤aKV&5U3U7K;([FcKV(*Nz$'&,&"+vPAIL&,(*RSbTK7& ]U?(LI&ts<K7U YV+*(LRT$?sk& _
]rzj?KV+Lj'^7U?&h] s?RSP;(*+*ILeV&,bSn Fur'no] Ipjgj ()] P;$3b}IpPVKEIqKVIp$?U'PV&9NQKV&,+[mBrQ-PVILK7&5+Ls9&9KV$'rgKV]ubT&&O] rz(XKV+*j?& ] U?K7]s'YVP;U'+*RSRT(L&5RTI5KVnQUlRS_l( ] P;$'U &5U3rz&P`+L+*&5&,N'Y7+LRSK7&tIpU9&5Ua$Q(LPV&5IsU'roKVe(XKV(*U'$'bT& e9] PV$QUP;RT&,U {o(L] &,Kg+*sgU?&tPVI b
FHKV+J&tP ] $K;Fw(L$'&5-_
Irzp(LK;+v(pP;(*RTKVYV- $a$'(q&5UO+*bTRSRTU'YV(*$'$a&`([&%IL&,rQKVYVFhK7-3j'U?&5RTU7YVs'j'(vPVI,+*+LnV&deZFHKVsgt+*'Ko-3&t_T IwRS&'U'U?_ZYK;#%(P $?$'?RTP
C I`^V, &i+*4a&,(LCAN?K[= +LrQ&t2 Ip&%, &52&,U7{g(vRPAP (*0*] RSC(tK77nAU .1(L03$'&%2;P;>Urz.DC;KVI*=3j'P
UQ^V(Ls'&9KOP;(LIL+*$'N?e)&"P N'rQ&3RS{oK7&5P;j'bTU?U?I ss'] PVP;Ip+LU9RTe7-3PVnoN'N'P7bSN'IqRSFH+*ILeK
$'{gKAPVRSJbS-<Y7UEKVPA+*(*P;R|&5(*(qs)$'(L-<ro$?e &I
] ]
(L$QPA(N'+*K ] &5I*Ii(L$'&)rzKVj?U?s'P;+*eV_
)D
W
*
'U#%Ip(LKV$'+*(\j & uj?(*j'.Iu("+L2 &7ER|_"(vIJ> i0*rQ6*P 6JK7+*RT$Is'&,U'PV+tKgU'_\sgK;x@&(*U$'K;&,Y7Fq+&,PMU'ILN?&5¤a+*P j?PV] P7b&Gngsom@I*&tm P
P(*^a+L] &5$RTU'&ZY+L+*&5&,+LYVN'&5RTYVKV+*&5RTUKVIL&,UK;UaF+L(*RS&5I"UaN'(*PM+*&,&5+*I*IL&5¤7&,IpjQUa(P;(*iP;+*&Z(LK7RTKVj'+L&5UMbTsdYV(*RTKVrz$?UW&ZPA("+LRTUW&5&,N'U (L+*] $?&5Ko&OILs'&,RT&5Ua-3I%(L&tPV(*sM$'YV&&)roedP;JU?$'P<s KV¤abT&)j?P;P7+*UW&,sMYV$?(*RTP
KV+L^7&5Ul&& n
R a
K;N'6,Fh0RS{gRS&,Uab}> (*I9&,n?+*KV(L&5F$'Ip(5(L&5_<$?U&dx:(LFh$'+*&,(L&5$'Y7+L&)RS&<K7R}UU'IKgK;U'sgFyK<&3RTRTUaR}UaI)(L(L&5&5b}+LP;+*&trzILIu& &,(<] bT(L&5P;RTs KVU?Us 09rQIp. o&,K76(u-3iAnl&d&5(L&,P;$'U+*&5&E(LU$?U?&OILK;KV(5IL-3¤a_ j?&3*"PVK;+LU?Fh&`bS(Le+*$?&,&<(*Y7$'RSK7N'&UdR|{g-RS&5(ybTRSI`{g+*&5&,KVs N'Fi+*(*U'&5$'ILKg&,&MsgUa&5IL(*I¤aIJj?RTPVUPVU?+Ls&P(L+*¤7$?&,jQYV&)PVRTKV+Ls&5UYV(*RTP;+LKV&5+*U &&
E
a
* *
3 2 1
4 0
5 6 7
encoding scheme
100076543532
chain code representation polygonal approximation
$?RSY7PVj'RSUg+*m &Kgtsg'&)_T rz&'KVj?#%U?s'hP;K~+*eErz&5KVUj'U?Kgs?sgP;RT+*U'eY<&,j?U IL] &5KgI"sgP;RSUU?Y7I5m@ ILea] -9$?P;rQRTK7Ugb m ] KgKgsgsg&W&Z(LP;KMU?s +*&,N'Nz+*KV&5bTeoIL&,YVUaKV( UQP;bNzP;K7N?I*N'IpRT+Lr'K
bT{g&ZRT-<P;U'PAY7(LbSRT&tKVIJUl_K;F\#%bTRS$?U?&&
]IL&,YV-3&5U7] (vI%(L$QPA([PVN'N'+*K
{gRS-<] PA(*&[(L$'& ] j'+*^V&)K7U PMIL¤aj?PV+L&`] Y7+LR}sc_J#%$'&ZNzKVbTeoYVKVUQP;blPVN'N'+*K
{oRT-<PA(*RSK7Udj?IL&5I
bTRSKoU'K7&9+*sgIp&5RTU?YV-3P;(L&,&5UaI%(*PVIhU??s(P;(L+*K3&"(*U'$'KV&Z( KV+*K7RTYVU?RTIuU?(*P;+*PVb RS] Uaj?(*+L&5^7s<&(*gK3(*$'(L&Z$'&)&,UQK7sd+LRTYVNzRTKVU?RTPVUabz(*IJY7+LKVR}Fsd(LNQ$'K7&)RSUabTRS(*U?I5&O_ Ip&5YV-3&,Ua(vI%$?P
^V&`+*&5P;bSm:^
PVbSj?&5s
] ]
$&$&
!#"$"%"
M
1 2
M M M M
E E M F E E ME M F E E ME E E
3 4
image region quad tree representation
'URTbSKgbTRSj?Y7sgIpj'& (L+*+v&]PAKV(L5+*&t?+*s&5_StILra'NQeMK7(LU?,$'s&)¤a(LUoKj?j'PV-9(Ls$'rQ&d(*&5+Lj'+*&5IJN'&dNzRTU +*&,&,+3N?RT+LbS+ &,&tF1IpbS(5&5&tnXU7Ih(vj?FHPAKVN'(*+%NQRSK7&5(*U~$'+9&`+*K;RT?F"YV+v$aPVIu(5U(nbTRSbT&,-<KA^7i&,PVbc&5YV+OK;&EFbT+*&G(L&,F1$?(5Y7&`niRSK7P;(LUk+*U?&,_s~&V_#%bTKA$'h&E&,¡+OFHK7+*j'-3RT+ YVR|{g$a] (9&5$'s RT¤abT?sgj? +*PV&,s'U+*PVK;&5U7Fy-(vI,&tN'n\P (u]P7e $ I
FHj'bTb _
"
] ] 8 " "
'Ns' K7RSP;{g(*-&,P;b}&,rQI,(LPV_RT-3ILx@&hUO&5ILI<(*&,$'U?hR}ILI &W&i] (LPVh$?ILPVP;&VUa(Xn
((*$?$'PV(*&JK~I+*P[&,+L&5N'+LN'KA+*&5+*&5IL&,ILFH&,UaKVUa(*+P;(M&5(LP PRTKV$OUZ+*&,+*R}Y7I &,RSYV]K7RTPVU KVbSU9bT&5ros9RSe U9P R|(L(v$?RI<&J0LC &GRS'{o-<61(LP;0+v>PY7]&h(L>@PV&t2 U?s s, 6,N'_P +*KVx:(NzKVR}bT&,I\j'+L(L-3PyRT&5(*UOI3P;FHr?K7+vbSPA+\&%(*&5$'RTUOP &,+3(*$9$'(*&%N'$?+*+LP;KV&5U NzbTP;&,ro(L+LRTe (uKVe)U?RSK;(*PVI Fb
RT#%U7$'(*&,&q+*FH&5&5IpPA(5(*_ j'X+*&5+*IKVNzsg&5&,+LI (LRT+*&5RSrzI &5] sZP;UWRSU +*
i&,N'$Q+*P;&5NgIL&,(*&,Ua+v(JIw(*?$'] n &9ILnARSP;5U?&V<snzIp $?P;PV+*NQ&q&7P;n?bTRTbaUaNQ(L&,KaUQILILIpRSRSr?(ueVRSbTn R|(*] RSK7&tbSI,K7]_+5'n'K7K7+l+J&,(L{g&,PV{o-3(Lj'N'+*bS&Z&7] nAK;RSFU9(*$'P &ZK7+*Ua&,YV(L&,RTKVUaUl(Lm _
O
HIKBA>?@H
iKV-3N'jg(*RSU?YMP;+*&5PP;U?sdNQ&5+LRT-3&G(*&,+
(*
iP;KV(LUQRTKVIpUkR}sg_ &,+hP;U<RT-<P;YV&y+L&5YVRTKVU<+*&,N'+*&5IL&,Ua(L&tsraeW P7XPZbTPVrQ&5bS&ts<RS-<PVYV&yPVU?s HrzXP ] $QP;RTU ] Kgsg&y+*&,N?+L&tIp&5Ugm
7"_ X[RS^7&`PVbSY7KV+*R|(*$'-<IiFHKV+ ] K7-3N'jg(LRTU'Y3(*$'&ZP;+*&5PP;U?sE(L$?&)NQ&5+LRT-3&G(L&5+JK;F(L$'&)+*&,Y7RSK7Uk_
&'" _ X[RS^7&"(*$'&)+*j'U'U'RTU'Y(LRT-3&5IJKVFweVK7j'+P;bTYVK7+LRS(L$?-3I5_
1!243 687:9!;=<>@?BA4>C;ED
I+;=< IJ
K;F%$'(*RT$'bS&`&5ILIL&MKV-3+*&,&"YVRTRTKV-<UQP;I`Y7KV&"+ZP;^AUQP;P;+*bTRTeoKVILj?R}IqI)P;KVN?(L$'N'&5bSR +O] P;Ip(L(LRT+*KVj U?Ii(*j'h+LKV&t+*I,f3nIps'j RS+*&$] (LPVbTI)ebTJRSU?RS(L&E$dP;+LU?&5s YVRTKVRSU?+ I5naj?K;bTPV(L$?+Z&,P;+v+ IqU'Ip&5&5&5YVsM-3(L&,$'Ua&[(*I5rQ_K7+*#%s'&,$'+vRTII
IL& ] (*RSK7Us'RTI ] j?I*IL&5Ih(L$?&)&G{o(L+vP ] (LRTKVUK;Fl(*$'&5IL] &ZIp(L+*j ] (*j']+L&tIhFH+LK7- RT-3PVYV&tI,] _ ] ]
C =B
$&V
HIKBA>?@H #l&tIu(*RSU?Y3FHKV+JN'RS{g&,b}I%RSUWP+L&5YVRTKVU
-<
iKVPAUQ(*RSIpK7R}sgUE&,(*+"K3P;(LUW$'&)RT-3rzPVKVYVj'&)UQ+*s'&,P;Y7+*RSeVK7_ Ud+*&,N'+*&5IL&,Ua(*&5sroe P7JP3b}P;rz&,bT&5sRT-<P;YV&ZPVU?s~HrzP3NzKVbTeaY7KVU?PVblP;N?N'+LK
{gRSm
7_Jx@Ud&tP ] $ ] PVIL&VngY7RS^7&)P;UP;bTYVKV+*RS(L$'- FHK7+%(L&5Ip(LRTU'Y<RSFPVUPV+Lr?R|(*+*PV+Le<N'RS{g&,b +tn ]
kRTI%RTU(L$?P;(+L&5YVRTKVUk_
&'" _ UaX[j?RS^7-O&rz(L&,$?+X&[KV+*F j'N?U'R|{gU?&,RSU'b}IXYORT(LU3RT-3(L$?&5&yI%+*K;&,FkYVe7RTKVKVU3j'+%K7+XP;bTUoYVj'K7-O+LRS(Lrz$?&,-3+XKVIiFkRTUMIp&5(LYV&5-3+L-<&,UaIh(*K;IqFlRSU3(L$'(*&`$'&P;N'NzN?KV+LbTK7eoN'YV+LKVR}UQPAP;(*&b?PVN?N'PVN'+*+*PVK
-{o&,RT-<(L&5PA+*(*I5RSn7K7RTUk&V__
rzN'RSKV{g+v&,sgb'&,P;+UQN?s)R|{gFHKV&,blbTbTKAFHKV~+"(L&5$'P &%] $ rzKV] +vKVsgU'&,U'+& K;] FQ(*&5(Ls$'& ] K7KV-3U'NQU'K7& U'(*&,&5Uas (5_%KV#%-3$'Nz&5UKVU'FH&5KVU7+y(X&tPVP +L] K7$j'U?+*&,s)YVRTRTUKVUlP n'rQbT&5K YVRTfoU JPARTIL(y&hRSs'(*IRS+*?& +v(LIuRT(yKVrzUOKVj?+vU7sg(*&5RS+ b
(L-3$?&,&O-3(*KV+*P+*eV] fanoRT(*U'$'YMR}IJ+*Ip&GRT(*-3j'+*N'U?bS&`Irz(*KEKV+v(*sg$'&,&9+h?(*+*+*PIp(`farQ]RTU'K7Y3+*sgP;&5bT+yYV] K7N'+LRS{gRS(L&,$'] bB- _Z'+*K7&5+"ILj'b}bSP;(*+*I%YVRT&OUdIL&,RT,{ &5s&5I*RSIL-<RS^7PV&"YVx]&5$Iy* (L] $Q(LPAK()(Lsg$?KE&)-3U'KVP7([] ILI%+*&5IpIL(LR}K7sg+*&OPVYVRTU &
sg&5^aR ] &`K7UJ$?R ] $d(L$'&)RT-<P;Y7&[+*&5ILR}sg] &5I5_ ]
+*P;&,UQYVs<RTKVKVUQjg&I(*JRSN'U<jgRTbT(vK7bI,U'nosg&JFH&5K7bSI &,+i] F1+*(p&tRSm:Prz+LRT&YV$<$aP;+*(tU &,n;YV(LP;RTK7KVbTNgYVUlm:KVnarQ+*P RSKV(L(p$'(LbT-K7K - fo] JIP;] bTR}bSPVIp&t&"U9s KV(*$'+vvsgKC +*0KV&,7+*j'&56 Y70s3$9JbT(*R}Iu$'$'(%&R ] K;RT$ Fc-<(*] P;$'P;YV& U &7_&GKo "{oKV(L+vCK+vsg0 P VRS]UQ61(PA0\(L(*RS&tU'$'IXN?&KVjgFlrQ(*IiK7R|(vj'P`IhU?rQbTs'PVK7PVrQ+*+L&5sgRTbS&5&5&tI9+qs3N'FHRSK7-<RS{g+3P;&,PVb}Y7I,bS& b_
a
(Lrz+vKVP +v] sgRSU?&,+)Y] P;PVbTbSYVbkK7PV+L+LRS] K7(L$?j'-U?s<-(*$'KA] &)^7&5rzI"KVRS+vUsg&,P+%bSK;&,FF1(pP3m:+LIpRTYVRTU'$aYV(tbTnc&`(L+LK7&5NgYVmBRTrzKVK;U(L(LP;K7U?- sE(LI $'&5P;UdU-3sgKAKAJ^oRTU U'Y3(*$'KV&3UdRS-<(LKP;(LY7$'& &`U'KV&,bTbT{o& ((*+LRS&5U?YVY RTKVUk$?naPV(LRS$?UQ&I
K;sgF\j'+*rzRTKVU'+vY~sg&,&G+"{g& N'RSjg{o(L&5RTbTKVIU(L$?KVP;F`(y(LFH$'K7&+L- PVbS]Y7K7KVU'+*R|U'(*&$'] -(L&tnhs (L$'Ip& &5] +L(*& RSK7R}U?IMIPKVFIL&G(*(d$'&OK;F rz] KV2 +v. sg0 &50*+*6GIy=Q>K;F\0L6:+L4V&5.DYVCARTKV='U?83I5J_ $',hKa([] Ip& PVUarze] KV+vYVsgRT^V&5&5+*UI3] $?(LRTP
-3^7&&
rzI &,P;&,U?UU'N?&5s3PV+pP;(*RTUQPV] sObSbTeM(*$'I &,] RTP;+XU?rzU'KV&5+vscsgng&,r?+vIjgKV(j'U'(LK;N'(jg(te7n7&G(JPVU?KVs3j'(LP)N'Ipjg&,(t(Xn?K;P3F Ip&,. (J> . K;0LF "6 '0L2A6:8v4V> .DCA0L='6:4V8w.D(LCA$?='P;8q(q(L$?$?P
P;^7(&h$?U?P
K;^V(X&[eVrQ&,&5(X&,rQU &5] &,K7U3-3+*&5N'P bS&,(L$?&5&5bSes
ro] e<(L$?&ZI ] P;Uk_ ]
S
--<<P
P
ede)#%rQrz$'&%&9&hP"s'P PA$a(*(vj?RSPy^7YVIp&Z&h(LUa+*PAj j?("] -OK7(*j'Urz+L&,&t&7+I nQK;]P<F?KV+*$QUa&,(*PVY7PVILRS$RSK7U)UO(*(*P;b}$'P;r?& rzbS& &,] $?b}IP;P;RSRTUOUWU?Ik(Lrz$'KV&O&%F?jQrzRT-3IpKV&t+vPVsWsgYV&,&7PV+wnAIJN'r'(*R|jg$'{g(\&9&5bTKVIws'U'&,K;bT^oeZF'R (*PA$'&)(& -3(L] Kj'K7+*P;Ip+L( bT&5bSKA& U7 (=+L+v&5. P;YV0 N'RTKVR}*sWU?16 I50 P _ C &5RTU I*2*I%] C &X(*,/. KM(L$?0(L&,$?='+*&&8
]rz$?KVPVj'RSU?U?s IO%K;(LFy$'] P&W+LP &5] YV(LRTj?KVPVU~bJYVUo]RTj'^V-O&5Urz&,(L+<$'&KVFyb}P;+Lrz&5&,YVbhRTKVK;U?FJ] I(LJ$?&dRTbSbJ+*&,rzY7&WRSK7IpUk-<_ PVbSbT& &,+t _ = . 0 v$']16 &,0 U C P+L2*&5C YV,/.RTKV0U='R}8MI R}] I9K7-3P]5N']ILP;bS&,FH(L&E&tsj'N'PVNzU?&,s +
* RTIJ(L$'&)Uoj'-9rQ&5+JK;FN'R|{g&5bTI%Nz&,++*KA)_
B:
P;UQsM FDPVbT: IL&), JN $'&,UP3RTIJU'P &5 QPVN'YORS{g(*&,$?bkPAR}(IJR}PVI%s'(*s'+L&5j'sd&`(LJK<$'P;&5UUW&,P9{oN?R}IpR|(*{gP;&,Uabw( Iu(v] P;$?+LPV(*RSIJUkP_ U'&, ] $?PVRSU
:
:
Q I
" `(LK
" Xx "
, (% X )/n
A U?&, +*&,YVRTKVUw , (% w G7TFHL PVs'sl
0yy "#`n ),!(%
"
A #
rzKV+vsg&,+t
"
A yq
/ ,x
"
+*YVKA+*¡KVj?#%U?rQ$'s&5&"RSU?N?(LYW+vR|{gP N'&,] fob}+LI)K RTU'] P;Y9&5+*I*&<PVIp&tbSP;Y7sN'KVkNz+*(*R|&,(*$'UQ$'&<sg- &5+LsKA&G{'(LP;KP;-3rz(*RT$'KAU'&<^V&5&IiRT-3(LR|( $?PV\+LYV&5P;&7&"U?nks+*KVKAU'(L$'&<Iq&<K7KVU+*FkKA(L(*$?KV&[N~rzb}&,P;P;bTUQKArzs&,bT&5K7RSsE(5U'_d&3RS-<#%KVPVUiYVKW&`(L$?sgPA&<(Jj'-3rQPZKV-9(*(pRS(L-3e K7-&V+LKAnw(*IL$'I`Kd& KV(*] Fi$?j'r?PA+*(OP+*&,] PVUafabS(mb
+*PVKAIhFHK7I bSbT] KAPVU I5rQ_ &O(L+*&5P;(L&5sP;bTRSf7&V_y#%$'&P;bTYVK7+LRS(L$'-¢FHKV+`P;U kx " roe qx" b}P;rz&,bT&5sWRT-<P;YV& RTI
K;j?FQ+L(L+*$'x@&,U<& Ua(*](J$'j'+LRT+*&5Ii+LYV&5N'RTU7KV+*(\KUd]N'bT&5RSPV{gs'rQ&,j'&5b'+LbTrz&7I5_n&,RT yU'Y)RTqIqxI (LX] $'P;/!&[U?(U'U?&5PVscR}-I%_&"(*x:$'FzK;&)Fc(L$'bS(*R}R}$'IpI\(&yR}I\K;b}P;FP"rzKVU?&,U'bT&,&5bT eMsEU'bTRSPV-<&5rQRSP;Y7&5Y7$ab n7&rzR|7KV(X(L+v$oR}IhI\j?K;PVI Fs' s'N' &5RS){osO&5n
(Lb K`
c )R}(LIX$?n
(*&$'
wIp&y&,J( ^A$'PV
R bSj'0"$&$? P
)^7 ,!&[y(%b}#P; rzK;&,Fb
&& &&
¥ && &&
DPa ,bTPVrQ&5bS&tsdRT-<P;Y7&[JRS(L$(uhK3+L&5YVRTKVU?I5_
&,YVRTKVU k&5U'Y;(*$ kR}Iu(
&
t D '&g'nn &V¥V,,D ?&'nn aGGDD??nn oGG ??nn aGGBB¥g¥gnn a,, ¥gnn 7,, ¥'nn &7¥7GG Q¥'nn &7¥7
T <
?n ¥V,D?n ¥7
<
T
HrQG_X#%$'&)KVFHK7jg+%(*N'(L$'jg&)(KVb}P;Fwrz(*&,$'bT&)&5sdrQRSK7-<+*s'PV&,YV+%&V_N'+*K ] &5sgj?+L&
wRTYVj?+L&35?_S ?, ] (LRTKVUK;F(L$'&)rzKV+vsg&5+JN'+LK ] &5sgj'+*&[KVUP3bTPVrQ&5bS&tsERT-<P;YV&7_
$&
!#"$"%"
RT#%U'$'Y?&J_ rz0yKVU?+vsgsg&,&,+J+J(*+*$QP PA] fo( RS]U'K7Y)U?PVsgbSRSY7(LKVRTKV+*U?R|(*I $']-¡KVj'-<b}sdP;f7R|(J&5I FDPV] RS&5bc+p(*(vK<P;RTU<N'+*PVKVI*NzIp&,j'+*-3bSe<NgR}(*sgRSK7&,U?UaI\(*R|P;FHeErzKV(Lj'$'(\&)(Lrz$'KV&+vsg+*&,&,Y7+JRSK7KVU?FIwP3(L+*$?&,P;Y7(qRSK7RS(qU RTI\(L+vP ] fam
$(L'RTKA+*&[U?(LKV$'+%&<(LIL$?$?&ZPVIpsgNz] KAKV f7&5K;IJFiP;(L+*$'&`& sg] &GP;(*+ & ] (*K7&5U'sU'h& ] &,(*bTI[b _ (*Kd(*$'&3] (LRT+*&J$?R ] $ ] K7U'U'& ] (*I[(*Kd(*$'&3FH&,UQsg&,+t`U'&,RS(L$'&5+)(L$?&
]
D*) O'"
-
*)! (
R
"* <
%K;#%F1PV$'(*&,I\& U9r'
h+*j?P;RTIp& U'&t?sOUoe9ePVRSU?Ua&5(LsZsg+*Y7Kg+*&O& sgjsg&,&G] Ua(*&5(w& s3h] (LRTKVUPKV+*+`f
iP;$?UQKVP;sW-3Ng(*bSN?&,RTU'PV+%f7+L¥`RT&,U'+yP;YbT&,KV&t{oU'sg(LY)YV+vP&hJ] KV(vRS(LNzI$<&,rz+vKVKVPA(Lj'(*$'KVUQ&5+vs'+qIgP;&5u+*j?s'eIpYV(L&ILRS?&,sgY7&t&,-3Iw(L&RS&,(*] UaI(L(*K7NzIy+*KVI5K;N'_FXj?#%P;bTPVU $?+L& RSRT(uUa
heV(L_P;&5U?\U'IpUo{'RSe9(uP;e-3KVNzRSN'-<&,bT&5+vPVIwPAYV(LK;&VK7F?_y+\RS(*x:RT(II
FHh+*KV&,+*-&[N?P3+Lb}KAP;^o+*R}YVsg&5&5+hsERT-<RSU P;]
iY7&`$?PVIL$'NgKA(L&5J+"U¥g] RS\U
iRSY7$?j'PV+*Ng&(L&5t+!'_T>_¥9(hIp$?K;KA(*$dIhKVFw(ui(*$'K3&5&GIL&Z{'PVIL-$'KAN? bS&tI%hK;&,FbTb|m:RSfo-<U'P;KAY7J&5UEIhK;N?F +LK7] PVr'+JbS&5N?-<P;I%+L(*JIhR|(v(*P;$f7PV&,bSU b
&5N?s'PVYV+p(v&I\sg&,&,+*(L+L& K7] U'(L&,RTKVK7U<j?ILP;bSeZUQs9-3rz&5KV+LY7j?&JU?s'JP;R|+*(*eZ$ FHK7KVbSUabTKA(*JKVj'RTU'+qY)IL&,P;Y7bTYV-3KV&,+*UaRS(L(*$'I-<FH+*I5KVc-(L$'RT& bSbTj'] KV-3UaRS(LUQK7PAj'(L+XRTKVILU<&,YVK7-3+X&5+*U7& ?(vI& FH(*+*PVKVU- &JP ] rz(*KVj?j?P;U?bgs'K7P;rg+*uRT& &5] I5( _
ILeoj Ip] (L$ &5-] K7_!Ua/(LKVKAj?h+*I&,^7P;&,+*+t&hngs'(LR|K7£ Ngm:] s'j?KAb|(\J(*UWK`-3PV] U?P;P;( bTeo$',RT&iU'YMRSU3KVP[FqrQIpj KV(p$W(LK7+L-&5mBN'j'+LN&tIp-<&5UaP;(*U'PAU?(*RS&,K7+U?roI%eO(*KMPyY7-3&,KoU's'&5&,+*PVb}Iybo] KVKVrgFquIp& ]Nz] & (+LR|& ] KVKVY7rgU'uRS(L& RTKV(vU I
]&5PVs'UdYV&rz+*&O&,N'sg+*K7&5U'IL&)&,UaIp(vj PA],(L] RTKV&tILUQIpIFHj'K;bTFcbSe7RS-<n?PVPVI%YV&5hIq&)sgIp&,$Q] NzP;&,bTU?bls?Ip&5Iq&`j'RSNzUWKVU3IL] j'(*r?$'IL&,&5RT¤a+hj'j?&,IpUa&y( RSU3] $?(*PV$'Ng&y(L&5KA+*^7I5&,_\+vP;#%bT$obgj?-3I,P n'] (L$'$'RT&ZU'&¤aj?^oPVRTIL]bSRTRS(uKVeMU<] K;IpFegIp(L(L$?&5&5] -IL& _
K;IL-FkRTKo-<#%KV$'P;(L$'Y7& &t&
hs<] P;K7JU'U7R|Uo(*(*KV$deWj'P&t+vsgIXX`YVPV&3P;U?j?s<sgI*&GIpR}(*IR}P;& ] ]U3KV(LRTUaQKV(Lb|U(*+*&,KV+%PVbTbSbS&tK;Y7s3FlKV+*ILroN'R|(*eO+*$'&5(*- PV$'s &[sgIL&GRTQU'P;U'YVU?&5bTsM&ysIL(LRS-$'U &5KoUM,KV(LYVbTYV$'+vK7PVRTU'+LsgRSYZRT(L&,$?N?Ua- PV(h+*-3PV& -3EPVYV&GN?U'(L+L&5RSKg(L+ jQsg sgj _\&"] &5#%PVI"U?$'(LsM&"$?RSRSsg-<URT+LP;FH& +*Y7PV&y(*YVRSR}K7-3I\UE?&,P;Ua+v+*(vIp&(I
L(KV$?NzRSY7&,&,e`j'+vPA+*P;&)(*+*KV& 5+t']~+*_T &5HPAbT&Gk(*F1&5(dxus`sgIL&5J&GU7(RS(*(L R|$)FHeoY7$?RTU'KaP;Y)Kg+vsP +*&,] (LYVKV&,RTUa+KV(LUQ+vI PVP;Ip]+*(5&GKV_kFH+*j'+*#%bT&5bS$'ILe NQ&tIpK7J&qU?+L+LsgRS&t(pRT(*U'Ip&,j'Y[U bS(*(LIlKZJiILR|(*ea&5$+L-9&\rQRSK7U?K7rgf bT(*IXPVKVKVRSU U?U<&5N?Ips[j?PVro+pNQFDe[&5P + PV] Z&5N'IN'D+LR}bTI\RTeaYVRTKV$aU'F1(EY(L&,K7ILU<&GU'(&tbTePVIL(LieZ$?&t&DrzPA
h&(L$?] P;PV&,U?j?+*Ua&5ILse &
ILRSY7U?P;Y7&"K7UP3r'+*R ] f<hPV] bSbB_ ] ]
VKIp(LNzRS+*Y7&,j j'+vPA+*(*&(*j'KV+Lt+M&t'IJ_T P;RS g(L+*$9&Z+*l&,] N'&G&5F1+*Ua(&5(L IL&,&,+XUa R(*] &5 (Lsj?+LP;&3U?sK;F (*PV $?U?PAP;s¡([KQIp DI`K7+LRT-#wYV$a&OKV(v-9rQ rK7 j'RTU?U s'(iPV+L&&5RTR&5u+LIRT&tU'PVIpY Nz+L &Z& ] ] FHK7(LKVRTUa+*^V(L-&5KVbSj?&te7s_+*I`rosged&,K;?IL(*$?U'&WPV&5(Lsgs$QKAPAj?(ILIyRSU?ILP;KVYdU?-3s(*& $'RTP& Ua+*(L&5
h&,PVUQP;byIpU?V&5UabS ee
I8
bTR|(+*&,] Y7RSK7U?I,_
" "
YV-<+vP;PVY7s'U'RS&5R|(*U7j?(Jsgsg&tRTIM+L& P;] +*(*&RSK7UE(L$'(*RTKU'U'eo&tRTsc&,b}nJsE$'K7RTU'YV$&`U'-<&,RTP;YVY7$oU'rzR|(*KVj?+%sgKV& ]U&5KVP Ua] (L$dK7j'ILRT+vs'I<&[P;KV+*Fl&(*(L$'+v& P ] fV&5&tU7sc(*&,_ +%N'x@U RS{g&,(*$'bB_ &W*"?U U?] PV&[by(LP;$?Y7&[] YVY7+*&,+*YaP7PAsg(LRT&,RTKVUaU (
0
:
0
~RTIbSKA RTUa(L&5U?IpRS(ueM(*$'+*&5IL$'KVb}s
3R}IJ$'RTYV$RSUa(*&,U?ILR|(ueE(L$'+*&5IL$'K7bTs
0 ]
+FI QBCH VEVIKH
hP;U?Uaec
2
_ :
:
j? * j'IL&ZN'
N?J+LKV&trzILRS-<I &,+LPV(*YVI%KV& U?K7 NQ-3 &5
wP;+*Ip{gP;-3RS(L-<KVKo+hP?K;(*(* K$'$&5] sKV=-3roM e N'
jg] (*KV& UoASI^VK7
bS=jg M(*RSK7 UE2) J
w RSPV(L$U?
s X` P;jQA>IILIL RTPVU 2)
kFH+LcK7 - 2g*
" :
@
1
:
q
g
s 7
Y & "
G
& L
( & ]
( =M
@
@
+
1
2
1
A $=M 2)
=M S 2g #
1 G@TVHL =M 2
X
@ @ SV]! D F GD @ "
1
@ @ SV ! D F GD @ "
1 1 1
FHFHKVKV+%+J{e ¡¡OO(*(*KK PAPA{{ mm
"
"
8
8
2
A =M 2)
a G7TFHJL ?KVbTbSKA isgYV&a
@ 2 $=M
w . @ + [
1 2 1 2
"
Q@ S S
1
q 1
2)
q "
H "
" S
1
] ] ]`]
HIKBA>?@H W&5P7Ipj?+LRTU'Y<P ] +LKaILI
hP;U'UoeM&tsgYV&tI
RTr'-3b}&,PV+LPVsgFHYVKV&t&+*I,-(*ncKaPVK7(*U?bA$'s(L&)$QILFHPAKVKV( -3bTbT] KA&OKVJUa+*RS(*KVU'PVj?Y3RSU?U?&,sgIk{o&5R|Nz(ts _ &,+*KV*"RTrg-rgu(v&&5P;UaRT(v(5UZI,_ ncIp*"K7ILj -r'(*&$P;zRTPVUWPAIy(kP3(LKV$?N'r'&3+*uKV& ILYV] $?(v+vPVIkP;U'-JfgRSIy(LFH$)KVKV+JFiN'(*+*sg$'& +*]& RSRTbTILbw
h&\r?P;N?R|U?(vPVUaI,+*_)eEPVbSx@&5bT-<&,sgbAY7P;&t&ZY7sg&9YVsg&t&GILI,&,(*n
&^7Ip] &,j(*+vKVP;] +$`blKVK7P7FX+yIc(L+vIL$?P;KV,&5-3K7IL&&+
Z 8
KV
hr'P;uU?& Ua] (veIX&5RTUEsgY7IL&<&,^Vsg&5&G+*(*PV& b?sg(*KVR.-z+O&5PV+L&5U?Uas(iIuKV(*+*j?RT&,sgUae] (*P;(L(L$'RT&dKVU?¤7I5] jQlP;j?bTR|IL(u&ye $?KVRSY7FJ$<&5sg+L&tY7Ip&5K7I`bSjgKV(*r'RS(*K7P;UMRTU'I &t] scP;U'nwU?RTU RSU'YQbSj?n7s'RSFkRSU'NzYK7I*(*Ip$'RT&Mr'bT+*&V&,_ Nz,&5P;N'(*N'P;bTr?e3RSbT(LR|$?(ue &
K;r'Fib}PV(Lsg$'&t&<I,nasgJR}Ip$'(*RP;U $<] &<$?P
P ^V]] & +LKa4*ILIpI"$QP;N?+*P;N+vP;&tbTsgbT&,YVb&t&5I6)sgY7PV&5U?I5s3_9-3xuI[&5(*P7$'Ipj'&,+*+*&3RTU'P;Y`Uo(Le$'&"sg.Rsg-z+L&5RTbT+LbQ&5r'U RS] (*&3I5narzJ&G(u$'hR ] &,$<&5U-<-3P
e9&5P7$?IpP
j?^V+L& RTU'4*YdIpKV(LF1$'(X&3&5sg+vY7P;&5,K7I 6 +
RTUd(*$'&)RT-3PVYV] &7_ ]
D !!! F
)! O( "C 3! ' ("! *)! ( )
%#P3$'Ip&,&[(JrQK;K7F+*s'+L&5&,YV+LRTm KV(*+*U?P I5] _wfax:RT(JU'YZ(*+*PVP bSY7fVKV&t+*sER|(*P;$'bT- KVU?RSYOU (* $'& &)] (LrQRTK7KV+*Us't&,'+%_ K;'F_T&5P+*&5¤a$Ej'+*RT&,+LYV&tsMRTKVUPVIiPVRSI%U?N'RS(yjgI(PZP;U'b}P;U?rz&5sE&,bT&5(LsE$'&`RS-<RT-3P;Y7PV&"YV&7sgng&5+LU'KAK; (*RSU?roeY
+*P;KAUo)e_NQ(hK7RS& Ua] ()P;j?PAIL([&[JK;$'FlR (*$'$&)PMPVI*rz] IpKVj?+v-sg&,N'+ (LRTKVKVUdj?(LbTsW$?P;rz(%&3&tPIpN'] $dbTRS([rQRTK7Ua+*(LsgKM&5+%(uh] rQKMK7j'K7U?+ysg-3&tsdKV+*P &9] ILbT&,K7Y7IL-&5] sE&5Ua+L&5(*I5YV_yRTKVUkna$'(*&5$'U &,+*(L&"$?%&OPVRTU'IhN'U'jg&5(`^V&5RTI+
RTN'U?+*IuKV(*r'&5bTP7&,sE- PZKVb}FcP;(Lrz+v&,P bT&5fosMRS] U?&5YZsgY7&5&"sgY7RT-<&"P;IL&,YVY7&"-J] &5R|Ua(*$d(*IXPOR}Ih^
PV-3bSj?KV&"+*& KVFXK7-FHN?KV+%bS&,&t{ sg_ YV/y&"&,N'+*R|&y{gRS&5(hbTIhR}IqP;U?U?sdK;(i)U?FH& K7+i&tILU'I*K7P;Ug+*m:e9&5sgFHKVY7+q&y&tN'sgRSYV{g&"&,b}N'I,RSna{o(L&5$?bT&I
(LNzK[KVRTrzU7KV(tj'n U?sKV+*] U'bT&,K7+tILnc&5sO] KV+%+L&5uYVj'RTU KVU?(LIwRTKVP;UU?sO(*KW(L$?&,&hU?ILsg&,NzY7KV-RTUa&5(5Uan (*I KV] +*K7]U'U?&5Ip+5R}ncIp(K7KV+%F u] j'K7U U'U'(*RS& K7] U(L&tJsZR|&5(*s'$YV&hU?KWN'R|RS{g]Ua&5(LbT&5I+LJ-3$'&tR sg] RT$OP;(LY7&[KyuFHj'+*KVU -(LRT&5KVU?U?s I
KVP + ]. KVR= +*2,U'> ] &,.DC;+v=I,_)N'RS{gRTYV&,j'b%+*J&d$'t&5'] +L_T&d (L$'RSbT+*bS&,jQ&Iu(*sg+*.RP;-z(L&5&5+LI[&5ILUaj (] $&t] sgPdYV&bTPVHrQbTRS&5U?bS&t&tsIp&t&5sgYVYV] -3&&,RTUa-3(vPVIOYV-3&7_ &,&,X(5RS_ {o&5qbJR|{gD'&5n b`7yB¥gK;n 7FiO(L$'RTI3&3PRT-<] P;K7YV+L&9U'&5RTI+
N'IL&,RS{gYV-3&,bc&5P;U7U?(vsdIXPA-<( P
e3K7+LrQU'& &5+*] I5K7)_ U?,yILRTUMsg&5P;+LbT&tYVsMK7+LPRS(LIp$'&5- YV-3(L&,$QUaPA(%(X&,(*U?+*P sEfoNQIqK7RSIpUa&5(YV-3PVIh&,Uah(*&,IXbTb bSnoRTfVRSFl&J(L(*$?$'&[&5ILPV&yN'$QN'PVbTR I] PA(*KO(LRTKVrzUd& +L&tK7¤aU j'RS&5+*+L&5U'Ii&t&,s3] UQJsgRSR|U?(*$Y
(L$?&`FHKVbTbSKAJRTU'Y] (*P7IpfgI5 ] ] ]
7_Iu(vP;+L(LRTU'YPU'&5 IL&,Y7-3&,Ua(
&'_PVs'sgRTU'Y<P;URTU7(*&,+*RSK7+%N'R|{g&5bc(LK<P<IL&,YV-3&5U7(
?_J&,U?sgRTU'Y<P3Ip&5YV-3&,Ua(
Q_%?U?sgRTU'Y<P"uj'U ] (*RSK7U
¥'_%?U?sgRTU'Y<P ] KV+*U'&5+
FHj?KVIL+*&5-<s,yPAIhRS(*UWRSRTK7UE(*UE$'rz&3PAKV(%+vrQsg&5K7&,P +*+i]s'$E(L&,+v+"IuP (*PV] &,fobSNdY7RTKVU'K;+*Y?FkR|na(*(*$'&G$'£-&`] _"N'RS&5+Lx@KU7UQ(J] Iu&5(*s'&5sgP;PVj'(*s +*PO&VK;_IpFq(L#%+*N?j $'P7] &`Iu(L(tj's'n +*PA&"(vj'PO-<+*+LIpPV&5(LU'+*Uaj RS(5N?]ncj'(*P;j'bTU?P;+*sW(L&5RTIhKVFHUMjgj?(LILR}j'&5IhsE+*U'&PV&,+L+L&t&5&"sgYV&5^VRTsMKV&5U?+L(Le3I5Kn?Ip-<(*RT-3$'P;&,RSU?+*b}P;&3PV+hYVP;&(*+*KZ&Z(*$'(LN?&[$?PVK7RSIpUgIL(5& m n
]] j?j?+L+L+*^7&,&5Uas(5bSnkRTU'PV&tU?IqsK7FHU3jg(L(Lj'$'+*&&<RT-<Ip&5P;YVY7-3&V&,_ Ua
i(vI,j'_ +L+* &,&,UaYV(i-3IL&,&5Y7U7-3(vI)&,UaP;(*+*IX&OPVbTRT+LIp&y(*] I`fV&,KVN'Fi(q&tRSsgU<YVRT&Ua(LNQ&5K7+LRSU?UaPV(vb?I[-3(L$?&,P;-3(`K7+*+L&,eN?P;+L&tU?Ips<&5U7P (`],] Iu&t(*IL+*ILPV&5RSY7s3$aro([eK7P +
FH$?+*P7&,Ip&5$sk_(*PV#%r'bT$'&V&E_w-<RTU'PVRSR}UIp$?sg&5s3.R - Ip&,&5+*YV&,-3U ] &,&EUa(vR}I)IXP;(L+*$?&%&dJsg+L&,RS(L(p&(*]&,(LU3RTKVKVUjg(\KV(*F\KZuj'P)U sg] R}(LIpRTf)KVUQbS&yNzKVPVRTU?UasO(*I(L$'P;&5U?RSs+qIL(*N?$'P &d] &JIL&,RTY7U9-(*$'&5Ua&J(*$?IZP7&5IpUa$(L(*&,PV+*RTr'U'bTY&
V7
!#"$"%"
¥
P;UQRSY7sdj'P3+*&ZNz5K;?(*_S&, Ua(L R}P;wb P;rzKV&,+*bTU'&5&,s3+J&tPAsg(YVN?&R|RT{g-<&,bXP;Y7B¥g& n 7] K7G_U7(vP;RTU'RTU'YZPJuj'U ] (LRTKVUEK;F (L$'+*&,&"bSRTU'&[Ip&5YV-3&,Ua(*IqPA(iN?R|{g&,bD?n a
]
(LJ$?RT&,bSbz- PVI*FHIp+*j'KV-3- &yP;PVrzU<KA^V&G{o&3(LKV&5U?+[sg(L&t$?s<&<U'bS&,&,F1RT(9YV$oP;rzU?KVs+*$'(LKo$?Kg&Ms9Ip&5K7YVNQ-3&5+*&,P;Ua(L(*K7I`+ bT&5P;P
bT^obT&5RTU's Ydz(L. o$'6 &5, - > 'FH6q+*KV(L- $QPA(irz&,sgbT&,KA(L &5+L-3K7+`RTU'(L&5$'Iq&<R|Fl+*RTP)YV$aN?(5R|{g_3&,bQRT&I
P;P;UUR}&5IpU?K7sgbTP;RTU'(L&tY3sdNQNzK7KVRSUaRTUa(y(5KVnQF(L$'P;U&9IuK7(vbTP;s+L(LILRT&,U'YVY3-3NQ&5K7U7RS(tUan'(yP[KVuF\j'P3U U?(L&,RTKVUIpKV&5+YV] -3P &,UaKV(t+*U'n?&,P;+tUW_RTx:UaFw(L(*&,$'+*RT&ZKV+JN'RSN'{gRS&,{gbk&,R}blIKVP;FXUP;URTU7(*KV&,b}sW+*RSK7Ip+J&5YVKV-3+J&,&5UaU?(ts n
7
&
uuVVnTn ¥Vt,, &'&'nn o&7GGDD??nn aa
D '¥gnn 77,, Q¥'nn oaGG ¥'¥'nn a¥7
<
(LIL$?&,RSYVY7&<-3j'NQ+*&5K7&U7RSUa(vtI,(M'no_T(* ¥'$'n &,a UWy*"ILR}Ih&,j'Y7(Lu&,j?N'-3jgsg(dY7&,&5UaK;s(F[(L(LK$'i& rzK7&Mj'6 bT,Psd4a6]$?KVP
> +*^70*U'C2 &[&,2+[bT&,U?NzN'Y;KV+*(LRTK U7$W] (t&5¥_3sgj?P;x:F U?+L&s] KVKVbT+*RTU U'Ip(O&,(*+`p$' Nz&W'KVn RS7RT-<U7,(v PV?I)YVn 7&P;,+*K;&9 ¥'F)U?n aK;G()RS YQ¥'j?_n oIL5&5G?sB¥g_S (Ln ¥VKpniG(LP7_ &5IL+LIL-3j'RT-3U?RTPAU'(*Y&
a
<
$?PVsAP
p^7P #%&$'rQ&5Ua&)&5(J&,sgU(L&,KM(*IpP;j'P[RTN?b}uIJ+Lj'&tK;UILFIL&5fV(LscRT&5KV_&,UWN'#%RTN'U'$'RSYR}{gIh&,(LN?bk+vP;P R}I+L] (ifMNQKVP;KVFc+LF((LIL$'&,K;&[Y7F\-3N'P<+*&,KsgUa]RL(J- &5&,sgRTs'+*j?&,I+LUa& &,(yUa] IL(LP;&,&5UEY7+LRT-rQU'Y<&[&5Ua^VP;(5&5U?_q+Lse3x@UbTIp&5RT(*P
-3$'^oRTN'RTI U'bT&[YP7PVILIpU?&,&7Y7sMn'-3R|PVF&,I*(*UaIL$'j'(*&OIJ-3P;IL&y&,(yYV&,P[^7-3&,u&5+*j'U7e9U (v]N?IJ(*R|RSP;{gK7+*&,U & b
-3P;+*KV&+*+*&[] &5PV(L$?bSbTPVe9UWU?KVK;U'(i&,U?mB&,N' RS]{g&,bTRSbcU?J&"R}ILsg&,&VYVn?-3(L$'&5U7&Z(vPVIqbSY7P;(hKV+*P;R|(*bTbB$'_-#%$?JRTRTI bTblPVsgUM&G(*rQ& ]&`("P
P3^VK7bTPVRTs'+L&5Y7s&"roUoe3j'-9PVN'rQN'&5]+bTeoK;RSU'FXYIL-<P P;bTKVbkU'IpU'&5&YV-3(*&5&,sMUa(*ILIJ$'(L+*$?RSU'P;f (
KV&,^7Nz&,&,U<+vPAIL(*-3KV+"PV+p(L(*Kd&,+t(L_l$'x:&3( &tsgP;YVU<&bTKoRS-<KVf9PVYVP;&V(q_P`,ybTPVU'+LK;Y7(*&,$'+\&,U'+Z&5PVRSY7b|(*$o&,rQ+*U?K7+LPA] $'(*RSKo^7Kg&Os3hP;KVU?j'sb}s j?ILrz&J&$'(L&5Kj'+L-<R}IpP;(LRfV&OI\(L(*$'KZ& sg& ] . aRTs'6 &, > R|F '] (*6)$'KVRTIqNz&,RTIc+vPAuj?(LK7Iu(+
P`sgR (*$'(vPAR ] (Lf&)N?JPV$Q+pPA(q(%KV(LF $'(L&t$'Ip] & &)] $?j'&,+*j'+L+*&5RTUaIp(i(LR Ip&5IJYVIL-3$'&,K7Uaj'(tbTsdnVKVrz+h&VP`_ U'&, IL&,Y7-3&,Ua(qR}IqIp(*P;+L(LRTU'YQ_ *y] F1(*&,U3(L$?&"] P;N?N'bSR ] P;(LRTKVU<JRTbSb
7
] ]
D
( )! '
" ( ( <
)V
"* "
-
&
&
%# K7$'bSK7&+vOqRTC -3. 4PVYV&t>I,0L_\2;#%='8 $'G&`CK0-30&G(*RTI)$'KgPsd-3R}I%&G(*YV$'RT^VKg&5s UEFH(*K7$'+Z&`sgFD&GP;(*-3& ] RT(*bSeERSU?K;YF Ip(Lj'+v+*P;^VRTYV&5$aI%(`rzbS&,RTRTU'U'&tY<IZILP;KVU?j's Y7$7] (Jj?+LP;^7UQ&5sdI"N?RSU+LKgYVsg+vj P
ea&5m Ii(*KV(LU'$?&&ZIpHK7&,(+
K;] F ] j'+*^V&tI\FH+*KV-(L$?P;(iFDPV-3RSbTe3(L$?P;(%PVN'Nz&5P;+iKVUE(L$'&[RS-<PV]YV&V_x@UM(*$'R}IhIL& ] (LRTKVUMh&"s'&5I ] +*RSrz&(*] $'& /yKVj'Y7$
C =B
V?
* RS UQsE: (*$'
k&)RTIJbTRSU'(L$'&Z&)IL&,RTU'Y7N'-3jg&,(Uab}(*P;I%rzKV&,FwbT&5r'sRTU?RT-<P;+*P;eMYV&t&7sg_ YV&`RT-3PVYV& _
* R}Ih(L$?&)Uaj?-Orz&,+JK;F+*KAIiRTU(L$'&)RT-<P;Y7&V_
* RTIJ(L$'&)Uoj'-9rQ&5+JK;FN'R|{g&5bTI%Nz&,++*KA)_
B:
R}Ih(L$'&)xuKVFw(*$'&)U'&5i&tIu(IL&,YV-3&5U7(t_
:
* R}I%(*$'&)bSR}Ip(K;FwK7jg(LY7KVRTU'Y<Ip&5YV-3&,Ua(Jxu[I%+L&,(Lj'+*U'&5sroeMN'RS{g&,bS(ueoNQ&7_
: :
:
xu Q I "ZX
[(LK lx y "
FHK7+A
)/n
[
(*K r?XP x[foYV +*KVj? U?sMN'RS{g&,b
"
]
"
"
!, ¡PVs's'+L&tILI Zn
yqx X /!(¡ U?&,RTYV$orQK7+*I )n
#BC=?@ H N?R|{g&,bS(ueoNQ&aD)/n
"n yXx X / ([n xu9n x kx #`n * 0y# lx #
"
8 "
"
,
&
IL&,xuY7 -y&5XUa(tHxu yq n , h
" V
] ]
QI &5P ] $dxu¡RTUdx kx #
"
P7s'skDxuOn !, i
K7jg(LN?jg(tDxu[ 'FH+*&,&7Dxu[
8
(LP;+v+ P;UQIhIuRTFHUK7+LRS--<P;(*Y7& &5] $'I5_ U?RT¤aj'&7n7P;UQsIL$'KA $'KA (*KZP;N'N?bSe9R|(\(*K`?U?sgRTU'YOIp(L+vP;RTYV$a(\bSRTU'&IL&,Y7-&5Ua(*I\P;UQs ] RS+ ] j?bTPV+
]
TFH , QREVMRT IK=LF? Q IKU HB@TFLFA&EFH
L(#%'KOK7$'+<(L& $'&G/&[{'KVUoP;j?-3j'YV-ON'$`rzbT(L&V&,+vni+%P;?UQKVU?IuFkFHs'K7j'RS+LU'U'-foYU'P;bTKARSbTU?JYV& K7UM+LIpRSN?(L&5$'PVYV+*- -3PV-3&,+LUa&t&G(*¤a(LI3j'&5RS+*jQ+*Iq&5IpRSRTIwUEU'P;Y(LUZ$'(LP &[$'],&W&5] ¤aj?&tj?-O¤aP;j?j'(LPAb}RTKVPA(*(*UMRSK7KVUKV+lFkPV2 (L+L$?+vP
&yeFDPVJ-$'KaRTbTIpe&qKVs'F RS-3+*] &5j?&,¤a+LUQj'^7IpRT&5RT+*IXKV&5U I9rz&,] ?RTKVU'U?+*Y3sg+L&tRTIpU'IpK7NzYj'KVYV(uUQh$as'(tK I _
(LN?$?j?PVRT-O+*IhPVj'FD-PVb}PA-&,(*(LKVRT&5bT+q+*eMI"PVi+LFHKV+vK7P +)j'eZb}&ts PP ] ] $K7j'+LIp-3+*&5&5YVb}ILPANz-3(LKV&t&,U?I\Uas3(t&,^o(*R}K<sg&,¤7U jQPVU?P;&JUas (LFHK7RT,+\k&t(LsM#%$'$'^A&y&3P;&GbT{gj'(uhRT&5IpIhKW(L&5FHUsgK7+RS-3&J&5KVU?F P;Ip(LU?RT$'KVsd&UQ¤7I`bTRTjQU'K;P;&FqUa2(*(L$'RT,&M&tsEP ]5^A] P;j'bT-9j'&tj'IqRTb}U<PAFHK7(Lr'K7+ RS+)U P;g +*#%+* $'P e&)PFHK7] +m
" V
c
1
rzP;UQKVsE+*$'0yRSKoFXILKoRTIpU'sK YRSUPVPVUdb (*$'P j'],&3bTP;] RSj?(L-<&t-OIhP;j'Y7(Lb}$'&VPA&)_9(*KVN?x:+%(OPVP;+*sgPV+*&G+*-3(*P
&,e&G+*(L-&5+*RToIhU'(*&tKV$'I"Fl& (LRSFh/$?&Z(LKV$'j?Ip&5NzYV+L$E& &3N?R|R}?I`+L&tK &,s ] U'&tK7sgj'j'j'YV+*+*^V$&"&[&,&,(L{'^o$QRTP;PAs'-3(&,URSN?U?] P7&5&ILIiILKV&5&5FhPIi]PV(L$dU$?+LN'&5K7RSs'j'{oYVYV&5&<bk$dP;PA(LU?(`$'sER}(LIJ$QR|(vN'PAI%RS(){gU'&,N'&,bBRSRT_\{oYV&5x@$'Ub m n
>
(L(L$?$?&9&<IpbSRT(LU'+v&<P;RTYVN?] $aP7(yILIL] bTRSRSU?U'Yd&O(*&G$'{'+*P;KV-3j'N'Y7$bT&O(*J$'RS&M(L$ N'RS&t{g¤a&,j?bXPArz(*&,RSK7RTU'U Y 2 K7U?IL] RTsg&5+L&ts] ?RSFhRS(`(Li$'&<K7j'-3bTs&5P7&tIpIuj?(*+LRS-<&3P;K;(LF%&)&5(*s'$'YV& &M/Ip(L+*P;&,U?U'sWYV(L(L$ $'& DILj K;$ F
P-<VI%PAY7(*&5+*P7scsgnoRT(*&,$'Ua&,(veEhPAPV(%+L&`(*$?¤aPAj?(P;UaN'(*RSRS{g5&,&5bcs<h(*&,K +*&`KV$'+*RS+*Y7&5$ILNQ&,K7U'U?K7sgj'RTYVU'] $kYZ_ ^A*"P;bTU j'] &5&[I (L$'&)P;N?U?PVs +*PV-3&GP;(LU?&5sM+*I%(L$'P;(J&)PP Y7RSj'^7-9&,Uj'b}N'PAR|(L{gK7&5+ blP;+* &" &tIu(*] R|m
L" V 6
R}PAIy(`RT(*U $'] &<+*&,N'-3RS{o&5&5U7b\(*&5rQsc&5_ RSU? YWKV-3N'+L&OK I &5] $'I*Ip&,&t-3sc&t_=I] ,RTU F1(L] &5+*+Z&,-3P;bT&,bXUaN'(yRS{oro&5ebTI`KVU?$Q&OP
^VP;&U?srQ&5Ip&,K7U-N'&O+*Kraed&5I*(LIp$?&t&9scIpn (L(L+*$?&,&MU']5]YVP (L$ j'KV-OF(*j?$'bTP;&O(LY7KV+*+`P7P;sg+*RT+v&,P
Uae (
] ]
+
FHRTUKV+)s'#%PV&GU (*$'PV&ORSRS-3bBPV_ rQN'KAbT&,^7-3&Z&5sgU7&5(vI PA] (*+*RSRTK7NgUk(L_ZRTKVUK;&9FJ(*$'RTbS+&bU'/yKAKV j'Y7sg$WRTI -] jQ&,IL(LI[$'P;KgbTsYVK7R}I+LRS(LY7$'&,-<U'&5Iy+*PVFHKVb Q+`R|([Iu(*bS+*&tPVP
RS^VY7&5$aI%("K7bTRSjgU'(&<(*PV$'U?&9s sg]&,RT(*+ PV] RSbTb}&OI?U'&5UQ&5sgsgRSU?&tsY
A>LH_FA>LFM!*G1IK=A M T G * HMRU HL G7?
A>LFH
}(LR#%I$?$'&d(*&`$'K7&9&5+L¤aRT&tYVj?¤aRTP;j?U(LPARTKVP;(*RSUU?K7s
U 2
R}IZ(*$'] &KaIP;
U'FHKVY7+bS&E2%Ip(L(LIp+v$'RTP;U&RTYV
ENQ$a&5J(%+L$'NzbSRT&5U'&,+LUQ&5& IJsgR s'Kaj'RT&tI"b}P;Ih(L+$?U'-3&9K;(JPVNzhfV&,&t+*KVNQIO+*&5f3JU?FHRSsgKV(LR$+%] j'^V(Lb}&5$'P;+p&+`(*R sg] P;R}m@IubPA(v{gbSP;RTR}U'U I,&t]_I,&Z_FH,+*&KV-rzJ&GRT(p(LbS(*$?bh&,&9j?+JILbT-3RS&EU?Kg&O(*sg$'(*&,RTK I b
9" V
FHKVKo+*K7-+*sgKVRTU?FwP;(*(L$'& &Z&t¤7jQKV+*PA+*(L&5RTKVILNQUK7r'U?j's'( I[] (LK7K Ua^7&,+LP;(%U?s(LK<(L+*$?KA&< +LKA y] P;KoU?KVs +vsg] RTK7U?bSj?PA(*-& U~ ,KV +*] +LKo&tK7IpNz+*sgKVRTU?U?s?P;Iy(L&5(*I5K _ RT2 U nl] &`KVj?(L+Z$'& &5¤a] j?KVbTP;j'(L-3RTKVUU
" V
1
1
1
] K7I
IpRTU
4
p5'_T V
Jrz&d$'&5PA+L(& j'N'RTNzIJ&,(L+3$'bT&9&GF1NQ(v&5G+LnXNzP;&,U?U?ss'R
] j'R}bTIZPV+y(*$'sg&dR}Iu(vPVP;U'U YV] bT&<&)FH(L+*$?KVRT-INz(*&,$'+*&ONQ&5bTRTU?U'sg&)R (Lj'K3b}P;(*$'+9&O-3K7PV+LfVRTYV&tRTIZUJK;RSF(L$(L$'(*&O$'RS& -<P;Y7 &EK7DbSP7j?IL-ILj'Uz-3O&5P;sd{oR}(*I5K _
"UF
] ] 6"
4 4 4
C =B
V7
(0,0) c
0
r
line
4
V F
PKV;UQUsOYV#%+v
i$'P
bS&JeEKAhP bT&,]5&5^V] I"j'&5bw¤a-9j?RTj'-<P;b}UaPAP;(L(LY7RTK7&5,
+ I&ts KVFX(L$?$?N'PV&Oj'I\N'^AILNzP;j'bT&Gr?j'(`I &5] KVI"+*r'RTK;NguF & (*I(v(*I,ro$?_ eWPA,(X'U+* I"&,N?P PV+LU?&ts Ipj'&5-O
MU7(\j?robT¤aeP;j?(LKVP;5+"Ua (*P;RS5+*RTU+*&5P
s] e+L^A&5¤7P;-bTjQj'&5P;Ua&5UaI(*(LI"KVRT,FRS&tUWsW(*PV$'RSU?U &,s RT(L+[$'
&GR}I"{g*9NQFDPV &5X[IL+L$'RTKV-3RS+*K7-<&,UWUaP;(*RTU II
J
RTbSbTj?P;IpUQ(LsE+vPAN?(L&tPVsW+*PVRTbSUbT&,bcbTRSR}YQIu_(y5PV'+L+v'_ &gP
7e _" #% $'1& *94 X[KVR}I%+*] -3YVRTPV^VU &5UdP;U?RTUs ],N'
i] +LbSK KAh&5&5sgI[j'+*P;&<bTYV2CK72 +L2 RS(L. $'0 -¢. , FH2;KV>:+"6 ?, .1bT= bSRT6U'8hYdrQ(L&5$'bSKA&3)P _ ]5] j'-9j'b}PA(LK7+
]
#%$'&ZPVbSY7KV+*R|(*$'-R}IJ&G{gN'+*&5I*IL&5sRSUD+LKA)n ] K7bSj?-Uz%IpN?P ] &7_i#%$'&)FHj?U ] (*RSK7U?I 0LC C4 0L2 ;.D6G=Q>wP;UQs 2*C ,
. 0= 4C0L2 ;.D6G=Q>%PV+L&EU'&,RTYV$orzKV+*$'KoKosFHj?U ] (*RSK7U?I9(L$?P;(9&5Ip(LRT-<PA(*&E(*$'&E+*KA P;U?s ] KVbTj'-3U ] KV-3NQK7U'&,Ua(vI
a
FHK;+*j'& FhU (L(] $?(L¤a&<RTKVj?YVUP7+vsgPV2A+*sg>@PV2ARTUa&,= (hUa(5Y7nlRTRSIy^7J&,(L$'UM$?RS&9bT(*&3$'Ip&`(*(LP;$?+LUQ&3KAs' FHP;j'+vP;U sWU?] (*s I RS] K7RSU&5K7UabSj'4 (LRS0L-3 2 ]UA.DbT6,RS=?K7r?->+*PV] Nz+LKVedKV-9U?FH&,r'j'UaRTU U'(*] Ih&5(LI[RTK;KVF(*UW$'(L&3$?(*$?&[(uPAiY7([+*KP7+L&,(*sg(LKRTj'&,UaY7+*U?(5&G()_IJ(*(*$'$'&Z&<&3P7P;-<ILU'ILP;Y7j'YVbS-3&ZU?R|&[RT(*UWj?$'sg&,(*&V$'+*&[_M& (L#%] $?KV$?P;+L&(m
a
Ma
2P;AUQ>@]2AIi= J$?+*R&G(*$j'+LiUQK7Iqj'P)b}sM^AP;$?bTP
j'^7&"&yrQ(*&,K9(uirz&5& &,UMKVUo^7&,] P;+LU?(L&5sEsM7(L¥ K3] sg&, Y7+LP;&5Uo&5I5e_RSx:-3FlN'(L$?bT&,&`-3s'&,RTUaIp(*(vPVPAU(LRTKV& UQIq+*&GK7(*-j'+L&tU3Ih(*KV$'jg&"(JPVU'U'&5YVY7bTPA&J(*RSRT^7UM&+*P7DR sg_ &VRSm _
FHP;KV+*+ &O
RTbTbSj?Ip]t(L7+vPA¥ (*&5sWnoRSRT(*UI%P;r?RTY?ILKV_bT5jg?(*&_ &$^A&gP;_ ] bTj'y&yK;Y7(*RRS^7&Z&5I\(L$Q(*$'PA&`(`sgJRTR|Ip(*(*$PVU PE] &y (L KOM(L$'Y7&"+*bSP7RTU'sgRS&V&5_XUa#%(y] $?KV&"Nz&,P ] +v] PA(L(*RTKVKV+tU?n?Iq(*K;$'Fk&9(*$'bTRT&yU'&5N?I[+LK P;]+*&t&Zsg(uj'h+*K&
8
V
!#"$"%"
* RTIJ(L$'&)Uoj'-9rQ&5+JK;FN'R|{g&5bTI%Nz&,++*KA)_
B:
Q I
G@Q
" kx "qx "
"
"
"
¡ +*KAKVb Y7YV+*+vP7PVsgsgRT&,RT&,UaUa(t(t n Zn )n
%n
%
]
"
X ,)X ¡YV+vPVsgRT&,Ua(
D[)n
%
"
¡ ¡P;r?¤7ItjQ
P;Ua (L] RTK7,&ItD#s'RT/"Ip(*qPVU#, &a`D`\ mh AILRSUwD# /yi#), `L
"
]
"
, 9n # /yq# , #
X , 9n # /"q# , #
X ,)X
"
N ;>MRQ I A>G7TFU X W\ KVj?YV$W#l+vP;UQIuFHK7+L- FHK7+wRTU?sgRTU'Y (*+*PVRSY7$a( lRSU'&tI
/
C =B
Va¥
G@TVHL
=L
H_ P;rQI5 # /yq#, iJx /o# /yi#),[ ¡t
8
8
-3&,# +*YV/y&aq q## , lix J #)x D h9pn # /yq# , `n q# lx #)D qx n
8
IL&G( (*K ,&5+LKz ,On qJx n # /yq# , iJx h 8
8 8
Q+LU?&tP;PAb (*&bSR}IuIp( &5YVK;-3F Nz&,UaKV(vRTUaI5H(*?I)U? P;b ibSR}Ip# ( kK;x F Nz#)KV RT Ua(*9Ivn # /yi)# , `
]IL&G( (LK 5&,+*KQ ,Zn 9n # /yi)# , `
"
s __
__
t ;&
! !! 73a¥;
d
FHKV#%+*+vKV$'sg-&t&5Ip+L& RTP~U'] Y?P;U'_U&,#%RTrQYV$'$o&Z&ZrzI*KV8,P
6,+M^V> &tKVsd>@FOC P7P~I%16 N'RS0LUaCRS{g(*N'&,&,+*+Lby-K RTU &t&5sgsgJR}j'PARS+*(L(L&J&)$ ,RT-<&5(*$'+LP;Ko&Y7&t&5IXbTRTI5IpKV_X(dj'#%(iKV$'F)P;&MUENQ0<K7P RS6Ua0 (*j'4aIM-O6%FHN'j'KV+*b}+EPAK (*](LKV$?&t+qsgP;j'(dILK`+*N'&[(LRS$Q-3{gPA&,&5(ibB+LnJRSY7(ifV&5&,JIh&5RT(LN'bT$?bQRTU'&ZU'Y~KVbSR}(iIp(L(rz$?&K;&yF+*ILNQ&,N?j?K7PAILRS(*Ua&5RTsk(*PVI b_
FHKVRS+)UQP;YabTP;bSe7N?n;I[(LbT$?KV&U'N'Y7&,+*K+[] (L&5$QsgP;j?U+L& KVU'210L&36v2AN'>@RS6 {g&,] 8,bB6:_34V03x:( 6,=?+*> 8w&5PAY7(*Ka&5&tI`IP;(LUQ$'s+*KVI*j?P
YV^V$&t],I"(L] $'P&IL?&GU?(ZP;K;b?FhKVbS+vRTsgU'&,&M+*&5ILs&,Y7Ip-&,(X&5UaK;Fc(*I"Nz(LKV&5RTU7+L-3(vIXRTU?IL&5PAP;(*+ RSU'] $'YWRTU'P;Y (
Y7IL&,PVYVN?-3I5_&5U7?(vKVI,+h_rQx:(%&,(pRT(LIh&5+RT-3P NQ]5]K7j'+p(v+vP;P Ua] eV(in7(*POKObS-3&tPV&,IpUa(%(*RSI*K7¤a] UMj?P;(L+*$Q&5PAIq(%N'(L+*$'K & ] &5/sgK7j?j'+LYV& $d] P;N'UE+*K rQ&[&5sgj?j?IL+L&5& s<(*P;KOUd?Y7(hP;bT(LRT$'Ip(*&5Ih+iKVIp(LFl+*NQKVK7U'RSY9Ua(v&,IX^o(*RTs'K9&,bTU RSU?&&
FH+*KV- r'+*KVf7&,UKV+%^oRS+L(LjQP;bcbTRSU'&tIILj ] $P7IJP+LKA K;FIp(LK7U'&5I%K7+P+L] KaPVsMr?+LK7] fV&,UroeMKA^V&5+L$QP;U'Y7RSU'YO(L+*&,&t] I,_
%(L# K<$'R}R}HsgIJIK&5&GBU7{gA>(*?@&5R|HFH+ ed] RT ILbSRT&yU'&tFHK7I%bSbTK;KAF(LIh&G{o(L(t$?_&),iN'K7N'+LfMbTeEKV&,F{gZRTIp_(LRT)U'Y<PVIpN'(L+*j'KV+*Y7RBw+*PV(*-3$'&)IiN'KV+*+%KV(*r'KobT&,KV-¢b}IJP;RTIhU?(*sdKMJP;+LN'RS(LN?&)bSeEU?(L&,$' &K7/yU'KV&5j'IJY7P7$EI%(*U'+*&,PV&tU?sgIu&5FHsdK7+L(*- K
X
[5
NzP;UQ&,+Ls FHKVr'+*-RTU?P;(*+*$'RT,&& FHK7(*bS$'bTKA&JRSRT-<U'YZP;Y7&G&V{g_Nz&,+*,yRS-3s?s &5U7IL(tKV_J-3DP7&qKV#q(Leo$'Nz&5+d&yK7K7+irguN'& +*RT(*U7I5(%n"P`ILjFH&, $ bSPVRTU'I&5Iir'bTK;KVFcrQ(*IE&G{oK7(%+ RSUMj'^A+LPV^7+L&5RTI5KV_j?IiDsgrQRT +L& ,] (LN'RTKVN?UQbSe I
]rzK7K
U'{oU'&tI& ] P;(L+*&t&Zs P;] N?KVN'-3+LK7NzN'KV+*U'RT&5P;U7(L&[(vI[FHKVN'+ +LK ] ]$Q&5P;I*+vIpP RTU'] (*Y&,+vP;I,U?_"s ] KVJjgx@(*U'N'N'jgjg()((L$?(*$'] & &O] IL&,&GUa(y(L+*KV] KVFXR}s'P;I[bTblK;IpF%&5bSP;& bT] b(*KV&5srgu]& &5] ] Ua(*I`(L+*JKVR}$?s'K7I%IL(L&9KMrzP KVj'/yUQKVsgj'RSU?Y7$Y
bTRSU'&Zs'&G(L& ] (*RSK7UN?+LK ] &tsgj'+*&[PVU?s+L&5NQK7+p(%KVU$'KA i&5bSb (*$'&`(L&,{o(bSRTU'&5I ] P;Urz&Zsg&G(*& ] (*&5sc_
A>LH_FA>LFM :<A>I B;>H?
%##%$'$'&&E/yIp(*KVPVj'U?Y7s'$dPV+*(*s+*PV&5U?¤aIpj?FHKVP;+*(L- RTKVU(L& K;] F$'U'P R}¤7j?RS+ & bT] &<PVU$?P7rzI)&)(L&G$?{o+L(*&5&,&<U?N?sgP;&t+vsP;-3(LK &G(*] &,RS+ +v] I,bT_&5IJx:FPVU?PWsNzK;KV(*RT$'U7&,(-+J N?PV+*PV
h-3bS&GRT&5(L+*IZRT,KV&5Us P ] j?+LRS^7+ &5bTI5& _
(LP$?Nz&,UWKVRTU7(*$'( &O Y7+*P7sg
hRS&5RTUaI)(yY7PARS^7( &,UknP
+*P7NQsg]K7RTRSj?UaI] (*I(LR}K<IZ(*IL$'&,&bT& ] (*&,&5Uasc(L&5n+yP;KVUQFs(*(*$?$'PA&M( sg] RTRT++L]& bS&9(*RSPVK7IUILKV$'FiKAJ(*$'UW&MRT^7U& (*RSKVYQ+`_l5FH+*?KV_ -&V'_ ] KE] RSF
^A
(L+*KdKA%(Lm$?& KaK7] +*&,s'UaRS(LU?&5P;+"(LR}&"I K;] FlK7(*-$'N?& jg(L&5&tUasc(Lnc&,+t(Ln$?& ] ?KoP;KVUQ+vsMsgRS(*UQ$'PA& (L&t] IK7bSKVj'Fq-3(LUg$?m& Ko] &,K7Ua+*sg(L&5RTU?+ P;] (LP;&[U] K;rQF&9(L$'FH& KVj'UQ&5Uasc(L_O&,+t#%n $'] &3 ?+vP;PV+*sg&yRTj?(*I5$'n &`(L$?(L+L$?&5&&
^A
^A ^A
N?RTPV+ +*PVbT&5]-IJ&,P;(L+*&5&[+*IO+L&5j?N'Ip+L&t&ts~Ip&5(*UaK(L&5^7sdK;] (Lro&Ee<FH(LKV$?+ &)] &5RT¤a+ ] j?bSPA&t(*IORSK7RTUU?I (L$']E& /K7j'YV$ ] PVbSY7KV+*R|(*$'-_x@U +*KA] %m ] KVbTj'-3U ] KoKV+vsgRTU?PA(*&5I5n
JF
] ]
IpRTU
" BV p5'_T
C =B
V
& & 5577 ttVV¥
]
& mm &mm ¥mm & mm &mm ¥mm
& ¥
& ¥
¥
¥
_ _
_ _
& ¥
P ]5] j'-9j'bTP;(LK7+ , uD?7nn oaG pVn qaG# &gln x 7 ,# &gn a
T
T < <
TRU'-3KVRSY7(OPVj'YV-O+*&9&Ej j?5Ip$?RTU'_ &$b}Y P;&g+*JXYV#%+*&5&,+`$'J(L&RS$?(p+LPV(`&tUIp-<j?(LPVb|$?(vILIyP;fo(ZI5KV_ZFXFHKV(L'+Z$'K7&RT+[U KV(L$'NzKV+*R}&,I`+L+v& PAIp(*-<(ZRSK7P;KVU bTU?bK;&5&GFiI5{'nwN'P;r'-3+LKj'N'](ObT&5&VRSsgU~n j'(*+*+*$'&d&5&PV2 bX&,2 ^oRT2 -3RT. s'0PV&,YVU . &t] , I)2A&9>@J6"FHK7R|KV(*+ $~U] KVbSPdK7+*+LU'Ip& RTY -3] (`ILN'&,sgbTYV&9&G-3(*Y7& &5+*] U7P
(*(veRSK7I,nwU?bS&5I[(L^V$?&5RT&I b
sg.R -z&5+L&5U ]] &)JRTbTbcrQ&)-9j ] $-K7+L&`N'+*KVU?] KVj'U ] ] &5sc_
V
!#"$"%"
#%RS$'Y7&Zj'+*RTUo& h5PV?+*_ sd&V'NzKVRSRTbTU7bS(*jQRSIuU?(*Y<+*P;YV(L+v&5PVIZsg(LRT$'&,Ua&(*IysgRTP;+L+*& &"] (L(*RT$'KVU&ZK7K;U'FJ&5(LI%$?(*&E$?YVPA("+vPVJs'RSRS&5bTbwU7P(OP;(Oj?-O(*$'j'&Eb}PArz(*&)KVj'&,UQ^os'RTs'P;&,+*U e&`NQK7FHKVRSUa+J(*(*IO$'K;& FyP &5Ua] (LRT&,+ +y] bSK;&7F _
(L$?& ] RT+ ] bS&7_ ],] ] ]
F " F ] K7I
p5'_T
p5''_ &;a
4
b}PA(LRS& (L$ RT+(*$'bS&5&tILIh&KV&5U¤a(Lj?$'PA&)(*RSU?K7&GU?{oI5(JnJN?(L$'P;&Y7&VP _ ]5] j'-9j'b}PA(L&P;bTYVK7+LRS(L$'-FHKV+ ] RT+ ] bT&5IdrQ& ] KV-3&tIdPVbSY7KV+*R|(*$'-P ],] j'-Oj'm
] ]
sRTg-3R}s~PV#%YV(*&)$'$'&R}P;I`+*N'&`N'+L+*IpK K $'] ] KA&5&5Jsgsgj'Uj?+*+L&MRT& UFH] K7PV+9RTUYVbTj'RT&5U'+*P7&&3IpRT5ILbTeW&,?Y7_ &rQ-3?&<&,_ Ua-3(*KgI5_~sgRS?#%&5$'s&d(L+*K&5IL(*j'PVbSfV(*&3I9RTK;U7F"(*KPVN'P N'],bT] eoKVRSj'U'UaY(`RS(9(L$'(*&3KY7P +*P7(Lsg& RS] &5$?UaU'([R ]-<P;P;bJY7sgU'K RS(L] j?j?sg-&<&5UaP7(I
d
G7HLV?@A>QRLF?
HFN'#%KV+*$'+*K -&=&5/s'' KVj' j?+L&`YV$= R}IJ (LPV+v¢P;IhUQFHIuK7FHbSK7bTJKA+L$'-¢&,I,+*-&&, (L$'sgKg&5s U'K;] P;(*&5UWI9rzP;&OU&,RT{o-<(L&,P;UQYVsg&E&5NQsK7(*RSKEUa(P;UoPVU?e s ] j'= +*^VR}I&OJPWR|^V(*$& ] (LP;K7U?+OPVbSKVeaF(*R N?] P;&t+v¤aP;j?-3PA&G(*(*RSK7&,+vUWI,_ K;F\#%(L$?$?&&
]
0 ^"
R}ILI NQ& x:FRS?(L&5$'s &5+Lro&[e9P; P`V+*&#%IL&5¢$'¤a& j'NQ/y&,P;U KV+vj'P;&JY7-3K;$Z&GF (L(*rz+v&,P;KV+vIUQj'IuU?RSUFHs?K7P;=+L-+*naeZ&t-3PNQ] K7&G$3RS(*Ua$'$?(vKgP
Is^o RT(%$?U'PVP;Y IbTb} P;rz+v&,sc&,sgU9ngR}I FH] j'+L+L&,(Lt(L$'G&_w&5^A+\#%P;YVbT$'j'&5R}U'&tI\I,&,R}n7+vI\P;(Lfo$'bTRSU'&55KAU<&5JsZ(LU3$?(LK)&PVP;I(LRT+*(L-3r'$?RS&&"(L+v]47P;KV6,+*-3=ze`61N'IL0L$?bT2 &GPV, {g. NQR|(u6&te I
] 0 ]
'
,
C =B
V
* RTIJ(L$'&)Uoj'-9rQ&5+JK;FN'R|{g&5bTI%Nz&,++*KA)_
B:
] ] ] ]
+VIKQBH
_VEVIKH P ]5] j'-9j'bTP;(L& ] SR + ] bT&5It n ,[
,
q#
¡lx #¡
"
QI G7Q
Q I
G@Q
"
"
kx "qx "
#y /"dq # , /d ] ,"K7- N? jgKa(L&I5 (L# $'/y&,(*qP?# ,"n ) n
"n ,"[
]
"
h $
," ;IpRTUl # /yq # ,"
9
"
, y'/n
h'n ,y#
q , ?n
h?n ,"
" V
i# kx #) 'n/
h'n ,"[[ PVN'NQ&5U?sk q# kx #)D?n
h?n ,"[Gn )n/
1
"
"
TV
NP;>MRQIKASG@TVUYX \ yKVj'Y7$#w+vP;U?IpFHKV+*- FHKV+RTU?sgRTU'YP
iRS+ ] bT&5I
/
a
d
!#"$"%"
IL$'RSY7KAj'J+*Ud&)ro5eM'_'KA& ^7Q&,F+*
ibTP
RTeo+ ]RTU'bS&tY9IXPVsgUd&G(*&,& {o] (L(L+v&5P s3roRSe9+ (LbT&`$'& K;F/IpKVbTj?RSY7YV$a$(LbT(LeM+vP;bTPVU?+LIpY7FHKV&,+*+%- +vPVK7sgU<RTj?PZI%IpKV& U] (*&5RSK7P U$KVs'Fk&GP;(LU& (L(*& &5] s $'U'R RT] + P;bQbS&7sg_ +*P
JRTU'YQn
] ] ] ] ] ]
?_&5wP RTU?$ s (LK7$'-& Nz] KVKVU?U?U'&,Ua& (5] _(L&5s ] K7-NzKVU?&,Ua(*I"K;FX&tP ] $ILeo-OrzKVbTR ] RS-<P;Y7&OP;UQs ] K7-3N'jg(L&9bSRTU'&bS&5U'Y;(*$ FHK7+
] ]
K qP ] $dN?R|{g&,bcR}IP-3&,-9rQ&5+JK;F(uiK ] K7-3NQK7U'&,Ua(*I5ngKVU?&"FH+*KV-&5P ] $ILea-9rQK7bSR ] RS-<PVYV&V_
K qP ] $dN?R|{g&,bc^7K;(*&5IhFHKV+JRS(*I , CA=o4716 0 ] KV-3NzKVU'&5U7(t_
K qP ] $ ] KV-3NzKVU'&5U7(J+*& ] &,RT^V&5I%P ] K7j'Ua(K;FN'R|{g&5bTIh(*$?PA(^7K;(L&tsMFHK7+JR|(t_
K #%$'& ] KV-3NQK7U'&,Ua(vI)HbTRSU'&ZIL&,Y7-3&,Ua(*Ivq(L$?P;(+L& ] &,RT^V&"(L$?&)-3P;uKV+*R|(uedIpj'N?NQK7+p(P;+*&)Ip&5bS& ] (*&5sc_
FHN'KV+*+*KV- r'#%bT$'&,P;-<E& U?s I"(h(L(Lj'$Q$'+LPA&UQ(`IO] FHK7bTKVRSU'U?+ U'&d&&t]sQ(LU?&t*9sgs &, X[+] K7KV(v-3+*P;-<fVNQ&tP;K7I9UU'&,P7PVUasgU?(*^AI[s P;UaP;
i(*bTYVPVbTKAK7YVh+L&MRS&5(LKVI"$?F-(L(uK_[hIpKx:&t([P;NzP;+ KA(pi$(*&,&5-3U'+p&5FHNgj?RSY7(*bhI"$oPVrQ(*bSKdK7Y7+LKVY7RT+*U'&GR|(*YE("$'+*r?-<R}RSs U?I,<I`K;F\ro(*$'(*eW$'E& (*&3$'/¤7&3KVjQj?j?P;YVILUa&$(LRTKV5(*FqP;+*PV(L(uRTU?hKVIpUK m
I(LL$Q&,N?PAPV(Z+*&5P;Ip(L(L&yRT-<¤aj?PAPV(*&5U7I)(*RSP;tPAU?(*YV] RSbTK7&9U?r?I,_P7Ipx@&tUEsN?K7+*PU] (LPR ] IL&7-<noR|P;(JbTb\Ipj U'-z&,RT&5YV+*$oIqrzFHKV+LK7+*$'- KoKoPZsN'] +*P;KV+*r?KVj'bS&5UQ- s(*P$?PAN'(%RS{gJ&,bBRTbS_3bcBP"- RTYV& ]RS(*(%P;PVb\UobTRTeU'&5bTRTIZU'&yPV+LQ&U?U'sgKV&,+(
Ipsg(L&,+v(LP;& RTYV(L$aRTKV(5_yU"(*& R}P;$'YVU'K7R}U?¤aP;j'bw&)bSRTj?U'IL&t&5I"I%PV(*+LKo&ZKM+*Ip&5-<PVbSP;bTebTblPMP3IpU'&t&5¤aRSj'Y7&,$oU rQ] K7&O+L$'KVKoFXKg$'scKVn'+*RSRS(y5KVJUaRT(*bSPVbwbl&,P;U?UQssWj'^VN&5Q+p(*U?R ]sgP;RTU'bwYEIp(LP3&5N?bTI5K;_y(x:K;F\F(L(*$?RSUo&eEPV$?U'KVYV+LbT& m
RTbT,RSU'KV&yUa(v]?P;U?b\sgP;&5U?+isPVU?] ^VsM&5+pP;(*RUo] eP;b\K;Ip(*&5$'YV&,-3+hP;&,U'Ua(vY7IybS&,RTmBU?r?IpP7(LIp&5&tP7sOsbTRTKVU'Fi&P?UQbSK7sgU'&,Yd+ s'PVRTPVU<YVr'KVUQ+L&tP;P;bf9bSRTj'U'NM&7_9bTRSU'#%&t$oIXj?(*I[$?RSPAU(%N'P)+v$oP j'] (L-<R ] P;&VU<n h(*$'KV& j'b}(hs3j'bT+LRSf7UQ&I
(LK<sg&,(L& ] ("P7IhP ] KVU'U?& ] (*&5sdJ$'KVbT&V_ ]
C =B
Q
d
]A KV-3N' jg(*&[ (L$'(L&)$'Y7+*&5+*ILP7$'sgKVRS&5b}sUa(
P;U?s 7
G@TVHL K7jg(LN'j'(
n 7
c(LKMIL&G(
2
sg&G(*& ] ( ] bTj?Iu(*&,+vI%RSU(*$'&ZIp&,( 2
K;(*] $'&,+IL$?PVNQ&tI,_ ] ] ] ]
v(L$?68&>(h+*-<&,&,Y7bTPAKARS(*K7)$'U nX&,-<KVh+[PA&d(*rzRN'KV] +*P;j'&5bU?IL&,s?-3UaP;Ko(+*s'e(L&,$'ILb&&,'Y7(L0<-3(LRT6G&,U'>UaYd'(*C P;K7(Lr?RTKVILC &,U+*^V-3, 6*&52A&,sW8(L>)$'s?KgPA8 s'(*P?.I`_Z2 sg0L#%&t6I8O$'R}FH+LI[KVRTrQ+<s?&tPAsgs (*&GPd(*N'&,+*-3+*&,-3^oRSY7RTRSKV$aU'j?([RTU'ILrzbTYe &9 (LK7$?FHK7rg&+`(*PVNQ&GRSP;{'U?+vP;&5P;-3s -3N'jQ&GbTIp(*&VRT&,U'n +vYEhIO&9K7KVU'Fy$?&P
(L$?^7K;&& F
ba
3-J$'Kg&,sg(L&,$'b\&<&5R}+<RSI)UaKV(LPM+3+*KgFHj?U'sgUK;j (M] ] (*&<PRSK7(LUIp$'&,&<J(<bTRSK;&5(LF"$P7IuK7(L(ur?m:hI*ILKd¤a&,j?+*N?^VP;PV&5+*+*s&5PVI[-3NQ(*K7$'&GRS(L&,Ua&5K7(*+*+LI I5e5 ra2 e%2 'P
te K; FJPWIp RT-3# N'dbTeFHK7
&,+L_ {g-PV -3j?PN'N'NQbTbSRS&7U?KaE_ Ip&V&3_ *"hU'#l&3&dKhIusg(*PV+*KU7PV([RS(LY7$'(L$7R}K()I5nq(*bTRS&5hU?Ip&&(
" " F
V F
(L(Lsg$?$?&,&"&(L&,KVK7+*r?r?-3ILIpRS&,&5U?+*+L&"^A^7PA&5(*(*s$'RS&`K7NzU?KVrQIRT&tU7P;Iu(v(J+*Ii&iN?PV(*PV+LK`+*&yPV(L(L-3$'KO&y&G(L(L-$'&5&y+*KgI sgFHj'&5bU _\] P;(*U?RSRTK7s YVUkj'_X+*
&`"K;5RLFl- '(L&,_'$'&V+*¥[&,&`UaILbT( RS$'U']KA&t+*P;R|(*+hI&,FH(L+*j'$?RTP U &%] ] '(LP;(pRTU<KV(*RSUU'rzYO&"P;U?K;jQsEFcIp&tP`(Ls3$?bSRT&,(LU'UK&%&G¤7(L{'jQKZP;P;IL-3UaRS{(LRTRSU'FHs'e3&"P;$?(*$'P`KAKA NzKV]] RTbTbTU7K7K7(vILILI,&& _
P P "
1 1
F
F
1
Y Y
circular fit is unbiased
model is
y=c x+c
1 0
error is
e =y-y
j j
linear fit is biased
T(LbRS$?U'RSY7& &`j'P;+*RTUQ&+ s tj'']bTPVRT_'+&V+h] ¥''j'(b}P; RT+hkI&G-3j'F1(UoKo)r's'RT&,P7b}R|I,Ip(Z&tscKV(LFi_$?&`-3ILKgRTYVsgU?&,b1Ii2K;Fk(*$''&` +L&t"IpR}(LsgK j?PVILbQR|{&5+Ls?+*PAKV(*+vPIqILNz$'KVKART Ua(*(*I $?hPAD(%+LRTYV(L$?$a&"(v bTRS]U?KV&"-3?Nz(h&GR}(LI%RTU'r'YWR}PVIpIL(L&5+vsMP;RTPVYVU?$as (
X
"
] ] 1
' q>D8Z238,6,>%C # H=C ?7GG8G61*0 A&2AEF>B.D= CAIK='HJ8 ? I IKQ 2 I : IK¡ASG7HJ IKA># = M.}8 ?6M0<6v2
8 . 0L6C ?C 6 , , 2W0<C V6 , 2
?
P P 7"
\ ba "
' 2
1 1
4 " $ P P
&
'6 v68>i03C V6 , 2 ' ).}8Z> '6Z03C V6 , .1> > '6 '2 0L2A0<6,>:610v8Z09.1=Q.109. .1=o4M> o.}8<210.1>:610.D2
1 4
ba ^" ba
C G8,6 0 A2A>B.DCA=?8 0LCA0?> '6 6OIK03QQ C GV6 U , H=L ? &EF= IKH HI IKQ I <QI * ".}8> ?6W2 A6 0*2,4a6 A. "6 0L6,=R2v6 C
1
? ?
L@ a !
ba #"
' t 2 t #
4 "
P
$
P P
%$A
&
?OCAC;.1>:=?6y> > '0L2AC;>0¢GCK> 0y'6 > ?, 6J.1=z86 > 0L2A.|. 4 >qo> > ', .16 =z6A.}q8>@> 2Ak=R> o2v6O.}8 03;.6vy2A68 0*. 6G0*= 6 2*6"'.}2 8J0L2=z, C;, 6>w, > '>:CM6 > ?. 6 2 , . pV2 6vV2;.}= 8O;2A8.}8v>@q2A.|= 4 2v. 6[0L6 C %> ? 6`C G8G610 A6
1 4
& ' ( a ! *) Ta a Aa
+ ^a Aa
-, .0/ 1
8,6G>%C (# C 8,610
2;> .DC;='= 8 I IKQ2 It : IKA>G7HJ IKA># = d.}8 ?6<0<6v2
8 . 0L6EC 'C 6 , , 20<C 76 , 2 ' q>D8<2
2
@ ?
P P ' 7"
\3 a Q"
1
4
1
' t 2 t
" P P P
&
OCA=C;>:> 6Z?6 > ?q2A>h>iC> gZ.}28`, ,0<C 6v)2
8> '. 60L6 'VC;6.1=?'>6,8 = A 8ZC;= , C;= > '6 KC 0v8> q> ?CA.1=?> '16 0L6v2
8)> '6 6 0 0*KC 0 V6 ?6G=
8
&
=
7a G 3a
1 1
5
4
6 87:9<; 6a G .a
C =B
a d
2
9"
#P;r'bT& &`5 g'_TV k&tPV$Ip(pm@&'IL¤a_ j?PV+L&tIk'(XKVF s?PA(*P[Y7&,U'&5+*P;(L&5s9j?ILRSU?Y 2 N?bSj?IXU'KVR}Ip&%Y7RS^7&5Iw'(p(*&5s3-3Kgsg&,b
"
1E4
194
! " #$ %"& ('
"%"& ) *"+ !, $# .-%"& (- 0/ 1,
2435 7698#:+;% <>=?,@ 9"5,' 9"+" !" %"&-+' A%"&/+ +,-
:<;>QR?7H _ Q IKU *Q ; EG@A>QRLV? = IK=U HJG7HJIK?
QI
`K;F%P;(*jQ#%$'IL&E$'ILRT&9PVrzUMbS&5&tIpU'PV(9IpK7(p-3RTm@ILIL&yKg¤asg-3j?&,PVKgbi+LsgRT&tI9&,I b &5] $'P7+*K7R|Ip(*e7bT&,s?_+*I,RTnoPEIp&RT&EI"] K7?NzU?+*KVIpscN'(9ngj'sgsgb}P;&,&5+"+*+LRTRT^
FH^VKVP;&3+"(LRT(*(uKV$'hUM& KEKVFw+*bSKa&5P PVIp&tIL] KVsbSKaUQIpFHI KV&tzs3+*?-FH+vKVIu+*IL(tKV- n bTR|jg(`Ip(*K7RSRTK7I[bSj'UPd(LRTFHKVbSKVK7UM+ZYVFHR (*K7] $'P;+q&Mb (*$']N?$'&[PVKV+*N?RPV] P;-3&9+vP;&GJ-3(L&5$'&G+*&,(*IZU&,K;+vP IF
(LbT&5$?PV&9Ip(przm@&5I*¤7Ip("jQP;?+*(p&5(LI\RTU'&5Y+L+*IuKV(*+\+*PVFHK7RSY7+q$a(*(y$'bS&"RTU'Ip&7(L+v_`P;"RTYV&,$a^7(q&,bTbTRTKVU'N'&"-3-3&5KgU7([sg&5K;b FXKVP;(LUM] $'&5rz+"&"-3&,{gKgN'sgbS&,R b}I"RS(LbTFHe3KVbTJbSKA+LRS(pI(*&,(LUE$'&3P7IXI*P;FH-3K7bSbT&OKAN?P;I5(pw(*U'&,+*KVUk(L&y_[(L#%$?$?P;&(
X
4 CB'
2 p5''_ &g
1
" TF
F " $ TF
P V F P
P
&
J#%$'RT+LbS&"bhRS(L$?RT&,U'+*P
Y+L^VK7&MKV+jgPFHj'()UYV(*bT] $'KV(*&5r?RSK7ILPV&<DU bXsgB`-3&,RTRS+*IhU?RT^
RSPZ-9P;(LILj'RT-3^V-&tKaI[KVPA(LFH(Z$<+LK7(*U'- $'K7&EUg(Lm:Nz$'U'KV&3&,RTYaUaFHK7PA(+L(L-9RT ^Vj'&%b}FHPEj?
U RTZU~] (*JqRSK7$'¤aUM&,j?+*K;PA&FFc(*RSEG(*K7$'B U &E t(uh''_ KZ&g3N?PVP;+*U?PVs -j?PV&,(LU?IL&5RSsHU'+*IYEGB(*$'&3P;E UQFD
sP ()
(LPV$?U?P;'s ( _
1 4
F
F
(L$?&Zsg&,+*RS^AP;(LRT^V&`K;FPILj'-¢RTI%(*$'&ZILj'- K;F(L$?&Zsg&,+*^oRTP;(LRT^V&5IheoRT&,b}s'Ih(L$'&`FHK7bSbTKAJRTU'Y<sg&,+*RS^AP;(LRTKVUk_ ]
F
AF .F
" .F "
EIB E
3Fb
" $ &' TFb
P V
2 F P P " p5''_ &%&7
P
&
1
4
1
EIB E
3F " $ &' TFb
P V
2 F P " p5''_ & o
P
&
1
4
" &' $ &
& 2
P Fb
V $ F $ p5''_ &V¥7 P
P
P
P
]
J 2
J P
&
P
P
L &
K
P J
K
F
"
K
P
&
p5''_ & P P
& 1
P
P
& 1
F
2 P
&
1 P
1
HIKBA>?@H R|(L(LRTU'YMP3bSRTU'&[(LKMNzKVRTUa(*I
0yILRTU'YOq¤aj?P;(LRTKVU5?_ & n ] KV-3N'jg(*&J(L$'&yN?P;+vP;-3&G(*&,+vI %PVU?s
KVFz(*$'&rz&5Ip(ibTRSU?&J(L$'+*KVj?YV$(L$'&yNQK7RSUa(*I
D?ngm ;nk &gnomvthP;UQs ?n?¥7_ T
F
9F
dM
!#"$"%"
1 1 1 1
!
U +FA>IKA>BC=; : + IKHG@= G7A Q L Q
L G@HI F G@TVH I IKQI
LU'I j'K7-3RTILX&JNg+*(LFH+*RT+*KVKVKV+U -] RTPVI(L$'U(*&[$?rzU'PA&d(K7+LRT(LUa-<$'(LP;&&,bz+*N'K7sgr?+*R}&GIuIp(*(*&5+L&5+LRTs~^7r'&5jg+*s(*&,RSb}^AK7PAP;U (*bTRSj'^7&<&D(LK;KF52PWGn7FHKVJRTI"+*$'-<u&5j?+LP;Ip& b%(3Iu(L(v$'PARTIi(*&RTfoIp-3(LU'R KA]KgJPVsgbq&,U<b%$oFHeo^A+*KVNQP;-bTKVj'(L& $'(L$'&t' Ip&`R} I,P;_UQZP;#%bTN?eo$'bSIL&j?R}I\I] K;KV Fk-3X`-3P;-3&5j?KVP7I*U IpIpj?R}P;PV+LUz&,Ipmm
P P
(Lsg$Q&,PA(L&,(X+*(*-3$'&RSU?^A&5P;s+*RTroPVeMr'bTFH&(K7+L4-9 j'bTPK7+J(*PV r'bS&Op bS'KoKV foj' Nl_i#%2 $' &) Uoj' -9rQR}&5I+y K;F\sgsgRT&5IpYV(L+*+*&,RTr'&5jgI%(LKV&tFscFHno+LIp&5K`&5sgRS(*K7IX-bTRTfVR}(I&,bT#RT$'KoKo&9s FH] K7P;+JU<(Lrz$?&&
" P
&
P P
6K
(LFHKV$?+`RTIhP -3Kg&5sgNg&,(LbQRTU''Y (*AIi+L(*&p$'u& &"s'(LRTP;U'(*YEP?_ Pd*yYV(*RT^V$'&,&,U+ ] $aK7eoUgNzQK;sg(*&5$?U IpR}] I5&"nzbSr?&5jg^V([&5bTIRS(`] RTPVI`UMP;rQb}IL&"KMj?j?ILIL&5&GscFHj'_\b#%FH$'K7& +[ IL&,bT& (L&5(LIpRT(%U'RTYMIi(*U'$'K;&9(%-3KVU?KabSIue3(`j?bSRTILfV&G&5FHj'bSe b
-3JRSKg(Lsg$3&,]5(Lbl] $?FH&"+LK7Ip-(L+vP;PMRTYVIL$a&G(\("bS]K;RTU'F &y] K7-3-KgNzsg&G&5(*b _RSU?YEKVP;(LbS&J(L&5(*+L$?U?PAP;(q(LRTRTU<^V&t(*I,$'_hRTI 'KV+"P7Ip&G&7{'n;P;(L-3$?&N'N?bT&VP;nz+vP<P;rzN?KVPVbT+*R PVrQ-K7KgbSR sg] &5] -b 2 Kgsg&5bw-<P
e ] KV-3Nz&G(*&
R(LTU?j?sg+LRT&,x@U'NzUaYW(L&,j'UQN'RSsg(L+*&,RTK ^VUa&5(Z&5bSI*e7K;I`n'Fqh-3(L&Z$'RSY7&3Ip$a$'&,(OK7+*j'+*sgKVb}RTsdIp+[(LK7RSU?U+pK;(Z(KVPVr?rzUIL&`&,&5+*(L^AUaKoPA(LK RT(*+LRS] &<K7K7U?-9U'I &5FHRSK7Y7+p$o(vrQP;9r'K7bT+LK7&`$'+ KoRSU KgsP7ILK;IL7F%j'_9-3NQ?K7RTKVU'RSUa+`Y(*I)&G(L{'$?FHP;P;+LK7-3(y- &,N'+*bT+L&V(LK7$'nk+%&EPVRSURTUsg&5&tKV+LP;rQ+vbXP;Ip&5-3Ua+L([^AKgPA-3sg(*&5PVRSbK7Uo_EU jg#%FDMP $?] RT&Im
4
RTPAU?(*sgR &,Nzr'&,R}PVUQIhsg&,RTUEU ] ] (*&O$'&`$oeo&,NQ+*+LKVK7(L+5$'n7&tJIpR}$'I R ] $P;UWRTUMrz(L&Zj?(*+L&5UIp(LRS&5UQssgR jQPAIpRT(*U'&5YEIi(LP $?P;0 .(= P9pCsg.R :- 8&,.|4V+*&,='Ua8h(%(L&5IL$?Ip(5PVn NQJ&`$'-3R ] Kg$ sg&,] bPVU JRTsgbSb &G(*'& (J] ([rz&GIL(Leo(LIp&,(L+t&5_\-x:mF
>V
(LFH+*$?&5&"¤a] j'U'&,K7UaRTIL(*&bSe7R}_wIi(L+*RSY7j'j'bSe3+*&y+vP;5U??s'_ &7KV¥)-H+*nV] RT(*YV$'$a&,(vUEwIp(L$?$'KA&[IpRTIlYVP"UQIqr'] RTKVP7FcIp&t(L$'s)&[bTRS&,U'+*&t+LP;K7+w+q'IL($'KVKVj'-3b}s<Nzrz&G&"(*RSU'+vP;Y[UQJsgKVRS(L- $9PVP;UZU?sMj'Uo$'r'&,R}U PV] IL&&5s Qj RS] + (*j?j?PAbTPV(*&+
N
RT U7(*2 &,U?+vP;ILRSU'(uY7eE&OIpj?(*$'+pFD+LP K7] j'&VYVn'$IL$'mvKAV nl?(Ln $?9P;(Vj?_Ip/yRTU'P
Y^o(LRTU'$?Y&`(L(ui$'&3K N'Xb}+*P;&,U?JPVRS+)(p(J-3-<Kos'PVIL&,fgb IJP ] (Lj?PVbSbTe ] K72 -3N'jg9(L(L& $?P;()P;rQU?&ts Iu()_ '(vI`(L$?&
V 7V . V ^V
HV " V 7V F
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
. ;>HU ? A>L
IKQ - A>G1G7A LVM
Ipj ] $ ] P7Ip&tI, ] KVU?ILj'bS(h(*$'& (hKAeV&5+)6,>h2 , u oq+*&GFH&5+L&5U ] & ] RS(L&tsPA(J(L$?&)&,U?s] K;Fw(L$'& ] $QP;Ng(*&,+t_ 8
KVNQPZ+)K7(*RS+LIpUaj'j?(i&`+pP;FDY7P (q&,] (LKV&$?-3&(L$?&,+LP;(LRT+*YV(ZR $a] rQ(qsg&tKVIuR}FlIu(O(vP;PVRSUN'Y7]N'j'& +*+LaK
&O{g(L$o5RS-<j?''_IhPA&V(*(*¥"&5$'RTI"&)bSbT(Lj?bS$?&tIpPV&M(L+vIp(%s'PA(*PAI*&5(v¤aI\Pdj?(*P;RT$'U+*R}&5IqIiYVN'&5'+*KV(KV-3r?sg&GbSKo&5(*&t+L- IiR ] U?/OILK;N?(*(J$?P U'PA] (h&&V]_<NQ&5K7I*#%RSILUa$'PV(q&<+LRTR}bT+*Iie<RTYVYVea$a&,RTK7(L&,-3-3b}sK7&GPIp(L(Z+*]R s'j'P;PA+LbT^7(vbTeP&
R_
^V#%&,$'+*RTe I] &5bS-zKaIp& &O(W(LK<RTI(*$'&5&^V&,] U RT+ ] -bS&7K7nQ+Lr'&j'N'(y+*(LKV$?U'&OK7j'FHj'U U &5] (LsRTKVJUQP;$'b&5U sgLR - KV&,+*-3&,UN']bT&G&9{ PVbSILK7j'U'+LY<FDP (*$'&tId&OeaPVm@+LPA&{g'RTIy(RTI"(LK +vPAV(L$?&,+Nzb}KVP;] RT+*U7YV(v&7I,__
RTIO$'U'RSK;bT& (3P;Y7bT&,h]KVP
-3eg&,I)(L+*&tR PV] ILesgR}(*IuK(vP;U K7] -& N?R}I<jg(Lj?&7IL_j?P;x@U~bT]bSe (*$'-3& KV+*PV&WIL&M-]K;&tFJP;U''RT(LU'(LYVRTU'FHj'YbP(*$?IuP;(*U +*] PVRSFHY7j'$7U (9] (LbSRTRTKVU'U?&VPVn\b"Jsg$?.R &,- U~&,+*(*&,$'U &E] &VbTnJRSU?RS&(
YV9&G+v(vPAI`(*U'$'&5&,+%PV+[(*$?(LKWP;U^V(*&5$'+p(*&)R ] bSP;&tPVbBncIp(yR|](ZILR}¤aI)j?rzPV+L&G&t(LIh(L&,-+Z&,(L(LK$'Kgj?sIL&9N'] (*+*$'&5&<IL&,rzUa&5(L&tIp(OsPA$'{g&,RT+*I &V_X] KV#%-3$'N'&)jgrz(v&5PAIp(*(yRSK7PAU{gR}Y7I RS^7&,K7U-3RSN'UWjg(*
iP;$?(LRTPVKVNgU(L&5RTI+
FHKV+*-Oj'b}PA(*&5sdr?PVIL&5sdKVU-3RSU'RT-3RS5RSU?Y3(L$'&)Y7&,KV-3&,(L+*R ] sgR}Iu(vP;U ] &5I%rz&G(uh&,&,UbTRSU?&ZP;] U?sdNQK7RSUa(vI,_
LFQ LF;>A LVH= I Q +VG@A>U AC= G@A>QRL KV-3&G(*RS-3&5I5nXP ] bSKaIp&tsFHKV+*- IpK7bSj'(LRTKVU~(*K(*$'&d-3Kgsg&5biN?PV+*PV-3&G(L&5+*IORTI
(LU'r?$?K;PVP;(JIL(&5P
sW^A?7HP;IL&5RT= bTPVPVIK+ Br'TFbS$k&7HJnQ_? KV#%+"+-$?&,=&[^VIK&5&5=+LU U +*KV&GHJ+ {gG7$?] HJ+*PVIRSj?(L&,Ip?'+*(L+-RTR}^VP =&OBC] HPVIL&5UdPVFHKVIp+ +O(LRT$ bS(Lbc$'rz&EP;&`UWrQKV&trzNgIu&9(*(RSj?-3N?ILP;RT&5,+vsW&tP;sc-3FHKVn'&G+y$'(*KA&,K7h+vNgI,&,(L_ERT^7-3&,/+tRStRTnVbTPArob|m(*eM] RSK7bTRSj?Uk-9IL_ RSr'U? RTYU'&5Y?&ZPOn(*(LYV$'& +v]&9PV$'hs'U'RSR}KV&5¤7+*U7j?fg(L& Im
rae
i$'&,UWP;UQ] s W&tsgRTKVU'RlPVU?s KVU ] &36,>%2 ,] n'J] $'R ] $WPVs's'+L&tILIi(L$?RTIPVU?sE(L$'&)N'+*&,^oRTKVj?I%R}I*Ipj'&7_
L8
8
J&,+*$'+LK7&G(*+ $'&,+L+hRS(LKV&5+h+LR}U'P'K;_ (i(L$'&tIp] &[N?PV]+*PV-&,(L&5+*IiP;+*&yKVN'(LRT-3PVbQK7+lujQIu(%+L&tIpj?b|(hFH+LK7- PZbTK ] P;bz-3RSU'RT-<POKVFk(L$?&
]
FG BQ LF?7G1IK=A>L G@? KV-3&,(LRT-&tI,n(*$'&-Kgsg&5b%rQ&5RSU'Y'(3-Oj?Ip(I*PA(*RTIpFHe~PVs's'R|(*RSK7U?P;b ] K7U?Iu(*+*PVRSUa(vI,_'K7+
&G{'P;-3N'bT&Vn'h&`-<P
eEU'&5&5sd(LK3?UQs(L$'&)rz&5Ip(ybTRSU'&`(*$'+*KVj'Y7$K7r?IL&,+*^
P;(LRTKVU?Ii(*$?PA(yR}IPVbTILK3NQ&5+LNz&,Ugm
d
!#"$"%"
PKA;^VU&5&5+Lb}U?P;sgN?NzN'KVRSU?RTU7Y(yILs'j'& r?] IL+*&5&5¤aP7j'Ip&t&5IhU (L&t$'I,&ng&tP ^A$P;JbTj'R|&)(*$K;FP3(L-3$?&)Kgsg'] &5(5bl_hP;#%U?$'sE&)(L+*$?&5& ILj' b|(KV^AFwP;bT(*j'$'&`R}IJK;N'F+*(LK $?] &)&5I*-I%KgRTsgIy&5P<bc'Ip&,(t(_iK;#%F$'NQR}IJKaILIpIL&,RS(r?bSRTe I
(Lsg$?&,&,(LUM& N?(L&tP7sILILN?&5s9P;+L(*(*KZI5_E$'RT#%YV$'$'&5R}I)+qbTN']&,+*^VK &5b?&5N'I*I`+*] K R}] IZ&tILIpILRT-3&5IRSb}JP;+)$'R RT] U$ IL] N'P;RSU +*RS()] K7(LU?KIu(*(L+L$?j &M] (i+L&5sgYVK7RT-<KVUgP;m:RTYVU<+*KAKVhrgu&,& +"] s'(*IX&5I FH+LK7+*RS- rz&5(*s$'&yRTU P
^A P;& RTb}P;(*RSr'K7bTU &
PA5(h?_S&57P ]_ &'$<noJ&5sg$'Y7R ] &y$N'$?RS{gP7&,I%b rQPV&5I\&,(*UW$'Ip& j ]],+*] R|&t(*RILIpP;FHj'b?bTN?bSeE+LK7j?NQIp&5&t+psM(ue(*K3RSUQYVIu(*+*&5KAPV sMbSRTK;U'Fc&Z(L$?IL&,&"Y7Y7-+L&5&5eOUa(*(*IhKVj?U'IL&"RSU'N'Y+LK7(*NQ$'&5&Z+p(usge] RT+Lj?& IL] &5(Ls<RTKVRTUUM&5Y7Ip+L(LKART-<] JPARTU'(*Y&
+*&,YVRTKVUQ] I,_ ] ]
TRN', -3+*RSPV^VUaYV&5(*+LRT&5U'eWs YY7&,RS&,+ bTU'KV&5j?U'+*R|YaPV(PAbrQ(L(u&tKaeasEP;Nz+vK7&<scrgn
K;u(L&Fh$?] RS&%(*-<I%s'PVRTKaUEYVK7&<+w&VIpKV&5FzYVKVPy-3+%$'&,RTKVUWUaj?(`ILV&VRT I)n7oP(LFH$'NzKV& +J&,U0&G.{'KVPVU9*-C;Py=?N?_E(*bSPV&7r'ngbTRSra&Vr'eEn;rzK7RSKV-<+UQP"I)P;Y7+LP;KaRS+*U?PV& Y3s`] P (*KV$'-3] +*KVKV-3U?j'sgKVY7jU'$Z]bTe ?(LRT&5KVN'bTUs'+*KgI5N?_sgP;jx@(LUZ] $&t(LsKV$?U&5roILeP&
] ]
a 3a
C =B
d
YVRTU +vPV
is'RS$?RS&5Y7P;U7j'N'(J+*(L&sg&,RT++Lt& '¥g] '_ n(*& RSPVK7U?UILs$'P KA] &5+*PVK7I`+LI*bTIh$'RT&,KAPV+M UdRTU&t(Lsg$'(LYV& $?&`RT/yI RTUWKVj'$?PVY7P;s'$N'sg(LRS#w(L&,RT+v+tKVP;nJUdU?YVIp(L+vFHK3PVKVs'+*RS-(*RS&5IJU7K7] (EPV+LRTUs'&,RSUa+*rQ(v& &MPA(L(L&,RTRTKV{oKVUU(L&,P;UQ
U?sgs&5P;s~(bTK P~IL] bSPARTYVN'(*$aRSRSK7{g(*Uk&,bSeWb _ ,y(* K I%&,%
[U PV(L] IJ$?KgP;sgIL(d$'&3KA$?(LJ$?P7U &I
ILPVRSIXY7U'(L$'R| & ] P;KVUarz(q&,Y7bz+*KVP7Nzsg&,RT&,+vUaPA(i(*KV-<+t_wP;#%Y7U'$'RS&(Lj?^7sg& & (L] KVPV+XUMFH+LrQ] K7& - ] K7(*$'-&N?RTjg-3(L&tPVsMYV&RTU<K7+L(LRT$'YV&[RTURTU7(L(*K)] &,+*(*^A$'P;&yb N? R|{g&,&bQ[RTI \j? ILRSU?
:YOwhKVNz&&,N'+v+*PAK;(*uKV& +vIX(XIL(*j $'] RT$ I AF
"
$#
F D JAF
" $#
D V F F
p5''_ & V
(*&5P;s'(LYVRT&`,KVURTNQI%FHKaKVK7Ip+\N'RS(LNzN?RTR|K7^V{g&hIL&,R|(*^Ab &"P; bT(*j'K3&q
B(LFH _ $'K7/&`+ KAY7h+*RTP7Iw&,sg^7(LRS&,$?&5+t&%Uan;(JI*P[P;s'U'-3RS&,+*&hYa& PAPV(L(LIwRTRTKV^V(LUk$?& P;(\(L+*$?KV&5RTrgILIJ(vj'P;JbS(*RTRTU'IbTbc&5JsO+L$'&tRSIp&5UOj'U(LbS(J$'(L$'&%RSU&j?sg(uILhj?RT+*P;K<& bo] Ip(*Nz&5RSKVK7N?b}UP;P;+v+ FHPA+L] (*K7Ko& -KV+vbS(Lsgj?$'RTIpU?&J(LPA&5K7(*+*+L&iIiRTYV+*FHRT&,K7U9N?+J(L+L&,K`&t^VIp(L&5&5$?+LUge & m
4 4
] ]
AF
'ILK
¥3N?R|sg{g&,&,Y7b}+LI`&5P;&5bTI5KV_hU'#%Y $? &ZNQ &5+LNzJ&,RSUQbTbsg(LR ]+vj'P;UQb}P;Iu+yFHK7sg+LRT- +*& ] (*(*KRSK7 UP;N'FH+LN?K7+L-K
{gRT(*-3$'&ZP;(LK7&5+LbSe'RTYV RTU (LK *'
¥
qRTR}UIRT(LUW$'& (L$?/y&OKVILj'PVY7-3$&ZN?sgPVRS+*+*PV& -3] (L&GRTKV(LUk&5+ n
JILP;N?bT$'KVP RU?] ] Y&V$3_ ILRT&,I\qY7K7R|-{gN'&,Nz&5b}UaK7IZ( ILPVR|(*bS&%K7U'(LK`Y(LbSJ$?RTU'RT&ybS&Mbksg(LILRT+v&,+LP;&YV]U?-3(LIpRT&5FHKVKVU7U3+*( - KV FQ(L(*K $'&J P;NQ$?N'&5KAN'+Li+*NzK
&5&,{g^VUQRS&,sg-<+tR nc]P;j'$?(L&,b}P
P;bT^7e'+\&3# FH+*P KV-Y7+*P7(L,$'sgtRT&7&,¥UaK7(Z+L
:RTYV_sgRTRSU9+*& (L] K(LRT KVU K;F`_5#%a$o¥j?sgI,n7&,N'Y7+LRS{o&5&5&5bTI5I n
H
H
(L $?RSY7&[Hj'NQIK+*P;B&+vA>P;?@tH'-3_'&&G (* 9&,+iIL$'ILKAN?P IJ&"P3(Ls'$?P;P;+*(hfMh+*KVRSU'j'Y<b}sMK7+*UW&5ILP9j'bSbT(hRTYVJ$a$?(&,r?UdP ]ILfoj Y7$+LK7P;j'UEU?s RT-<] &,P;UaY7(L&y&5R}+LIq&ts(*+*PVPA(JU?Ip(LFH$?KV&)+*-RS-<&ts<P;Y7j?&`ILRSKVU?+*YORSY7(*RS$'Uk& _ /y fVKV&Gj'( Y7] $$
0sgR.-z. &5, (h2A+\>@eMro6 eMj?, .1IL=z RSU?6GY38vnl(L-N'$'+*&K7KA+L/y^a& R}KVsg] j'&iK7Y7-3&,$d^oN'RTN?s'bS&,PV&,{W+*U PVRS-3-<&h&GKVP;(LFzY7&5&P[+*I%NzIp(LPVK7+*bSI*jK7IpU'] RTr'(LY3j'bT&iJ+*& +*R|RS(*r?] $dP;rQU (*K7$'Ukrz&Z_w&<Nzx:FsgKV&GRTRTUUa(*(& P7] bSs'(LR}&5Iusg(vskRSIJ(L_ORTKVKV#%r'Uk(*inAP;(*KRT$'U'&%&5&ts'sENQYVK7ro&5RSI"e4Ua(\J,ybT$'RTbSIpY7Ka(*KVIpI\&3+*PVR|(*+Lsg$'&hRT-+LbS& K ] 2 (LPART2 KV(L2 &tUQ. s I
U'PVIh&tP;(*+q$'&&tP ] K7$<bSj?KV-(L$'UQ&5I%+5n7K;(LF $' &5UMP;KQ(*$' I%&,#w+*&KV-OR}Iq] rW&5^aILR}$'sgKA&5JU ]UE&"RTK;UWFlP)RSY7b}P;j'+*+LYV&3&5+Xt'bSRT_TU' &t oP;_ +XFH&tPA(*j'+L&y(L$?P;(i+*&,^7&,+vIp&tI\YV+vPVsgRT&,Ua(tn7] ILj ] $
] 08
RTKV-3Nz&,PV+vYVPA&`RS(*Y7KV%j'+q+*PV&PVIhU?(*5s3PV?fV_(*& &5$'Ud&,U ILRTU $'KAKVIu(*bTbS+LI& K7U'P;(*RSY3U U'YOIpRTj'-<N'U?P;R|bS{gRTY7YV&5&E$abTIi(yK;KVF[P;U<UQN?sE&tP;sg+L(*(3YV$'&yK;R}IJILF"&,+LPY7&t-3IpJj?&,b|$'Ua(*RS&5(*(LsIq&j?RS$'UIpKVRTU'$?j?YPVIL&+*2Cs2] 2KVIL.$?Ua0PV(vP;sg. RTKAU', 2;RSU?>:I56 Y_ , (h.1P=zeM6Gsg8j?KAnaILJ(LRS$'U?U?&5YMIL+LNQ&"P9K7RTjgY7Ii(5+*Iu_P7(*sg+L#%RTK7&,U'$?UaY&(
&,P;^o+*&R}sg, &,U (] &3P;U?K;sdFJPq`r'+LRT_'YV#%$a] ()$'&`+*RSILr'] $?rzPVKVsgUKAKVUKVFkP(Ls'$?P;&[+*sgf KAr?JP UQ] IpfoNzYVKV+*jgKV( j'U?? s P;b}] IpKVK +*+*&5+*&5ILNQP;(LK7&5U?Iisg&,RTU'^oYER}sg&,(*KU (L&[$'K;&MFwsgP9KAJs'P;UQ+*Ipf3NzKV+LRTjgr'(MrzKV IpUER}sgK7&5U I
Pr'+*RSY7$7(Jr?P ] foYV+*KVj'U?sk_ ] ]
d
!#"$"%"
light
d d
1 2
dark
darker
light
dark
SRYV(*+vRSI%PVY7YVs'j'+vRS+*&5PV&OU7s'5(`RS&5?sgU7_ & RT(J+L& sgRT(L+L#%RT& KV$'] U &(*RSK7/yFH+LUkK7KV_\-¢j'#%Y7$<(*$'$'&[(L&+v(LP;+v(LU?P;+vP;IpU?FHU?ILKVR|IL+*(*RS-RS(LK7RTKVUE] UWP;FH+*UEFHKV+*KV-&,U-] P3Ko(Ls's'$?PV&&9+L(LbTf<$?RSY7&"+*$a&,bT(LY7K &,RS]+[K7PAUM+*(*&,RS(*K7YVK3UERTKVP9U P;UQbTRS(Ls<Y7Kd$7KV(*(L+*&,$'RS+J&3&5UaK7s'(*U'PAP;&"(*+*RSfVY7K7&5RSU<^7+y&5K;K7IiFlU'(LPV&V$?UMnc&[P;&5K7bTsgKVN'Y7U?Nz&"YMK7PVIL(LU?R|$?(*s &&
I*P;-3&`RS-<P;Y7&`bS]RTU'&V_
0yIL +L&[RSH(LIK(L&)$'BP&A>?@]HK7KV- rz&,N?bcjgKV(LNz&5+h&,+vN?PA+L(*K7KVYV+h+v(LP;K3-&,{a(LK<(*+*IpP (Lj?(hsg(LeM$'&)(L$'Y7&`+*P7j?sgIL&`RT&,UaK;(hFk(*-<$'PV& YV/U'K7RS(Lj'j?YVs'$&`#lPVU?+vP;sU?sgIpFHRSKV+*&+*- (LRT(LKVK3UsgPA&,((L&P;]bTbc(N'+LRSRT{gr'&,rzb}KVI,_XU?I5#%_J$'D&5PaU
3Z
D*) "!
& R O( )
RTYVU'RTURS (L] $'P;&`Ua(\FHK7+LbS&5bTYVKARTJKVRSU U?Y] KV+*+*&,U'b}&5PA+*(*I RSK7] U?PVILU9$'RSrzNl&y_ sg&,(L& ] (L&tsraeO?U?sgRTU'Y)N?PVRS+vIK;Fcsg&G(*& ] (L&5s&tsgYV&IL&,Y7-&5Ua(*I PVU?s
N' +*RTP;(L
&OPV
bSY7 KV+*R|(*
$'-
_J '"KV
+"&5P] (*$WKN?P9P;IpRT&,+9(hKV F PV
U?
sgR}s'PA(*&
HK7+LU?I*PA&,(*+vR|I,FH_eoRT#%U'$'Y<&`(L$?P;&9U'Y7P;bSrz& KA^V& R}Ii] FH+LKVRS(L+*&5-+LR}&tP'sMnzPAPV(hs'sW(L$?(L& $'&OK7¤a+LU?j?&,P7+ts _
] ] ]
+
d
d
+ S +
C =B
d
r
2 r
1
light
light
dark
'N,y+*I%&5ILh&,&`Ua(L$?&tP
s`^V-3&`&GIL&,(L$?&,UlKos?ng-IkFHKVK7(L+wRTKVsgU&,(LRT& I%] (LRT-3RTU'NQY K7] +p$Q(vP;P;U'UaY7(%&XFHKVRSU9+Psg&,I (L] &5&,+LU'-3&hRTP;U'U?RSU?s[Y3FHK7I +l] &5(*U'+*P & ] ]foK7RSU'U7YJ(*&,-3Ua(KV(LP;RTU?KVsUZKAP ^7] (L&,RT+kKV-<Uk_ P;Uo
ie"$?FHPV+*NgPV(L-3&5+ &5I5_
7¥V
!#"$"%"
"(L $Q&5PAI H(y] IK+*P;BRS+*rzA>&[?@&OHU'$'&5KAPV +LbT eM(*K ^V&5] +p$?(*PVR U'P;YVbB&)nkH(*rQ$'h&ORS+*(yRTr'sgrQ&,K7(L& U(*sgIJ&,+*(L&RTr'] rQ(LRTK7KVU?UIhPV(LbS$QY7PAKV(y+*R|P;(*$'+*&[- U'IpK<K<J(*RT$?s'PA&,(3+%D(LPa$QJP;URS([K7U'_ bSesg&,(L& ] (*I"+LRTr'rzKVU?I
] ]
lighter
. [u, v]
darker
. [u, v]
α
2π−α
E
E
1 α
1
E E
darker 2 lighter 2
RSY7j'+*&[t'_'& F
iKV+*U'&,+vIP;+*&Jsg&G(*& ] (*&5s<P7IN?P;RT+*IKVF s'&G(L& ] (*&5s&5sgY7&Ip&5YV-3&,Ua(vI\P;N'N'+*KVN?+LR}PA(*&,bTe)+L&5bTP;(L&5sk_
D ( "* -
L(RT#%U7+v$'PV(*&,&IpU?(5]_ILKVRS(uUa*"e(*j?KVK7j'+<+X+v(*N'I&G+L{oKV&5(LFX^oj'RS-K7+*&yj?KAI3^oRTUERTU'&GP9{'YMP;IpK7-3RTU'rgN'YVu&bTbT&5&] I3(*RTI -<$Q] P
P;P;^VYVU &&7_ rzj? &OILN?&5R}sPAsg(*&5RTKVU7PVU'(*bzR|bTQPVe U?&5s ILs3N?(LroPA&5e(*-3RTPVj?NQb ILK7RS] U?+*K7PVYMU7b?(*rQYV+*KV+vP7PV(LIu$(<s'RSKV&5IpN?U7F[(vP;ILI (LKVR}P;-3P;b&WUMP;U?rzN's&+*KV(*NzKV&,&,-3-3+L(uNzN'eKVjg+v(*IpP;&5j bsM] $] PVKVU?U'P7s Im
]8 'K72;-O> r'.DC RT@U'>:&t6,s0 'RSFJC 0Li2 &<, 4$Q0*P
2 ^VA&.D6,(u=?i>`K0<RT-<2,4VP;=?YV.1&t> I. V 6O PVI)2 (*$'
h&MP;N'UQ+*s Kgsg"j ] (O2 K; Fh(L$'&
qIpNQKVPAFh(L(*R}P;$'bq&MYVI +v] PV&,] sgU?RT&V&,_EUa()-<&] P;]YVPVU?U~R|(*j?sgsg&G&E?U?PV&MU?sP
: . : . 0V
* 2
D*) !!! F
)! #%((
J R (
, yPVI*U ILj'rQ-3&&9s'(*KV$?U'PA& (ZjQ-3IpKVRTU'(LRTYKVUILNQ^V& & ] R}(LP;K7b+*RTI`UaP;(L&,+*+*& &5Ip] (MKV-3NzN'KVRTj'U7(L(v&5IMsK7P +M] +*+LK7&5I*YVIRTKV(uU?hI<KP7FHIM+*PVsg-&tI&tI[+LRTK;rQFJ&tP;s URSU3RS-<
iP;Y7$?&PVNgIL(L&5&5¤a+ j'&5U _] &7J_<&5#%YVRT$'KVRTU I
]IL&,YV-3&5U7(vPA(*RSK7U ] PVUErz&[Nz&,] +LFHKV+*-3&5sEKVUM(*$'&`-3K;(LRTKVUd^V& ] (LK7+*Iqroe ] bTj?Iu] (*&,+*RSU?YP ],] K7+*s'RSU'YO(LKRS-<PVYV&yNzK;m
ILP<R|(*(*RS+*K7PVUkU?nlILILbTP;NQ(L&5RT&5U'scYMnlKVPVr'U?us& s'(tRSnQ+*rz& ]& (LRTP;KVj?UIL&OPVI`NzKVIp$?RTUaKA(*JI"UK;F\RTU(*$'&9RTYVK7j'rg+*u&d& t(['IL_ $'V?KVj?_<bT
isbS$?j?P
Ip(L^7&5&)+LRT(LU'$?YW&ILI*$'P;KV-3j'&Zb}s ^7&,rzbT&3K ^VR|&5(ue7+Le_"#%(*RS$'Y7+*$7KV(`j?FHYVK7$ +
-3KV+*& ] KV-3N'bT&G{P;U?PV] bSegILRTI5no] KVrgu& ] (*Ih(*$?PA(+*K;(vPA(*&`PVU?sE](L+vP;U?ILbTP;(L& ] PVUPVbTILK3rQ&Zs'&G(L& ] (*&5sc] _
-?OY7j?j'U'+LR &dRS] Y7PAIpj'(*$'+*RSK7KA&9Ukt<IO'_(LKV'$?U'y&bTeILY7$'K7PKAPVI*bqIhP;R}-3ION'+*N'(*K KbT]&M&5RTK;I*U'IpFJN'RTU'j'FH+vYO(P;-3FH(*+LKK7&5-IZPFHP;-<+LK7UP-]P;$'N'PRTN'U'bTIp&R &t] ¤aPA^aj'(*R}PRS&,K7U UE,y&M-3J$'+*&,&,+*&5N'R+L] &"+*P;&5(LU IL$?&,&[Ua (LRSN?Y7RTU'j'U Y +LNzlPVK7PVrQILU'&[K7YVjgK;jQ(OFwP;(uYV-3h&KVK(L RT, ILKV& UEwK7R}IU?_Xs'] #%K7IO-$?K;& mF
YVrz&tK;Iu(L(*$ j'+*RSKVU'bTYKV+MroeIL&,Y7(L$'-3&&,Ua$o(*j'P;-<(LRTP;KVU UILJRTYVRS(LU'$'&5RT+5U _P#%$'ILRS&U'Y7+*bS&5& ILj'FHb|+*(vPVI3-Ip&$'KAP;JU?U s ]RS-3U K;(*RSRSK7Y7Uj'+L&Ip&5YV5-3?_ ?&,UaM(viPA(L&5RT+LKV&UN'P +*Kg+*sgK7j I*I3] &t] N?s~P;RTj?+*ILIMRSU?K;Y F
FHP;+vbTP;YV-3K7+L&5RS(LI5] $?_- , N'ILfV+*&,Ko( s'] j $ERTKVU'FwY Ip(L&,NQRSY7I%j'K;+*&WFwPV5Ud'_ P;'bT7YVn K7+LRSK7(LU?$?IL-j'b|()R}Ih(*YV$'RT&M^V&5+*UE&GFHRT&5U4+L&5,U bTYV&3K7+LroRSe(L$?q- PVU'& Y P;FHU?K7s+hsg,y&,$o(*PVjARSpb}P~I%] K;uFk ""(*$'&)P_E] (L#%j?$?PV& b
] ] ]
C =B
7¥'
[NzKVRT^VRTU7H&,(IKU9B (uA>h?@HKy2)
wbTRSP;U'U?&tsIN?HrzP;+v%P;sg-3&,&,+*RS(L^7&,&)+*RT,PO&5FHsZK7+Lra-9edj'b} POFHK7
+%
(L$' &5RS+"
PA{g
1RTGIhn?KVDPaFwILeos'-&,+*-3RS^7&,&h(LPy+*e FHKV +*-Oj'
b}Py
:_FHKV+(L$'&5RS+\RTUa(L&5+*IL& ] (LRTKVU
X
.X
+ d
1
* "RT-3rgPV(vYVP;&"RTUZFH+L(uK7h- K[IL(Lj $? ],&,] -&5I*jQIpRTIp^VRT&hU'Y3RT-3qPV¤aYVj?&tPAIl(*KVRSK7FzUP[It] '&,_'U'& &h_iJDR|#%(*$9h-3KKAFH+*^oPVRT-3U'Y"&5IiK7rgFH+LuK7& -] (*IP P;WUQs K;(*] RSKVK7-3U N'jgq(*&hXP`IL^oN?RTPAsg(*&5RSK3KVm i(*&,K7-3j'NQbTsdK7+*rzPV& b
HIKBA>?@H
?¤aj'+vIu&,()U IL&,&5^VI5_&5+*
iPVbKVbTIpKV(L+"&5N?ILI[&,Y7K;-3FX&,(*$'Ua(*&<P;P;(LRTbTKVYVU K7+LR}RSI"(L$'s'- KVU'] &9P;UFHKV+[rz&3&5P YV&5$WU'&,RS-<+vP;P;bTbSY7e&9P;PVN?U?N'sWbSRT&5(*$'s&9(LKIL&,Y7-<-P;&5UoUae (*I[sgR.P;-z+*&5&O+L&5-<UaPA([( fo$'RTU?&5s's I[P K;F%+*K7Ip&,I*Im
FHN?+vPVP;RS-3+&5]K;I5F _J#%KVU?$'IL&5& IL&)jg-<(LRTPA^V(&d] $?RS-<&5IyP;Y7PV&5+L&)I5njQJIp&t$'sR $(LKMRTY7IOj'(LRT$?s'&,&)U (L$'IL] &,& Y7] -3KV-3&,UaN'(L&tj's(*PA(L(*KRSK7UWsg&,K;+*FXRT^VP<&Msg-3&5U?K;Ip(*&ORSK7-UKV(*(L+*RTP;KVuU& ?(*KV&5] bT+*sRS&tIZFHK7PA+y(] &tP(L$?] $ &
RT*"U?U'sgbTRTe^aR}sgP;j?()] PV(Lbw$'N?R}I)R|{g] Nz&,KVbwRTbSU7&5(^V&5sgb KW_#%i$'&<R}IP7s'-3s~KV(LsgRT] KVKV-<UWPV?RS&5UbTsfoU'R}IyKAJ(L$'bS&t&5sgUYVIp&&5YV(*KW-3&,RTsgUa&5(*Ua&5s(LRSFHRSeUa(*$?KEPV+*U?&,s'YVIZRTKVPVUQU?I%sK;FXFDP j'U'&VRSO] FHKVP+*-ILfaRT-U KV(LK7RTKVbSK7Uk+ _
-FD3P Kg&Vsg_3&,bB#%nzP7$'I& IL&,&5&,U7UW(*&,RT+`OU K;
iFh$?&5PVP Ng(L$&5+ $?PVU?nQsRTs'+*&,&,UaY7(LRSRSK7?U &5I"R}I[Ipfo(LRT$'UW&5U+L&5YV(*+*RTKVP U?fVI5&5ngs(*$'KA&Z^Vb}&5P;+[+*YVPV&5bSbIp(FH+vK;P;F\-3J&5$'I5R ] $W(*$'R}&3IJ](u(*hPVfVKE&5(*Ud+*P;(*uKM& rz(*&Z] KV+*(LRS$?&t& I
]K;PVF'] U KA^7(*&,$'+ &,U) (rz] &RTUOjQIp&G&t{gs Nz&,(*+*KdRS-3+*& &5] ] U7KV(vYVIlU?JRS5RS(L&Z$O(L-3$?&3PVUoILRTe[YVURTU?Ip-3(*PVP7U sg] &V&t_ IlqKVF?P;] PyU'YIL&GP;(wUQKV0s F 7,y $a,yj;p-3Pd&,+*+*&,R ] NzP;KVU +L(L &tRTs YVU +*& l] P;KVU?YVYVU?j?R|(*PVRSYVK7&qU ] IL+*RSY7P;(LU?&tI5I _
J
"P;bT&5bcI HK;] FIK+*BRSRSrz(*A>?@I&3HIp$'(LKA&5N? Ih,FHKVbT+%YVK7(*+L$'RS&(L$?, - ~& PVN'] PVN'UbTR rzPA&<(*RSK7-3UkKo_ s'R|?&ts (*K-3PVfV&R|(OILRT-N?bS&5+ZP;U?s FDPVIp(L&,+)roeILNz& ] R}P;bTRT,RTU'Y
]
LhI j'&5KV+LYV+*^7-3fV&,&5e&,s Uaro(*JP;e R|(L(*RT/y$KVUPVY7+*RT+*PVI`P
bSReaK7] mBU'f~(L&3K7P;U'K;U?&ZFqs RT(*-3$' &3PV$?YVP;KV&tN?b}I,sgRS+*_&5KIp#%(5Y7nw$'RS&^7P;&5U??Is+*IpPIu()(*Y7RSj?bTKab\ILKg&Gj'sFHU?j'ILbXKAKV^VILbT&,&,^VY7+*&t^o-scRSnl&5&5 UaPV(*+LPA&tK;PV(*FyRSI"K7(*UK;$'F&h] &5KVKVP;+*-3+*fWbTN'e~Jjgi(*R|(*&,K7$+`+Lf^oUQRTn\PAIL(LRT-3j?KVUk+*K7PVIp_3b(#%KVKV$'FybT&KVJ+[ $'RTR -9] $ ¥ m
M
Prz;Y7& &5I"K7-3h&yP7I`FH+*sgj'KVRS(pU'FHj'&bcroP;e0YaP;*"RTUk$'_b}P;#%U?$'sg&"&5+5hn KVq+*+LfR ] K;&7F nk P;$?U?R sPVJU?s &5s' s'e PVbSRTRSf3U KV Ud U'KV_++*-<*"P;U?bTbSRSeW5&5RTs U+*j'& (*] I5&,n'UaIu([(vP;e7+L&5(LPVRTU'+*I"YZ$?RTUPVI" ] (*$'&< gn P;+*PV&5U P
rzRT-3& ] PV] YV+*&t&5IOsgRSFH(L+*&tKVs9- JRSb}(LP;$<+*YVrz&d&,RTRSU'-<Y`PV(*YV$'& & ] KVP;bT(*bT&PVbSeg(*RSIpK7(U?FHIK7+\RTIU'&,rzh&,&,RTU'+qYij'K7+LU?f)sg&5RTU<+p(vJP;f7$'&,R Uk] $3_ILx@&,U Y7-3bTRS&,U'] Ua&,(*m:P;s'(L+*RTP
KVJU?RTIU'K;YFcPVP;U?+*r'P;RSbT(Leg+vIpP;R}+*I5enq'] K7+*] &,bSK7&,+m
8
-</K7P;j'U<YVQ$3+*#wIp(i+*PVN'U?+*KVIuFHNzK7K7+LIL-&5s3%$?PVRTII N'] j?$?r'P;bS]RTR}U IL$'] &5Ko]s9s'&yKVU'RTUMbTeO(LP7$?I&OP[ $N?P;?(L&5 I U7V(t$'n;R}RSI"(Xh P7 IwONzP;KV+LN?(Lj'R ] bTbTPV&y+LRTsg,R}&tI sO] j?PVI*U?IpsO&tIq&,RS{g(*N?IiP;j?U?ILs'&V&5_s9ra$'e9RTbSy&"j?(Ls?$?P&
N?N'P;UQj'PVNQsr?&5bSR}/"+Ip$?P;P;&5+LU?(5ssdn?(LPVFH&,KVU?U+ s]eVR|RS(v&t+ IJP;] +vbTj?&5IyILI%&)b}PARTU RT(*I&,`+`U'RRSR}-3] I[&,-3PVbTeEU&VRTn RTbS-3bT(hj?N'IpPV(LbS+L+vb}KAP;PA^7+v(*&,sc&5-3sEn'PV&,FHUaU?KV([s+(LbT RSKdU?fa&Zb}(LP;$'IpUQ&&5IpYVfo(*-3& e &,$'I`UaU'(* R}I%¤a VRTj'0U ¥Z&9h*9(LKKV X[+*-<f KV_P;+*-3fV#%&$?PVUd&RS(`(iPV-3U?j?sK7+L+LU?&9
iI%bS+LbTKARTK7hU'r'&`&5j?I5?Ip c(`U? sgPV&5U? +5s n
+*&,bTRTPVr'bS&7_ PV-3&G(5 Ii " %rQKoK7f[K7UOILN?PA(*RTPVbas'P;(*P"Iu(*+Lj ] (Lj'+*&5IwR}Iw] PVUZ&G{ ] &5bSbT&,Ua(+L&,FH&,+*&,U ] &qKVU9¤7jQPVs`(*+L&5&5I5_
Q5
(*$oP;j'(LYVRT(hKV&yUkKAUa_Jj?,-OeV&5Uorz+)ed&,6,+hPV>JK;U72 Fc(*, R KV] ujgRS NQ(*"PAbSRT(L&,o&t+vhsI5n7Ip-+*$'&5KAKgIL sgj'&5bS(L$'b RTKAU'] PVYZURT(LUEK<rQPZ&`j?IL'IL&)&,(yYV+L(L-3K7KMr'&5P;j?U7bT(iIpbc(K;K;IuFcF(v(L(LPA$?$?(L&yR}&ZIp(LRTRS-3R -<] I%PVPVYVYV(*&K3&V\J'+*$?(yKV&,-3r?+*j?&JKgIu(Lsg(%$'&,'&[b}I%(LN?(L(LRTPVKMU'+pY (*s?R PA] j'(*P;P9bTUPVFH+X&,K7bT-3+yRS-3IpKg&5RTsgU?YV&,PA-3bQ(*'&,&ZU'(*P Im
]
7¥$&
!#"$"%"
j'N?HNQP;IK+*KaB&OIpA>&d?@NzHiKVRT &MU7(v$QIyP
RT^VU &<&V(uhK RSU -3N?K;+L(*K7RSK7NQU~&5+y(L(*+vRSPA-3u& &3] (LIpK7&t+L¤7RTj?&5I&,U &V_` y&5^aR} IL&PVUPVU?P;bTs YVK7+LRS(L$'-FHK7+" -<PA(nJ$'RT$'U'&,YM+*& (uh KEdILPVj U?$s
(LJ+v$'PAu&5& Ud] (*(*KV$'+*&,RSe&tI,P;nz+*Ip&"j ^7] $ &,+*(LeE$?sgP;R.(-z7&5+L_ <&5UaR}(5I"_ KVjg(*KVN'(L&[jg(`(L$?J& $'&,U P;rz] UQK;s (*$ (*+*-<P;uP
& eM] (*U'KVKV+*RS(&tIyrQ&)PV+L&t&Z¤7R}jQsgP;&5bBU7_ (*R ] P;bP;U?s] '_ <RTI[K7jg(LN']j'(
P " AK]" M P
%
%
: L +FEVG = ;AT_FHJQ ?@H &EVHLFBCH Q = + H IK?@Q L @? A>MRLVA LVM A L N
*
EV'G +-EVG UW
Q G@A>QRL G1IK= HB G@QIKA HJ? Q @G TVH G Q +F=; U ?
7 _ &,Y7-&5Ua(%&tP ] $dFH+*PV-3&" K;F(L$?&ZIp&t¤7j?&,U ] &[RTUa(LK3+*&,YVRTKVUQIijQIpRTU'Y ] K7bSK7+5_
&'_ PA( ] $E(*$'&)+L&5YVRTKVU?IhKVFw&5P ] $dNQP;RT+JK;FRS-<P;Y7&5I` hroe ] K7bSK7+JP;U?sU'&5RSY7$arzKV+*$'KoKgsc_
E8
?_ +L
i&5KVYV-3RTKVN'UEjgKV(*F&3 (L$'&E_ P;£<U'&<(L+vP;UQIuFHK7+L-<PA(*RSK7U-<P;( ] $'RTU'YW&5P ] $+*&,Y7RSK7UK;F( (LK(L$?& ] K7+L+*&5ILNQK7U?sgRTU'Y
A
B
P;UQRSY7sdj'sg+*&ZRT+*&5?(*_ 7RSK7'Uk,y(LYV+vP;YVUQ+*&,IpYab}PAPA(*(*RSRSU'K7YUKVKVr'Fcu^V& & ] (v(LI)K7+*,OIFHn (J+*KVJ- PV+L(L&[$?&y&5P7-3IpRTK;&,(*+%RSK7(*U3K3?s'&G&,(Lb}s<& ^o(JRTP(*$?] P;KVU-3+*N?K;P;(*(LP;RT(Lr'RTU'bT&YbSK KV]rgPAu(L& RTKV(*UlIOn7 ^7
%&,bTK_ ] R|(ue
C
] ] ] ]
(Lh$?&,&ZbTb Ip_ &5,YV-3U &,RTUa-<(*P;IJY7PV& +L& ] P;] UK7-3rzN'&9+LI*R}P;IL&5R}sdsd(LK;KMF(Lrz$'&O&)ILNz&,YVKV-3RTUa&5(*IhU7(*(L&5$QsPA(J$?$'P
&5^7U &"P;rzbTbw&,&5P;UdUa(*?R ](pRS(LN?&tP;sc(L_ &tsd-3Kgsg&5bTIy$?P
^V&)rz&,&5U'(p(*&5sc
7_ 3X[&,_ U'(h&5KA+*e7PV&,b+t,n N'3N?_ +LKaWP RT+*$<5PP;U?P;sU?sRS(*I X,_ N'X`N'P;bTR U'Y7PAj'(*RSbSK7eU<p(L K aj'G+pDn FDP 4`& #%*"$?&+*Y7JPVK7U'r'RT5j?PAIp(*( RSK7 U9&5¤aRTUMj'&5U7PV(*U'RTPVYVb\&q[IpPA(LRT(v-3PC6'P;n (LK7+5 ,
] = 2 , 8.}8E2A= ] 2 2 g.1=z6 =Q>:6 ] , , .|4a6G= 2*6,n % KVbB_ n yK?_5 * ] (E aGn
E5 .5 8
0L2;='8 CA = J2 A B
> :
> 16 0=
` ))=)
N'Nk_ tmv57'V_
.a 9 `
&V¥Am o¥V¥'_
3a 9 ` O8 M
?_ 90<_ 2,
i4a$?6&,8 UM P;UQIKsQBCXHH_ VWA &tLVsgMRRT?KVU'Q RB n .0 GC2 2v6 :<9Q 6GL 18 2 0HJ. I H> .DLFC;BC=H C QRL + C;:<0 Q U , 6 +FEV G7HJ,I6 2,P> A 0L?7CAA Q0 L =. L , >B. , 6 = yG1G@2AH=oIK47L 6
8 ;
E
9 47
Q_RS)U #_ X*9R _a(*yj'j?+L&ts?I,POn 6 P;UQ+ s CA0_70 . _ =Q/y>. 2*PV2;+p> (t.DC;Vn ='40y8OILC &ZK;> ?F 6 (L$?& + /WK7j'n YV% $MKVbB#w_J+vtP;¥'U?ncIpFH KV+* -¡&gna(*N'KONky_y&,V(LG& mv] t( ¥'l_ RSU?&5IqPVU?s
ij'+*^V&tI
]
9
¥'_ %/ZKV_qbB?_ +L&5nk&,-<P; UkQn n7N'4 Nl
i_iKV-3¥
N'm jg o(*&,_ + q+LK ] &tILILRTU'YKVF kRTU'&Gm@y+vP
JRTU'Yx@-3PVYV&tI,n 6 + CA0 . >B.1=a4 . 0 A6 8vn
O ;
_)8v.DC;_ = ~
_ D/y0LPV2 +*PVobS>. R 2G] 8 fE%P;2;UQ= s q0<R_ X2,4a_ 6 $?P;0*7C N?2vRS6G+*8*K?8n .1=o4Lx@4 -<% P;YVKV&bB_ & &,YVn -3&5K?U7_J(vPA7(*n RSK77PUVUo#wj?& P;] +*$?eWU'RT ¤aj'&t¥gI,non 6N'Nl+ _JCA50 V;m*. t>@$6 0&'_ l.
N8
3a
`
M
O
g _ (L
"KV_ +vI5`n 6 RT-3+ -CA0&7nk0 O. 8_ =Q(%>. 2*P;2;bT>b}.DP;C;+v='sc8OncP;C ZU?
s > ?Q_6 +fobTWPVU?n IL% fae7*"Dn bB_J4L RSUQn sg RSU? ;Y ¥'
inoN'RT+ Nk] _JbS&tIy&VroAeWmv P;&$U &g_ ,+*+*P
eK;F , ],] j'-Oj?bTP;m
35
9
_(Lij'_ +**9& X[KVKVRTU7+*-<(vI,P;n UE6 PVU?s ~_ ([0L2A_ =?
i8,bSC2 KA2,h> .D&5C;I5='Fn 894LCA= RSUQsg+ RSC;U?0 Y . ] >:R|16 (*0vj'8+*n &[% i*"sgbBYV_ &t
qIXm (*&7$'¥g+LnK7j' YV $
inoN'KVbTNlbSRT_ U'&5PV+LRSm (uoe3¥ QK;Fw_ ?&5P;m
` )))
8
E
0
_)J&,_ Y7*"RSK7$'U b}P; U?N?s'bS&,RS(p+t(*n RSU'3Y _ q+L&GR (L] $?&7KonwskP;nUQ6 s+ 9C;_w0 Z._l>:J16 0&5s? DsgeV0L2 n 4 oq>. 2GR ]8d(Lj'2A+*= & &,0<Y72,-34a&,
6 Ua(*P;0L(L@C RT2*KV6GU 8v80y.1=aIL4VRSU'n Y % K7PWb _ & ] nqj? +*IL RS^7& n
S5
N'Nk_X'tAm@V7'_ 8 E A .a `
7¥ d
!#"$"%"
#
$
%&'
(
Hsg N?R.-zR|{g&5&,+L b}&5IJUaK;KV((LFlRT+LKV(L&5$?UYV&ZRTKVIL&,ILU?YVPVI%-3-P;&5&`+*U7&`-3(vsgPAK;RT(*IL(*RSN'RSK7K7b}UdUP
eVKV+L&tFl&5sEYV(L$?RTJKV&)UdRS(LRS$W-<PV+LP;sg&`Y7R.-zsg&)&5R}IpIp+L&tN?&5¤7UabTP
j?(e7&,YV&5U +vsd] P
5& Je4R|bT(*&,] $$'^7&,&,I*b}&5P;I*+L-3 bT&5&`P7sgYV&,+v+ P
6'e<_ bT&,^V&5bkP;U?s
::)!c8
*$
+
,"'
-$
80 80 80 80
Y-axis
Y-axis
Y-axis
Y-axis
60 60 60 60
40 40 40 40
20 20 20 20
0 0 0 0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
X-axis X-axis X-axis X-axis
.'/.
01/.
23/.
#01/.
4&5/.
#01/6 785/#01/69
D ILRT U ] [&Z\PV{obSbc(*+*N'P RS{g] (L&,&tbcsE(*+*Y7P;&5uIp& (L] j'(L+vKVP;+*b RT&5-3IhK;P;(*+*RS&`K7UIL$'(LKA+vJPAuUk& no] (*(L$'K7+L&,RTeE&5IqFHKVFH+L+*K7--¢P9IL(L&,$'Y7R -] fE&5Uar?(*bSIhK7rQK;F , ~ILRTYVU 4 ] $'&5&,+*bS&tPVsg&5+ 6
: !
FH&G+*{oRSKVY7(*- +*j'P +*& ^o(LRT&t5sgs ?&5_K ?roeVIL9&5¤aXKVj'bT{o&,KV(LU +M+v] P PV&] U?<(*sRSK7DxpUxpIpMRT,K;& FHF+*OPV-3H-x K;% &t(*RSId3K7UIL-3&,Y7(LK;+v-3(*PARSK7u&,& UUa] (L(L&t(*K7s+*+LP;RTu&5j?& I`IpRT(LFHU'+*KVY KV+*-/RT&5-I9KVRT-<FH(LKVRTP;KV+MYVU Nz&M<KVILDRT&5Uaxpxp¤a(*xpI<j'd&5K7U $'U ]&t&7PV(L_ s $'&WHPVxpU?N? sPV bS-<P;N?-3PVI5_bSN'- bT&M w+*FH&,+vRTYVY7P;j?RS-3K7+LU?&t&tIII
] K7j'+L(L]&5ILe<K;F WRT] U'Y;m /yILj?PVU qPVU'Y<P;U?s yPV+L&5U?sg+v+P ,y$ojA] pP'_
08
Q9N9N*[%B)C!#"MB*41/$R%>&\%%(B'=&B)+>@,+*-*,#9R*-*-.]1/./)+>/'*-*G=F020Q13GP>/,+K*G*4><%B5=&Q&=_>S1768^KQ9#&)+%(%B1:M3'/*G)+9#N%*G,5%((;3=&`G*<aN>@%()+1(=&1Y)C>@b3*-cV?&,N+*dJe(AQ9#cf"-%(1B%(MB,C=&*4,+*4><-TD'LEb31BcVUV=Fdg0Q>/0WbBcf*-6K=&13"-9#,+*G;XIH%7)$F!"$#>*-)J2/=&6K13M&*G=TV*-*Y=LQ=@29#*G)J,+%B6K*5MB1:*G%BN%,+>/*BQ9R9#=&>O*G%B=&=i9#+hj213%BQ'&=&9I-P-Zd
9N*G>/!%7)C*k%(''&02!"-%()+Q1B=&l1(mne(co9#%()C"$Q=M#6W!"$j>1R=&1()V,C*Gpi?Q,+*q)+&*q9N13,+*rMB*G=*-,$%(0sb3ct%(=&%B02h/+QGT
'%(*G0!%(,+=!^K%(=&0&1B22==F9#MXD!%(>/>/M3*-*G*G,\vB1)+*G(&02m13*I'%('9N0Q0F,C*-)+1B=iH&)#*\02*G0Q1B9u%B,#=&1(>#"[mn13Q02=#)$0Q%(*G)+"[;])+2Q=&*=MY)+M_17Q6W=])C%7vB=&./*-+*4=i-T)CQ{1B',CThYU|1B'mK*G0!0!%(+*%(==&*A'>w!!"?&#>)CD*?/R,C!*GD'Ql%=x&%((%y)C,C"$*)+17)+*46W>O*G=&=Y13+=L"[Q13' %:9Nmz'&"-1B02%(,q*4,C%()C*G,}>I*I>)+%~15'&h:?)+,+)C'E*\1:139N+*)CR%(13;31(D)* m
,C,C*G*G"["[*G13=i,C>})9#)+%B*r'I'1B,Cm&*G)++*&-=F*V"[%(*q,C*G1(%mH&)+1?2"[0!,C>/*GQ%(=)+M3*WGP%(,C=R13?%3'
>>-Pi%71B)C*GQ0s>R6l9#*-0Q%(0Q'GP/T*[<)$"(1BTQP,C*-1B17,v3'E*-,4*-PG,C&1B)+%('&*GK),nC>%7*)$;]%(H&2=&%3>YD*41(%m("[,C,C*K1B?'&'
lM>3%(,+)+17*G6W>IQ=)C1M
Q%5=A"-)+1B9N*k'v7?/%B)C,+*-Q,41BT?&UlF+**-G0!"[>13-T=&>N*[.!%BW69Rl'&1B02,C*\;yQm"-%Bz=A,+13%B9020)CHF*I*q>/9R1B*4=>/*!"-H]%(hY0
%(&,C%(*G=&%&>TP&H?/*\)\HQW=0Q1i&1/17>]6F17"-6{1B9N2=y9N%51B='&0Q%7hY)C2>/*G=i13)G= *?&*4+2%(=&,+M )
H]%(+=Fh 1B>w1B?=&0Q0!?>}*5=,C)$Mi*-%(\v3;B*G!*Gq)%B=x0+)+1A%(&m)+*qHE*-*#H&,r02*[)C1].1/%(*N>]9N&2=(17Q=J6*G*G"P]>)C*[TI2.13UV=x"-*-=:'/Q=i)l)+1j)+d&,$)+%(%~&)KhA*R)C29#H&*-02%(1],C*qM31/*I>Q%D)!+q)k,C*GC0Q%(%B1(9u;B)*G1(=x1Bmml=?%j1B=F!>/D*D'*-rE,r*G>/"-=?Q13%B*\,+0n)+9#>/1R%(hB1(0*3)CTI"-1B*-=&,>/HE*#2)+1/Q+*>/1BGh}=F"--P1BJ)s=&C,+mz>w13?F02"20Q9#)+17?&6l%(,+*GM3*4> *
+?%(&=F"$>yS*G%B9R5H'&F&13%B=+2*BGTw*\13]=?&0QH/hN)+,$)+%B"[*)+Q"$=&M<%B=)+&MB*4*}l>&,$?J)I*)C29#1R%()+M3*#*>/mz,Ch31B*B9Tl)+*[mz*j1B,CD**\4"[)+1B=F!W">:-6W%B=Y20Q0HE,C**G>/>/?F1B="[*}*3P]=1317Q6K+*y*GvB%B*G=&,G>SP3)+%(,+*q)+2&m%B,$"[D))
QHE9N1]%B>MBhY*q>/95?*r?&D))CW1NHFHF*k1/i>/$hY7#'F1i[D2)+Q$1B 7=¡Q¡£=¢#MFP/+ 7¤&*G¥z%B¦[,D7)W9N#1(C§q)C21313=,\P¨H (,C*G©%($)+§\)CQ=1NM&"-P]1B*-9N)C"('ET *-=&C%7)C*mz13,+9#%(0Q0
9R1B)+Q1B=&l1Bm)+&*
(r,c)
(x,y)
,#-.0/13254276829:4<;*=&k# C©3©E¤]¦$+(»(¤E?
P 77¡£¤L = K$GBK%Q M5K<= !g¥NN¥-¥-77##-k #=5¥}g[$ 7
¡¡2$¨§x 7 j©X¥©!¥r ( C (¥-¡n - S >CR~@8 7$¤§V¥z$¦[¦[G(((I+N§77 (¤
¤F ¡£ 7¢#(g¤O¤ENl¥(©&¤&i B$¡£$7¤
#$g 7[} (+¤E} 77¤&+¥= (¦[-¤(k¥z¦[N ~7¥k (# §BB( 7An¤¤
¥ 7T%C¤M§#Nq¤D7NCF¨EH 7G& J© I
')+EF1B%7Q=3)W)$)+#Â&*I*qÍ7mzÄC9#?Î$=&ÆK%B"['+1)+j'Q1BQ)+==&&M#qÈ%(wQ)5%Y%BQ=]=&'EvB>x1B*G,DQË:=i)C2)rH"-,+0Qmz*r*4*G%7%7D1)+)CR*N?,C)+%j*#F%7"[2)V=x1B,C6l)+,C*G*r+'*#"GF%(9N13=j=&1/>/MB>/*-1R*G=F02"[=j"-*5%B)CHE=x*[*HE)J6l*#1()C*-02*G1/=x*-"G,W%79N)+>/*4Q1/,+>w>/*4*G"Q=_0)C2'F13)+=Y132*#=i?&)C+QNÂ9#Q=%(MRÃM3Ä+)+%* Å3&rÆ*G26K%B,V=&*#Q>x=]%3vB+2*G9#+?,C+*%(9NGM3GT**
H)+EU!1B"[%~??&v]=&0QQ%B=>&,\MI%(',C+?2,C&*41B"$Vm'E}z*-,C9#,+1B)J9 hA%B'"-'%Y%(Q=A=9#Mk)C%(mz'w?*-=F=xQ=i")+HF)+1AQ*R1B=F%(%(=_K=&%BQ%(=}02*-h])C,CG!*G%(*\>A0)C2mz9#%713.#,%(,CM3=*G*B*G"-Tk61B,$H>N?'*RQ0Q,+>/,C13*-QH=MB0QMiQ*-1B19 =w3%(1(,q0Qm02"-17)C,+6V13'A*R1B2)J9#hi='E*%(*BM3)+P
*I1I*-,C)+)C*-,$"(%('&TR=&,+*4ÉDm^KD*z1BG?,C=3,C9)C,C2*-=&'=iMy,+)+130Q%yhB'FPE'F*G)+,D%(&)J,+h * d
%(+?&=F"$%(#0Qh]mz+?!n=&"[!0)+QQ1B2=&;3*-K0QhRQ=#)+)+1RHF*\*q9N>/*G1B>/=!"-*q%BH]0Fh#',C%k1B]H&?02*G9#9%(=}%B020Q?F17D6VQ=)MIC%B*=},$Q%B=3>/)C*-Q1B,$%B0Q1B"[M3)+QQD)vB*V)+M31R,C%B%('=&%B!02"-h]n6G*Wl)+1B,C*q;/J)>/$X%7WE)C*G213,+*G==&T VÊ "[*\U2%~9#v]%(Q=M3M*
QÁZ9NYi %BÍQMBYB*4ÄCÎZ-TYÆ8[SÁE ÈsÉzÍQYBÄCÎZYGÊ[ÄCËÉzÍ\Y3Ä+ÎHYGÊÌÆ
&V*G,+*5)+*I9#%(''Q=MYmz?=&"[)+Q1B=&I+Ì(!¥g[02Q;B*I'F132=i)C\Q= )+&*5)J6l1
4¦[$ 7[¨E /©&+7W¤F©(¥q¤&D¦\¥k[D¥$¦r¥[- #¤&&k - 7i¡¨¡ ¢5#CB=#!¥ - ¥-Ci 7 7[#¥b7V=¤y J¥-R7$!¥V-I¤E 5r==& 7©E+¥-C (GiN$$[R7¥C#!¥ $G[`-(¢k+§7:¨ $=] 7¤
¡ 7¡£ ¢Ig=r ¥I©+( ( D¤¦$¤&Ì¥z-¦[¥\7J #¦WC 7$¤¨§5¥z¦[¥[(5#N= - ( 7in¥($7¤*¦$CM 7C¥©&¥7¤EI§(¡2¤i (
,#].0/13254276829:4_^
R
aG 5=
+) 1#>/*G=1()C*6W!"$Ymz,$%(9N*r!2=A?&+*qmz1B,W)C*k"[1]1B,$>/Q=&%7)C*GlHE*-Q=MNMBQvB*-=Ymz1B,)C*'E1BQ=3)4T
- .0/13254276829:4_^z¦ 5!¥q¥-7#¦[$ 7a G/+©(¤&l (¤E§ !¥r¥-7#+ ¦[[C[¤
C¦$+ 7#Z Nn5 =&[¤ ¨I§B-¤E(Ì
=RC47C§7¤E (Ì[¥IJ¦r=W©&7¤&l+-¡2 75R75g#=R$G(+§7¤
7g¥¢~¥g[u ~¥ M
- g.0/13254276829:4<;*=& =(NC3-¤E$ G]¥j$G(+§7¤
7g¥jD¦Y >Q@8©&7¤& Ç Â ÃÄ+Å3Æ " 7CAÂ GÃÄ GÅEÄ -Æ " N
:¨ =-+ Y!¥k #¥-C (¡2l¦[ B-Ì( Nl$7RN(¤&¡£D ¢ K%M %M
6%:%~e(hBc|U Pn13'E"-,R1B1B9N*4Q=3pi9N)-?21Bv7=S%B02Ç*G13=3'F)C*GÂ202`B,Ch@Ä$%(e~)+"$ÆWQ&1B+"%(=SG=%(!M30QR*G*G5)>O+"G+%(Hi0Qh@2* =% MF+QT -m%3*j"1()+=13mq ,Nmz13%B1(02,+0W9mq13e H/C"J-)+*G%B1:"[02Q)C1B=RHMwQ)C=@%("$QF=S)C%(=)C*<M3*G+%*A5%B9N=B*-02*Y6
06"['F1]%~1313hB,C2TL=i>/)-Q¾=&Q%(MB)+\?&*G5,+Ç *:2=O`BÂ e`3)+ÄDT aBbx*AÆTODC%&(179N6V&**
:9
¼"-Â2`B%(piÄC)+?&e7Q1BÆt%(=X)+QÇ 1BH]=Sh:`3`3%w`BÂ2`BT+e#Ä 29N+Æ '170Q¶*}6VV9#e%7Â 17)CÄ-,+6t2`-.:ÆC"%(-"-%B=&1B02=i>XQ=)C%Be&MY2Â =&`31(2ÄCm=e~%YM ÆeB)+Ç c*j'F+"e&13GÉJ2%(`3=i0QÂ2*#)\`BÄ !mr"%BÆ "[[)+131B=i,$e&v31Â *-3=Ä-=XQ`-*-Æ=iÊ»)+)C02*jhjÇ >/,+*G!%(e'MBÂ2,C`B13*GÄ =&+*-%(Æ=i0)+T<*4>AaEÂ?&*YDÄ-Q`[=+*ÆGMj"-Ç1B95=&?>X02Â )+e/"GQ'Ä+%Ba(0Q+*Æ d
=< < < ?>
CB CD
\8S0J
3 b `
Y
[2, 4]
scaling by a
factor of 2
[1, 2]
X
[0, 0] [4, 0] [8, 0]
)
ÃÅ * Ç ) Î Î (* ) ÃÅ * Ç ) ÎÎ ÃÅ * ;
;
ÉJ`B`3T biÊ
B
D
B
D
.A 87 3
*[./',C*GC+*G>y%3W%N02Q=*4%(,W"[1395HQ=&%7)C213=Y1Bm)C*H&%3D!vB*4")+13,CGT
(É+Â ÃÄDÅiÆzÊ Ç
3Ézà`3Ä Æ Ås Ä-`-ÆÊ <
Ç Ã
BÉ+Â `3Ä ÆzÊ Å
BÉDÂ Ä-`-ÆÊLÇ ÃÂ Î Ä 7Æ ÅsÂX[ &Ä+Î 7Æ
< ?$ <
$
be
!#"$"%"
Y Y
[-sin θ, cos θ]
P’ = [ x’ , y’ ] [0, 1]
θ
θ
[ cosθ , sin θ ]
P = [ x, y ]
θ
[0, 0] X [1, 0] X
rotation of point P by angle θ rotation of basis vectors by θ
)
ÃÅ * Ç ) Î [ Î * ) ÃÅ * Ç ) ÃFÃ Î ? [_XÅÅ/Î *
;
; $
?$
?$
<
ÉJ`B`3T a]Ê
7 $
HE*K)Ce(c*l1B,+,C1B2)CM3%(2=k)+Q1B1B=&mW")+&G*l%(=<,C*[HEmz*G*k,+*G9#=&"[%B*>/*5mz,C%B%B9NHF13*B?/T)\c+1*-B)C9N%(Q*k0!%%(B,C,+H*K2)+02,$*-%(m),Ch}mz1B'E,1B%Q=3M3)\?!2>/=<*G)C>5*[*I./eB*-ct,$"[!'D*K0!%(0Q=%(*3)+*GP&,6WQ=5!)C"$<!=+**GG*G"[>A)+Q=1B1B=) T
mz)+,C&*-1B*k)9uD*)C-95)V*I?&1(C"0m-)C)C%B2'02Q0Q,C=h]*-M}2*=&9#MY'E1B%79#Q)C=3,+%7)$2)C.A?,+2&HF.w+*N2<=<M}13%(= =&o)+><&%B*I)+=&0Q>*I*[m,+)1BO1()CmK%7d )C9N213%(=<)+,C9# . %7)+,C2T .jfJ)HE*+&*-,CT *R%B*-=i)rh< t>/X W
HF*-*5,C*-)+=&"-*I*I9N2mK%(6l)+,C*k .<)C,C,C%B*G=&+?Jmz0213)+Q,+=9 M
@ @
'@
@ 4@
&©-
[ ©&.0[¤
/13§725H4G/2768¡2 729:
W475EH¥[G/-5R~J (¦b¡2[R7¤F$ [¡ ¢g7N $=¥q !R~¥5¥-¥- 7$ 7§N¡2 (g©E`$k+47§JG& -=WCiJ7¦¤E4 ([¡sC% ¦M 7¡¡i©& 7$¥kJ¦ R~$-Ì($¥\¤<=q¥--K 7+
-
.0/13254276829:4 ¥--J¦ R~$-Ì($¥I!¥k¥- (§AÌ+ `$#7 =(¤E(N (¡ ¦5V!¥N 7¤O7=Ci7¤E (¡¥[- 7¤
§j ¦
7¡¡5 =& R7$[g7$¥ =&J R7V G/¤F¡2-¤iB =OM
HE*r+*U@-*G,+=Y1B)CHE%71()C)C213Y=kQ=i')+,C?*G2+*)+-Q,CvBvB*G*402hYHE%(1(=&)+>jI%()+0Q&MB*l*GH0Q*-,C=&%BM(Q"G)+%(I0Q021(h3mT)CU\*W%H&R%B>+2!,Cv*G3"[*G)l",C)C*G1B+?,$%02B)G=&P])+>&)C*r>*-QQ,D)C1(%B)C=&"[1B*rM31BHE=&*[)J%B6l022)J*-hB*-T=A%(&=]QhN")J-6l%B=1
\8S0J
3 bb
)+Uf,$%(,+=FQMBJmz!13><,+9N)C,C*G%B>w=&Jm'Fz1313,+29#=i)$%()+QQ1Bq)=<C&*}%3)C%(C9N!*#q%BC%(q)9N+&*I*}'>/,+13QD)'FC*G%B,D=&)J"[h8*N&HE%y*[,+)J6lQMB*-!><*G=x)C,C)C%B=&*#Dmz'E1B1B,CQ9N=3)$%(rH)+QF1B=<*-mz1B!r%,C*NY)+"-,$1B%(9N=&Dm'Fz1B1i,CD9#2)+Q%71B)C=w2131(=m T
,C"$1(&)C%B%(=)+MBQ1B*N=A1(%(mW=&"[>j1]13)C,C,C>/%BQ=&=&+0%(Q%()+*#)+Q1BDh/=D)T +*GV9j2M3TYQ>jU )C,C?%B==&2Jmmzz1B13,C,+99#%(C")+-Q%B1B02=&Q=%Mj(,C)+*k&%("[)k139NQk=9R131(=)}0Qhy`3T ?&+*>/G>Y1]*4mzr=1B,1(,+Q)5MB!'&>j,+*41BD*H/GJ,+*4v3"*I)CV10Q*-B=,WMB)+mz13, Z
@
"-%B9N*-,$%5v]Q*-6Vl)+&*-9AT
$% 8 3 68 3
0Q6l2=*-*40Q0
%(%3,K13+1'FB*G9N,C%(*q)+Q1(1B)C=T:*-cx,1B*'E"G*-%(,$=R%7)C*[213.]=&)+*G\&=&>I%B"G)+"[13*\,C>/>/Q2=9NM3*G02=&h3PiDQ%B1B==R1(1()Cm
*-1B,?&,"[1]9N1B,$%(>/)+,CQ=& .I%7)C)+*1k!b(W%./Bb>)+>1*G>#F%()C=&1I>/130Q*?,l)+,$'F%(13=F2D0=i!)%7)CvB213*G"[=R)+13%3,
)+v71w%(0Q?1B*GH/9)$%(#QL= %~hy=7+1B#9NC3*-)+-Q¤E9R$J*4G]H¥YF*k$4"-71B+=]§(vB¤E*G (=ÌQ[*-¥=iTw)GT h]'!"-%B020QhBP)+&*Y%('&'F*G=&>/*G>X"-1]1B,$>/2=F%7)+*#!}`3T PH&?/)I1B)+*G,
u1B*Wm9#'E%71B)CQ=3,+2)5.5Â 9IÃÄ+?Åi0 Æ)C2D1'&R02!"-)C&%()+%7Q)51B=#Â Ã D&ÄDÅ 176WÆ =IÇ Q=#x¼piÉ+Â?&Ã%7ÄD)CÅi2Æ13Ê =YÇ `3`BT ÑÂ Ã "GS%(=NÃ =B17ÄW6@Å HFX*WÅ ?&[+*ÆÌGT >I)C1q9N1/>/*G0/)+*)C,C%B=&+0Q%()+Q1B=
; ; < #<
ÃÅ ;
Ç
` À ` Ã Å ÃÅ Ç Ã Å ÃÅ
<
ÉJ`B`3T Ñ3Ê
;
`
` `
` <
"[^K1]13¤F*4,CB"$>/&n;#Q&=&)+,C%(&D))+%(*)V>/mzhB,$*G%(13,+Q9N?vB,*q*B9NT)+&%(*k)+,C9#*I .j%79#"[)+1B,C%72,C)+. ,C,C*G2.A")C6WÏ 02hN&)CÏQ"$,Cx%B=&)+6KFDmz%7*I1B)V,C6l9N)C%B,C'%B=3=&)qED01B6W!Q%7=i2)C0Q)C0*GÂl)HFC*IÑ/P )+*k&Æ'E*RP!1BÂ "-Q1B=3P 95)5ÆH&ÂE%B2Ñ/=&=&P %(>_)+ÆQÂ 1BÑ)+= P1N 7)CÆÌT *k13.,+QMBQ=YY 1Bm%NÏ =&Ï *-6 T
U P+`- WÆ13$-=3 )C1 (¤j %BPjHF`-13,+Æ*-Tk?/&)\É *G%3)C"[Ê)+Q*R^K1B=A13h3=&dg%(%7J)HE./C,+1B!9?F?/")#)W%N%B)+'&&"-V)*51i13C9#,C>%7*R2)C=&H&,+%(2%B.Y)++*rQ,C\v*-%7'B./,C*4!*G"+*)C-1B=i,N)C2 =`3PMN)CÆ1B!V,=i)+C1_*[& *4d$"`B)+P Q1BÆ=Tr%(=FÉHF><Ê )+&*I*G,+H&2mz%3hYD!)+\v&B%(*G)"[)+)+&13*,
!
#"
Y
w
col
300
Y
i
P
2
200 row
X
200 i
P 400
1
100
200 θ
O
i
X
O 100 200 300 400 w
w
*-"[13,$%N=]vB¾0Q1i*-2M3,+13)C?;]q%,C2=*5(MN=]`Bh<'E`3T*-'Ñ5,C2'F./D&*G*-=&1706V>/"[!1]%"[13?R,C0!>/%("[Q,C1B=&0Q9Nhj%()+9N>/*G17NÂ1B6W=YÍ7=ADÄ+2Î$13)+Æ?&=AQ%(=x%N)+Q1B?&'&= =0Q%B& )$=&%Br1%(=y,V(mlQ6l9N,+1B17%B,C6VMB;/b* D'q%F( (%B=&"[>x* "[13!02K)? 9NC%B=&;BDq)*-T =yCcx1&HiP*kh}C%=&~%I*-hB*G+pPsi><9N?&%R%B9 ,+mz*-13?d,+'&=&9I ./)$?#Â*-0!0
%R"-Ã)+%BÄD&9RÅi%(Æ)d T
Ç
` À ` ÃÅ
"[D1iQ=
[<"[13DQ=
ÃÅ ÉJ`B`3T Ê
`
`
`
` `
< <
%B%B Ç Ç%B,C%B"[,C)C"[%()C=%(=sÉ+É É+É Å%Y %Å [ Y [ Å Ð Ê ÅÉ Ã Ê Yb[ É Ã Ã Y Ð ÊDÊ[ TÃ *-=Ê+PGÊ)CTq*K>*52,C*G,C"[1()+)$Q%71B)+=Q1B1(= m])C%B=*MBv30Q*k*G"!n)C1BJ,?FQJ)= q)+*RQ>>//X WE*[*G)C*-,+*G,C9N=&"[2*I=*41(> m
)+)+&&*G*-,C+**y)J%(6K,C*}1r%(b<=*GM3pi02*4?&H&%()+5Q1BÇ=&5% (=&[ >X bAÐ T ?;\=&;i=&=&"[*176Wr=&!n>k6/W*[)C*-!Ð"$,CS9N2"-=%B*4=X>sP3*G%B%302D0]Q02)Chx* HF*Y YD13%(02v3=F*G>I>xÎmz 1BV, *-y0Q*-9N%B=&*->:=i)$Ã %(Äk,C*lÅ ;]TA=176W&=* &
?$
,C*G%B>*-,WD&1B?0!>A"[1B9N'0Q*[)C*q)+!V+1B0Q?/)+Q1B=jv]Q%I)+&**[./*-,$"[!D*qHE*-0Q176T
3
89 6 3 8
%(=F>N*RfÌ))+&!,$Q*J),$r>}4%B'E'E+h1B1B}QQ=3=3)C)k1})$K>>/*[*-.])+*[)+*G)+,$,+*G%B9N,+"[9N)\Q=Q%#=*Gq)*V'&%BC)C,C%B*N*q020Q*[1B*-.],C0Q1B2)+M3,CM32*-,C=x9N%B981(*m'E1()C1BmnQ*N=i>)K%(1B)C1B?/%Nm)C'mz)+,C?/1B*\)9|'&Q9N%(%},$%B%(>/MB0QQ*I0QMB*-20Q)+)C1B1A%BMB0,$HEQ%(*N9#9"-%(,+MBD*4!*5>/%7)C*4Hi*G-ThA>sPs+*-6W0Q*G*\"Q)C1B0Q*I2?/=&)C)CMy'?/b#*})'E+*2G1B9#"[Q13=3%(=&)$M3-T> *
6W¾2QM3020F?HF,C*k*q%r`B`3,+T *4"+)C%B=176VMB?&,0Q%B+*4,D?' 02./)CK1*G0F(%(m,C?F,$%~DQhk=MI1(m%k%('=],+hR13DMBQ,$-%(*9f"-1BH&=&%BD)+*+G,C>#?&"[13)+=#*G>I)+&mz,CQ1BK9Q>*G+%%B9NT'1I02*4m"-,+z*4,C%71B)+9f*V)+)+*q*V"[Q=*-'=i)C?*-)K,lQ29N9#%B%(MBM3*3* T
)+1(%(&mK0QQ*MB)+=1BQ*N?/=)CMRF'MB?/)+?)G,CZ&*5*B)+Ps=*-)C!V6*N+C%)+(*G&9N%B,+,W*G'*N6l0Q2=+*%3-M#,0Q*G+%("[*G.])+9N*4*4W6>x17vBW'E*G21B>Y)+QA=iH])C)+hy>&*-*k/.i*-D;)C&3,C=%3*-6l"*4)C>x*G2>A==&M#1B%7./=%I*G13)+GT,D&)C2,$¾1B>jQM3MB21B?9#=&,C%(%B*#M30`B*r%(`3.]mzT ,+ÒI*413-P+9 )+17])+6V&?&*5W%"("[[*G=,C=3*G1B%()C)+*-)+,WQ*G=,WQMA9#*[D.%(MB%(*4*9N%(,%B'=&0QQ%* => &
%É+*->/*R!J)C¾1B2,+M3)+?*4,+>I*yv3`B*-`B,$TDe7Q1Ba]=RÊT 1(fgms=wUVHF=F1B>/)+,+ *G61Bm3)+%3"$*4;]D*+1IB=*[. %(9N*4'%B>R0Q*GGP&E%B%BnH0 )CF*G1B*-?&=#MB*[<.])C1B,C=&%302"h<)+*4%#>k'Emz,C1B1B,+9)+Q1B%(= =N1BQm9#)+%(MB*I*21B=&ms'% ?/)rBe 29#%(HM3Q02* 0
6%B*[.])C,C%3")+*4>sP])+&*1B?/)C'?/)VQ9N%BMB*"[13=i)C%(Q=&K)+&*k+%B9R*r=]?9IHF*G,W1(m' ./*G0QGT
)+1B&,*yÑ`4Q=e7'.*k?/Ñ'&)N`4,+ek13'&MB'%(,$,$ ./%(%(98*G0Q0Q0Q*-60Q)C1BW&MB%72,$)+)r%( 9"["-,C1i*G>/%(13*[)+,C&*G>><=&2=&*G¾%(>S)+QMB*4%(?qÂ)k,C*y)+Í7Ä+`3Î*jÆ`BZ/0QT£ÒI*[mz13m)I?&,V+*1B*GGmW%3>A"$)+Y)C*y'&*k &./)CMB*-?&0n,+*G,+Â Í7*3*5Ä+Tw?&ÎÆ+*-1(,qm*yD*)+G1302*5?/*4")+1B)C'&?/*G?/)C><)I''E?/Q9#)G1BPQ%(=i)+MB)C)*y*+6lQ1#=%3')C,C?/%B{)\=&2JmH]9#zh 13%(,+M39 *
$ :&
¾% #2M3=?*W,C*y6`B%(`3,C'IT >&*[É&=*-*4m)$>RÊIHi`4h5e )+.s,C`4*-e *'E>/1BQQMB=i2)C)C%(0Q=RQ9N)+%B*WMB*I0Q*[1(m)nmnQMB9#,C!%(>sMBZ*3ZFÉ"[É*G,+=iQMB)+i*-,)$Ê5ÊK`~`4e e .ss. ~` `4e e ,CQ G*9#"[)+%(2MB&*I*G>R*[.]v3)+*-,$,$%BD"[Q)+1B*4=I><1(H]m
hA'&%(%B,+= )
1(m)+&*k"[*-=i)C*-,WQ9N%BMB*3T
[x , y ]
2 2 [x , y ]
1 1
[x, y]
u
v
[x ,y ]
0 0
H
B 3
R
D
A
C
Q H
E H 1
2
X U
)J%(%(6l0Q0Q,C01#*G9N%B2>9#1/hR>/%(*-HEM30*k*-'F*G'E13=j1B2=i%BQ=3)$'V6)$'%W0Q2B*42,+)+>#* )C="[1I*G13*G)C,+>/,C*-*r*4'F>A2D19#32=w=&%BMB>/1B*\Q,$=>/"-MI*-1],Q1B9#,$)C>/1y%(2M3=F>/*%7*-)+,C'F*4Q13vBn)2*=iC1N)C)CGT'&*k,+,1/,C1(1B>/)CQ?F=3%("[)W)+*\Q1B0Q1/)+=<"-*q%7%()C=F?/213>jdÌvy=&)+W,$"[%(1]Q=A=&1B+0,$)+Q>/%(Q*5)+=&Q1B%79R=j)C*G1/l)+>/F*GD%7&0)17%(6W6W=F>A=Q02T029#;\%(0Q%(=&QMBM302=h *
%("[13=F,+> ,C*GQ+'=3E)C1B*-,C=&'F>/13*G2=&=i"[)r*4>/rÉQD)kC%B
Ä =& "[*4Y \%Ê%BB=&,+*R>:DÉ &}176W
Ä
= G2Êl=_)C1}%B>/H*G0Q>/*G?FI`"[B*r`B)+TQ`5&*r%B=&)+,$>S%(=&`3Dm`BzT1Be/,CTb9#cx%7)+*RQ1B6W=2T 0Q0V?&1(+*)Ck*r)+)+&&*I%()W]h])+'F*41BD*)+k*4"-D1BQ,C-,+*4*-> d
mz+'1BF,W13=&9#>/%B*-;i=FQ"[=*GM#%+?(&,C"$*kY"[]1Bh]=F'ED!1(J))+C&*-=i*G)V+*G6W02!)+%7A)+*G)+,W&1B*k=j;]=2=j176W)C=AQ"2=i$)+&*G%(,+'/'E)C1B*-Q,4=iT )>/!J)$%(=&"-*GGT c_*k6WQ020>QC"[?&CV%B02M31B,C )C9#
*O>2,C*G"[)+Q1B=o1(mN)+&*OvB*4")C1B,Amz,C1B 9 )+1 2=)C*S9N1/>/*-0IQ Ð Ç %B,C"[)C%(=É ÊSÇ 7> >
b$
!#"$"%"
()+% Q,$1B"=Fa3)$`%(ax=B%BÉD`3=&`4T e >X%()C=&>j*A+?Ê#*GH&%3Ç D)>/+22=&)+?/MxeS)C21B=mVÇ M})+)+` *<Ñ3*Ò/"-;]1B`B=,CTO,+17*46WD'E=j1B*A9#=&,C>%71(2)C)$="$%7Mw&)+2Q=vB1BM#*G=@"["-)+Q1i13R)13,IC,C]mz>,C?&21B=&9 %(@)+*4 mÇ YYz13)+,V1 £Ò('Ee3 1BÒ<Q=3,C)$%32=O>/o!)+%(=&2=j*AGT )CQ9N\*%BDMB9NQ*j=1]MXQ>*-¼0JpiYw%B?&=&%(Ç > d
>
> > > > 9
Yr2=Y)+&*29#%(M3*BP]6l*q13H/)C%B2=Y)+&*\mz13020Q176WQ=M#Dh/D)+*-9AP/6W*G,+* BÄ k%B,+*\)+&*?=;]=176W=})C,C%B=&+0Q%()+Q1B=
"[+213=&9N"-*'F13R=F*-%B=iH)CEQ*-=5*-)C=<"-*1B29N9#'%B?/MB*)C*G'&>s0QT%B=*BT V1B)+*l)+&%())C*v7%(0Q?*G1BmFDQ=É 3Ê%(=&>R"[1i-É iÊ%B,+*%B"[)+?&%B020Qh;]=176W= ! "
` "
`
"
"'&$%B*42,}"$;E1BP&mq*y6K'E)J*k6K1B"GQ1x=i%()C=A,+#6*4?&D?W+*rQ020Q)+0)+Q=,CMx*k*G+?9#02Q=0 %()}*G)C%B"$Q= ,IQ*4=%XpiM#?&+0'E2%7Q1BMB)C2Qi13=3)+=&)$0Qh@k,8C>*G %3W
%B>/=&*-2,C> 0Q*-h:=i )#'B,C)+P&1],$13>%(H/?&=F)C"[Jm%Bz* 132=,+9#Q=%7M}Ǻ)C%#213`4=+Ñ2T½9NbwQ<0Q%(%B=&*-,W)+> ,+*41/D?>&}10 )4Ç TK(m¼[?&%3Ñ "$+2j i=Ñ/MX>T_QD)9#+UQ%B=&R%=i"h )
! 7> =" 7>
!
Ç e3Ò a Ç +Q= "-13
[Ñ 3Ñ
e7a a
>
"-13
[<+2= `~Ñ b e` >
ÉD`B`BTQ`B`~Ê
"
` >
` ` >
`
2HE)*-F=&q%B"$L>YQvB;iD?*-=&=A'&17)C6W'F1302!*4,D;>/)C2]MB==*\Mw171(6W)+m0Q)C*G*A>/*q13M3H/*B)+,$PEJ*G%(%}"[=&)G,CDmT 1Bz1BHE,C;1(9#)\m\%7"-"[)C1B13213??=}0!,$>AD*mz3,CMBP1B,$9%x%B+',CAQ1B9NHE)+%B1(MB*I)I*r,+M3"[*4,+1]%(Q'1B0'E,$1B>/*-H/Q,RJ=&*4%76K")C)13*G?K)HE0!*-+>XQ1N=HFMy"[*A1]Q139#13,C'F>/%(*GQM3=&=*G%(*G>s)+>SPE*Gl1'%x,CB170Qmvi)+)+!)+&>/0Q*Y*q*4>j6l6W)+1B!&>/,C%(*-;i,)d
\8S0J
3 b
)+%BF>%(/=_QD))++13*N,D)C2)C13,C=&%B=&DmQz=<1B,C29R9#*4%(>wM32=&0Q*-M&=&PM(Q)+=&:%B"G13"[H/?)C,$%B%B2"-=2*4*4>x1(mz,+m13mz9 *G%()+ ? ,C*5o>/Q*-=&)+>/*G!"["-)+%(Q1B)+*G=GPPF%()C=&1<><%("-0Q1B02179N6'mz?/1B)$,5%7)++9Q#1B=F%(%(0Q00*Z*GW
,+,C*G1B",$)$-Tkn+?&&"$ *
,C9#*G%(pi;3?*kQ,+*4D*G>k=&MBD*,CIQ'>/'*GQ+'=M\2)+%3*")C)+Q1B*=5m)C%B%B"[;B)V*G)+'F%70!)V%B"-)C*K*513=IQ9#%\%(,+MB*4*%(0/&"[1B130!=i>)+W1Q=iB?&=&1B02hA?&1>/B!+"H/-J,+*4*-")+)*k%(+'=&&>I%7)C,CQ*G%B%(00iC%=](?9N95'HE0Q*G*-GT,nl"-1]1B,$*5>/229#=F%7%()+M3*4*
>+13%(1B)C02*4%I?0!>:)$D*HEG0*ym%B=&Q,C11B> ?3=&=>02h}*GHi>_>h *[)+&1_"$=&*4%B*G>Y"$"G;]"[%(*G2=&)lCk%M}Q=iBmz)+1B=X*G,kMB2*-%Y9#,H%(M3M3,C,+2*}!M3>#i''E)q2./1BQ*-9#Q=30T )$%(-TMB;\*RfÌ,G'mP21B./'E?*-*-,W0,CPs&%3)+%("'&)+*GQI%1B=w=Y()C=X6K*R*G*G,+=3)+*)C,$2%()+,C1N=&*yDmvB>/z1B*GQ,+MB,C29N2mz)ChR%B*G0><)+=9N*r*G21/'M3>/,C]*G*GHF+*013-'F=F,+13"[1]2*q=i1/1()C> m
[¦ - $ 7a.0G/+/[13¥ 254R427 y682 y9:4 +(Ì ($$(+¤OBN¤&¥--$ 7¤i¡£½¤]J 7Nl¤t (¤E% `§}-$ [+g (¤`-¥¢L¡2 (N( (¤ ÌP=]¤]{;OTN+! 7¥I¤&¥$¦[ 7(¡¡2$N§y$+§L$C#CBG¤&§3[¡7¦[¤$I 7`-a¢JG/ID+ 7[¡ ¥w (¤FgLN-N¤& GM 3
5
B
D
)+)+"[,$&13%(29N==F;]95D0!Q%7=?/)C)CMN2*B13)+Zq=1#)+T&>/É*G%(>F,+)YÊQvB!*r-P%(\9Nh3>/1B*K1]?pi*G,W?/.%(*4=FJ)D6C
l213*-=,$%mz1B(,=&+">jG%(*[0QÇ ./2=&'M\0!%(%(=F=F%7>r)+Q)+1B,$=F%(.-T=&+0
H!d%7)+Q1BÉ="4ÊyTc/%B1q9RHE*_1()+pi5?)+*GD)*+Q%(1B0Q= MB*GmzH13,$,Y%V,C%(1(=&)$>k%7)+2Q=i1B)+={?& )C%B2=&v3> *
5
B
D B D 5
5
5
'E1BQ=3)$-T
v v
u u
[1,0] [1,0]
¾QMB?,C*N`B`BT O&É*[m)ÊvidÌ%(.]!D&*G%(,V%B=&>_Éz,C2M33)Êl?/dg%7./Q+*G%B,GT
3 2876 346$ 8340 9:8 3
@
?W=&*4>"-%(*-,0Q0s)+)C&&*r%7)V)+,$)C%(=&*5Dmz"-1B1B,C0Q9#?9N%7)+=jQ1Bv3=*GT "[)+1B,$1(m)C*5+*G%B,W9N%()+,C .A%(,C*J?&D)V)+*529#%(M3*G1Bm)C*kH&%3D!Wv3*G")C1B,$
ÃÅ Ç ` `
!
ÉD`B`BTQ`4e3Ê
`
` ` "
ÃÅ Ç ` `
!
ÉD`B`BTQ`GbiÊ
`
` ` "
vBÂ2`B*4Ä ")CWÆ1BÄ4*-,$ &IÂ*GÄ-2"[`-`B)+Æ&Ä Q1B1BÆÌ=i=&ÄG)+V% 1jBÄ-Â,+`-[*kÆ`313%#Ä =i)+Æm1:Ä4)+ < `3Ä-)JÄ `[h]ÆÌ'ETÆÌÄG*k 1(&Ä\mn*q["-e~`[1B.&Æ9Ner,+'F*413D'13,lE=b(*G*-"[.=i)+b)4QTlvB9#*GU02%7h3)+Ps,C,C*[6W2F.N*G,C2"*-0Q)C*#'&213,+%j= *4D*,+G%(*-=3HE&)$1B*G%7?/"[)C)+)2Q131B)+=#=x*kQl%B?HFJ)dÌC13%(,C?/.]%B)r2!M3W9)+i#)D*Nmz%(1Bvi'F,Cdg6)%7%(+./,$Q\9>s*IT#H&UV%B%(=]+'&!h
@
+*G%B,lQ=j)+*k"G%B+*r1(m)+*k+0Q%B=i)+*G>YMB,C!>yQ=j¾QMB?,C*N`B`3T T
ÃÅ Ç YÐCÐ YÐ YY YÐ
!
ÉD`B`BTQ`-a]Ê
`
Ð
` ` "
\8S0J
3 biÒ/`
5ª ªI« V°±¸q¹ + +-, µAO²³kµA°·(´I² ³q±¯-´Iµ
U%(=FM3>Y*-"G=%(*G=A,C%BHF0&*k% #"-1B=9N*V')+,$?/%()C=&*G>yDmz1Bmz,+,C139#9 %7)+13Q1B==R02hYmz,CbI1B989#%(e()Cc "$)+Q=1NMNe(c½'&%(%3Q,$n1Q(=ym¼'Epi1B?&Q=i%()C)+kÉQ1B+=<Â Ã`33`BÄDTQÅ `4$Ñ\ÆÌÄG,+Â *4
piB?Ä 2,C[*GÆzKÊD
2.N '&Ê[%(T ,$%(9N*[)C*-,$
! "
Ð
ÃÅ
YÐ+ÐÐ YeÐ Y YÐ
Y
!
Ç
ÉD`B`BTQ`4Ñ3Ê
` "
` `
9#'E1B%7Q)C=3¼n2)$13,CW)=},C1BC'&1},%(Q>/=N,$*[%(%()C9N*-=],C*-hk9R)+*-1(Q,$m&=GT)+*5U%N*V0Q"-95*G1i%313?&J),C"$+>#dÌCp2=&iHE%(?&*[)+)+%(*4)+,C1*-*G,W*BmE%B4'%(J)C=]'2h,C9#131B%(%Bm&)+"$*)+N&1(!*Wn)m'FC)C15132*5=i?&)C+*+6.AW9#'&Q%B0Q%(0=i,$D?hR%(9N,C9N*-*-0Q1B)+hk,C*-*,$"-GT%B'&?&%Bcx+*2K,$n1*I*GB,+"-,Cm%(1B9#= ,2%7>=I)C*["$)+&&&=2*=*IMI)+%(,$"[=A%(1B=&*-=iDm,C)Cz,+1B,+1313,+,d0
"[,C2)+*-,C!%kmz?=F")+Q1B= +Q9RQ0!%(,l)+1N)C&%7)V?&+*G>ymz1B,&)D)+Q=M}%#D)+,$%(QMBi)02Q=*Q= ^KF%('/)C*-,` T
KKÃ Ã Å KKÃ Å ÅY KKÃÅ YYÐ YÐ Ç ÃÅ ÉD`B`BTQ`~ÒBÊ
%!
Y
]ÉDÂ213`B02P v3*ÆÌP!¼KÂ piP e7?&Æ%7Ê[Pl)C213É+ Â =YP2`3`-Æ`BP!TQÂ `~ÒP e7?&ÆÊ[+T<2=cMq1 )Ch3*W1Bmz?1B,I0Q0Q17"[6W1B9N2='Mq?)C)C%7,+)C*G2*W13=&'&kM%(Q3,$21v3(*Nm
)+9N*j%()C+%"$B9NQ=*}Mk%("-=&1B=i+6K)+,C*G1B,50]'E%B5,1BQ+=3*4)$%BH&+1BÉD=Â Q=P M<ÆÌP!%(Â HEP 1B?ÆÊ[) P
)+&*r)+,$%(=&Dmz1B,C9#%7)+Q1B=Y?&+2=MNH&%3D!vB*4")C1B,$ed
]ÉDÂ213`B02P v3*ÆÌP!¼KÂ b&piP e7?&Æ%7Ê[Pl)C213É+Â =YP2`3`-Æ`BP!TQÂ `~`3ÒP aB?&ÆÊ[+T<2=cMq1 )Ch3*W1Bmz?1B,I0Q0Q17"[6W1B9N2='Mq?)C)C%7,+)C*G2*W13=&'&kM%(Q3,$21v3(*Nm
)+9N*j%()C+%"$B9NQ=*}Mk%("-=&1B=i+6K)+,C*G1B,50]'E%B5,1BQ+=3*4)$%BH&+1BÉD=Â Q=P M<ÆÌP!%(Â `3HEP 1Be7?ÆÊ[) P
)+&*r)+,$%(=&Dmz1B,C9#%7)+Q1B=Y?&+2=MNH&%3D!vB*4")C1B,$ed
"["[1313,+=i=&)+,C*-1B,$10&'E(1BmQ1B=iH/)C6J*4K")$*GW),+*+F+*-%70Q)\*G"[%B)+,+*4*>#??&=&+Q2pi=?MR*G02%khj>/Q!>D'*-&=i0Q%~)+2hRF'%(H&,C1B02*kMB,$Q%(= 9HE1(%()C=&<>}29R9#13%(?&M3+**GBkÉT1B,V*9#0Q%BQD)'FÊFT1(msfg=A,+*4)CD!>/Q?&\"%B-0Q%3KD*D3&P17)+6V&*
)+HEF*V%71 )GWAP&?&H]DhRQ=erMN')C2./*k*-0!>/m*-z,C,CQ1BvB9*G>Y)+)C,C*%B)+=&,$Jm%(z13=&,+Dm9#z1B%(,C9N)+Q1B*G=y>R9#v7%(%(0Q?)+,C*B T.sP/<=131 D) ,C13*G+, Q>y?&"[%(1]0!n%13,C(>/,CQ*W=&0Q%(*G)+C*r)2+=jF%()C=#*1B,+=&Q*VMBi')V2.]Q*G9#0 T%(MBl*r*[)+6W)+*-Q02, 0
! "
)+%(&=A*%('E*G1B,+!Q%(=30s)lQ1(9#m%(?M3=F*>/mz*-13,$,J)$)+%(=&*>'2=?&M5,+'E1317+*6Lr)+1(m*?)C'E%7>&.]%7dg)+"[Q13=02M#0Q*G"[2)C)+W1B,$Q=]9vB#*G=3%()C'}1B"G,Ch#%(=}1(mHE*1BH/'&J?/*4)K")CQGT=i)+1I"-1B,C,+*4D'E1B=F>/*-=&"-*W6W )C
 b%(`B;BPF*r` )C,CP*-`-*kÆÊ'&Ê%B %B2,$=&W1>NBvBm*G9#,+2%(mzh)C"$)C&Q=%7)nMy)C"-1B*=i%)+,CN1B0s=&*W'E1B)+Q,$=i%()C=/Wmmz13z,C,+1B9#9|%()+¾Q1B2=RM3?9N,C*}%()+`B,C`3 .RT2` 9#%(Ézmz'&1B),\C*[.*W%(&9N,$'D)n0Q*B2=iP)+ÉD1k e )+%*PFe/+*G` "-1BP=&`->ÆPT
%6W(,C2hy)+S¾9N2+9M31/N?>/,C%B*G*0200K`B1(H`3mn0!T2%B`3%B"$= `n;xQ%(020Q"-Q?&,+2,$D)'"[+0!,$0Q%(*G%7=>)+*Y*4)'&¾+%(Q,+MB*l)G?T17,C*<vB¾*G*4`B,C%7%B`3)+02T2?&03`3,+9R`-*kHF1/'EÊ\>/1B!*G5%Q0=idÌB)C9#V)=X%7+)$2&9#"$%(%()2M3=&9#*NM%~'&1(hYm%B,CHE)+%3*k>/*y2?&M3,++*9A*4G%(>AT0Q¾%B=<22M3,C9#'?0!,C%7%(*)C="$`B*#&`32T2='&`3MY%B`G,D%i%()kÊ
,CQ*Q=S%2\=&%(>'&HFQ'13"G,+?%71~=&)+./*4>]2> dd
9#,C1(%7)C%()C*-)+0Q*4hI>#)C%(HE*r1B+%?/B)9Ra]*\Ñr1B>/,C*-2M3*G=i,+*G)C*G%7GT)C213¾=}QMB%B?),C+*k`3*q`B9NTQ`B1/`G>/>F*-Ê0QTnK%¾r2M3)+?,+Q,$*5>#`B2`B9#TQ`B%B`4MB"G*WÊ1(!%ms)C5+**G"-,C*G1B%B=&0>#'&Q%B9#,D)%(M3Q=}*6W1(ms)C!"$N*q)+,+&*4%(*\0E"-'&%B%(9R,+)d
*-Q=w,$%N)C%(Q=5M302D**4""G)+%(Q1B?&=:+*G%(W%,CN*R0!9R%(,C*4MB%(*r=i)r%(9N)+1<1B?&>/=3*-)W)+*-1B,Cm9N+;2B=&*G*R6W22ml=MN%jQM3=j2v3)+*-=w*kQ,C9#*G+?%(M302*B)C%BP=3+?)W&"$Q9#:%(%BMB\)*3+Tn1iD*N*1B9Nml*[¾)C2M31/?>,CV>*GR`/*4B+"`3-T2,+`3Q`-HFHF*4Ê[> P
%(`B=F`3T2>q`3)+`G1"4Ê>/P]*-%()+=&*G><,+9N`3Q`B=TQ*`B`4)+&>&*Ên©&"-1B~=i¥-)C%BÉ2'F=&1iK%D(2)+=YQ1B2=k=&D)%BC=&%B>r=&"[1B*q,CQ1(*-=im)C%B%(=y)+Q131BH/=FJÊE*G1B"[mi)K)C9N*n1/>/13H/*-0sJ*G+?"[&)"$Y6W %3)Cn)kC,C&*G%7+'F)*41("m)¾)C1WQMB)+?,C*K*5"-`3%(`B9NTQ`B*G`4,C%3%&Ê T
7
876&578 7 5 4' 8
!mz0 %71B)+,Q1B*G=F%B"$D*jQ0Q'&1B1/)H"-%(J+*G021jd"mz)W*G,+%7*4)C"[)C1#?13HFMB,C*[=*5dQmz,+-1]*4*"-"[?&)C1B9M3*R=NQ1B-*[H/*G)C>J*4Tn1/">A¼)GTb%B?&"$fgD*=xj4W01B%3QH>/1]Jv7"G*G%(%("=&0s)V"-mz9N*B*4%7Ps1/)C%y>/?*G,++**40[W1)r"[13(1(=immn)C%(13%(=AH/Q=&J13*GW%H/"[#)qJ*G+*9N"[[)\)V1/%(>/1B=&*Gm
>Y0Q¦[\4)CQZr"G]*-¥-Q1B,q¦[=&$eBD) (ct+B,CG/?&D'+F"[)C¥%7*GP)+>s!6W%(PE01B!,+=&"$*- * d
%(+1B,C*9N9#*}%71(J)C13,W*-,5mz*G1B%(H/)+?J*4,C"*G)GW1T<Bm¾&1B)+,5*k*4%B13"$H/_J*Gmz"[1/)V"[)+?&Fkm%7z)\*G+%()+?1B,C?&*B0Q>jP% HE*5+*[*G)5%3D1BQmW0QhY )$>/k=*-)+*G*4"[%()+,C*4Hi>Ahw mzm*G)C%()+*-?hA,C*G%(5,CQ*5=21(=&)V"-021/?F"G>/"[*G0Q>:?&>/Q*G=X>A)+H]&h *
mz9N1B?&1/=&>/*->A0TI%(=&>y)+*N1#=*4*G%(02,C'<H]hA>/*-mz)+*G*G%7,+)C9N?,CQ=*Gr"*q-)+%B=w*'EHE13*R+*?FD*1(4m> )+)C1j*13v3H/*-,CJ*Gmz"[hA)GT)C&%7)r)C*#"[1B,C,C*G")\mz1/"[?&qmz*4%7)+?&,+*R&%BrHE*-*G=
JHE*G*-"[0Q)C1BfgGT==j\M3)+2=MY*5*I9N)+9#1<%(%7)C%Y)C"$"$MB&QQ=vB2=*GM}MY=w'&%(9N&0Q%BMB1/+*1B>/B,C*-P/2)+0mzP*49
2%7)r)C?0Q021]1],+*1B1B;/;/*-\mV.])+z&1B,$,C%B,kD)"%j)C2mz1313"[=A0Q,V?&mzQD)1/W'+*-"[E,r?F*-Vm1B,+mzmKz1B*4Q,C%79N9N)+?&%B*G,+MB>A*4*I-T13mz=A*Gc{%(%B)+=A?&,C*-2*G= 9#q=%(2)M3*4*&%(=F,q1(>m)+\%1B=&*N}*mzmz1/1/1B"-"[,V?&?&9N\mVm1Bzz*G*G,C%7%7*)C)C??1BH,C,C** d
)+)+FF%7%7)I)}9#9N%(1/)C>/"$*-O0T %3k9;\#=&"-%(* =]hXD?&%B"$5'{F%:1i+"[+0Q2?&H&D)02+*Y*G,}1(mW&)+%B&NH*yE,C*-*G*Gpi= ?Qmz,+1B*4?>:=F=>L*G%B%B,+=&H]>@hx)+mz*G* %7)C"-?1B,C,C*G,+m*4D'zE13,51B=F)C>/&*-%7=&)I"-mz*G1/RH"[?&E5m*[)Jz6l*G%(*-*-)+?=L,C*y)CQQ=
+9N%B020+*[)W1BmQ9#%(MB*\mz*G%()+?,C*GW%B=&>Y1BH/J*4")W9N1]>*-0smz*4%7)+?&,+*4&%~vB*qHF*G*-=<>/*-)+*-,C9N2=&*G>sP])C*k%(0QMB13,+2)+9
\8S0J
3 biÒ(b
!"
#%$ %$
'&
((")+*-,"))+.* ,((-/0*0 +) /0,12)+.")3/ ./,)546))7)0/
*,%446)+//8*/ ,*,,.9)+,*9)+/. ( 44*))+(*9)4 ,14(9)+/(:./
(48//9)+**9)4. ,,1,);40)+*) ,.8 / ,-,(:.4
N
OP#HQR$
>#S37%TP
"8U##
V"W&
"GÊ W1B)C%()+*G>gfg9#%(M3*
@ >FÊ W1()$%7)+*4>A%(=&>A];B*G6K*4> gf 9#%BMB*
@
¾ 2M3?,C*R`3`BTQ`B`$&UteBc9N1]>*-0%B=&>YbR9#%7)$"$Q=MN29#%(M3*G1Bm%(=<%B2,C'0!%(=*q'&%(,+)GT
)+]&h]*'F1Bi)+h]'E*41(D)CQ-*4*GV)+QC&!%7V")q-)+1B,C!,+q1*4"B)GH/T J*4")rQ\Q= )+&*RQ9#%(M3*I%(=F><?&+*Gr%}v3*-,C F"G%7)C213=A)+*G"$&=Qpi?*I)+1A>/*4"[!>/*I2m
%)+(&M3*y*k)C1B&H%7*rJ*G)rvB")+*G)I&,+2Q*IFI1"G](%7h]m)+)C'FQ*-1B1B=S=j)+?&'*4+*,CDG1/Q->X"[*4*G> %3>5?13,++?H/*rJ*G29I)C"[%()q?&H&J)!02Vq*Y>/2*-=x*-v])+Q)+*G>,+*-9N*N=&QC""-=[*B**-Tw=&6W*BT5*[*Y¾&)C1BD*,q*--,V)I'F)+131(02mWh]*G,+mz*4*r*4%7>/!)CW*,C?%B-,+0=*Y1313"[H/?1BJMB,C*Gj,C"[*G)C*-+'GPv]F
!13)+>/=&*->/*N=F*-"[HE=F*1B"[Q*G?=Yk=F)C>Q5?%(*,C&hAQD*9I41(> dm
)+1 !>V)*[)+C*G,C%B,+9N=&DmQz=1B*y,C9N%A%('E)+Q131BC=<DQH!\)0Q*}+% *G#= =?&*#+*G)C,C><%B=&)C1}Dmz1B)C,C,C%B9N=&%(Jm)+z13Q1B,+=x9»mz,+*G13%39"$ )C0Q2=*}*N9N+*-1/MB>/9N*-0n*G=3'E)q1BQ1(=im)Ck))C+*I1AHE)+1B&?&*}=&2>9#%(%B,ChAMB*#2=i'E)C1B1}Q=3)+)$&-T*
Q+*9N-MB%B9NMB*k*G=3+')$&6%BW"-*BTl*G,+*GvB**-,)+)C,$%(*V=FJm1BzH13J,+*G9N"*G)n>j!n?0Q2&=&=*51/D*"-G"[MB0Q?&9N>/*-*4=i>s)$TWcD?13*V?)+0!1><=%(13'Q'+*W,C1~2./=N29#)C%(*V)+*-Q9#0Qh}%(0QMB2=&*W*k%B=&?>N'<*-6W,C,+2)+13<,CQ9NQ=R%BmzMB*G*%7)C0Q?2=&,C**
*[6W.]2)C)+,C<%3"Q9N)+Q1B%B=}MB*r%B0Q=&2=>#*k9#+*-%7M3)$"$9N*-Q==iM&)CGPPi )lH?/QK?)%N=0Q,CQ*G;B"[*-)C0Q%BhI=)+MB&?%(0!)%(,W)+&%B*,+*4)C%R,C%B%B=&HFJm13z13?/,+)V9N*G*4%3>I"$y0QQ=)C,C*\%B+*=&-DmM3z1B9R,C*G9R=i*4)C>yn6W0QQ=Q0Q*k0F*-D*./G%3MB"9N)C02*-h#=i)V%(0Q"-Q%BMB==
)+HE!W>F*l%7/+*)K*GG"-%B9N0Q,C%B1/"$,+>/*4*4*G>}>q0E)C+*mz1#-1BM3,HF9R*-*v]*GQQ=i=j>)n*-)+Q=&K9"-*#*KQ1B%(9#m,C%(;B'FMB*G1i*r>N++%7%32)WH&nv02)CBhr*G9#*,+2&%70Q1])$*4"G"$>s%7T:)C2=&2fÌ13mM=j*GQ=9N+'1BF%B?&*4MBMB"[*2#&+**G9N->jM31/9NH]>/h#*-*-=i0
)C)CD*GTG*kMBfÌ9N"[mF13*-+?9R=i)$}'&n%?/"[()+Q,C*4*-*V>y=i)vB)C*G*-,C,+v]%B2Q=&&>Dm*4*-z>s1B=&P(,C"-9N)C*!%(*m)+zQ131B13H/=?J=&T *G>s"[) P
Z *-v]!>/*-=F"[*r2=j)C*29#%BMB* 43 73lÉ \Ê[Z
)+&*-,C*}%(,C*#9N%B=]hw9#%7)$"$2=&MAmz*G%7)C?,C*#'F132=i)CkHF*-)J6K*G*-=X9N1/>/*-0%B=&>:Q9N%BMB*3P)+&*-=S%<"[0Q?&D)+*G,5D&1B?0!>
biÒ
!#"$"%"
Model F
F2 F3
F1
F4
G2
G1 Image
G4 G3
E4
G8 E1
G5 G6 G7
E2 Model E
E3
¾QMB?,C*N`B`3T2`4bO&n^K1B9N9N1B=j02Q=*[dg+*-MB9N*G=3)J?=F")+Q1B=FW?&+*G>j2=j9#%7)$"$2=&M&T
\8S0J
3 biÒ3Ò
&?¾+2=F2Ä =&>yMRÇo)C'E`313*rÄ+*
)+k,$%("[Q0Q=FW)?&JmD)+z+13*G,+*k,+9#Q+*=[%7M&)W)CT 21(13m=}>/mz,C*-1B)+*G98"[)+9N*4>Y1/>/Q9#*G0s%(mzM3*G*\%()+mz*4?%7,C)C*G?l),+C*41#-T 29#%(M3*mz*4%7)C?,+*4
Ä IÇt`BÄC¿ Ql)C*k+*[)V1(mJ)C1B,C*G>Y9N1]>*-0smz*4%7)+?&,+*4-T
mz1B,Wmz13*4,W%B"$*Gj%3"$'&Y%('&Q,W%B1(2,m1B29#m9N%(M31/*q>/mz*-*G0%7mz)C*G?%7,C)C*?,C'F*q132'E=i1B)CQÉ=i)CkÉ Ä Ê Ä Êl1BmC%(9N*q)Jh]'F*
*[vB.*G,+%(29Nmzh}Q=*-*v3*-D',CFh#%B"[0Q%B*r,+1BM3m*q%B"-02020?F"GJ)C%(*-=&,V>/H]!>h}%(9#)+*G%('&X'2mz=&1BMN,V"[%B0Q02?&0 D)+*G,CGZ
9N1/>/*G0
mz*G%7)C?,C*'F132=i)CÊW%Z B=&>A"$*G"$;]Q=MI)+*Q9#%(MB*3Z
73lÉzv3*-,C &*4>
&0!%B%~D)v3\*r"[C"13-02?%()D9N)C*-=<,C*G1B>Am)+%(=&*>j)$Q%(=&H"[0Q13*B=&TV+QD)+&*G*G=3+*)V5'Fb#%('&,$%(%B9N,C%B*[9R)C*-*-,W)+*GD*,-)CD*GP-&)C*-Vm./z"-1B*-,C'/9»)Wmz%}13,"-02bN?FJ)1(Cm*-,)+&6W*-&9»13+*2k=&>%~QvB"G*-%7,$)+%(*4M3>j*rHi'&hx%(,$ I%(9NQ=A*[)C)+*-&,$*
Y c
X
L
L
200 X 400 T Y L
X
Y
T T
200 Y
100 T L
X L
X
Y
M 100 I
zm¾*G2%(M3)+??,C,C*q*r`3'F`B13TQ2`-=ia )V&'&¼%B.2%(,$GT9N'0Q*K'E13+*W>/*[)C*G"[)+Q1B=R',+13H0Q*-9t6W2)+}Ñ9R1/>/*G0/mz*G%()+?,C*'F132=i)'&%B2,$%(=&>Iar29#%(M3*
200 X 200 400 r
KÉ e PQ` ÊP IÉeBe PQ`~Ò Ê KÉ Ñ7a]Ñ/P a ÊP IÉe PQP Ñ`4e ÊÊ eT TÒ/ÑB`Bb ` `3T2T ]` Ò ` eBÑ 3Ñ edgb
KÉ e PFÒ Ê[P RÉa PFÒ Ê KÉ Ñ7a]Ñ/P a ÊP IÉe PQP Ñ`4e ÊÊ ÑT $T2`Ga e eT T Ñe ` beB$e ÑdÌa&`Ñ
ÉJÉJ`~`~ÑÑ PQPQ`4`4e3e3ÑBÑBÊ[Ê[PP NNÉJÉJ`4`4ÑÑ P/P/ÑÑ ÊÊ KÉzÉÉDaie`-ea PPP bibe7Òa ÊÊÊPPP IRRÉÉDÉ bb`
KÉ e PFÒ Ê[P RÉa PFÒ Ê
PP be(aiÑ3ÊÊ aF`3TT $ÑiÒ eeT2T2`4`4bb a b Ò Ñ $
\8S0J
3 biÒ
É%iÊ13,+QMBQ=&%B0 %B2,+&*G0Q>Y29#%BMB*
ÉzHFÊ9N1/>/*G0s1(m1BH/J*4") É "4Ê>/*[)C*G")C213=&9#%7)$"$2=&MR9N1/>/*G0
1(¾"[13mW2M3,+%(=&?=S*-,C,\*5%B%B2`B,+=&`3&> T2*G`~0QÑ 13>s&4=Z,*NÉzHE13"[+*Ê?[,Cdg1BvB"[H*50QJ?&*G)+J)"QC'w)k*-,C9N'E2=&1B1/MrQ>/=3%B*G)4'0Z'QÉ=x0Q"42ÊV*4)C>NQ*-9#,C)+9#1R%(M3k1>/*I*[()C6Wm*GQ"[,C=&)+*GQ>/%(1B170=y6t*G1B>/"-mM31B%k*G=i%'&)C%B(%B2=F,D=)C>XQQ="-%(?MjH&0!%(>/D),K+*[,$)C%B%B*G2"[",C)r)C'20!13*4%(=&>/=MB\)*3*4Tl+k&É %(%3+?)qÊH/UV9#)+*G*-%(=&,C)C!>/"$%(wQ0E=2M<9#9#%B1B%(=i=&M3h **
9N1/>/*-0'F%(,+)Cv]Q%I)C*k+%B9N*\)C,C%B=&Dmz1B,C9N%()+Q1B=T
b
!#"$"%"
W6,%(Q=&,+)k>/17É6V"4Êq11((mmK)+)+*k*4D*&RMB?mz*G,C%(*)+D?&,C17*G%6Vl)B,++*R*k9#*4%7>/)$MB"$*4V>*G>x/*-%()+M3*G%B"[2)+=F*4J)>YqQ)+=<*#1B=&9N*1/1(>/m*G)+0nD*4D*176W6W=xQ=&2>/=_17'&6V%BW6,D)}W&ÉzHE*-,CÊ*1B9Nm)C%B=]*Nh}&1(MBm?&)+,+&*3* T
mz*G%()+?,C*GW%B02QMB=&*G>Y6W )CY)C*9N1/>/*-0smz*4%7)C?,+*4?&+2=MR)C*k+%B9N*\)C,C%B=&Dmz1B,C9N%()+Q1B=Y'&%(,$%(9N*[)C*-,$-T
9 A68 438
%(=F>y6l*6WQ+Y)+1}>/*-)+*-,C9N2=&*q6W&Q"$A9N1/>/*-02)V!W%(=&>j6W&%()l)C,C%B=&Dmz1B,C9N%()+Q1B=Y6l%3W%(''0QQ*G>sT
"[>/13*-02&0QQ^K==*G1B*Gl%=F%BR,kD!>/"['F1]*-13,1B2=i,$%Y)$>/Q9N=&%71])C>*Ç *-Dh0/¿ D)+*G)C9P1A13HF=Y*#Ð P ¿%(=_Ð P/1B%B,$l>/1BD*Gm&,+17*4¿ 6W>w=#+*"G[2%()=j=X1(¾HEmKQ*yMBmz*G?&?&%7,+)C+**I?G>_`B,C*R`B)CTQ`'E1<1Bmz%3Q1B=iÊ[,C)CT 9 GT;\R=&%(U"-=S*V=]hw% )+#&D?*q&=H&*Y"-1iD*H&-13)%B,C>+1(!2km=&%()CD*)+-*)G,C*-P+h*N/6WJ)=C1B*-!"$=9 d
ÃY Ç É Ð [ Ê
É Ð [ Ê < <
VÃy Ç É Ð F[ GÊ
É Ð [ GÊ < <
6W]2)+?&A,+V*4D'Ã E*G&"[%3)V))+C1 *IÉ C%B(Ä9N*IÐ % Ä #Ð =~Ê*5Tn"[1]13,C!W>/Q!=&%(2)+0Q02*G?FIÉJ)C,C/%(Ä )+/*GÊ>j6WQ=<2)+ ¾Q,CMB*G?&+',+F*R*4"`B)\`3)+T2` 1xHFÉ Ê[T BÄ Ð Ä Ð GÊ\%BVÃ_&%3
86
1B9N =&1/3 02Q>/= *-3*02d ,CHF*G%B"[. +13Qq'MB=&2%B)+Q21B,$34-T=A #D) +*-3'*#ºTKH&2=x*mz*A1B,C*G,&"-%B*41B+%BMBS"$=& )$)C%(2É 13H¿=j0Q*jÄ D)I+"-*G,+Êq' *4%7Qr%()C*G0!QD1>S=N2)+Q?&=@!%(+*G0Q)+2V%G*G*jB>x=<')+%B,C1<*-"-'"-G?,C*-1/95,C"[1j?&*GC0Q%B%(+=&2)+=>w1BM_,W?F%BJ)D*C,+4*-,$>w%~'@h )CQ1AN?vB&Q1(+*=&)CG>/*R>O*[mz./1B2*4=@,r>Y)+)+H]&&h **
=]?95HE*-,N1Bm\vB1B)+*4R%B=&>S!N'&%B,D)N1(m\)+*AvB*G,+2F"G%7)+Q1B=@J)C*-'@)+&%()Rmz13020Q176V5)+*AvB1B)+Q=M&T@*A1B=0Q2=&*
\8S0J
3 b `
e 10
Te 01
e 01
x Tx
Te 10
e 00
Te 00
3% ÊK13,+QMBQ=&%(0s13H/J*G"[) HFÊK)+,$%(=&Dmz1B,C9N*G>y1BH/J*4")
¾2M3?,C*R`3`BTQ` &*k% #=*q)+,$%(=&Dmz1B,C9#%7)+Q1B=Y1(m%R'F132=i)V6W2)+A,+*4D'E*G"[))+1#%(=<% #=*rH&%3D!W+*[)GT
,C*G"[13MB=2)+Q1B=j%(=&>j'E13+*r*GD)+Q9N%()+Q1B=A%(0QMB13,+2)+9 QM32v3*-=jHF*G02176T
D)%(+=F*-> 'N]?&N'&%3É "'F1i[ÊN13D*l1(9R)C)+'&F02*-%7*-,y).]2'F)+)J&h13*-2=iN,C*)CÉ}'%B,+F* *GÊ,y6W9N9N1/1/!>/"$>/N*G*-0Q01"-T 1BB9NmEfg=L%B*Gm')+'z&,C,C* 1B1~9.]9#Q9#'%7,+)C%71/"$)C&"-*-*G20Q=h CDMFyQP='EM)C1BWQ*w=39N)$%B*1/9R>/G13%3*-?"$0!-P=i)}TN1(É mr&*- 6K=RÊ13)+)+,+,C;@2*W'>/0Q'&*G1B,+'=*GE'* *-,+,1/>"-*-9R*G'EC1/*-D>/=&Q=*G>0M P
$
#$
# $
1)+/+1,CB"-Q9N"-'0202?&*-*W6W>+**G&->s0Q%(*GPi)K"[%()+13=&*G=}>I>R"[1713176{=&6O+6lQ9#D)*-C%B0Q10&=i()Ch5mFm)+*%(mz0!,CD**4*-%7*)C13?,C,*G,+%B*[*q.]03'E)+mz*4,$1B%\%7Q=3)Cmz?)$*GK",+%7*)CG?%('E,C=}1B*lQHE=i'E*\)C1B%Qmz=i1B()C?0Q0]n%=&mzB>y,C1B,+*29o=y>/)+)+*-&)+*G*q*V"[+%Q)+9NB*49R>s%B TMB*l*3fg9N=IP31/)C17>/6{*-*W0HEP79#)+*G&%BD)Q=i9hN"-N%B1B+*1/mB>/P()+*G)+0/*GMB98**[&)$%(,$%,CD)*
$
0!"-%(%3,CD*MB3*P3%3=]+?+?959NHE*-2,n=&M1BmE)+v31(*\)C%~*GvBGP*-7,$)+%(M3*W*v302*-!J),CK E2"-=#%7)C)C213*V=I&'&%3,+D1/N"[*4)$>/%(H?0Q,C*V*W!D?1&B"Gm"[*G%k*GD9>#GP3%B%B020E=&"[>I1B)+=FJ)*$%()$=i%B)+;5DQ!-n>*\/%(1B=&=&>R*BT)C&fg=I%7)l)C&%B!nH+EQ*G=D)M
)+fg=AQ9N)+*V&*k!n%6K('13,C'&D),+V1~./"-%3Q9ND*3%(P/)+mz*G1B02hk,VQ"-=&1BD)=&CD)%BC=&%B"[=3*k)4P(6W)C&*-*=A"[13)+&9N*k'9N02*-./1]>)J*-hk01B!mFV=)C1B*V)9#Q=A%7)$)+"$*5Q=>&Mk%7)CJ)%BC*-H&'N%B+*!n%(%7')'&%B,+021~0P&./*GQ9NvB*-%(,C)+h}*G02)Ch ,+QN'0QÉ *QÊT $
3` Tmz*G%7)C?,C*q'E1BQ=i)"[1]1B,$>/Q=&%7)C*Gl&%~v3*q+1B9N*r*-,C,+13,
eTW9R!CDQ=M#%(=&>Y*[.])C,C%Imz*G%()+?,C*r'F132=i)$
b&TW1]"G"[0Q?&+213=P/95?02)+Q'0Q*1BH/J*4")$
aFTW?=&D)C%(H&02*rH&%3D*4
ÑTW6K*G2,$>y% N=&*r)+,$%(=&Dmz1B,C9#K13=j%#+?H&+*[)W1Bm)C*'F132=i)$
?&»]*-+2)VQ=&l)?MRC'jM3*-*k)+13>9R*%(&*-)C)+%(%3,CHFDQY"q%B+*&)Cq%B%31BHDm&0Q*r29N=mzMF1B1/,WT>/*-9#0!GT%7)$"$2=&MI)C1#%R>&%7)C%BH&%B+*r1(m9R1/>/*G0Q
QV%B=YQ=2)+!%(0Q02hY*-9N'/)JhY&%B+y)$%(H0Q*BT
? 0 }*4%B"$j9N1]>*-0¿
0 }*4%B"$j1()C*-,W'E1BQ=i)VÃ<1(m
?
?
6 9
q*G1B9N*[)C,+!" U%B+Q=/ M ; 2=* ,,+*G',+1/"-*GCDQ=M
ª5ªI« ¸q¹ l±»¬u W´I®Iµ<¯±¯[´Rµ Y¯-³¬u [³q±¯[´RµA³ ³q± <¯-µA®
3 3 . 3
c_*5&%~v3*',+*Gv]213?&D0QhY>*GC"[,C2HE*G>j)C,+*G*k?&+*[mz?09N*[)C1/>Vmz13,9#%7)$"$Q=M#1BH&+*-,CvB*4>j29#%(M3*k'E1BQ=3)$W)C1
)+9N"[&131/Q=i>/)+*[*-+*.]0G)#"['E)+1BQMB1BQQ=3=vB)$*GPsH&=@6ly*NQ)+=@*[*4.)+D*%(j!9N}"6lQ$=*-&*5,C%B*y)C'/0Q)+1],C*G*-"G,G*N%(T 02dDUVmzQ*49N0Q%70W')C?)+02*N&,+*-,+M3d*G*-mz*<1/="-*G'&?&,C%(%B-P,$0%B'&'E>/%B13QMB,C+*9#%3Y>/Iv"-QMB02]?F9#2J)*GCVm6
*-,Cz132,C=,*GMF"-1BP1BH/MB%(J=&=F*4">S)C)r213MB,+=@*G*41B"[%B9N13N%MB*[=)C_2,+)+!9#Q"#1B= %(&'%36W'&D&22)+=2&=M_2MF=_mzT ,C)+1B&fg9 = *
)+mz9N,C*G1B1/,+99#>/*-10l%#BJ)+mEC29N,+=&?&MB1/"[0Q>/)+*q?*G9N,C0/*Gmz1/)*G>/%(+*G)+1 0s?,C)+Q*G1R9#GP)+%(B&MB,C**G*}"-1B1BD)H&+MB,C+*=&?&- ,C"[)CvB)+213?*4=I>},C*G!Q\&*9N5G%Bpi%OMB?*q$Qv77mz%(¤&*G0Q%(¥*-)+!=i¥$?)g,C-)+*G¤&1GTqn9#¡2% %B`$'-*q'¡£)+Q¤i=&yMk,+*G1(%r*mWD?'&Q9N%(},$%B%B"-MB>/2*N*GQ=3MBmz)K9#*4%7=i>)+?&?&/95,+X *4WEHE*G*-,VQ,nIQ1B=jD1mF3&mz?*417%7MB6 )+i?&)k)+,+&*4Q= *
9#%(''&2=MN!V>/*GvB*-0Q1B'E*G>T
+-¡2 7¾137?¤&,V¥T "[13=&"[*G'/)CQ9N'F13,D)$%(=i)W)+1N)C*9#%7)$"$2=&M#'&%(,$%B>/QMB9#%(,C*\© (¥ Nn¡2$ `$[¡ ¥ NW ~¥$¥ (¤FN-¤& ¥ NK 7¤E§
U 1B0Q *B8 P "-R1B,C!=r%*-(,= 1B,W13H/H&J02*G13"[H)\T 13,qD)+,C?&")C?,C*5Q= )+&*RC"[*G=*I+?&"$w%3,C*-M3213=wD*GMB9N*-=i)4PF*4>/MB*ND*GMB9N*-=i)4P
)+'FUV*G-= *n,+&80!%(%B;3'& *nÉ Dh]349I9:Ä HF133 0Bl%(Ä =&QK%> Yr9NÊY )+%B)+1q&'*'Q=&Q&=>/*-Mr!0!"->mz%7,C)C+h1B*i99I,+*GHF'&9N13%(%B0,+P7)C2=&)%B2=rC=1Mr%3+0Q%(%B+9IQHFMB*GH=0QQ9NGTMB ?*-fÌ=i2m )J)hB9#TÐ U@%~!h%'FrQ%(=&Q,C"-,+*-02Q?&M3=2>MI13*n=RÉ )++*&-*nÄM3w'&9N%(Á*-Q=i,l)ÉÊ%(Q=&Ð=&Ä>/> !"-Y %(Ê
Ð )+13*GQ,
+) F+*%7rQ)V))+9#C&*%(*'&&&%B%3+QD9#yY%()$)C%(M3%BH*\H0Qmz*q02*4*k%7)+"-1N)C,+?*4&,+%7=F*4)Cl)>y*G+>})C1NH]*k9Nhy"[1/)+13>/,+*-*,C0s*G'mz"[*4,C)l*-%79N'&)C?,+1/1/,+>/*4"[-T*G*40++%(Q=&=>yMID))++,$*G%('=FTJmz13,+9#%7)C213=
9
o!W%(=<%B"G"[?9I?0Q%()+13,%B,+,$%~hN2=F>/*[./*G>jH]hwÉ¿Ä 5Êl'&%B2,$GT
Á#!l)+*Q9#%(M3*qHE*-Q=M}%B=&%(0Qh]-*G>T
U W*4"[13MB=2)+Q1B=BÉ UkP UkP fDÊZ
@
fg=2)+!%(0Q2G*k%B"-"-?95?&0Q%()+1B,W%B,+,$%~h )+1#%(0Q0-*G,+1]*4-Z
?
¼0 .]})+,$*4%B%B"["$)jmz*GH&%7%B)C+?!l),C*q+,C'E2'1B0QQ*=i)Clmz,C1B9
29#%(M3*qÁFZ
? 0 }*G%3"$Y1B)+*G,W'F132=i) "
Z
¾0 Q=&}>Y*G%3)+"$Y*'E'E*G*G%B%B;w;/É ¿2=<Ä %B5"G"[Ê ?9I?0!%7)+13,W%(,C,C%~h kZ
<
ZZ *Gv]Q>/*G=&"[*r13=Y)C*Q9N%BMB* 43 73lÉ \Ê[Z
%3ÊKQ9#%(MB*r'E1BQ=i)C HFÊlF%(0Q?&"[Q=&%7)C*G>Y1BH/J*4")
Q1(¾=Am2M3%(%B?=j=Y,C*1BQ9#H`BJ`B%(*GM3TQ"`~*B)kÒ T &Éfg,+=yQMB)Ci*W)$!ÊKM3W**-)C[1B&.9N%7%()V*-9N)+6,C'Q%B"l0Ql=*B&P %31BD)Q%B="[1BM)+m?&%()+%B0Q&MB020Q*r13h},+mz2'*G)+%7,C&*G)C9f+*?-,C=i"-*q%B)W'E=I21B=jFQ=i%()C)C0Q?&É*r"[2Q029#=&*-%7m%()$)CM3Ê**B0Q)+*GT &>y%()K)+1R%r)+MB&Q*vB*GvB=I*-,C9N2&1/*G>/>Y*G0&]!hi''E1(,C)C*G+**G-+=i!)
qQvB*-=Y)+&*G+*rmz1B?,V"-1B=&"-*-'/)$-P/6l*k"-%B=j>/*-&=*k%N"[13=&+QD)+*G=3)W0!%(HE*-0Q2=&M&T
- ,).0/13254276829:4l5 R7-¤x I¥-[D¦©& 7 ¥ 0Nn I¥-[KD¦¡Q% `$[¡£¥¦[(\ =7¥[l© (¥ FNn R+[¡Q 77¤ R~-
0Nq (¤E§w A¥[$$7¤
§<+-¡2 ( (¤ o R~- FN\ x$7¤¥!¥g[¤F¡2$ `C-¡£¤] !¥y 7¤@ 7¥$¥$ B¤&#-¤&J¦N¡2$ `C-¡ ¥#g
^z¦ É
Ä Ê Nn5 =&[¤_É É ÊÄ É Ê+Ê M
Uo"[13=&D!D)+*-=i)V0!%(HE*-0Q2=&MImz13,)+!W',C1BH&02*G98Ql)C*9#%(''&2=M MBQvB*G=YHE*-0Q176?&
Image 1 Image 2
Ç /%P ]HP /"(P />sP ]*3P imJP ]MFP ]P ]P 4[P /;EP ]0P /9 T
|Ç
ÉÉ / a&PP
`B`B`~`~ÊÊP/PÉÉÉ
Ñ `3PPP
e3` ÊÊP/P}Ê ÉÉ
TÑ/`BP &P Ò(ÑBÊ[Ê[P/P#É É Ñ
P `3
P `3 `4Ê[ÊP]P}É Ée/P P /b3ÊP/Ê[P}É É P esP`B/`4aiÊ[ÊP/P#É &ÉÒ//Pb P i]ÊaiP/Ê[ÉP}FÉÒ]/P
b&`P 3ÊÊP/P#É &ÉÒ/]P a&sP `B`4ÑBÊ[Ê[P/P}É É ]aFP
P F` Ò(ÊÊ[PP
Ç
ÉÉ />sPP //Mi0!Ê[ÊPPFÉ É /]É/*3%PP /iP ]=Fm$ÊHFÊPFPÊ[ÉP}É ]]*BÉ /PP ]~%&+M]P Ê~ÊP+P&ÊÉÉPy]imJÉP P ]//;%MiÊ[PÊ]PPF=FÉÉ ]iÊ[P}mJPP ]]É =F]0ÊHÊPFPP É/Éi"44mJÊ[P P}]P ]9};É /ÊÊHPPFPÉÉ ]]>&M&;
ÊPP ]]PyF0ÊÉÊ[]PP&HÉÉ ]P/]0 M&P=F]P Ê[]9}Py!Ê[Ê P&É /É "B/T PM&P >&]Ê=FPyÊPFÉÉ/]>sP ]P ]*4Ê[ÊP}P&ÉÉ ]/>P P ]i;m$ÊÊPP
fÌmWÉ Ä
Ê P])C*-=XÉ É ÊÄ É Ê+Ê 1B,kÉ É Ê[Ä É Ê+Ê T
)+=D&,C1B*-*-)C0!9A%7%7)C)CTx221313=c\= P&RQD)6lC>/*k%B*[=&&6W"[=&,C*y*G )C>jQ*yImz1B`~2=]e,Vv7É %B%(5=],CÄ!h}%(R=i)JÊW6l)%(1R)+=&1x'E>:1B,+1B`~Q=i)Ce)C%7É \&)C}n213Ä *G=&%3k%"$ÊYB)+=&1y'F>_%(QQ=&)+,V>/,$1(%(!"-m=&%(+0)+!1B*%70Q)+*G)CQ&1B=F%7!)qW,kHC'F*-13?/0!2%7)R=i)C)$*G=>j1()RH]h}+"%BG=&%()+&0Q> *y*k "$>/&QD)%B%(C,+=&%B*kMB=&*B>"[T Q*D)CUHE%B*[H=&)J?&"[6l*}+*-2=&*G`~=Me
%(+*-'F*%(mz,+,C)K1BQ9f=y)C)+*\*9N>Q1/D)C>/%B*G=&0 P"[*+2)$9N%(QH0Q%B0Q*G,+GT0QhRmz1B1k,%B'E020Q1B17Q6O=3)$mz13,+1%BB=&9N> *V>/!TWJ)C`~1Be,+É )+Q1BÄ =Ny1BÊK,>/>1]*[*G)+*4" )C2;q13=# *-,C1B,+130!>s,GP]P76l17*V6l9N*-vB2M3*Gi,G)P]%B%(K60Q0217l6 *
$ 4 (
3 48 3 $%
J$¦V7¤&¡2 ¥$!$¥-g¡ [¥V¤FÌlW 7©&¥C 7¥ B ¥ ¤&\#¤y[7¤F[¤&NKg¢V-(©V©E (+`$5-=#C$Ì ( ¤YG]¥[(5=¤y=+ CW$C ©P (!^3¥V; gT ([¡!¥R ~¥$ 5¥¤E (B+$̤&$V#§R5 =&[[¤F 7K=+-Kg ©E+`$+Ì$[©
C¥-+ [[G]¤F¥[¥--¥VV¤& 7¥n¡¡(+¦[©g 7©E7¡ +¥C¥[¥¥-¥-`-[(¡2¤FN¥ ~5¥$ R+¥- CB¡2( 7¤&V#7©
[¤8¡2¤F-M Ì¥
-O-.0/13254276829:4
%` ZM C R
H ,A H ,B H1 ,C H1 ,D H1 ,E H1 ,NIL
1 1
21(H ,H )
1 2
26(H ,H ) 12(H , H )
1 3 2 3
H ,A H ,B H ,C H ,D H ,E H ,NIL H ,B
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
26(H ,H ) ~ 26(E,B)
0(A,A) 37(A,D) 1 3
21(A,E) 12(H ,H ) ~ 12(A,B)
+"[13=&176W+Q=YD)+*G>/=3?&)V*r%3)++1R+20QM3%3="$9N;#*-1(=im)G+'T&%3"[*B*rT'&%()+*A'F1(%7m)+0Qj%BHF1(*Gm0QW>0QÐ %B/HF*G*G=0Q>1()C/*G*G>Y=1(H])Ch}*G>j*-0Q02H]Q'&hN+*)+G*!W%HE(1~0!./D1*GNlh"[]132=&*G0Q+>&QD)W%+*GI=3"-)41BZ]9N17'6K0Q*[*G)+vB**G,G%BP]=&2> )
*- ,$%(0%(%(=&=&*W> >j,C *G)C1#"- ?&,C"-%(+%BQ=&vB=X>*l02HF*52=i*j%B)+*G,+D,+H&Q'&= )$,+MB%(*-0Q,C*})Ch%7,C)C*-W2130!%7dg=5%()C,C2)C13h},+=&*G,C*V-P*-D*0!%74+?&)C%(2,$"$13"$O=&I-P%B%Bk)02
M3+1B{,C*j %B)C=&"[139t>=
=!M*G"[BPE)+QvBQ,C1B*G%(=X=I)+HE,C*G*-*-,W0!0Q%717)+)CF6213%(T:=_=NfÌ)nJQ?&=S!n>D)13/?H*-,k&Q=&=&%(*4,$,C>RD)hy5)+,C1r*[*-.0!HF%7%(*)C9N2MB13'*-=&0Q=*BGTd P
1B>/,\!J)$)+%(&=&*-h "-*B"-T %B=wHE*N?=Q1B=&\1(mK%Y=]?95HE*-,r1BmK>/XWE*G,+*G=3)r,C*-0!%7)+Q1B=F-Ps+?&"$x%3\"-1B==*4")C213=P
'&%(,$%(0Q02*G0 Ps%B=&>
¾C%72)+=F!>yD&)C*Gl)*C9#*%(9N''&1]2>=*-MR0mz,C,C*-1B0!9
%7)C29R13=&1/D>/&*G20
'&lHmz*G]%(hy)+?%I,C*G)+),C*-C*k1N+*29#G%B%(,CM3"$*qT mz*G%7)C?,C*Gl)+F%7)
fLQQW)l)+C*k*k+*D*[-)W)V1(1(mmD)>/+*[1B)C,C*G*G">Y)C*G9N>j1/Q9N>/*-%B0
MBmz*q*4%7mz)+*G?&%(,+)+*4?-T,C*GGT
O!)+&*,+*G0Q%()+Q1B=&+Q'y17vB*G,l)+*Q9#%(MB*qmz*4%7)+?&,+*4-T
!)+*,C*-0!%7)C213=&+2'j17vB*G,)C*9N1/>/*-0smz*4%7)C?,+*4-T
<!)C*k"[13=&D!D)+*-=i)W0!%(HE*-0Q2=MR)C1#HF*,C*[)C?,+=&*G>sP/Q=2)+!%(0Q02h fnT
0 &}Ço*4&%B"$,$J)~É kÊ2= Z
?
Ç É Ä Ê Z I%B>>Y'&%B,D)+d0!%(HE*-0
)C1#2=i)+*G,+'&,+*-)C%7)C213=
;Ç)C,+?*3Z
;
H&;,+*4%(&F;
ÇoZ m%(0!D*3Z
0; 3
#;
0 W!+*Ço-9Ng,C=3*G'/)CD)*-)J4hs,CÉ 'ÉkÊ,C*[!)CZ Ê %()+Q41B= 3 1B,+*G?/* )C']?/*4)4%(É ,$"$QÊ[ZÉ Ä VÄ Ä Ä QÊ[Z
6+f
#; ;
#; ;
@
(%"[139N=&'D)W0Q+*B*G,$P0Q%(%(Q%(./=30Q)$%(0Km)+"-Qz1B1B,C= =&1B9D)?F+,$D*1B%(4=&Qr1=i*B)Cqm'&=%B0Qzh ,C,D1B)l0Q91]="G*-%(Q9NMB0]%("[HE)C13"$1B=&,CD)*4+11],$%(1]BQ>y=S=3)$"-%<q,%(=yC+%(Q=')+MB,+13*G0Q*#,'&%('&)CMi&%7%7%()C)CX=X*1(%(%Bm0Q"-0,+)+1i)+&+* )*}(C"-$#1B*q=&T1BD)UW+H/,$mJ)C%(*4*-Q"=i, ))Cq%)C1R~v72%B)+%(=*GQ1(,C0Q%(%B)C)+HQ*-021B*3,K=&Zs'&GPmz%(1B,+,0Q)K1/*-"-13.]%B= d0
2'&)R%B,D%<)CfgQ=+*"-[2?)+)I!0Q%(%B1B0Q,mV02h3'F%(P%(0Q%A,+0))+'F%B%(=&*4,+>ID*)5Y%B"-'F02%(0]1i=X1B+)++HEQH*}*G02,C*y0!GP%((0QHE%(%B*-=&HF0Q>I*G*G>:0QGTH]<hkH]hxc>/1B!%B+"Q=]=-hw,+Mr*-D1)+0!%(F*}HEP7,C*-,+*-*400!>/%7'E?&.*-"-%(,C*G)+9N)Q1B +)+=_)+*4**[>:.'E%(13Hi9NCh_DQQ=2H)C*G0Q)*Kk)J0!+%(h]HE'E*}*-*B0!Zn,Cm*-+?z0!1B%7',)C2'E)C13&13=&%7+*H#)E'&6K*[%(*})J,+6l)+%3!*-"[+*G?&+=SQ0QMB%B=% ,
'&"-%B%B=,D)4=:T 1Bfg)=#HE)C* *,C&*-0!P-%7)C)C*G*->N=I'6K,C*1BH&"-02%B*G=59"[131B=&m"["$0Q&?&%(>/,$*K%B"[)+&)+*-%(,),+)C*4"[*1BM3"[?=,C2)+,+Q*G1B=i=)P30Q*[m)+2)+)K*-,!n;"-]%B===176W1B)=NHE)C* &%7 )K)+TQ*fg=5mz1Bh30Q02*[17)6W%qQ=>/MkXWE0Q*G*[,+)+*G)+=i*-,)
>/c\13QC"9N[,C%B*[2=)C*yP/ ,Cm*-20!)V%7.Q;%7)C]2=13=_176W6=Y%B)+5'&F%(13)'%(?=A0!%(Q,C9N2G%B*GMB>X*rH],C*-h:MBQc\1B=Y%~v]Q!V=> c:1()W%(602)+%7B)+P*G6W,GP]&)C1w*-?&=<+*G%B>X=j213)5H/)CJ1x*G"["-)W1B2=&=AD)+2,$)V%(QQW==:&)+1()*Y%N0Q%BDHF&*G2'0Q T
*9
%BC+2M3=*G>x)+1<*4>/MB*41(mW0Q2=&*y>/,$%~6W2=Mi-T_Éc:%(02)+#F0 )C*-,C2=MwQk>QC"[?&C+*G>:Q=:)+*#)C*[.])5H]hc{Q=&D)+13=T Ê
c:%(02)+?FD*4>%(=k%(0QMB13,+2)+&9 6W2)+5+1B9N*+*Gpi?*G=i)+!%(0B"$&%B,C%3")C*-,4Z4&*-,C*n6K*',+*4D*G=i)%W'&%B,C%B020Q*-0B%B'',C13%3"$T
Ul))C*5*G=&><1Bm)+*5&,CD)\'F%BC-P
%B\%BH02*Y`B`3T ÑN+176VGP&)C*-,C*I%B,+*k13=0Qhy)J6l1}0!%(HE*-0!'E13CDQH0Q*kmz13,
Y(P]1B=&02hN0!%(HE*-0 ,+*G9#%(Q=&mz13, Ð P]%(=F>#1B=0QhN0Q%BHF*G0 ,+*G9#%(Q=&mz13, TUl)K)+*q*-=&>}1(m'&%3+`V)+&*
,C+**G[)V>/?&!lm"-*Gz>Y?,D0Q)C%BHF*-*G,V0&D*0-)C)C*-W%,C*GB>Y,+*q2=<9#%3%BDh>/]*=&%~"$v7%(,C1BQ0Q=&%B1BH?&0Q*K'mz&13%(,,$)+%(0Q0Q*r*-0s'&1B%B,$,C>/%B*G020Q,G*-T 0
',C1/"[*GC+2=MR1(m'&%BCWe/P/6W*G,+*r*4%B"$y0!%(HE*-0
%BH02*N`3`BT a&<!>/6l%~h})+,C1B?M3yF,CD)W'&%BC1(m,+*G0Q%(./%()+Q1B=Y0Q%BHF*G02Q=M
U ^ c ¼
Ð =FÉ k&Ä 1 wÊÇ e EÉ}=Ä1 wÊǽe/` EÉ =Ä 1 wÊÇ e EÉ <=Ä1 wÊÇ e e/ `iÉ \Ð Ä
É YY ÊÊ
e É Ð Ä
É
4GÊÊ
`4e&É Y ÄÉ
44Ð ÊÊ
`4e&É Y
ÄÉ ~4Ð ÊÊ
=&1
FÉ kÄ wÊÇ e
`~eÉ BÄ Y Ê
É Y Ê
e É \ ÄÉ Ð ÊÊ
Ð
%(H&02*#`3`BT Ñ &UWm)+*G,"[139N'02*-)+Q1B=A1(m)+*rF,CD)V'&%BCl1(m,+*G0Q%(.%7)+Q1B=Y0Q%BHF*G02Q=M
U ^ c ¼
Ð
Y
= 1
= 1 &
= 1
= 1 E
'
'E13C=D1 QH0Q* 'F1i+=+1 QH02* 'F1i+=&+1 QH02* ==11 ==11 3
1 C D Q
H Q
0 *
%BH0Q*#`B`BT£Ò#&UWm)C*-,"-1B9N'0Q*[)C213=Y1Bm)C*r)+Q,$>Y'F%BC1(m,C*-0!%7.%()+Q1B=y0!%(HE*-0QQ=M
U ^ c ¼
Ð
Y F
' i
1 +=&+1 QH02* ==11 =&=&11 ==11 'E13C=+1 2H0Q*
=&1 'F1i++2H&02* =&1 =1 =1
!V%R,+*G0Q%()+Q1B=&+Q'Y17v3*-,6W!"$j"-1B9N'&%()+QH20Q2)Jh}Q>/*[)C*-,C9RQ=*4>sT
%28
0 }*G%3"$_É Ä É Ê+Ê
7
?
0 }*4%B"$j0Q%BHF*G0 É Ê
0 }*G%3"$Y,C*-0!%7)C213= NÉ Ä Êl17vB*G,)C*29#%BMB*r'&%(,+)C
?
É 4Êl6W )C NÉ ]Ä ÊlQ=A9N1]>*-0
?
<>/*G02*-)+* mz,C1B9 É Ê
6
3 l=1#"$&%B=MB*q2=<%B=ihYD*-) É Ê
6 49
#@ c!C"[,C*[)+* W*G0Q%(.%7)+Q1B= %BHF*G02Q=M
\8S0J
3
b &`
mz'&?%B1B=&,Dm "[))+CQ1BT P=&)+*5Qr% +*[y)VÇ +*1B[mn)rF%(1(Í 0Qm Ð02176Y -%(ÄH"-&1B0Q*qÍ 9N0Q'&%B%7HF6W)C*G20QH&m*-20Q,Cz 13* )J,Vh F'&Í "-%B1]É ,D* ) Ên}$Q"[)TlQ+*-/&=i?*)C''E138+*eÇ )+e& Î %(') ,C1B ÄH&%B]Ç8HÇ Q022`3)JÄ hkTK)C&[Ä %7*G)l= Z 0QY%BHFÇ8 t*G0 `B!ÄV%!Kv#~[D*Ä%B-02)!S>N1(mmzÎ 13,
$ $
%B=&>j'&%(,+) &T
FÍ É ÊnÇ FÍ É Ê ÉD`B`BTQ` Ê
mz1BF,Í *G%BÉ "$Ê A'&!"%B,D[) 139N%('=F?/>Y)+*40!>A%(HEmz,C*-1B0 98Tl)CUl)*5*G'&%3,+"$*GjviQ21B)+?F*G,CV%(D*)+-Q)\1B= %(=Fj>j1()+m)+*5&*k"-1B,+9N*G0Q'&%(%(.)+%7Q)+HQ21B0Q=2)JP&hY%NQ=/=mz*-1B6,C9#+*%7[)V)C2131B=mT '&,+fg13=wH&1B%(,$H>/Q*-0Q ,)C2)C*41
&Í Ð É ÊnÇ &Í FÍ É Ê[É ÉD` Ê-ÉJ` É Ê+ÊÉ Ê+Ê
%<
ÉD`B`BT e Ê
; %< ;
b
ie
!#"$"%"
p1 l1 l5
p4 p2 l4 l2 l6
p3 l3 l7
model image
parts labels
)+'&F%B%7,D*I)\)$-P=i!KW)?&H&9RC%B*G+**5,CG%(>@'&)+,+131B1/,V=@>/1(?&)+m"[) )C* &*5Í"-?*-,CÉ.],+'&Ê *G ,+=3*4)N+É +'ÊW213,C1(1B=<mH&%(%B)C0QH0217*IQ026V2"-)+W??Q*G,+FN1,CV)*-B=iCm)V1Y)+'%B&,C>&*-1BQ>jHF,#%()+17H1}6WQ02)C=@2)JhA*I'E13"-%(?C=&D,C>jQ,+H*G)C0Q=3*A)\*50Q'%B13HF,+'13*G2H&=&0QGT%(2{13H&=&20QV1 )JBh *<m&1B>/Í )+*-=É *G13,Ê9N,C%N2*-=&0!)+%7%(*G)C)+,+*G139 > ,
=13,+9#%(0QQ-*GK)C**[./',C*GCDQ1B=YH]hY+?9N9RQ=MN17vB*G,W%(0Q0s'F1i++2H&02*0!%(HE*-0!lmz1B,W'&%B,D) $T
^K1B=i)+Q=13?& W*-0!%7.%()+Q1B=
¾+*-2MBM39N?,C*G*O=3)$`B%`3BT e ,+*5C%D(&!17>A6V)Cy%1ySHE*59NQ1/=<>/)+*G0r*R%B,C=&*-> 0!%7)+%BQ= 1B=F2D9#%BQ'OMB*B-PW¡2~*4¥-%B B"$§ ½2"-m1B)+9N*G'E213,q+**-G=F>{>/1B'Fmk13202=iQ=)$**xG+* -)CM39N*-,r*-=i"[13)CGT2=&f"-Q>*56l1B1O,q0Q%(2=&,C**
! @
1(H]mhx)+Î*r}QÇ|9N%B` MB*r ½>/*[É F=Ä *G>Y4Ê H]h Ç É Ä T 4Ê \ D* Î %B=&> T HFÊl)+13cMB*-*[&)C=*q*-,r)+&)C1 *q"->/1B*[9NF='&* %7)C 82H&2Q0Q=X )Jh}%A"-9N1]* %B}=="[Q*G*-,=i1()C m
C
hB'E13*-?,C'F,r*G"$=&>/1]!13"[?+20!=%(MF,4PiT %B=&*-><) T FÑÍ 2mÉ 1B4=&Ê\*HE!*RK>/M3!2%(v3M3*-=w1B=&%3%BR`0&%(I=F2>Nm )+*qF1(%B)C\)+*-,K*#QKC%(9N13,+*RQ-1B13,C=32)$*G%(=30F)$%71B)C,213v3=w*-,+)+%B!"-%BB0 TP c*- &mK=)+* *G&hwÍr%(mz13,C*,
A9
H)+E&*I*j%}"G*-,C%B) *-+*0!B%7Pn)C_26l13Ç =&*Y%(6W0 Q>/0Q0*GÐ C"Ä %3[>,CQ>S-'/Ä )+ *GQ=1B1B=<?&HE6WMB*O2)+%x>/,+?&'&*G9R0Q%(%(,+9I)+)\Q1BhX+*=&[%B)'&0(%(y>/,+)C*G!T I)C"[c_C,C1wQ*I'/)C)+6WQ1BQ*j0Q=q0+96W%3#+ )C+?%(0Q029N*G'&,R%(*,++*)+)[F+*)R%7[)))+1_X 9#%B=&%( >;3Ç *Y 2 X)I)CÇ£Z
*<2mn"-)+Ð%3&ÄD*Q\3T:Q[\=Ä &1B*)
> > > > > >
%BC+?9N'/)+Q1B=jQV9N%3>/*r2=A13,C>/*G,l)+1#MB?F%(,$%(=i)+*G*V)+F%7)W)+&*,+*G0Q%()+Q1B=&%B0
>QD)C%B=&"[*!W%R9R*-)+,CQ"BT
*-) #HF*W%(=]h13=*[dÌ1B=*3P71B=i)+1\9#%(''Q=Mqmz,C1B9 @)+1 }T¾13,%B=]h P
%\'F1iD2)+QvB*lQ=3)C*-M3*-,4P
)+&*yC(V©&~¥7¤ <1Bm,C*-0!%7)C213= 6W2)+jmz?=F")+Q1B= wQM32v3*-=jH]h
1'DË É Ên
Ç Ä Ço`3Ä [Ä
Q=3)C1 !"[1B39N)C?'E'130Q+*GW1)C2B13m =} 1B'E *-T ,$%7)C1B,)C%(;3*G 3)C?'0Q*Gl1(m ½%(=F>}9#%('&)+&*-9AP"[139R'E1B=&*-=i)lH]h#"[139N'F13=*-=i)GP
$ > > >
" 8@
"
)+&* )CA*'&mz?%(=&Q,W")C1(2m13="[1Bj,C,C*G9#+'F%('F13=&'>/&Q%B=,DMI)$nm,C*-z,C0!%71B)C9 213=&+*[rÉ) )C1I%(=F'&> %B,D)$mÊlz,CQ=1B9 +* [) %B=&}> T*I!WM¥$3S 2G&v3-*-B =yG/+H] (h ¡E-+71(m Ymz13,
É sÊnÇ [ ÏÐ [
<
>
%(=F>y*5D)+17,C6 ?&"[9#)+?%(,$=]%(h#0*G)+?&,+,C'1B02,W*4WQ=&Q=>/!"-%()+%(*4W,C*q=&171(6)V9N9#%B%(=]'h}'E*G)+>j?&'H]02h*4QÏ= Ð )C1N%()+,C?*'&=02*41(W)\2=9N%B ''ETn*G>AH]*kh D)+w,C?&)+"[1N)+?)C?,$%('0s0Q*G*G,+,C21B= ,lQ
*[./',C*GC+*G>}6W2)+<,C*G+'E*G"))C1R13=0Qhy1B=&*q'F%(Q,W1(m"-1B,C,+*4D'E1B=F>/2=&MI,C*-0!%7)C213=&-T
}É sÊKÇ É sÊ
Ð
>
)+&*I'?&,+*I,+*G0Q%()+Q1B=&%B0'&%B,C%3>/2M39»"G%(= HE*5?FD*4><)+1jD*G02*4")\)+*R',C*[mz*-,C,C*G>A9#%(''&2=MFTq 1B,C*)+&%B= 1B=&*
b
Ba
!#"$"%"
1 2 a b
3 4 c d
R S
¾ 2M3?,C*R`3`BT e/`$&6l1R>2M3,C%B'&6W1iD*r,C*-0!%7)+Q1B=F%(0s>/!J)$%(=&"-*q!Vb&T
HE*GD)9#%('&'2=&MV6W20Q0]1/"-"[?&,6W*G=k)+&*,C*-0!%7)+Q1B=F%(03>*GC"[,C2'/)C213=&Q=]vB1302v3*"[*G,D)$%(Q=;iQ=&>1(mEDh]9N9N*[)+,CQ*GGT
MB,$%(ÉD'&c_`4&Ê*k-PÇ &20Q*G0Q%B?&Ä "$J)<CÉ,Ce3F%(Ê)+%~*viÇ
Q)C=~MNÄ*5mz,C13É*-b3?0!Ê%7,)Cǽ=2131/Î7=&>/Ä %(*40-TÉW>aiQÊUD)CÇ%BHF=&*4"[J)*kq&6W9N¾132%B)+,x')+'D*QG=!9vBM#*-#,$mz%(,C%(1B0'9 *['.Q=%(o9NM#Ç '6l0Q*r*GGT`B&WÄ$%~e/¾vBÄ+*Qb&MBÄD?&a ,+*#)C`31 `BTe/`kÇ +176V Ä )~ÄCJÎ76lÄ 1}>/Q d
>
Ç `
}É sÊ Ç
[ ÏsÐ [ <
Ç ` `
<
Ç e
]Q=&"[* Q%IHE*GD)V9#%(''&2=MFP])+*,C*-0!%7)C213=&%(0s>/!D)C%(=F"[*!W%(0!D1}e/T
%)+(1#=FÐ>je ¿ Ä/bY )+!*1N[b .%3Ä/"%()+=&0Qh >Y`3%5T >/V?179N6 9I"-h}1B=&'+,C!2>/9N*-2,W)+Q9NvB*V1/>/)C1I*-0!V¿a VÐ =F%B>/=&*->j,l¿ )+& Ql9&#%(*r''&HE2*G=D)MFVPi9#)+%(*r'''&Q%B=,CM#%B029#0Q*-0F%('F,+*Gr`0Q%(\)+Q)C1B1<=&`l%(Ä&,Ce*Ð
;; ;;
; ;
; ; >9
>
> ;;
\8S0J
3 b
iÑ
Connection 4"
Connection (1",2")
(1,2) 1 (1",3")
1"
(1,3) (1",4")
2 3 2" 3"
Parallel Parallel
(2,3) (2",3")
M1 M3
Connection
(4*,5*) 4*
Connection 1’ (4*,6*) 5* 6*
(1’,2’) 2’ (1*,5*)
(1’,3’) (1*,6*) 1*
3’
(1*,2*)
Parallel (1*,3*) 2* 3*
0
Parallel
M2 (2*,3*) M4
(5*,6*)
a 3)+¾1q2a=F(Ä%((0Q02Ñh5K"-)C1B1r=&Ñ+!7Ä>/7*-%(,=F9N> 1/>/K*-)C0!1n¿ É%(Ñ=&>N%(¿=F> Bl%B,+**lHF>/*4?J)9Nn9#95%Bhk''&',+QQ=9NMr 9N)C2v3%B*G'>`ʾ&1B)C,1R)+` &QÄB9e #%()+'1k'&e 2=ÄBMqb 6l*K)C1r&%~b v3* Ä
; ; >
> ;; ;; ;;
b
!#"$"%"
Ð ÏsÐ Ð Ç Éa ÄCÑ Ê[Éa Ä Ê-ÉJ` ÄCÑ Ê-ÉJ` Ä Ê[ÉJ` Ä$e Ê[ÉJ` Ä+b Ê ÏÐ [
ÉJ` Ä$e Ê-ÉJ` Ä+b Ê-ÉJ` ÄDa Ê
;; ;; ;; ;; ;; ;;
Ç Éa ;; ÄCÑ Ê[Éa Ä Ê-ÉJ` ÄCÑ Ê-ÉJ` Ä Ê[ÉJ` Ä$e Ê-ÉJ`
; ;; ;; ;; ;; ;; ÄCb Ê [ ;;
;;` ÄCe Ê[ÉD` Ä+b Ê[ÉD` Ä+a Ê
;; ;; ;; ;; ;;
Ç Éa ;; ÄCÑ Ê[Éa Ä Ê-ÉJ` ÄCÑ Ê-ÉJ` Ä Ê
;; ;; ;;
Ç a
Y [ Y Ç Ée ;; Ä+b Ê [ e Ä+b Ê[ÉÑ Ä Ê
;;
Ç Ée Ä+b Ê [ Ée Ä+b Ê[ÉÑ Ä Ê
Ç
Ç
ÏsÐ [ Ç Ée Ä+b Ê[ÉÑ Ä Ê ÏsÐ [ É e ÄCb Ê
Y Y ;; ;;
Ç Ée Ä+b Ê[ÉÑ3Ä GÊ [ É e Ä+b Ê
;; ;; ;; ;;
Ç ÉÑ Ä Ê
Ç `
IÐ É sÊ Ç
%<` SaIÇ Ñ
É sÊ Ç `\Ço`
Y <
}É sÊ Ç
)+%<Q1B"[=x*13=%()+=1AHE*417%j"vB)+*qQD*1B4>/=:p3*[?&F,C*-*-==&0! %7"-)C)C*I213213=Y1B=wmK%B'&mz0Q13+1%BR,k,D)$>02-PQ1i=*4*y"-l=1B+*=i-)C1(M3%B)9N2=&&*-q1%(=i=F)C3r9>/=02*IN*13Q%(MB,r)Di)+9R)5,CQH13&?/,+%~*R)+v3*4*N%7>})+%3)+,C%,C*-20!H(%7=S?)C)+213*G%(=&r1)D)+lB,C2Qmn=YH)+?/&6W)+*R*NQ,C)C"$*-j0!*y%7*G)C%B%3213="$=#MBT50Q)+*N?&¾&HF'1B*-02,r*3)J6KP*[.Q*G=j%(*-9N=:%3>')+>/&0Q*B2* d P
@
"[+*[13) ==|*4"Q)+#%Q=:M +*+*[-) M39R *G=i )CGTy¾13 ,+9# %(0Q0QhBmzP13%B,}=SD13%79N)+)+*j,C2H=&?1B)+=*G=> *GM3
%(dÌ)+,+Q*GvB0Q*y%()+QQ=i1B)+= *GMB 8*-, 17v3*-,)C&'&%7%B)y,D)5+'E+*[*G) "[2|%&*4R)(=F+>_*A%()D=])C?,+95QHHE?/)C*-*,
$
1(,C*-mV0!%7%()+)DQ)+1B,C=FQH-T?/)+*4kQ=:)+*y,+*G0Q%()+Q1B=TAc*-&=*j%A9R1/>/2&*4>X,+*G0Q%()+Q1B=&%B0n>/!J)$%(=&"-*}2=:)C*-,C9#k1(mV%()D)+,CQH?/)+*4>
&
?%(%(=F0Q'A0>59N)C9#1/*5%7>/)$9N*-"$0!k1/V">/-)C*-1B0!=i*-VM9t)C3%B22Qv3==R*-Q==j9RMN)+13&)C,+**5*G>/'&+**-%B)C,D,+%()C*GQQ00Q%B%(T0)+MB*41q>y,$%(%3mz'*4"$<%7)CQD)*-?+vB,+,C*K*4?&V%)+"&)C(?Q=FGP,C>Y(*B6lT M3*l2qv3"G2*%(v3=R*-*G=A%3H"$?)JY6lQ0Q1B1}>Rm"[%()C13=I213=&2=&+*"->*-=i*[9N.k)+,C1/)C!>/"&*-%7"[0!)nW1Q,C%(B"-0Q02=&0Q*417*-P6VFvB?6K1(F)C**B)0QTl1]C1r1B;j021]*-?1B='; P
&6l!H,$*kJ)02?1])CQ13*G0 )W;yD)n1 ?6W'w2Q0Q=%B0/*r02=017HF9N6O*-mz1]1BF>,C%~*-*\vB0!V*K,C*G&)J"-6K%~1Bv]1qM3Q==vB 1BM})C)+213*G"[=y13GT=H]=h#*G&"[*[*G)+.]+**4)Cl>6,C0Q%31] "1B)+;]Q=>/?MN*G'&MB"D,CQ*-GMB*k%(=&=R"-F1BHF"G,C*V%(==i>*-),$1BH&=Hl*2=F%(,$%(=]%(,Chy'h#!9N>/,+0Q*G1/h0Q>/%('*G)+,+Q0Q1B,17=&v]+m!*G>/'Fz*G,+*4>k13%798)+)+Q&=*G%(M#%3)"$mz%(y,C=R1B9N9
2=F1/>/)+>/&*[*-. * 0
%(=F>y,C*G"-1B,$>/2=&MI*4%B"$j2=<%R021]13;i?&'y)$%(H0Q*BT
")+[Q131B=&=+P3Q*-D)6l)C1*VB6Wm
8Q%r020
Ç +*%B[C)nD?&¿1(9RmsÐ %7*VÄ$)+¿ )+)+,C&2Y %(H&Ä )?/)+*G*4%3[>IÄC"$¿#'F'&%(" ,+%()C,+HF)*R&%y%3%'>k02%(?F)C+n%%(2=&HFqMB%B0Q0Q+*%B*VHF0Q*G%B1(02mHF*4*G>I'V0 Pi13,C*-,$H/%70!J%7)+*G)C&"[2)*-13,n= 9N)C &1]%(>=}*-T0!-T%k¾&q1BvB,n¼*G"[+%B2)+"$9N13<,n'131(0QQH/m"-J%(*G)J)DhI"[)+)\,C1(Q9NmEH*[?/1/./)+>/*4'*-%0!0%(B=&¿ =&%(> "d
> > >
)+'&F%B%7,C)I%B020Q'F*-%(0
,+0Q)+2!="[*?0!+*%(-,M39R)J6l*G1(=idÌ)CMB",$-%(%B'&=y+THE*qfg=X,C*[1B)C,+?Q,I*-v3*[*G.>s%(T9Nc\'?0Q*B,C2P=%(MR0Q0,C*G9N"[131/MB>/=*G20Q)+R"Q1B[=Y13=31()$m%(%BQ==YQ=13MwH/J%(*G=X"[)K*Gmz02,C0Q1BQ'&9
D*y%(HF=y*-Q)J9#6K%(*G*-M3=X*BP])J)+6l&1*
b
!#"$"%"
W6¾"[?&2,$M39I%(?'mz,C*G'E*@,+*G*G>_`3=&`B"[%(T*re7,C1Ba!Wa?& =F>wÉ %A*-'&m)$"[ DÊ./h]*-0Qfg20!=&9#GT>%(*-M3,*x1(1BmmI"[Q"[,C*G"-=3?)C9R*-,Amz*-,C1(*-m =&\"-* Bea '&H 2 2./0Q0 *-Zj0!-ZÉl"-*-Éz,C=i2)+M3*G3,$)ÊYÊqQ+%9NB9R%BMB*#*x%31("mR[U*-=i=&)C>/*-,C,*-*[6 ."-i*-%B'/"$)k;/"[+1BQ,+= d
9
mz%B*G"G%("[)+??9I,C*G?%0!%7()+,C13*l,C*-GP.]/)+1B,$=&%B*\")Cmz*G13>N,V%(*G=F%3"$>#A%(9R0Q0/1/)+>/*V*G0)J6KQ=A1B)+dM3,C*k%B>'%(&)C,%B+H&*G%B'+*,C*G+*%(-,C=i*r)+Q%B=02Mq0D*)+-)V*)+21#9#G%(*-M3,C*W1&%(T,C*V"[*G1B=A9N*G'%B?"$)+Y*G>)J6lTU½1(dÌMBD*,$-%()n'1( m
mzQ%(=}1B0QMB,I)+13&*G,+%3*\2)+"$Q&_9#913%(=MB6l*\*B1BT Q?K?0!&> &+*G*y%3>}>>/>{)+!15+"-%SQ,+=&*-'>/)+,C*}*-1B.#v3HF*-)+%(,$HD*qQQ021B2&)J=:%3hLD1(#v~m%B)$)C02%(?&H*w*y0Q*B%(QP]=&0QMB,CJ)*[C13)C*G,+,+%32Q)+>s*-&v3Tf9º*WUV)+%3m>*q)+>*-0Q,<1QD)l3%B=021B0\*#m)J%B)+6K1 C1BD1/d)+M3"-,CQ*Y%(%B)+'vB*G&1(>N)CN*B9N&Zn1/%~%<>/v3* *G'&0Q,+GPvB13/1BH&%()+%(=&*4H>s>yQPW0QvBQD))+1(+&)C!**"
9N1/>/*-0!W6W2)+j)+*0!%(,CMB*4J)=]?95HE*-,$1(mvB1B)+*GW%B,+*"G%(=&>/!>%()+*Glmz13,WvB*G,+2F"-%()+Q1B=T
ª5ªI« ´Iµ G¯-µAV³² ³² <¯-µA®
QV%(=A=j13%B=Q9N=A0Q2=%B29#*4MB%(*r%(,M3Q6l=A*BZ/%B"-,+mz,+13'&*4,W2%7=)C*[MV2.v3mz%(*\?9N=&6'"%~)C0Qh/*B213-TP&=&,C%%3¾>/(2M3Q,C%B*K?0,C%B>/*R0Q+1!J)`3C`B1BQT9N,+e()+bI'FQ1B13D=Y,D)$17mz%(6V,+=i13W%)G9
:T Rcx%I=*13F=+9#0Q2%~*-=hrh3*4*%(=,W02*-*G*46=&>%(-T)+,C&1\'y;\,+6W,G*4P/")C6l!"$mz*Ah9#9#=13%~%(=h}'&0QW%26l=R%B*4=i%(,C,)W*-MB>/)+?&1#!J)0QC%B>/1B,l!,+J)M3)+CQ1B,+1B!,+=> )
)+1BQ=Y&=i*-)C¾=y1I2M3%Rv]?Q"[*-,Ch]6l*502*GQ`B=&>R`3>/T )Ce(*Ga&,G*qTT"-fgh]=i)+02Q*q?=&2Z*>/)+W
Q*GvB,*G*G"[mz02)Wh3,C1BPiQ9K)6l+*q&%7=m*q%B*-C%,G*4(T>#9N)+*r1N!%Bl"$KC%1](m139N6K+**V*q+166WB%(9N,C,C%B'}*''E%(Q9#'&*G>y'%(02M3%kQ*q*G>#F%(%7.])+)1I!l"Q%k9N[1B)J%B6K,CMB,C*r*G*G=i+'%()JF,ChR131B=&?>/>/13=FQ02>}=0!%(M%I,K)+"-H15h]Q0202)+0
Q=&!*K>/*G+"-,l*-17=i%B6W)+=&*G=> ,
1(+ml"-1B%Y9N"-'hi,C0Q*GQ=&C>/y*-,r1 WS%(=F)C><*})+&"[*-h]=_0Q2=F?&>/D*R*-,k%}%(mz.]13!,+q9I2=_?0!%})C6W*#1B!?/"$w)C'9N?/)k1/>/Q9#*-0!%(qMB*317T#6o¾)+QMB&?&*R,+*j'& ./`B*-`30!T \1e(aj(mn+)C176V*N\)2=J'&6K?/1A)629#%(,C%('&M3GZ*56W)+&Q02* 0
,C2M33)C9N13D)13=*r?&+*GW%N"[h]0Q2=&>*-,W1(m+9N%B020Q*-,W,$%B>2?&K)C&%(=j)+&*k"[*-=i)C*-,W1B=&*BT
¾2M3?,C*R`3`BT eBÑR+176VW176 )+1}>/*G,+QvB*r)C*5"-hi0QQ=&>/,CQ"G%(0s6%(,C'T c_*5"$1]13+*%(=<%7./!mz1B,V)+*k6%(,C'
\8S0J
3 b
X U
[x, y] [u, v]
W
d r
d φ d’
x u
0 0
W
I
Y I V 2
1
input image output image
+*%B-"G*-"[=A13?)C=i1y)Cm13z1B0Q>,rTV%#¾mzQ,$,$%BJ)"4)CP213 = Ç1(mÉ)+&%(e3\) &ÊgÍ} +2 =&"-*Ç %BÉ "G"[1Be3?&Ê=3)$%BWm=&> z13,+21B= =&:*5Ç pi?& %(,+)+Í]*GTI,V1(^Km1B)+9I&H*I2=&"[Q2,$="[My?9R)+mz*4*-D*,CI*-=Fh]"[2*B*GT0Q>
#
"
>/%#1R>/)+QMB&2Q)CGP%B/0)+2&9#*-,C%B*qMB*B6lP&1B6K?&*k0Q>Y6lHF1B*?&0Q=&>j1R0QM32;3?&*r%(,$)+1#%(=iMB)C*G*-=*\*-)+,$&%7%()C)l*)C*G%3*"$j1B?%B)+=&'>A?/)V*-v3Q*-9#,Ch}%(M3'*q2.]6l*G1B0?&1B0Qm>Y13&?/%~)+vB'*q?)*G%3*["$.y%B"[')+20Q./hy*-013+*=&["[)4*kTn%B¾=&13> ,
1B?&H+2)C=&%(M}Q=_)+&)+Qr%*#('&'& './,+*-1i0%Bv~"$%B<02?&2)q*I!mz\*,C1BG9 %B+Q)+02hA*#'EQ13=C'D?QH)50Q*529#mz13%B,MB*#)C%B*Iq)13C?/)+*N'&?/mz1B)q0Q02Q179#6W%(Q=M3*kM<)+%(1Y0QMB&13%~,+vB2)+*I&99N1BD,C*5171B6V,GT}mz*-6l<*-13,q,+*G'172.]vB*G*-0Q,4P
)+Q=3F)C%(1R=_)+)+**yQ=2=''&?/?/)\)k29#29#%(%BM3MB**B%(TY=&>w¥-*} 7"[13©E=&¡2V"[*G )4'/T )kQq)C&%7)I2=:MB*G=*-,$%7)C2=&MY)C*#1B?)+'?/)kQ9#%(M3*BP6l*<# C© `$ 3 !
a
!#"$"%"
Ð ÁE*-Â,+Ãmz1BÄDÅi,C98Æ!)%NC"[h]*0Q22=&=&>',+?/!"-)V%BQ0s9N6l%B%BMB,+*3'YT 1B'E*-,$%7)+Q1B=T
,
Y ÁEÂ Ä BÆ!l)+&*1B?/)C'?/)VQ9N%BMB*3T
! "
Í0 Ç }?
e & Ç P ZV,C176VJd$`
0 }v8& Ç P "[130QDd$`
?
?
Y ÁEÂ Ä BÆEÇ Z 5+*[)%3H&%B"$;]M3,+13?=&>
mWÉ [ Í7Ê
!
!
"
!
H!"-?/%()0V+1%BB%3,+9N>/M3?Q*[%B9N)C029N>/*-=i!*GJ))CC"q>1B-,+/%B)+*G=kQ>1B'=N?&,C"[Q1]*In'>)+?&&,+"[*4%(*KD*)qG0Q%B=i,$,+%B)nM3>2*n=NQ%B*-09N,C,+>1313QD),CD)n+13022*G=k,D=&)C'&2+*13G= \&1()C2=x1B2)n9N)+9N&*[)C2*IM3,+!30Q"n1/)n"-9NM3%71*G)C%3213?D?=w=&=,+1B*G1BmK9R)+!%(*G"[=x=i*4>I)C29#H]2mhI%(=M3i*G1B?&><)9N"['E13%B1B,+=NQ,C=i*G2)=i"[)+)+Q*4*Gq'>s,+'&T7,+,C,n*-1B)+'E]*-h/1B,$Dd,+GPd
@
1("[%(13ms=F,+>y)C,C*GÎ *q"[)+,CQ"-%31B%B>/=&=}QKm%BHF0Ez13*q>,QmzD)13)+C?%B*=&=&>}"[Q9#*H]%()+h#1IMB*G*q"-9R1B'E9N'&1B2Q',C=3Q?/)$"GV%)C%(*0
()C,CJ)*rC?&*%B>/lm,$h#%Bz>1B1BQ0Qm%B0Q17)+0E6V>/*q-P!D),$+%3%B1B+>/,++?)+!%(Q1B9N0
=>/2T=&!D'MR0!6l%B*q"-*r*-HE=9N*G*-D)*-*4l=i>}v7)$1)C%(0QB?*rm*4&;]nm,$=zJ)1317W,6W)J)C=Y6l1R*\"-1B"-*-=i1BvB)+=&*G,C=AD)1BC0F%B'F'F=31713)$6l2KÎ=i*-)C,$Y
1B,WH]h#mz13,+9#%B020Qh}?&+2=&MR0Q*G%3J)+dÌCpi?&%(,C*G)+)+Q=M#2=<%N"-%B02QH,$%7)C213=Y',C1/"[*4+GT
Ç
É+ÉzÃgY [xÃ Ê Y ½ÉzÅ0[xÅ Ê Y Ê < ÉD`B`BT e/`~Ê
Ç ÉÎ Y SÎ Ê
Ã Ç Ã Ézà [_à Ê
<
<
Å Ç Å ÉVÅ [_Å Ê
<
6 8
3 9:876 ' 4 3
8
% #=*r9#%('&'2=&M&T
!
Ð Ç
à РŠÐ+Ð Ã&Å Y ÃY Y Y YÅ Y < < ÉD`B`BT eBe3Ê < #< <
Ç Ð Ã Ð Å ÐCÐ ÃFÅ Y Ã Y Å
5ª ªI« 2 ³²
"-"[13%B==j="G*4%("?&)+Q+*v]r )J9Nh3P7*[%B)+,C>~!D"r%3,+"[*G*-0Q=F%("[)+hBQ1BP(=&%BK)=&>+1NQ=&m+%BQ2>/0Z/*G=*G17C6l%*-(v3,C*-*n,4P3?&)C+?1B&'E%(1B0Q020Qhr1BM3Q=]Q"Gv~%(%B0
,+!,+%(*G=i0Q%())+)CQ1\1B=&+?+&"$Q5'&W>/!+?D)&+1B"$j,+)+Q%31BW"=F[-T1B)+UO*-,C+?9N&2"-=F"-%7*G)+CQJm1Bz?=0 P
9#0!%(,C%7MB)$*r"$x=]??&95+Q=HEMy*-,\)C1(1Bm'E1B9#0Q1B%7M3)C"$Q"G&%(20=M#,+*G'E0Q%(1B)+QQ=i1B)C=&GP+&6WQ'&q1!"$B =x"-2%B9#=A%()+M3* *G7=<9RHF1/*5>/*G?&0D*4'&>j%(,+)+)C1#q9FN=&2><M3i%#)q9#)C%(*-'=:'&HE2=*NMN?&mzD*?&4=&> ")C)C21j13= &=&6W>_ )C%
9#%(,C%(*y=]>/h_Q,C'&*G%(",$)C02%(hX9N%B*[')C*-',$0Qq)Q"G+%(&H%(0Q*})I)C"-1x%B=S9#%B%(>=]%Bh_'/)k,+*4)C%(1<0l)+6K13*y,+0!9R>X*-%()+'&,CQ'"y02!>/"-%(QD))++Q131B,D=&)CGT213_=&/GT?AH&+*G&pi*}?9N*-=i*[)#)+&"$1]&>&%('k1)+(*-mW,$k*)C-!.]5")+*-$=F&>X%B'/)+)+&*G*,
9N*[)C1/>)+1#b3c5T
5ª ªI« ¬uV·(V²\µ WV°
43
Q6W9N%B*r!"$MB_'&*4%B)+'F2=i*G*#)+,l1yQH]9#,+h *G%(MBnMB!*N%BJ)C=g!,Cr)%(c{)+CQ%BQ1B*;B=y*G%(=6W=&T}2>A)+ i)C%N*-!9Q9#=_#%BÉD'%(` ' iTKÒ3'UÒ(Q== ÊM<>/%(Q!'C"r?'[?F&,C1~++*+*G./G>x29#%)+N%(1 )+Dh*r>//1 D)9#+*G%j%(9 ',C'*[)+Q&=1N=&M#%(*G?/!>:V;)C1BD*]49#=%(17%7,$6W"$)CQ =j"G%(mz?&0Q1302+,5h#2="[H&MN13,+=3Q)C=)C,+MN*13+%0)C(2'F9N)+*-13*50Q20Q=i %()C)C*)
?&c_+1B2=&0QHFMr*G)+,+*-M9NM3'2v30!%7*G)Cn%*Gk\&"-)C1B9N*'"-0Q1B*[=i)C*)+,C%B1B"G0/"['E1B1B?&Q=3=i)n)C%1BBms,+29#*l)C%(M3*-*W=}6l?F%BD*,+4'&>52=)CMr1kQ1B=&H"[)C0Q%(?&Q>/=#Q=%rMR,+*-"-&%(,C=*[*4mz>I?&0/9#)+,C%B*G'%(')+Q9N=M&*-=iT)1Bms*WC%(HE9N1]1B';50QQH]=hM
)+'E&13*#+*q2="-'&02?&?/D))5+*GQ,+9NQ=%BMIMB*}6l%B%3=&K>>_/,$02%~*46W++*=#-=mz,CQ=1BM<98%(i0Q!)C%B1]+"$2;]=9#MA%(H]=Yhw*[+9)WN%(1i01BÉJ)+` Q=eBMFÊTyPi6W!*N"$Y)+,C"-*G1B%(=i)+9N)C%B*-2==i*4)k>N1B)+mW&eB*qc %B29#,C'%70!%()C"$=&*q2=>/M<*[)Cv]*G"!% d
)+Q1B=I*[.%(9N'0Q*l',+17v]!>/*G>TU@9R13,+*KMB*G=*-,$%(03)+,C*G%()+9N*-=i)&%(=&>02Q=M\)+*bBc{"G%B+*!M32v3*-=kQ=#i)+1/"$;]9#%(=
\8S0J
3 ab
`3T &,nT ,Cn1]T7"B^KT fg=i*-=5)GT\%B^K=&>13=/RmJTT7i^K)+1B1/9N"$;]'9#?/%()C*-=, P \^[¤EQ§B+Q 1B= ¤i%(q=Fg>A '&\@%7)+)+w*-,C4= §B-W¡ *4q"[¥1B©M3$=-2)+¥ Q1BG]=X¥$ɤ]^ >Q@, nÊ[(P ¤&/g%BJ =<G/ ¾,$%($=& 7"-a G/QC"+[[1F¥PP
eTVXTF^K02176l*GÉD` ]Ò]`4
Ê ¤<¥-$[¤]} =]¤]7¥P&U,D)C F"G%(0 fg=i)+*G020QQMB*-=F"[*BP 1B0Te/P/''EÒ 7d$`B` T
b&TVX 7¤ETB§
\T3^K[¡213 (D) C(%q¤E%( (=F#¡ !> ^[¤E§BT RTB¤i]B&OP %(^'&C2C,C1RC ÉDF` ¢7 3ÑB©&Ê[~P ¥
5 G/$- ¤E 7\¤ ¤
n 77¡£¢~¥*© !¥ G/g[¥ ¤] !¥K7©3¤F©P $ (V+17 7vB¤
*GC95H IHE
\*- ~,4¥-P&$` §
w 3Ñ4P(§B'-'¡ ¥ T
` b(dC` % T
aFT\V^\*-T&6 c\%Bn=1BQ,C*-;
0T %B=&>A¾KT cx1]1/>:ÉJ` iÒ]`~Ê n¤i CFEHG& 77¤¥kgV @R 7g 31BD= c{Q02*Ghj%B=&><]1B=&GPOfg=&"BT2P
ÑTVUk!T DqQ1B13= +3^K)$%B1B+H9N]hx'?/ÉJ)C` 2 =&$M&P Ê ^[13N0 T G3PV\1&TB!a ¥ CÉ V 7177v ¤ ` `[¢% Ên4'&$'F 7eB¡ Ñ3KÑ~©3dJ©Ee + `3T # 77¤ w-5 =&G§7¥*P fg9#%BMB*5%B=&>
''&b7dgb3ÑT
8@ @
@ Ò/T ,sUT ) U%BfÌd$,C`B%BP]02!'"$;S'`7%(Ò7=Fb(>dC` a&TKT ]&%B'Q,+1{ÉJ` iÒ 3Ê ;8=_C(¤¥!¥Ì-¤&5¡2% `$-¡£¤i ©EC% `-¡2[ ^P fJ¼¼¼,C%B=>
@ T ,sUT ) U\%(fÌdJ,$e/%(P]0QQ'"$;:'` %( B=Fb(:> dge nbTT ]&%B'2,C1OÉD` Ê ;8=& $7¤¥!¥g[¤Fq¡Q% `$[¡ ¤iY©
+% `-¡2- ^ ^[:P fJ¼K¼¼t,C%B=>
` T I
7T ¥[$%(§ 9#>/$*G$=5C(%(¤F=&>? (U5¤ T\sc_e1B=&02[m#+1B-=}P ,ÉJ`,+ 1/$"BTÊ e7V=&>b$7fg#=i)G[T^K 1B=/ImJ ~T¥1B=]=I¤]^K 13 9R '&V?/)+[*G¤
, [C 7!¡DQ 71B¤
=§ P~C %(,C'E-1B-=k¤&]'w,C24=&§BM3-GP¡ I
`B`3TWc53 T W1B
M3*-,$n%T( =F" > q&,CT]%~U6>&d UV%(9#Q020ÉT (Ê ' 8 9:8 8
9:3 0 9 2 8
@
8
76 6 ?
`4eTWUkÌ(T $¥$WP 1ifJD*¼KG¼=/mz¼L*-0!>sP,$%(k=FT -TUVn]?h/9ND)9N+*-*-9#0PFGP&%B=& ><%B=
PT %(E?=&F> "$;B^K*-,h]HEÉD`*- i,C=Ò *[)CÊ Q"G
-P$&-/¤E_ ^$ d `C-P/¡£'¤]'D T`-ai¢ e \dÌai[ÑB¡2 bT 77¤ ©&[CJ I
@ @
`Gb&T R!¥$TE+i ()C 1]("$¤X;]9# (¤E%(=§PE
` T -r$[1B '&@RD)+[*Gg2$=<[%(=F7¤ > R4
TF l*-=&¡ G]*[¥)DÌ)R-ÉJ` ¤i BP e3fJÊ ¼ ¼K¼ (Ì =],C%B¤]=& -T^q#1B -= i,s¥IUÌ) fwPG§313[0 ¡T ¥l,s¦[7U \fÌÌdaFI P
V1&TbAÉw%~hw` e3Ên''<eB
e 7dJe7aF`BT
`-aFT 'R?/T)+i*G,)+1/"$;]!D9#Q1B%(=={P qÉJ` ,C %B'Ò(Ê !"- %`(-=F$g>- fg\9#$%BCMBC* B¤&,n,C1/7"[¤L*GC (+2¤E= § MFP 4$13 70 T¡£ 4a 7ÉJ7` ¤ R4ÒBÊn 'V'<~¥-b `[dgb ¡ G]¥$Ò]gT -¤iBPn^K139Rd
+
+
2 /O8;<l8;@?>e<?/2>U48;`b>AU43fxPG@0<T/O>M3T>N3]1D\3T>AJGQS>MCR<7343
U48;`b>AU430^O3]>H6c 3
141433N5M8p8;.0^Oc2W3T8;>MPN@?c!aP;`K<?3T/2o[oF>AQr86@t`b<I57PGoF/OUz:98;>HC2PR3hCJR>lPGUVf1V1VJGC!1DQ[/K<?<T8;/2>MJR@N>m>e3T5_^25A^2PG@T:dfCK8G<TQ[5APR>e^28L<?@?8;>A3hUV`b@?8;1V>M8G@?c=>lU j[MP C2FR¾ÈPGfxUVPR<UV^2@t5AQS8G>A2^O1DCO8;3T8;>MQS<TcS1V:2PG`FUVCd>Go[K`bgG<TPG/2Y)^2>mC93]UV^OPGc2@]JG8;fPr@?8R1D5_>HPG>l3(C[3T'<?/O' /2¾:8;'>m:b+_>G5A^2PRj@N:u.03]/21VC\/O>68R
Sc=1VPLJG;W^28 73(@?>r''' n' 9¨ #X=' j+i' X +
8;3T/O@?>\8Gc=5MPL8;W^O1V3TC2>MJBc¥`F`Ko!o¥P;8w<?/257>A/O@8;PRCO`=JGÀI>u>M5_1V<?C¦3Mj 1VUVUD^2QS1VCO8L<?1DPRC¦@?>M8R57/21DCOJ <T/O>q3T^2@Tf8G5_>RW/21457/¦Q[8no|`9>pc=^2>\<TP|3TPGQS>
ÉRÊ
!#"$"%"
c=8G3l>A§O3]2C2>M>A1D<T>uCp1VPG3]1VCO^OCa3MQBj8SQ[¾¿:O<8G8;1V@T@T301V<TsAER14>[5_>A^O@?<?UVo[/28G>\@e1DQSX;3T:b^2Y @TPGf@TEK8G<?1V5A8;>A>!CKW)<03I<?PG<T@TfPS^O1D5_^2<M<TjC9^2c=.0@?>A>[/O@7>M3I<?<73T/O8;>r8LCO<BgGcuYWt<T>/93I' <?8L@?@T<>S^OWt5_<T@?<T>oF^21D8G@?C2>M@TJ 3N>mÃF@T<T>MP 7:2ÃO@?@?>A>M= :23T= >A@?9CK>M3T<T<_>A1VÃ=C2CKJS<NbgGWÂ;Y1D<T/d3?5_= h>A<?/2CO >!>n3]fxPR<T:2@?UD@?UV^OPLP=5_Wc=<T^O^21VC25A@?J>>
c=>A<T>M5_<?8G`2UD>N5APGCK<TPR^2@73t1VCp5A8R3]>mP;f8S3]>MCO3]>Hcu1VCK<T>MCO3]1D<Iou1VQ[8;JR>Gj
i?LÃ=4A 7_ÂLG97_ } 9ÃOÂLÃFF =V! 2iÃ=[ _7 Ã=R? _lR|R77 4ÂL6O[LÂLAd}O % [S<AiÂ;ÃTbu[7_ Â;?2O?;LK}AOKÃOBSÂL¿ÃFÂq[[G<7ANiTÃ=ÂnÂ$ 7<i_SARA? [OnuÂ;? 6A7T 7?ÂLnAAÂL };p<7O_SA hOi7Ã=}_T _mG¢7h[_~E ¢ÂL?L<7i eÂL[ _O TÂM=A O4?
%$'&(
%
! " #
., ) . /, 0$
L2¢ ÂL H2A i?LÃ=} T_7GA7 eÂ;}¦n}B <7OR(4 7M<?;Â;??Ã=Â;ÂLiÃ=T?R _L? O pÂL 2Â?n6eabOÈÂ;6ÂdiS7 Ã=2 =9_RÈ7Âr7nSA O 4Bi42Ã=Ab_TTR|ÂH?GmÂL ¢24? i7[Â;OÂMÂ;O} Oq!ÃO7;ÂLÂL ÃFO?BqÈÂL?iÃ=Â;Ã=Or _}}GdO7ÃO| _OÂMB7¿>}Â S= Ã _M?GGR_7
213
5476 98
;:
4rSi[ÂMÂ; a_Ã= L
, %
*, >$
* ;$=<
ÂL?L2AÃ6AS=D;[iÃ=¿ Â _G 7O[ }H¡ } ?;<7}GT 77A_G7TÂ;ÂLÂ;i Ã=T in? [OuÂL O 2?nuu7b¿ÂLÂ!ÂL9i¿ [Â;OÃ=r !=7nÂÈSAÂp 22S[2AiiTÃ=Ã=S __ÂLRG¢?7ur!474!ÂLB94i S}¢9ÂHTÃOÂLÂHÂLGÃF¥ m2;7 ?Ã=?G _ R<7F77ÃF76ÂLS[ÂH77;iC ÃF= Ã 7O?R}F_ir O;A 266
9?@
A6 "B 4
D:
C
iÃ= _G7r¿Â\ÂM7> = Ã ?Gr}A> = rL h> = = 2r}[AKBÂ 2L <?Â;Ã= ?RL [4r[i[ÂMÂ; a_Ã= L
E, %
F G$(<
*
*, 0$
L =V ?;ÃONÈ OL}90Â; ¤O 4A( Â;?L}OÃO}SFqÈÂp p?L OeL_FTRAO!}d[LTÈ_i7A ¿= ; b7! B 2BiÃ= _R?[S;¿Ai = _ÂL!
9H@
*
BI J
K
#
ML
)$
ON -P
QR
%
0
 6SiÃ= _G7 ?LÃOr¿Â\u 2LFR6} = ~ = }FÂL 2$ ?G }FJ
. 6M6"S
B "T9U MVWT
0
4 V S T8X 4H
Y
-
?LÃO¿ Â< ;u[;$ b<_Â;ià O¢_r $Â2< LAF7RA}[ O0 = = Ã=B}bLÂL
%
Z$
! } 2[LR_}?ÂnÂH77mC=~ Ã2?G6_ ?AK I7ÂL9¿Â;Ã= 1<7_u h4l7_ a= }; w<mÂHÂL?! > = <>Ã =D?;$ }?GKuL$Â < ?A74Ah iOÃ=L T_RR_?È6_iL H?S? O< r <7G?G 7AbGTÂ;Ã=?; 4_?B7Â;iOÃ=_}OGÃ7
9[@
]\0S
%$
+b
B_^ 8`
Zc !
K Ga
%
)1VC2>U48;`b>AUV1DC2JSPGf<?/2>1DQ[8GJG>P;f8B5A^2`b>Gj
eY5_PR@?@T8nCOW >A@78q3Aj 5_^O' 8$`9+r>Sl1VCw3?3]JR^2>AQSC21V>MC2@?J 8GU<?:b/OPR8L3T<B1~<?<T1D/OPRCw>\5_3TPu^O`9<?>q/O8L1V<3 <?BO/2PK>S8L<T:21VC21V5_Jw<T^21D@?Cd>S<?3]/2/2>PLW8;1V3m@Mg\8Gf3?8G3T5A1D>MJR3MCd PGuC2UV>\1DCOP;>Bf3T<T>A/OJR>uQBU4>M8;CK`b<?>A3MU43N8;fxCO@?c PGQ
5Wd
fe
<TPG/OCq) >N8r:2:O/2>UV>M:8GC2COPG8;QS@>A<?
C98G8!`2UV>G5_<?@?jPN>M'8;>M5 8R<T+ 1V57C2/SJS>AP;1~:bf¢<H>Mj<T8L/2'<> `M'+ 8$+UD1VC2>A8G:b>l3?3]>M3T^O8L>AQB<LJRQS1V'C28$>AJ6+CKW<T<?/O3M1~G8;<?/W<t/2<?<T/2/21457>>B/[5_8GJG^23?1V`b3]EG^2>>HQS31V3<T:=/28R<?>e1D5iPR<?5_Cq^OPG8;@?<TUV@?/OUD>Mo!8;5i<<h8r<TgR<T/2YÁ/O>6>A1V@?5_CKQB^2<T`b>APK@?>r3I:2<7UV8L@?1D>_>H<<738L8Lc=<T<T<?1V1VPG@T8G>HCB575i/Ofx<?>MPRUDoc @
g ih>j/h /hKkl nm oe
qp
<TP[8SW08;UVU j rp
P=gGYc230¾È:2P;Cu/2f¬t>A<TCO@7/O8GPG8;57QS:2F<T>A1V>AC2CO@JB8pËl8G5MWCO8;c\Cd>3]@T5A<T>M8G^O:2^Oc=@T3T>H1V>S>M3]cS>M<TCK/2QS<T>!1V>AC23?<TJB8;/2QSP=5APGc2>[CK3<TFPGPR1Df^2C9c=@7cw3t>_<?PGW>Mf5i>A<?>_@?1D{¢>mCO>MJGJN5i1V<NEG5_PG>A1VC\CKC|<?1D@?<TCa8R/O3I>\¬t</OX;:bYv8GPG:=1VCR<T1VQ[<7>M3@8;1VMJRCBÊO>G1Vj juCK$l<T
O>MC=PGCOfx@N3]PG1D@T<I>A<Tor=^28G1VC9Q[QS8L8;:2<T>MJRUD>RUD>MoR3MOjJR3T1D¨p>AEREG>A>A>MC|<T@?/=8G8 U
X;Yv5APGCK<TPR^2@m<T@78G57R>Mc 1VC|8;C1DCK<T>MCO3T1~<Io 1VQ[8;JR>G/2PLWc=P\W>[c=>M5A1Vc2>B1Df01~<1435A8;^93]>Hca`Fo EF1V>AW1VC2Jq8GC
,L
ÉRÊ ;e
QS>M1DJRUV8;/K<T<1VC2`9J>PG>H^28G@3T1DW>M@tPG@?<?NP[1Vc=C\>_<?¬t>M/O5i8;<:21VCp<T>A@8;CË1V<?QSPN8GPGJG^O>@z5_5_PR^2QB@?@T:9>MCK8;<@?>M<?cuPG:2<T14PB5;K<T/2>_=>:2<?U4@T8;>M1V>CS<TW@?^2/FC2o!<T/21D<?>e3T>A3]/OUDfI8Rj c=PLW¦PGf¢8m<?@T>M>0<T@?^2C2
5
p
}OiF}2PRiQBr>p}@?S>M3TM>MR8GA@?jh57/Ol>ACq@73r1VCK/O<T8n@?1DERC9>3]14:25@T1DPRQ[:98GPKJG3]>H>mc¡Wtc2PR>A^2EGUVc>MUDPR5APG:2CK1VC2<?J¥8G1DCu8|fx3]PG>M^2CO@3]1V1VC2CKJ¥<T@?1D3TC9o=3]3I14<?5>A3TQ5A>AC2<?/O>8LEL<\8;UVWt^2PR>M^230UV1Vc¡C:2>M@?8RP=57/\c=^O:25_1D> =>A8GUCj
1[PG@ |<TPB<?/2>N3T5A>AC2>N3T^2@Tf8G5A>e>MUD>MQB>MCK<1DQ[8;JR>Mcq8L<0<T/O1V3:O1~=>AU
0 |PR @ 6 6 PGf<?/2>N3T5A>AC2>>MUD>MQB>MCK<1DQ[8;JR>Mcq8L<0<T/O1V3:O1~=>AU
T` q8 ^U
6 !
% 0 a@T>H5_>A1VEG>Hc!`Fo!<?/2>N3T^2@]f8R5_>m>AUV>AQS>ACK<1VQ[8;JG>Hc\8;<0<T/2143:21D=>AU
V TU0 U "V T S TXV BI 6
qPG@3T^2@]f8R5_>@?C> BO>H5i<?8GCO5_>PGf<T/O>N3]^2@Tf8G5A>>AUV>AQS>ACK<1VQS8GJG>Hc\8;<<?/2143:21DF>MU
6M6"S B MTX U "V T
3`2T^2^=@T<@?kPG1D<^O^OQSCO1430c=8GC21VCOC2P;3Jl<8G5_`bPR@T>A>CK1VC2<TJR>_JSPKFP=:2<Hcj^2@7l8L3]<^=^O<T>MQ[PRcqQS8G8GK8;301V<TC21V14J!CR5t<?5A3T>A^OPGCOCO573T/3]1VEG<T@?1D>ACK^OUV<?ou5_>A<T@?8R1V:2PG30CN@T1D>AC\PG<?8;f9<T<T8;/21VCN>PGCO1V:9CK38G<Tfx3]@?PR<M1DC9@jz3]>M¨ 148R5h8G571V/qCKQ[ou:O8;JR1~1D=Q[>h>A8;14U3JRP;3]>mf<T1V8G8;UVCOUFCp8;81VUV<TQ[o=PR3]8;:2143tJG1V5t><?8RP;JR3]f91D=ER@T3>H>A3]Cqc=>HPS8;<T/2@7C257>MPG/1D@<
64 8XV
C21VQS>M>M8Gc[JG>H8;3C[PG1V@NCK<T:O@?8G1DC9@]3]<?141V58GUz1VQSPGCO8G>MJG3M>Rjuj¬t/OCd8G>A:==<T>M8G@lQSH:2gUD>[WPG1DUVf0UO<T<?/2@T>H>!8L<t1VCK3T<TPG@?QS1DC9>3]145SQS1D>AQ[<T/28GP=JGc2>[3h5_^OPR3]@T>A@?fx>M^23TU9:9fxPRPGCO@hc=5A1VPGC2COJq3]<T<T^OP5_<?<T/21VC2>!JN1V1VQSCK<T8G@?JG1D>[CO3T1V14C 5
`O
57/O8G1DJR8GCO^2C2cd@?JG>q>P;fn8GX=<?5A/2@Tj X\PK>u3T1V3t1V3NCK<?<T3T/2@?/21D>PLC9W<?3]8G14C5[`2UD1D1V>RCdQS28G>_
JG21V>uJG5A>A^28R:=@?5_>p<@?PR<?H/O3?X238Lj É9<l<TjS/O8;>\<.0<T>M/O/2CO>S>cd§O>HJGP;c=f0^2JG@?><?>[/2P;>\3]f/O>M<TPL/OJGWJ9>3j <?8;PG.0`OC2/2UDUV>o >\<?<?c=/2/2>M>N>[:=57<T1D/O/¡C28;fxPGCOEL@?8;JGQSUV>^28;1V>M3<T361VPGQB3]Cw/2PRPL@TfxWv@T>PR@7Q 8a8;:2JG814@7c8G3T2QSc=8G^OCO8G8GUDc UU
<TP;/Ofh>A<T@?/2>l>B143t<?8G8`2ÀIUV^2>SQS3T^2:u@TfW8G/25A>r>M@T14>l3l<T<?/2/2>>[3]3T^O8G@]QSf8R>B5_>8;PG<f8G<TUD/2U>m<T/O>A>BJRJN:bP=PG1V5ACK5_<?UV^O3c=PG>Hfz3z<T<?/2/2>B>e<7<?8;8;`2`OUVUD>r>Rj<?PG.0: /OF>l8;PGCO@?c1V>ACK<T<?/28;>M<T@T1V>BPGC1V3KPG8G@tCwC28;PG`O@?@TQ[^28;:2U<
fx<T57@?/9/OPG8;8GQCC2JGPR<T>m/2C28L>u><>A:9<TJGPR/2J 1D>CK<' >M$c2<?+iPSJGjq>m<T.0/2P;f/2>>[<?C2/2>A1V>mUDFUV^2<?<M8;jtQS`O.01DUDC9>R/O8Lj>N<T.01V8;PG/OUVC|`9>e>HELPRc=8;@TPSUV1V^2>AEnCK>H8G3<?UD8;^O@T<T>H>M1VPG5_3PRC!3T@?/2PGcaPLfWÁ<T<T/2/O<?>!>/Oc28L3T^21~<{¢@T<?>Af/28G@?>A>5ACO>l<?5A8GP;>!`2fUV`b<T>/2>_>m1V<I3W>A8[>AJR>AJBcOC8;57<7@?/9G8;8;`2>AC2@ UVJR>['>M%Ë :23h+1D3TFQSQ[>MUVPF8L3<?P;>A<T<T/O@?/O1V8;UD8Go < U
"e
ÉOHÊ
!#"$"%"
Illumination
Albedo 6 6
Normal 5 5 6 6
Depth 5 5 1 1
Four bands
1 3
of Intrinsic 9 9 5 5
Image 8 8 5 9 3 4
7 5 9 9 3 4
5 4 5 9 6 6
Image Region
3 2 5 5 4 4
2 2 5 5
1 1
0 0
h-kl
m
g h h ih)j/h
RV V 4\ +U 3 RU XV U U 8 6
+ + - - arrow junctions
- +
+
+ -
+ -
fork junctions
+ -
T-junctions
+ -
gG¨pY©PR@T`2>MUVPLP=EG57>A=@H3zWWPG>u@?UVQ[c[8G143G>[8G3?<?3]/2^2>qQS8R>H3TcS3T^2<TPBQS`9:=><?1DPR8NCdUV1VC2<T/O>m8;c2<B@?8n3TQ[W1V8;C2UVJrU575A/OPG8GCOC23T1VJG3]>H<T3N1VC21VJ6CdP;<Tf/O@?>u>AJGEF1V1DPG>MC9W3A:9KPR>Mc=1DCKJR<[>M3M5_K@?8G>M8;CO<Tc1VC2ÀIJp^OCO<T5i/O<?>q1DPRX;COY 3Aj
1VPGQS@9ÀI8G^2JGCO>S5_5A<T1V8GPG^OCO3]3>B5MC28;PC6578G/O:28;:bCO>MJG8;>M@3ePG1V@Cac=<?143T/28G>B:2:b<TPG>M:b8;PG@HjUVPG«lJRof}<?>AP;Crfh1D<?</21V14333?UD8;1VC214c>[<Tc=/9@78L8n<W<T1D/2C2>MJ F¢PG`=<T/OÀI>H8;5i<<1V1V3M3 TC21DCNPqJRC2>A>AC2W >M@?f8G8GUR5A:b>MPR3M3T1D>M<Tc=1VPGJRC >MO3Mj
P<TG/O:b>S>Mca3T>_UD1D<T<NCa/OPGPG<Tf^2/2JR148G3/aUDJR5_PGPGPR@?^OCR1~@m<?<?/2>_`OFQ[UD<P=3e57/O=c=8n3m>MEGEG>NQB>MUD:O14PR5_@T:9@?PLPL>HERWca>ACpPG1V@?Cd<?UVcPu¬t14`b/93>B8;3]:=Pq^9<?3]>AUD>A@[1VfxQS^2G1~U6<?1D>MCwfxcaPG@QS<T/OQ[8G8;CF8;<oq<?1~57<@?/2>M141V8GC23eUJ^Oc2C28;PG@TCOQ[>Hcw8;8;UV1V1D1VCOCK3]<T<?3M14>Aj5;@?¢.0:2<?@T/F/2>A^O<?>S8;3mQS<TW1VPG>_>rC<T/OjSWPF1VcOUDU3U43]8RP9c=c2>AcpER<T>A/O<?UDP>
`2QSUVP=>_<?57/2FP=3c2c23APGj Q[8;1VCu/O8R30/2143I<?PG@?1V5M8;U3]1VJGCO1~§95M8;CO5A>8;COcq3]^O:2:9PR@]<738;Cq1DCK<?^21~<?1DER>c=>AER>AUVPG:2QS>ACK<P;f<T/2>CO>AW
U<T48;/O`b>r>A
2gGU4@?3 YÄPGQ 3]) <T@?<?^O/25_>p<T:^2:2@?@?>G>Aj <TEFPq1V-lPG1DP[^OCO3Sc2UD1V1VQr3T5M>M8L`95i<T<?3>S1DPR8;WC@?>/214Wt^O57/a3T>p>Mc8G8;@TUV3]@?>S1V>MCO5_8G5A@?c2>>Mod8R<T3]/2K>H>MCO3o\PLPGWc=@mP[`2/2C2U4PL8GPGWc=<l>H<?>_3P|=8G143I5AUV8G<5A`9PG1VCq>M@7c=U<T1V<TC2/2/2J[>r>`2<T1VPqUDQ[P=PG578;=^OJG30@e>W1VCK>HPGc=<T@?>AJGUV@?>Hc:23Sjt@?>_^O<73]8L`b1V<TC2PG1VJ^=PG<eCa<T/OgRP;Ê> f
g ih)j/h Fm
F G 6 -
7
+ + + +
E 5
C K 3 11
D - 4
B 2
+ + 8
+ H
J + 10
A 1 9
3T:O1DJR8G^25A>m@?>r8GCOHX2cj '@T&1V.0JG/KW<P6+t`2c=UV1DP={¢57>A[@?>AJGCKUV<t^2>M1VCKc!<T>A<T@?PS:2`O@?>_8R<7578L[<T1VWPGC98GUD3UjfxPG.0@t/2<T>e/O>m`OUV3?8R8;c=QS>>lUV8GUV1V`9C2>M>eUV3Mc=F@7PG8nQSW1~1V<TC2<TJ>H&Hcu'xfxUV@?>_PGf}<,Q#+z`2<?UV/2P=>57L@T1VJGBO/KPR<8;<T§O1VC2JG^OJr@T1V>RC
I
8;@?>m<T/2>N3?8;QS>8G30PRCu<?/2>UV>_f}<Mj
fC28GP65_<MP;<T>_/Oc2fx>A>APR@@?@T1DÀI>SEL^O8;:2CO`O@?5iUDP=<?>B1D5_PRfx>A@?CO>HPG3hc=Q 1V:bC2PRJO:23?@?3TP;<T1D`2ÀI/2>HUV>!%> 5i&<T@?1V>M<?PG8R/2C9c=1V3e3t>APG@N/Of8R3T3z/2gRY#PR`b^2>AUV>A`2c|C\UDP=`b:257>u=@?PL3M5AEGjrPG>A¾¿CFC<NEFG1D14`2CO3^=5AQB<t>McwfxPRPG@T<T@>S/9C28Lc=PL<r1 W8;R5_UVUh<T^2/2UDPG<>eft<T@T<?P>H/28G> @?c=>M>M 8G@t3TPG3TÀI/2C ^2PGCO<T^25i/OU4<?cm8;1DPR<mÀICO^O<?3r/23]<>A8G@?ER@T>[>R>A@?8;1~fx@?1VCo >
<T/98L<C2PSP;<?/2>A@735A8GC\`b>fxPG^OCOcqW/21DUV>Nc=PR1DC2JB<?/2>>_=>A@75_143T>M3`9>MUDPLWj
<T)/O8G>N`9>M3T5AUG>A<?C2/2>>UD8L1V<C2>M<?3/21V>CNUV>_<T/Of}<M>tj @?1DJR/K<:O8G@]<P;fO
1DJR^2@?>lHX2jDt8G5A5APG@7c=1VC2J<TPe/2PLWdoGPR^2@EF143]^98;UF3]o=3]<T>AQ)1VCK<T>A@?:2@?>_<73
5
;U]V 8`1
U V 4 0 ( 8 V 4\ +U 0"` T 8X` _ 6 4 6
U IB Vf8 6
A
D
M`WT ;V T >U0TU "TU0 ^ U>9U0MVWT U>V= 6M6 8X` V q T @`6 ^ !1
UV8G<`9>MfxPRU@T3]W0>A< 8;@7 cu3] <?8GJG>7) F<T@?ouU48;`b>AUV1D: COJB>H c=JGR> j ^O3T1DCOJ6<?/2>C2>AK<^OCR<?@T1V>Mc\U48;`b>AUfx@?PGQ
g h'j h /h Fm
8l¬t/2ÀI^O>MCO57B5i<?<T1DPR/OCq>m5A1VC PGCOa3T1Vj3]<T>MCO5_oBP;f<T/2>mC2>AW¤UV8G`9>MU9W1D<T/q8;UVUbPG<T/2>M@t>Hc=JG>H3z<?/O8L<08;@?>e8RcnÀ]8G5A>ACK<h<?P61D<EF148
¾¿P;f9<T/O8l>ACO@?>AWW1V3TUVor>GK8G<T3?@?3]o!1VJG<?CO/2>M>cC2U48;>AK`b<0>AUFfxPR:2@T@?W0P=c=8;^O@7cu5_>H3]3<?8G8zJGÀI>G^2j C95i<T1VPGC6<T/98L<1V3C2PG<1VC6<T/2>05A8;<?8;UVPGJ9H<T/2>MC6`O8R57K<T@78G57 F
6 `WV MU XB 1" /H)8;`b>AUV1VC2JB<T/2>>Hc=JG>H30P;ftUVP=57=3tEF148S8R57K<T@78G57F1DCOJ
ÉOMÉ
!#"$"%"
Original Line B
Drawing
IT
C
A
D
- + +
( D, + +) ( D, - - ) ( D, ) - - - +
+ +
conflicting interpretation
of edge DB
+
-
( A, L ) ( A, L ) ( A, ) pyramid
+ - floating in air
L = L=
+ + +
not in catalogue not in catalogue
- -
( C, ) -
B pryamid resting
pryramid glued - on table
-
to wall + C
A
<0>MEG>M@Tou3]<?8GJG>RR§9U~<?>A@PR^=<:9PK3T3T1V`2UD>>Hc=JG>U48;`b>AU430`Ko\WtPR@TF1VC2JBPGC8;UVU>Mc=JR>M38G3fxPRUDUVPLW3 &
¾¿5_fzPRC28SC2UV>H8G5i`9<T>M>HU c\
<T PS5A>M8Gc=C2JRC2> PG <Tfx=PG<T@?/OQ >AC8S>AUVUV>A1DJRQS8G1VUFCOÀI8L^2<?CO>5_UV<T8G1VPG`9Cp>MU ^O
3T1DCOfxJS@TPR<TQv /2>N<T:b/OPR>3?UV3T8G1D`2`9UV>M>UU43]8;>A`b<>AP;U430f fx PGT@j <?/2>N>Hc=JG>H3
K<TPR:\1D<T>M@?8;<T1VC2JSW/2>ACC2PSQSPG@?>UV8G`9>MU3]>A<?3c=>H5_@?>M8R3]>m1DCp3T1DsM>Gj
6 `WV 1! /H)8G`9>MUD1VC2JB<T/2>>Hc=JG>H30P;ftUVP=57=30EK148SYl143?5_@?>_<T> >MUV8;28L<T1VPGC
MU XB /p
C<
bA~ <7ÂL OÂM ?nB$<7ÂLÃ=L u 2B_Ã<7r7Â;ibA7 = ?RÂ/<7C=VÂLK\ÈÂS 2 iÃ=bA Â;7LÈ =DÂ?
-
D$
+ %,
K K
$
,L
ÉO
C D C D C D
B G B G B G
H H H
E E E
A A A
5_PR@TCO>A@8;COc\<?/2>1DQ[8GJG>mP;f86`98G57u5APG@?C2>A@Hj
F/2:OPL:2W©UDo\8;<TCF/Oou>r5A1VPGCR@?<?@T>A>H@?5i:2<0@?>_UV8G<?8;`9<T>M1VUDPG1VC2CqJR<T30@?>A@?>>M3T:O^2@TUD<TP=1V5_C2>HJBc=^2fx@T@?PR>QP;ft5_PR¬tQS/O8G:2:=UD>A<T<T>M>H@rc\G:98L<?<TP[/93A<Tj /O>NUD1VC2>rc2@?8nW1VC2JR31DC
1VJG^2@?>[HX2j =j
dWd
QSQ[CÆPL8;EFR1V1D>QS>H3zgR8GY)FJGC2>\1DPLCK1VW<?3S>A3@?8|<?:2/O@TX;8L>AYZ<?<08;86:2<T1V@?XGPGP;Y¤COÀI30>M1V5_PGQ[<Tf1V8;PGX;JGC¥YÄ>ePG5A1DflQ[8;C[<?8;/2JR>M>\>AEG@?PRWoGGPGj >@?U4@?c1V57j¥/!kgRY¤PLW:b>A>AER@7>A5_@H>M:=8G<TCF1VPGoGC9PG3ACOj>u.0W/2/2>M@TP|>l8;8G:2@T>l:O@TQS>H5_8G14CF8LoS<T>H5A36^28G>M@]3h<B^OPG3T@B>McS<T/O<?P>
5<T_/OUV^O>lc=F<?>>M@T>MEG<?>M/2>A3M@7>R8;`bWU>Ac=/2CO>A145757:=/!/<?/aOP=W5A5_5A/2^OUD1V>M^9573lc=/q>5MP=8;<?5AC /25A>eUD`b^O`O>6c2^2>M3T1D3>AU4c=>M8SCp1VC2:b1DJRC PR33]<M<TW/2=1D>6W<T/[/21DQ[<?1457/28;/>JRPF>N3]:25MP;5_1Vfh@?UV^O>M
3Mc=1VR>HJGW3^2/2@?8;>!14Cq57/!n1DCKX=P=<TjVM5A@?14Ê25A5AUDj8L^9<?.0c=>>lW@?<?Pu8G/21D>eUV3T1DUDCO>M3TJO>AF:2oG=1VjWC2.0/2J!14/257:b>m/\>A@73]P=3]^25MPRC\5_COUV1V3^O3tc=P=P;>M5_{ 3
<T@?P\1DJR/R<T/O<r>63T14fc=8G>G@ej @?1VlJG/KUV3T<PO8R3l<T/2143m>\1D^2C9COc=3T1V5M>A8L>MCd<?>Mc @?8G`F1DUVo1DCO<?J /2>[8L<N3]/O<?/28R>uc=PL@?W1DJR/KP;<rfh<T5A/28G>B3]<?3N@T1VJG1~<7/K3r<?QB1VCKPK<T3I@?<1V5M8LU48;<TQS>!:a3T/O:b8RPRc=3]PL<W8GCOPRC|c 1D<T<?/23m>\`2:2@?1VU4JG8;/KC2<T=>M3M@
JG3T^21VEF@]1DfCO8RJ[5_>S<T/28;CO>6caf8;<TU4/O3T>6>!8;3]:O/2:9@?1V>HC28;F@71D8;C2COJ5A>PGfhP;ft<T/O8S>6<?<?1D>_UV>MFca<T^O:O@T8L>[<?1D1VP9COjec=14.05A8;/2<T>6>M3m<T>A<?F/2<T>S^2@?JG>r@78GPRc=Cp^98;<T/2U>6@T>MJGJG@?@?PG>M^23?3lC9cPGfh1DCO<?c2/21V>[5M8LJG<T@?>HPG3e^2C98uca:2U48n8;W0CO8n8Go @
fx1VCR@?PG<?>AQ @?:2<T@?/O>_>\<T>M@EF1Vfx>A@?WPG>AQ@Hj|<?/2.0>u/OPR>q@T1VPR>A@TCK1V>A<78LCK<T<71V8LPG<TC1VPGP;Cdf0PG<?f/2>u<T/O>H>qc=JG`O>H^231DU4c=PG1VC|C2J1D<Mj W8G.0UDU/2>!8L<B1VQ[<T/O8;>\JR>[UV>_P;f}<[f0<T1436/2>uPR`F@?8GEK1D1VUVPG1D^9COJ3N<?<?P8;:b8a>A@7/K3^OfxQS@?PG8GQ C
@?`b1D>AJRCO/R57<h/[<TPN<78;UV:b>_f}>A<0@tJGfx@T1VEFPR1DQ#C2J6UD>A8Nf}<t3I<?<?@TPrPRC2@?1DJNJR/R5_<H^Oj>.0<T/9/O8L>e<t1VQ[1D<?38;JGc=>H>M3z:=PG<T/!f<T14/23z>m@?>MUV5A8G>MQSc=:!1VC2:9JNPK1V3ICu<0gR8;YrCOc[j=F<T1V/2QB>m1V:9U48;>M@?PGUDoR:2GUV>e<?/28G>l@T>l`bQrPR8G^O@?57c2/!3zU4P;8;f@?<TJG/O>M>@
<T/98;Cq<T/2>1VQ[8;JR>M3P;f<T/2>N3T:21V@T>H3A=1VCOc=145A8;<T1VC2JB<T/O8;<<T/2>N3T:21V@T>H38;@?>lf8G@8nW8noRj
7 L}Ku OL O6ÂH7 C=~Ã0 ?L}Kq10Â% <0A7_04rÂH7>_=DÃ=Ân7A A¿2Â!A¡ OÂL¢Hu h% <AAN7_ 2;ÂHa?> = Ã2?RBiÂM!7>L= ¢ÃÂL?G 2?uA[Â$< $ A<7AA7 A e =ÃF6} ?;
@
%TU ^ V MU MVWT
., %
Z$
M
<TPS:O8R3T3HÊ PGf<?/2>:21D=>AU43Aj 7p
cross
bar bar
bar
"T"-junction
>AEF14c=>AC95_>P;fP=5A5_UV^O3T1DPRCu<?/O8;CBÀI^O3]<PGCO>Gj
P=
5A1DC95AUDc6^O3T8G1VUDPG#U Cq' .. P;'7fÀIPR^2C2CO>N5i<?3T1DPR^2CO@]f38R1V5_CN>m<T`F/Oo\>8;UV1VCOC2P;><T3]/O>M>AJG@:QS3 >ACK<?3P;f9<T/2>0`bPnN1DCB
1DJR^2@T>mHX2j gOjYePF>M3>M8R57/N<T@?^2UVo1DC9c=1V5M8L<?>
d
,L
OÉ 0e
14.03B/28G143C¦>M>Mc2EGJG>A>CÆ1DQ[3I<?8G@TPRJGC2>JG1V>M3l@6c=5A1 ^2>\5A^2`bU~<m>M5M8G8;30^O143T30>qP;1~f}<[<T>M1VCCOc=<T14/25A>N8L<?5M>M8G3S3T>8aW5APG1~<?CK/q<T1VPRCF^=^2<?1Vc2C2PKJwPRPR@`=3TÀI5A>M>A5_C2<B>H3>:9&8Gfx3?PR3]1V@C23]Ja1VQS`b:2>A/OUV>A1D@COcÆ3T1~<?8;^OCO8LP;<?<T1DPR/OCO>A@H3Aj
S
5_PR0CO 3T1Vc=>M9@<T /2>[CO>_F<N0 >_=>A@75_143T>G j )( 1 0 0
1 0 6 6
8'U>V ;V B_^ S U U 6 U
%TU
@8
^ V
^XU
U "V
V
T
V
U
]V
DVW`
4\
T
+U
8 V 42\ +U @V S ! ;9T 4
0)(1 } ?;?;¿_[ OLe O/ ?L4iÈL¢?!¿ÂaL¦%Â <A7_m4S} L_7A> =
b?Â4OÂLiÂLb=¿Âu} r}SMR6i H O B
¿
A
i
A7 =~}K64rT__A L ? _Â;S7ÂL OLi}KpÂ$< A7A ?L}[A6
]
)^ DU D 6 MTX` ,
>$
*,
L F=VNÈÂ[} r R4rL ?6 ; L6_ 60 Lb Â; O _ÂiLTuÂLF$Â <\A7AAÃO r 0Â } [2AÂ KÁ4 9 2
?LÃO 0 ÈÂ HM Á T}>K=DNLÈ iOÈ%Â Â[<A 72_ L ;Â%u<AG?AAÃ= ¿
@
)P
V XV
,
U T MTX`
o + ,
,
)
)
$
PG`2@?^21V1V>AU4CKc=<?1DCO8;<TJO1V=PG8;CBUVPGP;C2fbJ6883T^2<T@T1VfUD>H8G(c 5A>0BO5APFPGPRCK@h<?8GPG1D@tCO@?1DC28G1DJmUV@?<?PR>_8GFcr<T^2<T@?@7>G8Gj57¢.0K/2PG14@t3PG>_^={¢<>M5_PL<zEG1V>A3z@tPG8`F§OEF1D>APRU4c!^O3PGWf/25_PR>A@TCSC[WPR>0@tUD8NPFPG3]r<?8R^2c=:!1D^O8LQ#<z85A@T`2PL@?W1V57c j
P;
3T1Df1DQSJRPG^2:2^2@?UV@>6>\fx3T@?n1~1DX=<?>M^OjVCOH8Lc2X[<?03 1Dc='=PR>M`9CaQSP=5_c=PG@?1VCO>M>M8;3]3<T<TW@71VC28L/2Ju<?>M>M8!Cu3l<T<T<?/2>_/2F14>A3A<?o!jB^2W@T.>6>M>A8GFJG@@7<T^28G5Ac=@?UDPG>61V>A<TJRCK/2@?<l>H8R314c=3eW1V>AJG1~CK<?1VEG/\<?>A3e@?Cp8;>AU4JR1V3]Cw^2P\UV
8G<T@h>M1VJGUD<?U^2>_@?^OF>!3<T^On3T@TX=PG>HjVQSc!Mg >_:O<?&8;/2<?<]1V/2<TC2>M>NJ\@TC9<?8G>_3A`9=jPR>A)^=U43A<¢3]R<TPR/2>_@l<7>S1V57QS/u3]/98GP;8;JGf:b>H8>3
<TP;1VC PSfh<T<?8|/2/2>S>3?5_c=1V>MCOP;C25_<7> @?3A>M¢8;8RQS@?3]>\1VC2PLEG1VJ[UV>6UD^2c=5_QS143IUVPR<71V8;CO3T>ACO8L@e<?5A>M>8Gc CO1DCpca`Fo¦gG5AY6UDPK8j93]>M
@?@>A1VJGJG<?^O^2PGUVJG@?8G>S>A@B<TH/2JRX2>M@TjD@l14Mc¡ÉB<?PLP;3TW/2f8GPLUD@?W1VcqJG30/K<?<!/2/2PL>S3IW)<?@T5_1V>A86:bCK>M<T<?3M>_>AjÁF@m<?P;^2.0f@T/2><T1V/O3u14>6308;fx1V@TPRQ[<T@T1D8;QS§9JG5_>M>B14cq8;5_U WPR' @T/23I@?<?>M>M@TCp3T^O:95_PGPR<T`=CO^2ÀIc=@?>H>M1V5iC2Mc <7J 3+
UV8;1DUVJRUV/RPLW<?1DCO3J!8G^=C2<TP;PR<eQSPG8;C2<TUV14ou5h5AJRPG1DERQS>M:23^=/F<7^28LQ[<T1VPG8;C6C93P;f9QS3TPG^2@?@T>f8G1D5AC2>hfxPGC2@?PRQS@TQ[8;<T8;1VPGUKC PG@8G>A`9ERPR>A^=Cr<c2<T>A/O:=>r<?/B3]/98R8;3:b<?>N/2>tP;fCO>_<T/OF>6<z573T/O^28;@]f:=8R<?5_>A>H@3AW2`O1DUV^=U=<m3]/O8GPLUVW3TP j
oF¬t1D/O>MUV8Gc2C21DJGC2>SJBP;<?/Of8L<T<>AF<?<T>_^2F@?<T>[^2@?1D>GCdj 8GC1VQ[8;JR>S5M8;C`9>[^93]>Hca<?P 5_PRQB:O^=<T>S<?/2>[PG@?1D>MCK<?8L<?1DPRCwPGft<?/2>!gGY3]^2@Tf8G5A>
iÃ==VÂL K_G|7B_Â;ÂLSiJAO?;È}LT7_ÂL ÂL }a} 2 2 q }[hÂ;A K, = ?q6\? 4Â;m7O¿AÈ2ÁL6}9? Â;}OKiL\TF_ROOS6ÂL $ ?L< }A}F[7|AArK¿Â|rAT¿A7 }LR O }Ã=_KTu d ¿O[NO7ÈnL iFGÃ=RTÃ=q T?!} ÂL ?L4OiAÈTL7¢_? aL ?ÂL
9@
2U S
` 8
TU
*
K
KP
b
K
KP 0$
, c
1+9
È> Âp=DÂnAÂ%A<A6?%ÂA<Ae7_L [ L =_=|D [iÂÈLL0 ÂL_bLi;¿ A Â% O<AL?wA£ [OGN n}O_[q?;ApK[i¿[rÂq [ H}?LÂK4L|i[È$ÂL?<iOCA=DA;% n<LAA[7!_È }Âp0 _7Â;Gi Sd;ÂL Â;2ÁA %S<7ÂL2Ã=!m} SOA MR?R_ [¢Â
9f2
K
/
),
V
,
U MVWTA^7
*
6M6
, ,
,
*,
,
)$
):
ÉKXGÊ
!#"$"%"
8;C92ca8GQBQS1VC2PLEG>!>B81D<m:bfx>A @?COPG5AQy1DUtoGWPG1~<?^O/|@efPG8RC25_>[>B>M<ToGPp>!8G5_@TUVQ[PR3T3m>McUD>MjC2J;><?/A>MjB:|¾I3m1~<r<T:9/28;>[@7578;/OUVUD8G>MC2UJG<T>BP1D<TC|/O>!1VQ[UD1V8;C2JG>!>S`b3T>_1DsM<IW>S>Ac2>M^2C|>BoG<TPGPp^O3T@5M>A8;oGUV1D>MCO`OJ\8;UVPRU4@3
d
texture gradient
indicates that surface
scaling curves away from viewer
forshortening
texture
gradient
A
A1 2 A
f B f B B
1 1 2 2
motion parallax: as the viewer moves from f1 to f2,
objects A and B appear to move away from each other, with the
nearer object A moving faster than the distant object B
3T^21DJR@]f^28R@?5_>q>n3T/OX=8;jVA:bÉM>%&e& .0'xUV/2>_f}>B<+z<T>A8eFJR<T^2@T14@?c6>BP;fxf9PG@?UV1VQBJG/K>H<zca:2`F@?opP;ÀIUV>M1D5_JR<T/K>H<cr3]PR<TCB@?1V:98>H3T3QB:2PF@TPGPG<TÀI/[>M5_3T<T5A>M^2cwUV:=PG<TCK^2<?@?P\>0PRPG`=CSÀI8m>M5_:2<?UV38GCO@?>A8;EG@>H`98;8GU4357F<?/2JG@?>APG1V@N^2C9gGcKY F
5_'x@?PR1V^2JG@T/K<T< >M+3To[3]<T@?P;1Df :bm>M3PGPRCOC\JGsAPR/F`=^ÀI>Mk5_^<?30j W1D<T/p:2U48;C98;@0`O8G57FJR@TPR^2COc!@?>AQSPLER>Mc W/O8;<l8;@?>l<?/2>PG`2ÀI>M5i<743 3p¾ÈQS8GJG>H3
ÉKXRX
!#"$"%"
! "
0.c=1D/2{b>6>M@T >MCK<Ê1V' Q[3z3?8;8nJGW >l:28 @TBOPR^2:9@?>M@T@]oB<?1D>HP;3AfjW.0PG/2@?r>m@TPR>HCu3]>H5_8;PR@7QB57/S:O^=^O<?3]8;^9<T8;1VPGUVUDCOo[8G5_UOPRQSCO5_P=>Mc=CK>A<TU4@73z8Lfx<TPR>H@tcS5APGPGC!QS^9:23]^=1V<?C21DJSC2JB8r3]3T^O1DC2@]fJR8RUD5_>l>l1DQ[3T/O8;8;JR:b>l>:2fx@?@?PGPG:2Q
>e
>A¬t@T/O<Io!8G:=@7<T8L>M<?@!/2>AM@0gO<?/OW8;/2Cp1VUD5_>!PR<TQr/2`2>!1VCO:O8;/2<T>A1VC2PGCOPRQS3P;>AfCO8<T/O^O>AQ3T>McdjtF8GPR@TQB>!>c21VPG3?f5_^O<?/23?3T>N>McQ[8L1DCd<?/2QS>AQ[PR@T8L>!<?1Vc=5M8;>AU<?8GQS1DUzP=`bc=>A>AUVU4PL3W8Gj@T>mk>_2>A@?8;>[QSW1VC2>>McqÀI^O1V3IC <
1VCR<?@TP=c=^95_>m<T/2>:O@TPR:9>M@]<Io$#Ç^93]>Hc\8R38BgRYÄ3T/O8;:b>5_^2>Rj
@ ^ VWB @ 8 "T` /
1V5_QS>M:=8G<T$lJG1VPG>R3TCqju>BP;Ffx@?fQSPG3TQPK/OPG8R<T<Tc=/2/|1D>NCOPGJ\UV`21VJGÀI14>M3m/K5i<l<?<78G3A3]PR^2^2JG3]@7/K^O5_<57>/d1DC|Q[8R38;8;G@T8;<>HCd305AUV>M8;8RªK:23T^O:O38GUD>R8RU3m8;P;C28Gf}JRCa<?UD>A>H1VC|QS30W:2:9@?PR1~>M<?@]/p3T<7>A8;CK@TCK>><N<NBO8q>M5_5_^2/2<T>B1V1DPGJR<TCq/2PUV1D<T5_JRPLPR/RW0CF<r8;EG@78;>Ac[<op<?:9gR/2PRYv>N1DCKEF3]<?1V/O3N>A8GWW:9>A/2>S@H>Ajh1V@?C>!8<8q<TX;@T/O>AY >
,L
ÉKXGg
250
’egg-vaseR100’
200
150
100
50
?3c=8;145_QS^2>NU48;<?@01DQS<?P[>G@?8n3To=QS30PFPGP;f<T/a1VUDUV^2PG`=QSÀI1V>HCO5i8L<?<?3e1DPRJGC>A<mj .z1VCOU45A8;@TC9>H8;8G@3T1D3TC2^2JR@]UDfo8R5_c2>H8G3@TR<T>A>AC9@ecu8R3<?P[<?/2/O>B8nEG3T>^2@T8Sf8G/25APR>rQSC2PGPRJG@TQ[>MC28;>AUPR^O`b30>M5_8;PR:2QS:b>M>M3e8G@?:98G>MCO@T5_:b>>AC=1VC
<T8;/OC9>6c1V<TQ[/28;>BJG@7>68noFW31~<?P;/wfh1V1VCKUDUV<T^2>MQSCO3]1VCO1D<I8Lo<?1D:2PR@?CPGj:bPG¬t@TPR<TQS1VPG:2CO^=8GU<?8;<T<TP\1VPG<TCO/O8G>BU8GfxPRC2@TJGQ6UV>r^2Q[U48G8G3c2/9>68nEG`b>N>_<I`bW>A>A>M>MCwCpc=<T>M/2EG>S>AUVC2PGPR:b@T>MQ[cq8GfxUPR<T@mP\5APG<T/OQS>6:2:2^=U4<?8;1DCOCOJ>
PGQr3T^2@7^Oc=@]fU~>M<?8R@1D5_:2>q<TUVP >[C25AQSPG8G@?P=QBQ[c=>M8;>M@?UUz8Rfx<T3A@?/Oj PG>uQ¸@?>H>A1V5AU4QS8G8LUD<T8GU1VJGPG<T>qC9/93]8L1D/2CK<1V<?:|5_>APGCO`9QS3T>A1~<I:2<Io Wt^2F0>M<?8L>A/2C¥<?PL1DWPR1VCOCK>A8;<TER>MU>ACO@H:23]@?1D<IP=QBo|5_PK>H8;3Ic=<[CO^2c|@?QS>MC23e>_<?PRQr/2@TQ[P=^Oc23]8G<m3SUh1V@?8;C>MCOªKcdJG^2>A1VCO3T@TPG>q>AQS@75A8;>!8;UUV^OQS1V`23]>A@?>S<T8;/28\<T1VP=PGQBc2CÆ3rP=c2c=@T8L>H>MªRU<78a^OfxPG1D@?1V@TC >
Qr1VUDUV^O^2UVQS81D@?C9>A8LU4<T8L1V<?PG1DCOCJr<T3]/2>M>!EG>Mc2@?8G1D@?U2>M:O5_<T8;1V@7PG8;CQSP;>Aft<T>A@?@7C> 3 B9>M5i<T<?/21DPR>eC@T>>BO8;C9>M5_c <T>M<?c!/2>[>AC2PG>M@?@T1DJR>MCKoG<?;8L<?<?/21D>lPRCa1VCO8;5AC91Vc=ca>MCK@?<tC> BO>A>HCO5i>A<7@?8;JGCOoG5AR>6<T/OPG>efhc=<T/O1V@T>!>H5i3]<?^21DPR@TfC[8G5AP;> f
/p
< U 6 U
0$ < 6 9TU
0 Z$ $
"
(a) (b)
5_^O1DJR@TER^2>M@?3> 5AH8GX2CwjD`b #>B&Bfx«lPG<?@?/2QB>A>H@Bca5_^2`Fo >H3JRfx@TPGPR@6^21D:2C21VfxC2>AJu@?@TPG1VC2f0Ja3T1VgRQBYv1VU48;fx@m@?PGfxQ¸>M8;<TX;^2Y @?>M3M1DQ[jE8;'`MJR>S+ lfx>M1V8;@T<T<T^2^O@?8G>MU3M`9j PR'^28 CO+ c2l8G@T1V@T1V>M<T3^O8G5AUh8GCUV1DC2c2>H>M3r5_>M8G1DCOERc >
(c) (d)
Y
N
φ
Z
T
3D surface
τ
X
2D image
G<TP
1V:b1DUDJR<>A^2@7P;8L@?f>6<?8;PGn`b@HX=jzPGjV^=.0 </2& > ;'*W0)ÊS>_8;c=f}UV< u>A+tJR/O¾È@TQ[>M8R>M38;30<TJR1V8;>mU~CO<l5AcqPGPGf CK3TUV<?G8G8GÊSCR1DCO<c=1D>APGC2JRfJ6@T8G>MQ[`9>MPR38;^=CF8G<oSCOc L<T>AÊB3]KU4c=<?8;^2>ACKJR@?<>M@T>M3P;>Mf8;3MCO8;j `bc PG'x^2@?<1DJR ;/RËB,< +tc=@T>A>HJR3]@T^2>MUD>M<t3 PG&f<T/2ËL2>rË `2.z@T14@?57>A!WW01D<]8;<0UVU>Mc=/OJR8R>3
>e
e
' + 3?88;QSm>m1VfxEGPG>l@0<T<T/2/O>e><Tf1V8GUD<05_>H8G30COP;cuf3T<TUV/28G>CK<hPR`=fxPGÀI@>M5_>M<?8R3057/!1VCpP;
f1V<?JG/2^O>e@T>SfxPGH^2X2@tjDRf8Gj 5A>M3tP;f<?/2>ePR`=ÀI>M5_<t1VC\
1VJG^2@?>rnX=j jH'x`M+tYlP6<T/O>
d
^2:2C2@?1V1D8;fxPG<T>M@?UDQoB<T3TPL/OW08Rc=8;1D@7COcBJ<TPG/O@>l<T`b>APGF^2<T^2CO@?cO>08;<T@?/2oGK>e<Tc=/21V>m3Tr3]:OW/21V>AUVUO@?>l`b>Wf1V8nUDU¢EG`bPR@T>l>Hfc8nLER1~PGf¢@?<?>M/2c>j3]¬/98;8G@Tc=<T1VPFC2PGJC9PG3h@8;<?C9>_c[F<TP;^O<?@T/2>l>A57@/9UD8;1VC2C2>JR>Mc=3@78n8;W:O:21DC2@TJKPG3
P;f}<?>AC/O8nER>eC2P[3T/O8Gc21DC2JBPG@<?>_F<T^2@?>GOoG>_</F^2Q[8;C935A8;Cqc=>A@?1VEG>gGY3T/O8;:b>c=>M3?5_@?1V:=<T1VPGCO3fx@?PGQ#<?/2>AQj
8[8G3?@?3T>A^2¬tJRQS1DPGPR:=QSCq<T:21V>MPG^2COCq<?5_8LQSUV<?PR1D3T>MPR>M8;COcqC98;30U`F<ToQS/O8!>_8;<?</23]QS1DP=Cpc2PFgR3P;Yr<?/O/pF8n<?ER5_/2>6^2>r@?`bEG3T>A>R^2>Mj@]C|f¬t8R^O5_PR3]>mCO>H3TC2c 1VPGc=<?@?>MPpQ[@5_<T8;/OPGU430QS>6PG:23TC\1D^2QS<T<T>!:2/2UV>r>r3T^2PG5A@]`=8RfÀI8R3]>H>5_5i>B<PGfzC2UD1VPG8!Qr@?Q[`p5_1V@?8;8G5AU4@TUD3e>$> fx&z:bPG<?>A@/2@?:b:9>6PG>M3TCO1VQSCRc=<7PK1435_PG^2W<TU4/28;1~<?CO@0/2>M<?1V3?CP 3
`b8G3?P;3T<T1D/|JRC!<?/28>!^2UVC21DCO14ªK>!^2P;>lfC23]PR1V@TJGQ[/K<r8GU28G<TCOPrc<T/2<T/2>e>\`95_PR1V^2@?CO5A^2c2UV8G8G@T@NoB5_:b@?PGPR1V3?CR3<73]3h>H1V5iC!<?1D<?PR/2C|>l3T1V>AQ[>M8;C|JR1D>GC|j.0<?/2/2>!>M3T1V>lQSC28GPRJG@T>RQ[j\8G.0UV3z/28G143r@T>l8G1DUDC!UVPLWPR:23:b^OPR33T1~<?<?P>
<Tc=3T/O^21V@T>A@T>H>SC 5i<?<?1V1D/OCKPR<T8LCO>A<3@?:b<?fx/2PGPG>!U4@68L<TQS`9>6PR14^2c23]QSCOc=UVc2PF>!8GP;@T:2<?ow/ 1DF:9>M57/OUzPR1D8;/OCKC28R<7JR33N>M<T830/9<?C28LP!<6PG@?<?8GQ[/2@T>r>S8;U3T<?^2:b/2@]>uPGf8R1VCK>M5_<TCO>N1Vc=C2CO:bJpPGPG@?@T1VQSCR1VJG<78G/K3NUV<r3lPG8;f8G<5_c2@?<T1VPR8G/23?QB>!3>AEF8G<TCp1V>M>A@?W>A3CK>APG<T@H1Vf0ju@T>6<TF/2c=^2>q1V@?8G>A5_QSUV1VoG@?>_5A<TUDWt>R>M@Mj>[b2COQ[>A>u8;>MFcw5A1V8GC2<?CPJ
<TQ[P;/Of8;>B8SR3T>0/O^28G8G@TU~CBff8G8R5_3]:O>rc2/2c=Wt>A1D<TPR@?1V1V^2PG5MUVCO8;c 8GUU2`93T/28G>S3?>A3]c=UVU^O1D/h{bQBl>M:2@T3?>M<T3]1VCR^OPG<eQBC6fx:2<T@TPPR<TQ1Vc=PGPmCO8u3<T/23T5M:2148;3M/2CG>A`b`b@?>M>G>5Ajm8G^O¨p^O3]>H3TPG>c\@?1D>A<Tf¢PLP[WtER:2>A>0@H@?WP=2c=>AW@?^O>6>5_>N5_UVPFPR8BPG^2FU4^2cp1VCOC21VJ`9ªK>B8L^2<>NUVPK<T3TPR/2^2F>@T1DfC2>M8GCOJ\5_c6>R8L2P;<lWf<?8;/2/2CB14>q57/>A}UV21DQS:Oi* 3T8n?G>Go
`bC2PR>l@T<?Q[/2>e8;U4W3Mj0@?PGFCO/9JN8Gc=PG1VC2C2>RJ!jz5AF8G/OC 8Gc2c=1D1DC2{bJB>M@T1V>MC=CRfx<?PG1V@?8;Q[<T>N8L<T`b1VPG>_<IC\W5A>A8;>MCuC `98;>mC^O>A3TJR>MJ!c[8;<?COP6cp5APG8!CO`O3]<T8;@7UVU8;91VC[`2^=<T<l/O>eQ[:28n@?oFPG`b:9>N8;JRC28;P;<T<e1VPG`9CS>A<IP;Wtf>M3]>A^2C@Tf<T8G/O5A>>
PG^2<?3T1Vc=>PGf8B`O8GUDU8GCOcu<T/2>1VCO3T1Vc=>PGf8B`O8GUDUj
PG
8@1DUVC91V<TJGcr>A/KF8l<<T^2`O5M@?8;^2>z@TUD`B<T<?PFPl8LPG</2CN>M<T3TUD/2:6/2>tPLWfxW@?1~PG<?1VC2/rCKJl<:b<?8e>APG@73]:65_QS>A@T:2PF1VJG<TP;1V/K<?PG/N<MCNj /FPG'x^2M` f9Q[+gGY¡.8;Cr@?PG8RPR`=5_@>zÀI>H8G<?5iC2/2<1D>Q[3]/OPG8G`=8GUG:9ÀI§O>H> 5iJR3\<^2¾¿`9@?fO>GPRC2j ^2P;'CO$8<Hc2L+8G8G¾I@Tc23oc6<?PG/23]CK>APR<?@?QBPe>t>t8G8lCFoG5AomPRUD>H^23T8;/O@?CB3T8G>Ac23]UD/2f=1DC2>M`FJ9>_o<;8R3]P;3T/9f23T8G:O^2c=8GQSPL:9W1V>MC2@M3MJ j
d
l3T/O3?8;3T:b1DJR>CS8G3T30^21D@T<f8GWt5APR>^2C2UVPGc\@?Q[`b>8;U4@T3>M:2<TPr@T>HXG3]Ê>MCKPG<T@h>Mc\3TP1VC:9PR8G1DC\CK<71V3zCK<TW@?1D1D<TC9/23]1V14CS5m1D<TQ[/2>8;JR§O>GJGj ^2@?>`bPG^2COcO8;@?oN<TPr@T>M:2@T>H3]>MCK<<?/2>PR`=ÀI>M5_<
0.3TPG/2CO>m3e:9/O>M8n@?EG3T>r:b>M^O5i3]<?>H1Dc ER>l3T:2^O@?57P;/ ÀI>HF5iC2<?PL1DPRWCuUV>Mc=c=14JR3I<?>NPG1D@TCw<?3EF:O1V3T8;^O@78;8;UUVUV>A5_UOPRQBUV1VC2Q6>M3^2C21VCu145A1V8;CR<T<?1VPG>A@?Cp>M3]fx<TPR1V@mC2JB5A>AWCK<T8n^2o=@?3M1Vj>M3Mje@T<T
141D3]JR<?^230@?8;>uCOc\HX2c=j XG@7Ê[8Lf}<?3]/O3T:bPL>AW@T3
<I8LW<hPB8NW:9PR>AUV1DUDCK<zFC21VCSPLW<T/2Cq>e:2XG/2YÁ>MC21VQ[PGQS8;JG>A>C9825Mjt8;UV
UD>H1VcB@?3]<T<M/29> 8[LgGLY94UV 1D=CO}>rK3]RO>AÂLW¤}9<T PSjzF<T/O>H>N5_PRPGCO:=c=<?UV1VoG5MR8;8U8;JR=@TPR1V30^2:BW1VP;UDUf:O8;:28;:b@78;>MUV8GUV>A@0U=<TUVP[1DC2EL>H8;3zCOW1V3T1V/UDU
<T/O:b/O8nPG>SER1VCR>8G<7UD3N<TJR/2>Afx>r@?`2PG@73?Q¸8;8;14QS5Nc=>NQS1D{¢ELP=>A8G@?c=C2>A>M1VCK3TU<B/2P;1VftJRC2@TJ!:OPR@T^2:bPG:OPGÀI>M1V3CK5iPG<e<?1DflER8G>rUV3e1DC23]:2>H/2@?3rPLP;WÀI:9>HC8;5i@7<?1V8;1DCPRUVUDC>M<TjUz/2>r<T9Pa§O;JGO<T/2^O4 >@TF>R}3?j0F8;G.0QS/O=>u}>M¢3T:2i>U4m8;>_CO8;{¢>G@?>M>rja5i<7fx¾È3ePRC¡@T8GQS:O@T>>M8;ca@T>H<T8G14`F5_3Too!^OUV<T<?8G/2Pu@M>[3]8/OEL8;PLOCOW¤ÂL1V3Tifx/2@?HPG1VC2ÂLQ J
/,
-
EF1D>MW:9PR1DCK<7301DCq<T/O>N3T5A>AC2>Rj
!
T<UVÄ>A/OC2>[3TJG1DCO<T/K/p^OJGUVQS5A>N8G8G5A^OC|8;3]QS1V>AC2oG>MJS>R@?8Bj!<?/25A¨p>8GCq>A^OoR3?`b>5_>NUV>M<TPS3^O3T1Vfx>MCP=cq5_<T^O<?/23P!>[PG5_/FCpPR^2QB8;Q[C:O8;^=PGC|<T`2>>MÀIoG>M<?/25i>[<>r57PG/Oc=f>M8;8;:=CO<]<TJG<?/>S>ACK<?1~<7PS<T31VPG<T3]C/2/9>rj8;3T:b^2ou>!@Tf8;`28GCO@?5A1Dc>mCOJG1V/2Q[1V>MC2CO8;J[JR5_8;>B>MCc<T/OPG8L>!<l`=ÀI8S>_>H{¢5i:2>M<H1D5_2=<TPG>A1V@EGU>B8GPR3`=fxP=ÀI5A>M5A8G5_8;C < U
>M8Lc2<?1DJGCO>MJu3MFPG1DCCK<?<?PN/2fx143eP=5_:O^O@T3M1VCOF<T5_/O1V:2>mUV>r3T>A/OCO8n3TERPG>@`9PG`2>M>A<?8;Cw1VCO`23t^21D1VC2U~<HfxbPG1V@?COQS5A8;UD^O<Tc21VPG1DC!C2J\PRC!<T/O<?>6/2>e5_PR@7CK8;<TCO@?JGPG>Ufx<?PRPr@e<?8G/O^=8L<T<0PRPGQS`28;ÀI>M<T145i5<HjfxP=Yl5_>M^9EK3e145_5M>H8;3QSPG>A:b@7>A8G@T3M j
PL
2EGPR>A>M@1VC2@z>MJq88R57`2@7/\8;@TC21V:O>_JRft1~>=/2>AP;>AUf2@?>GEL<?¢/28;UV>NW^2>B>MEL38;5MFGUV8;^2fxC PR>@zPG1VQ[>Mf 8R8;a57JG/[W1VC2EL/2>68;14UV57^2<T//O>8;:2P;<e@Tf P=<?q/2c=>B^98;CS5_fx>MP=>H35Ac=8;<TJGU/2>l>rUV>Ac2C23T>_/OJG<T8G<T>H/a@T5i:b<?PGPG>Mfz@h3]<<T143h/O>Mc=>S8GJR:25M>:28;UVQS1V1D3l>H>AcB3I@7<?8!<TPGP@?14>M3m<?c/23]>QS8;CO@?PF>Mc\P;3T^2<?<?/2UD/2<TUD>A1Vo C2CpJN57^O/91V3TQS8;>MC2c\8GJRJG>M<?>RcP j
fxPGUVUVPLW3fx@TPRQv<T/2>UV>AC930>MªK^O8L<?1DPRCufx@?PGQ :2/Fo=3]145A3Mj
0 V
%TU T U Y M@ X98V-
<T8;^OC9@TcN>H¾¿30<eQ[PG/98GC8G57/23lP;1V<?8GC2/2UD>H@?>A3>M@?8R5MWc=8;1VC6ou3T>1D`bC=^2>AfxC2>M>MCa@1DfxPG<TQS/2@?Q>0>ACK>_3T<?=^21D14PR3I@]C2<?f8R>A>MCO5_cq>H5A3A><?jz/O8G8LFCO</Ocr8R3I3T<?c=/O@TPL^98GW5i:9<T3>^O5AP;@T8G>Hf¢C\c8e`b1D3TUV^2>NUD^O@T/2fQB8G>M5_1VUDCO:2>h8;fxfx^2<T@TU1VPRPGQÄ1VC C8;148S3lCF3To^91DQS3]:O>A8;1VfxUV^2<]8G<TU@>Mfx@TQ[PRC6@l8;PG:2C2C6@?C2P=1~>M<Hc=@Mj^Ojz¬t5Akl1DPRC2^2COJuQ[3]14fx8;c=>MCO>M8;3@
<T8S/OgG>6Y`bP;1VCK<T<T<TPG>M@TQÇ:2@?@?>_1D<7JR8L/K<?<e1DPR>_C\28GPGQBf8;:OCUD>6^21DC9Cac=
^2U41VJG8L<T^21V@?C2>uJ!n3TX=^2jV@T f =8Gjl5_>R.0j/2.0>r/2:9>N8L3]<]/9<?>A8G@?c=C PLWP;f3t5_fx@?^2PG@?QEG>H3l<?/28L><e<T<T@?/2>A>B>H30`bPGP;C<]<?PG3]COQ PLW03]<T¿1V5AQrPLEG^2>AU4@?8L>M<?c>
<T1VC>M@TÀI@7^O8;c=1VCpJG1V8;C2@?JN>NJR/2@T>MPRUD^2:=COfx^Oc6U>A<?UVP\>AEL3T8LK<?1V1D>APR@7C3jWÁ/23TP\1DQS5A8;1VUVCp8G@h>H8G3]1D3T<T1D^9UVoq8L<TUD1VPKPG3]CS>14<?3h/23T>A/21V@lPLW`98;CSU48;1DC!CO5A
>1VJGfx@T^2PR@?Q>H>MX2EGjD>MMC ÉO;8!W3]/O1D>A@?>01DCO<T57/2/a>QB:98L143]<]<?<?8;>A@?RC >
P;f:2@?P;ÀI>H5i<T>Hc!UV1DJR/K<l3I<?@T1V:9>H30@T>MEG>H8;U43h<?/2>>AUVUV1D:O3TPG14c28GU3]/O8G:9>PGf3TPGQS>:9PG<?8;<TPF>M3Mj
ÉKX
!#"$"%"
!
*, 0$
c=145i<l3TPGQS>>_=:b>A@?1DQS>ACK<78;Uc28;<?8S8;COcqQ[8no!Q[8;R>eEF143]1VPGCq:2@?PGJR@?8GQBQS1VC2JBEG>A@?o!c=1 5_^2UD<Mj +
<T<T/O>M@T>MQ 3TF>ePRJRQB?A1DERK>e>l0P;/25_fPR>A<?@T@?/2@?>>m>M8;5_/2<tU4>A3]1VPB^2CR@?<?<?14>APB3I@?<?:2QS1V5M@?3z>H>_8;<?<?8;C/O<T8L1V5_<0PG@?CO>M/O8G3h8n3TEG1D>GCq>l=8;`9Q[UV>MUb8G>A5M@TCq8G¢3T:2F>M@TPG3 PR@&:93T5APK/OPG3]8G^2>Hc2CKcBPL<?fx>AWÁPG@?@>_1D2Cp1DQ[8;gRQS8GYJG:2>lUV1D>MCp1V3tCK8R<T8;c2>M@?@T>c=:21D>M<T@?8R1V>_PG3]<7C\oB8L<?<T<T1DP[PRP6C[§O1D<?fxCO3lPGcUVXGUDj PLY)W2QBj >m>H-l^O8;PG3]C2>eC21VC2>e<TJ9/OP;j> f
2@?PGQ8S3]<T@78;1VJG/K<>Hc=JG>1VCq<T/2>1VQ[8;JG>R=1DC2fx>A@l8S3]<T@78;1VJG/K<>Hc=JG>1VCgGY6j
2'¨p@?PGPRQÇ@T>>MJGc=>MJRC2>M>A3l@78;fxPGUVUV@?oGQSKfx1DC2@TPRJqQ85_ÀIPR^21DC9C95i5_<T141Vc=PG>ACwCO5A1DCa>1D<TC /2>[X;YÄX;Y1DC=1VfxQ[>M@8;JG5_PR>R1D¢CO1D5AC=1Vfxc2>M>A@CO>M5Ac=>mJR1V>MCp3lgGfxY6PG@?j QB+ 1VC2Jq8u5_PR@TCO>A@l1VCwgRYrj
2@?PGQ3T1DQS1VUV8G@PG`=ÀI>H5i<730PGC8B5A^2@?EG>1DC XGYr=1VC=fx>A@e3]1VQS1DU48;@PR`=ÀI>M5_<?30PGC8S5_^2@?EG>1VCpgGY6j
2@?PGQ8[X;YÄ:9PRUDoFJGPRCO8;U¢@?>AJR1DPRCF1DC=fx>M@l8B:9PRUDoFJRPGCO8GU9f8R5_>1VCgRYrj
2@?PGQ8S3TQBPFPG<T/5_^2@?EG>Hcu`bPG^2C9c28;@?o!1VCpXGYr=1VC=fx>M@l8S3]QSPFP;<?/qPR`=ÀI>M5_<1DCpgGY6j
FoFQBQS>A<T@?1V5m@?>AJG1VPGC93t1VC X;YÄ5APG@?@T>H3]:bPGC9c[<TP[3ToFQBQS>A<T@?1V5mPG`2ÀI>M5i<731VCqgRYrj
®¯[°
½ £½´¶ ½·³µ 6½±¹»º¼6µM²¼ %p ½
2>lC2PLWÁc=>M@T1VEG><T/2>m8;UVJG>A`O@?8G1V50QSP=c=>AU9fxPG@t:9>M@?3T:b>M5i<?1DER>l1VQ[8;JG1VC2J9j.0/2>mc=>A@?1VEn8;<T1VPGC[143h@78L<?/2>A@3]1VQS:2UV>
fx<TP=/O5A>m8G3?U98;UVQS>AC2>JG<Tc=/u1V3]<T<?PN8GCO<?5_/2>e>fxc=@?PG1V3]Q<?8G<TCO/25_>>Rj 3T>A.zCO@?3TPLPGEK@H14Rc=<T>H/2cB>m<T1D/OQ[8;8G<0JG8G>lUDU¢143:bPGÀI^O1VCR3]<7<3h86`b3T>A5M1V8;C2UVJB>Mc\1DQ[c=8GPLJGW>MC!c!EGUD1V>M>l@?3TPR1VC!PGC!<T/OPG>mf3?<T8;/2QS>>lX;Y©:OUVW8GC2PG>e@?UV8;c< j
PG.0@/23?143l5A8GQSC2C2P=>Hc=c\>MUc=14P=3e5A8G^2:2QS:2>AUV1VCK5M<?8;3M`2j UV><TPu@T>H8;U8G:2:2UV1V5M8L<?1DPRCO3l3T^O57/ 8G3e8;CO8GUDoFsM1DC2J[QS145_@?PR3?5_PR:9>PR@e8;@?>M8GU1VQS8GJG>H3
' +
'IHX2jD +
x
E
. i .F real image plane
X
i f
O lens center O
f
C
. x .D X front image plane
f
f
z
c
Z X
c c camera and world
. x
.B X-axis
A
T<
/O1DJR>^2Wt@?>BPR@TnU4cX=j X=$0&143=1D@TQS>MUV:28;UV<T>N>Hc!:b>A<?@7PB3]:b1D<?>M35_<T1DQ[1VEG8;>JRQS>PF3]1Vc2sA>A> UWz1D<TEK/ 148S8R3]5i1V<TQS^98;1DU4U8;8;@0C9<?cu@T148;fx@?COPGJGCKUV>M<3 1V& Q[8; JG >:2 U48;CO>M 3MjtA«ej `=ÀI>M5_<l3]1VsA>1VC
c
<TPGc=1V`214PG3IÀIC9<7>M8;3A5iCO=<r5AW5A> /2PF14PG57@7/qc=1DWtC9>8LN<TW>B8n1VWUDfxU@78n8;<7oRQS8;2R>M<?>e3N/2^2>APGCp:@r<?1V8Ca/2>rW¬t1VPG/OQ[@?8;UV8;c:=JR<?>N5_>APF@1VPR3mM@?gO8!c=j1V3TCO¾¿1D8;fQS<T<?>B:2/2UV>Nfx>6@?5A8G3?8GQS5AQB8G>[UD>M1VC2@T@?>HJ!8rªREFPG^O1Df1D>M@?<TW>M/O3m308;<?<e:2/2UV:28G>uU4CO8;8;8;COUV@JG>G>MjeQ[`2F8;@7>A8\<T<]>A<?@?PG1D14ftC28;JU<?@?8S8G
CO5_PG3] fxC9PG3I@?<7QS8; CK8;<
rp
oF5_PF1D>MPRUV@?cOc=31VCO<T8;/O<T>\>M3M3TF1DQSFC2:2PLUV>uW1D@?CO>AJ6U48L<?<?1D/OPR8LCO<3 <?/2>1VQS8G
JG>mB1V3l8;8BCOc 3?5A8G UD>HcuER >A
@73]M1VPGj C\.0P;/Ff^O<T3r/2>Wt>uWPG5M@?8;U4C¦cj 3T1VQB:OUDoWtPR@Tw1DC¦1DQ[8;JR>
'
+
IHX2j X$+
kl
kl '
+
'
1!q^2C21DfxPG@?Q 3?5A8GUD1VC2JB:2@TPR:9>M@]<Io
#<T PR: 5A8G' QB3]1VQS>M@?1D8!U48;UD@ePFPG<TP=3m8!EG:2>M@]/O<?P;1V5M<TP\8;UVUD>AopC2U4c=8;PL@?WJG1VCwC2Ju8L<N3]<?8[8;<T<71V8;PG`2CMUV+e>[8G3]3ePu1VCw<T/O
8;<m1DJR<?^2/2@?>S>u1DHQ[X28Gj X2JGG>rj :O.zUV8G@?C2PLEG>6>143m<?/O:O8L8;<m@78;<T/2UVUV>B>AU1V<TQSP\8G<TJG/2>6>BP;<?ft8G8a`2UV>
d
f P’ = ( x , y , f )
i i
yi X
i
F
xi
P=(x ,y ,z )
w w w
y
c
x
c
Zc = Z
P;8;fC9c[<?/2<T>6/O>e3]<T@?>M1D@TJR>M/KP!<t3]1Vo=QS3]8G<T>MJGQq>mje:9PR.01DCK/2< >6 3To=3Ij <?>AmQÇ>APRPGQB`O>A3T<T>A@?@?1VEG5M>H8;3UVUDoR3]PRRQSW>m>rKPGCO`2PLÀI>MW 5i<e<T/O:98;PR<t1DCK<?< /2> :91VPRCp1DCK<?< /2>r UV>_Qrf}<^O3]1D<0Q[`98G>JG>NUVPF:b5MPG8L1V<?CK>M< c! 8;< 4
'IHX2j g +
'(j C+
¤PGfx<T>A>eW¤<T/O3T^28;`O<3]`F<To!1D<T^=5A<?PG1DCOPR3]CO<T30@?^O8;5iCO<?cu1DPRQ[C[8;<T/OC2>e1V:21V^2Q[U48L8;<?JG1DPR>mCO5_3hPFPGoF@71V>Ac=U41Vc2CO308L<?8r>M33TPGUV^=<T8;1VC9PGcC!fxPGe@Q[<T/28n>eoB<I`bW>Pr8G^23?3]C2^2FQSC2PL>HWcSC\<TPB5_PF`9PG>m@714c=c=1VCO>ACK8L<T<?14>M5A3 8GU j
-
8;C9c SPGf<?/2>:9PR1DCK< j
T<¾ÈCa1VPGC93TPG3NUVEFH1DX2C2j É9J!2fxWPG@/214<?57/2/p>61Vc23>A<T:=/2<?>B/ac=P;1Df{b>M:b@TPG>M1VCOCK5_< >N `b¢>_<IWtW>r>A>M/OC8nEG<T>N/2>61VCK1D<TQ[@?P=8Gc=JG^O>N5_5_>HPFcqPR<T@?/2c=>61VCOC28;P;<T>M<?1D3 PRC zP;8;f C9?;c 4 2;i1V}Cp <T/O>N1VC UD>Af}hª<mK8G^OCO8;c
"
ÉRgKX
!#"$"%"
158BEK143T1DPRC=JR^214c=>Mcu<T@78G5_<TPG@
F<T @7>M8G>m5_<T
PR1V@JG^28;@?CO>6cn1DX=<?j3eX;gO8;:2j:2FUV^O145A:28L:9<?PK1DPR3]C>8rP;ffxPGWt@?>MW>M8Gc@?c=5_PRUVCKPF<TPG@?FPG1DUCO8GJNCO5Acq8;QSfx>A>M@T@?<T1V8rUD1V1VsA3>M@M^Oj03T>M.0cu/2<T>rPB5MJG8;^2QS14c=>A>e@78B<T/2/O>8G3l3]<T8S>M>Afx@?P=1D5AC28;JBUP;UD>MfC28NJ;<?f8G/p@TQP;f
d
3m β
β
α
α = 35 degrees
plants (200 mm dia.)
β = 25 degrees
1DJR^2@T>SnX=j X;g &FR>_<?57/qP;f5A8GQS>A@78rPRC8BEF143]1VPGC=¿JG^O1Vc=>Hc[f8G@TQv<?@?8R5i<?PG@ &3T>A>*zF>M@?5A1V3T>X;Ê Oj De
9f2 )^7 U Y
,
!
#
#
)$
145Ac=8G>ACdCK
<T`91D1DJRfx>\oF^21DEG@?CO>M>\JS@To|n<TX=/2c=j >NXL1 ÉQ[5A3]8;^2/2<?UDPL57<rW/2fx1V3C2PG@BJS88 1D3TQ[1DC2@?8G>MJRJG8GUD>>SUh:9gG:bYZPRPG1D1VCKCK3T<7< 5A3 >A C2 >\`b5_8;>APG1VCOC2CKc Jp<78; UD1VP=C25M1DjtCO8LYeJ <T>H>_caQ[<?>A8;1V@?C|CFQSogG1DC2Y3T1V^2C2@T3TJSf:O8G8G<?5A/25A>!>B>M3T:93T>NPRPq1D5_CK<TPR<7/2@T3r@?>M>M@T`b>S3T>M:9145MPR38;CO^OC2c=3TPp1V>!C2:2JB1D<6@?:9PG14`2PR3N1DUVCK>AP;Q<?f}3
<T¬t>MPGC¥C93]^214COc=5A>AUD@>H8;8S@N3]W<T>M/O@T>M1V57P6/d:O:b8GPG1D@1VCKPG<6f1V1VC|Q[8;<T/2JR>\>M3tUD>Afx@Tf}PR<6Q 1VQS8S8GJG5_>!PR@T5AC2PG§O@?>A@TU4>Hc\3]:b8RPG30CO1DcOC3m
<T1DPaJR^2W@?>B/O1Vn57X=/djVH:bX2PGj1VCK.0<r/21D>MC¥@T><T/2W>!PG^O@?1VUVJGc\/K`9<r>1VQSQ[8G8GJGCK>Ro j
3T3T1DPrQS<?1V/OUV8G8L@<>M<?c=/2JR>>m3]>H:b8;PG@71V57CK/!<?3fxPG8R@5_@?5APRPG3?@?3z@T>H<?3]/2:b>PG1VC9QSc=8G1DCOJGJr>:b@?PLPGW1VCR3A<7jh3«l5A8Gf}<TC\>MC`bO>3]5_<TPG>M@TC9>M3IPS<?@?5M8G8;1DC2QS>H>Ac[@78G<?30P68G<?@T/2>m>NEG3?>M8;@TQSo!>:O@T@TPL>HW5_143t3]>MP;UDouf<T8G/2UD>1VJG<ICOW>McP
1VQS8GJG>H3AjUD<T/2PR^2JG/NQ[8GCKoN5APGCO3]<T@78;1VCK<?38;@?>hFC2PLWCr8GCOcN^O3T>McL:2@TPR`2UV>AQ[33]<T1VUVUK@?>AQ[8G1DCj«eC2>hPR`FEK1VPG^93
,L
ÉRgRg
f Z
L
x
l
b P
l
f
R x
r
Pr
x-b
P
X
(x, z)
z
rp
1\«eCq<T/2>>M@T@?PG@1DCp3]<T>M@T>MPS5APGQS:2^=<78L<?1DPRCO3
l8L< 3?3T ^2QS ><T']/OMÊ8;<t 3]<TM>AM@?ÊR>APÊGÊ 5M 8;QS+_>Aj @78G3>_Wfx>A1D<T@r/[<TP`98G
3T>A1VJGUV1D^OC2@T> > n X=j XLMÉMÊ &rC2PG8;<TCO>[cB<?fx/OP=8L5M<B8;U2:9UVPR>A1DC2CKJG< <T/OÇ3 UV1V>M 3r8GX UD PRC2JpEK1V<?>A/2W >u8PR:=:b<TPG145A1VCK8G< U
@
fU 0 V + >^ 6 ;Y
h h h h
'IHX2j $Ë +
'
(j C+
Image I 1 Image I 2
L1 L2
A1 A2
T
1 T
2
Image I 1 Image I 2
V1:2
QS@?1DJRPG8G^2`OJG@?8G>H>u`23AjUVHoNX2.03]j /2X/2> PR&^2' ) U4FcN'9oF`b8GQrCO>0`bc 8nPGERUV' 1VPG 5r14c=' Q[>M'8Gc68L@T<?3]@?571VPL/OCOW!1D5AC2>h+JuÀI<?^2/2<TCO>H>A57oN5_/2<T^91VC2PG3]14CO^OªR3e^O8GUD>N3]UVo/2fxPLPG@?W@e>M3TCp§O^2COU~8G<c2@Tfx1D>@?C2PG:bJQP;5_<?PRP=>A@TCK5A@?5A<T>M14UD3T8;^9:bU3]PG1VQ[PGCOC68;c=<?>M@?578;CO/2<T5_>H/2>H3A>M3j@1V.0Ca<?/O/28u8;>(CB3]' <T..@?>M>M@T';8;>MÀIUKPu^2fxCO>H:O8L5_8G<T<T1D^O1V@ePG@TCO>HP;33f
1VCgRYrj
1430KCOPLWCu<?P[UD1V>PGC\<T/2>N3?8;QS>3?5A8;CqUV1DC2$> F=<T/98L<143A
Gj 2w>N5M8;UVU¢<T/21438qbÂ;iS =K1VQ[8;JR>m:98;1V@Mj
h h
5Ac=8G>MQS:=2 <T>A/q@7/28G1D1VC23UD>6fx1VPGC[<T@?/OQS<T/O>68;1V3<TC21VPRPG:b@TCPRQ[3Tj1~8G<?.0U1DPR/23TC>m>_K<JG8G>M^2COC2: c[>A@7Q[1D8;<tU¢8;Q[R3]<T>M8n>A3loB@?>A<TC2/2PSP;>B<3T>_JGUD<T>H>M^O8GPG:ucSQS/O<?>_PN8R<?@T3`2o8G1VJr@T3]1V`OQS>A1~CO<?:2@?PG8GUV^2>G@TJR¢oB/!1~<:9c=PK141V3e3]3T1D:O<TCO8G1VP;PG@T<mC91D<T38G1V>MUD8GW03zCO8n<Tc\P6o=3PG5M@?8;:b1DU4>MPR5_CR3?^2<73]U48L1V8L`2<?<?UV1D>l>NPRCO8G<?3z5MP\5_PG^2:2f@7U4<T8G8L/O5A<?>>>
<T5A/O8G>QS>A>A:2@78G1V:93MPR;UV>M8G8R@57/[JG>MP;PGfQSW>_/2<?14@T57o[/[1VQrCq^O<T/23]<h>EFJR1V>A>AC2WÁ>M@?8N8GU¢3T1D5MJR8GC23T1D>G§9j 5A8GCR<h3T^2`FEGPRUD^OQB>lP;f¢<T/2>ePG`=ÀI>H5i<Hj
1VJG^2@?>NnX=j X 3]/OPLW3
1+ QR
9f2 < 2 =D;b6 2L7ÂL9¿;}2 O
OÂL}9 t ON hÂuÂb?=7AOÈ_7 IÂLr7L
! Eb
,L
ÉRg
P
z1
y
1
I1 z
y 2
2
I2
e
1
f P1
P2 x
f e2
b
C
1 C
2
I1 y
1
y
2 P
I2 2
P e e2 x
1 1 2
x
E1 1
C1
E2
C2
ATn
^
Zc
M^ V 6
; ?
BL ? O hÂd}SMR 2Â;}O L ?
ÈÂ F bTÂA7_ q4p7 = =D?d 2
E^ 6 9T 2$
" R
P;
f<?PG/2mCp>1VEGW5A>A8;/2C!QS1457<T>M/p/2@?>m8R<?/23!:9>6PR'3T1D5A>ACKPG>< @?¬t@T >H/a3]:bPGHPGC\g$CO+i>Ac2K:21D1DC21V<:9J[14PR3:bUV8G:9PG@hPK1VCK3TUV1D3T< CO1D`O> UD
>l Q6<TPN1VCu^O§93I1V<mCOQ[c[UD8;1V>G<?JRjl/2> >m¾¿ fh5A PG8;8;C2@?CO@TPG>Hc!<T3]/2:bK>MPGCO@lC9PL:bc=WPG1D1DCO1VC2CRJJr< >A<T:2/21V >e:91DPR@TCa>MUV8GUV1D8;@tQ[<TUV1V1V8;EGC2JR>e> > PG@?
1D >M1DCRUDC\1V<7>M8L1D3lQ[<?1D1DPR8;CwJRCO8>3
i " ^ M^ V 6 6 "T $
c=1D{b>M@T>MCK<>A:21V:9PRUV8G@0:2UV8GC2>fx@?PGQ:bPG1VCK< 21~<W1VUVUUD1V>PGC8Sc=1D{b>M@T>MCR<>M:21V:9PRUV8G@UD1VC2>Gj
b O =D; = }¢i}OÈA7_27A £Â ;Á}[AK i¿AT7 OL} 4 2 2Â;}OB; = £ = =l}
1+ @
9f2 < ;^ ^rV 6 i K
.PG1VCK<?3 m8GCO c
N8;@?>l<?/2>>A:O1D:bPGUV>M3PGf1VQ[8;JG>H3 m8;C9c
;2@?>M3T:9>H5i<?1DER>AUVoGj
Z$
8 "T`
iVWT >U "TU
1V3?QS5_>A8GCOmJG>G>H1V2EG3A<?K>A/2CS<T>A/Ooq8m>m:OWPR8;@?1V1Vc2UD@U>A`9P;@?1Df¢>6C2:bJBPGPG@75_1Vc=CRPR>A<7CO@?33I>M<?1Vc\C6@?8G1D<?C1D/2CK<0><?/23I3?>6<75_8L>A3?<TCO8;>H>0QS38G<T>CO/OW0c68;<8n<To\/21~f>M8G1D<T@tUD/2PR5_>HC2PG3]JB>m@?@?<T:9>M/23TPR>6:91DCKPR>A<7CO:230c=1V:9UD1V1VC2PR>JeUV8GPG:O@C\@TUVPG8B1DC2ÀI5_>M>HPR5i3<?CK1D1V<TPRCp1VCOCK>M3^O8RPG1D57CS^O/q30>HPG8G3Tf57^2/B<T@]/2fP;8R>Nfb5_>m1V<TQ[/21D>0C\8;JR<I<TW>M/O3MP> j
.08L<0/2<?143l/2>m5APG<TCO1VQB3]<T>@78;PG1VfCK<Q[1V8L3l<7QB57/2PR1VC2@T>JSPGWfz/28[>_<?/2/2>A>A^O@@T14PR3I@<?1VCO5P;<T<0/O<I8GWtCPB<T/21VQS>68G>AJG:2>m1V:9:9PRPRUV1D8GCK@l<7305_PRUD1VCO>3]<TPG@7Cu8;1V<TCR/2<H>N2`b3?8;>MQS5A8G>^O3TgG>NYWt3T>6^2@]c=fPG8RC5_>R' <ljF.0C2/FPL^OW 3
1D14<m33I5A<?8G@TC145i`9<?UD>6oq/28;>A:2UV:2:=UVfx1V^2>MUc1Dj C §OCOc=1VC2J!:bP;<?>ACK<T148;UQS8;<?57/2>H3A9`2^=<m1~<mQS8noq5A8G^O3]>65_PG@?@?>M3T:9PRCOc=>AC95_>>A@?@TPR@?301Dfz1D<
V ( S iV( 9`1
_58;PRC9QSc ¾È:2C¡^=
uc2<T1V>MC2W3TJ1D1VJRUDU0c=C2>A:21DCO:2@?JwPG<T/:98j+8;JR3I2 8;<?>A<T/2>[@?>A>A<?PwCwPa3T<TU4o=/28;3I>S@?<?JG>A`O>MQ8R@r3]>M>AUD<?@?1V/2@?C2PG>A>B@7@?3N>u1V31V14C¥3S3T/2<T8 PG/O@T<?>q<M@?8R5A3Tc=PGQ[>AQSPG8;:2{ÆUVU^=<?`b>A>M@?>_c¦@T<IPRW@?c2>A3e>A>M:=1DC¡Cw<?/¦3?UD5_P=P;>A5MflCO8L>q<T<T1V/2PG5A>CwPLEGgGP;>AYZfh@78;1VQ[JR:b>!PG8;1VJR8;CR>6CO< c¦:b PG>A1V@?8GCK@T3B<?PR3@r5A8G1VCC
`b5A8G>!QS1DC2>A@7fx>A8G@?3@T>HQScaPLfxER@?>NPGQ fx^2@T<T<T/O/2>[>M@§O8;JG:O^O8G@T>H@]<H3Abj\1D<¾ÈCO`95_>H@?>M5_PR8RQB3]1VC2>HJq3lQS<T/2PR>u@T>B`O8GUD1V3TG>A>MUV1DUDCOoq>!<?/O1DQS8L<:2@?1VQSPLEG8G>HJG3>68G:95MPR5_^21DCK@7<8G5A5_oGPGju@?@?kl>M3TPL:9WtPR>MCOEGc=>A>A@HC95_8R>M33e<T8;/O@?>>
UVPGPR:23]<T<h145Ac=8;^2U>8;<?=PN>M301DC9145_3@?86>M8GJR3TPF>Mc6PFcq>_{¢5_>MPR5_QS<?3h:2@TP;PRfQSP=5A1V3T5_>GUV^Oj 3T1DPRCj¾¿<h/O8G3z`9>M>AC[:2@?PG:bPR3T>Mcr<T/O8;<t8;C!8GC2JGUV>0P;f É`b>_<IW>A>MC
^
,L
ÉRg ;e
P R
. .
X F
O
.
T axis F
. . .i S
j x’
Q. . p’
Z f f z’
u v
8L=1DJR143^2@?:O>p8G3?H3]X=>Hj3zX <?/2& @?PG.z^2@?JR1VCO/[5_1V<T:2/2UV>>[UVP;>Af0CO30<T/28G>!COc[<T/2fx1VP=Cd5A8GUD>MUCO:93MPRj 1DCKl< 8n o fx1V@?CuPGQy@?PG^=PR<?`=>lÀI<?>MP65_<r1VQ[:bPG8;1VJRCR>e< :b PG1VCK:9< 8;@78;UVj UD>MlU8n<ToSPfx<?@T/2PR>uQvPR1D:=Q[<T148;5AJR8G> U
+e p
:bPG1VCR< :O8G@?8GUDUV>AUb<?PS<T/2>PR:=<T145A8GU8L=1V30:98G3?3]>H3h<?/2@?PG^2JR/u<?/2>UD>MCO38;C9cufxP=5M8;U:bPG1VCR< j
q^
^ 7p
4
1 .03N/2<?>0/2>\<?/23?1D8;C[QSUV>A>uC98R3z3>MªK<T^O/O8;>\<T1Vc=PG14C[3I<78;5A8GCOCS5A>[`9fx>l@?PGc2Q >A@?1DER>Mc6<TP fx@TPRQÄ<?3]/21VQS>1DJGU48;>MPG@rQS<T@?>_1V<?8G@TC2orJG1DUVC!>M3
1VJG^2@?
> HX28;COj X c 2j@ =1DCO
5A> c=JR1D14ER3I<7>[8;CO<T/O5A>> De
fxPGUVUVPLW1DC2JS>HªR^98L<T1VPGCj 2^
'IHX2j +
$l3T1VC2J[3]1VQS1DU48;@0<?@T148;C2JRUD>H3 8;C9c A@W>mPR`=<?8G1DC8[3T>M5_PRCOc\>MªK^O8L<?1DPRCj
^
'IHX2j %+
) )
'
)6+ 'IHX2j + e
) ']HX=jVMÊ +
V S
T8+ ^U V 6 8
R
P
. a
-
2
X F
O f i S" S S’
T axis
. .
a x’
-
2 b . b
point
Q in focus
u v
blur
v’
T<<T
/O/O1DJR>r>AC^21V@?QS >68GnJGWX=>61Vj gGUV:2UÊ UV`b&8G>rC2.>NPRPG^=1VEFCK<e1V<PGPGU4 8Lf<Tfx>HWPF35A1VUV^O<?U/23m`9>68G>mUV3>APGC9<?^=/23l<>r>HPGªR1VfQ[^9fxP=8L8;5_<TJR1V^O>rPG3C:21DjU4f8;¾¿>AC2f 1D>r<T@d/O1V>A3e14@03lQS<T<T/OPL/2>mEG>B>Mc=1DcqQ[>M:=<?8G<TP JG/q>N@ P;UVfP=PR<T5A@ /28L<?>m@ 1DPR:b CpjmPG1V.0WCR</2/2>r>APR@?@h1V> Q[<?/2 8;>JR14>N:93ePKP;1D3]Cpf 1D<T fx1VP=PGC\5AW^O1VP;3AUDfU
circle
`b>N8Bc21V3TuPGfc=148;QS>_<?>A@ nj
\8R3<?/2>N14c=>M8GU1VQS8GJG>Nc=143]<?8;C95_>r8R5A5_PR@?c21DC2JB<?P[<T/2>rUD>MCO3>HªR^98L<T1VPGC F 8G30<?/2>r8G:9>M@]<?^2@T>rP;f<T/2>rUD>MCO>3 F
:bEL8;8;C9>A@?@Tc 1Dfx>H>Mdcu5i<m8RRfx3>AP=>M<?5_:2/2^O1D>rCO3mJ6fx143P=<?5M/28G8;>57U/2`2UD1V>M>AUVC2^2ERJ;@>M<?cW/afx1DPR<T^O/2@l3T1V>MC<?c/2jr<T>[/2.08;>`b/2UVPL1V>SQBEG3]>r1D1D<<T5A^OP;PG8;f CO<Tnc=1VPGj 1D<TC 1VPG14C933A3]RW>_<7>r57/2C2>MPLcaW 1DC1DCFEG
>H1V3IJG<?^O1DJK@T>\8L<?H>NX=/2j gGPLÊOWÄjQ6l^O3?3]57^2/ QS|1VC25AJ\8GCa<T/O`b8;><
)
& :
j
]HX=jVG+
& '
j
Cj
j
'
) C+
' ) C+
) )
]HX=jVHX$+
'
,L
GÉ É9
fF8;1V@QS:O1DU4UV8;8G@?C2UDoR>G=j `Fo!^O3T1DC2J !8;COcu<T/2>N3?8;QS > 3I' <?>A:O30CJR+ 1DER>AC8;`b' PLEG>RRCW+ >PG`=<78;1VCu<?/2>UDP=5M8L<T1VPGC mPGf<T/O>
']HX=jVMg +
j j
j j
1+
2m ; L_w}SM;}F 22;T L[ _ÈA76L ? = }B£} 4}NFE 2<>= Ã=?L l< ATAb7<7_ h7_w O _;B; ?ub7L =DL¢i _Â;
]
,
9f2 < F8 ;^XU V 6 8 #
0$
!
<T`2/9@?1D8LCO< FJ!1V CO<T 5_/O> >r C2>H: j8;¨p@lu:bPG1DCSPG@?>A1V<ICKPLoF<ER:2>A5A14@H5AUDPK;8G/23]UO>MPG3T@U41~<?c=<?^O1VP!C28LJr<?<T1D/OPR>M>6COEG>M3A5A@TR8GoKPGQS<TC2/O>A>1D@7C2825MJ68;jlC[>A.0U43T3]/2>A>m>B>5_fx3TPR@?8GCOPGQS3IQ <7>r8;<TCKF/2<M1D>C9Kcp^O§93TCOP;1D8;COfhU2J68G>A@T8B=JR:2^23]@T/2QS>HPR3T>A@]3TCK<?1VPG>A<m@hCB3Tfx/21DPFC PL5MW8;tªUb3RUD^9<?>M/O8LC2<T8LJ;1V<<?PG/ C qnX=:WjVH1VUDX U
0
6 U "T` 0V 6"S
U MVWTIU0V 6"S
 = }b_2A}b ¿B2 2AT( 4 2- ba F >S=\OG7LA[}KAuT\}a4L }b?G 2z_¢ ¿?6L ' X +N}Ã=9}
9f2
=b
<
cE
>V 6 "T`_^rV
P (b ocD$
∆
20mm
® ¯[° ½ ;½´½e²·½¶
1<TV.0C=@7/28GfxPG>N5A@?>MQ[>Hcw8;8L@?<T<TUDPaou1VPG@TCÆ`9PFPFP;5_PG<7^2q3>H3A`F1VCj¥oum¨ EF141D3]^O`9^O573]8G/¡PRUCPG:O' 3rf3To=`9<T57/OPF/2>qPRPGbUVWPGjpPGJR@?¨ 1V3]< 8GP;OjCFfmoaOj5A>_PG=mQS:b1D:2`O>A@?^=3T1DPG<?QSC>A@S>M']CREF <7K1V3N3TË;1VWPGÊ$C¥+t>A@?14>[@?3l>M8[1D3TC >M5ABO8GUV@?^28R57>A3T/2C93T>M1V5_5@?>M3rc¥1VCP;`Kf<Toa/O<?>r/2<T>|/23I<?>q^O8;c=:2oqÊG:O36P;@TfPK5A8GEF8G57C¦1V/3T^O`bP;8G> fU
>e
>e
>e
>e
>e
<TPFPBQr^O57/\fxPG@8B5_PRCO3T5A1DPR^O3TUDo[@?>M8R3]PRC21DCOJr/F^2Q[8;Cu<TPSQ[8;C21V:2^2U48L<?>G=`2^=<C2PB<?@TPR^2`2UV>lfxPR@08B5_PRQS:2^=<T>M@Mj
,L
GÉ ÉKg
2|8;UD<Tsec2>AEG>MUDPR:9>Hc!8;Cu> 5_1V>ACK<8GUDJRPG@?1~<?/2Q<TPBc=1V3?5A8G@?cS:bPR3?3T1D`2UV>lUV1VC2>lU48;`b>AU43AFW/21457/!143hPG{b>MCuc=^2`O`9>Hc
>e;e
f 8G=K3]']<m 57/O>M8;+t:p:2@?QSPL>HEF571Vc=/O>H8;3C214`O3T8GQS573MFjJG@?.0PG/2^O>NCOc[WPG1VC\@?q<?/2P;14f 3@8;@?T>MPG8O<TRj PLE'I %+i1-l8noR8G@6A= '] KX%+_98;C9c F^2`2`O8G@?8GPa_ 0e >eDe
RjkN}Sj9M0R8G_@Ti@?=PL1DCW£ 8GCOc Ojb.>MC2 >ACF `O 8G0^2 Q ']@ 0+_ eR?R7NÂ njFAkli}8GKCO\3TPG}OQvi8;}2COic 6jA7_¢1V3TS>AQ[ O8GLCTFR>M_Èc2_3MiK4ie5Ai8R c=7>ATQSÂL145
>eDe
>e +, K
qp Ë2j jKke 8;L@7O8;eUV1Vc257Bc=148;3]PRCOC=/c 2)zj=>MF3TUV/O>A8;o :O1D@?/P 'I KX Lg +i 0eDe iVWB_^ S U i9T8 V 4 V U MVWT /V 6MS B /
jYr 1j k^={¢Q[ 8; IC 'I1 F 0+ieijt ¨p2ÂL>AUD7<T7sM* >A<>@!=D 8;9C9cÆ<A7Y6_ jhq¨pn1457/2r1V>GÂLOAhc_OO3A_jV tl_QB9>M¿A@Tb145A78G_C 7zU1VC 43]>MD EK1V6>A@H -l >A W zPG0@?¢8
T8
>e MT %TU 6
6 M`
:2:9X KËnÈgRXGg2j
T /V 6
=j Oj >MCOc=>AG
=5_1V>ACO5A>G9¬@ 8G']@T C2>MJG$Ê 1V>m+_ ¨ @ >AUVUDPRC $lC2 1VEbjV .h 1~<T<?3T `2^2@?JOb ..z>ACO/COj Y63]oFjzUVELc=8;1V3?C23T14>A82@Tj <?8L<?1DPRCtYe>A:2<MjÁPGf¬tPGQS:2^2<T>A@
+e
>e ^ V B 2U S
j Oj5_>A:2P<T1VFPG>ACCO c=>M@TPR1VUzC2MJ gO'Ij É + 2; ?RÂM_m 2rÂM7> = Ã ?L}Fu7ÂL9¿Â;Ã=eÈC = =ÃF% <7ÂLÃ=z_Â = * ?S O4 O ? .>A@T
0e E&( -
e Oj jX;g =@j ?P;<?GPLE 'I %+ ÂHAÃF7}F; i9¿Aib; Â;b ==ÂLÃ=i¢ == & Â; ¢Ã=¿A 4iÂ;O PGUjh9 '] +TXGX;g;
0e >e
ÉGÉRÉ
!#"$"%"
MÊOj Oj¬t2PG¨ QS8G:2UD^=1V<?>A@'] l143T 1D+_PR Ci OÈAPG UzbRTA-}FP9 j=~G}bj L?LT }K;6ÂrAÃ= n?\Â%<A?A 7O¾ÈCR<?>A@?CO8L<?1DPRCO8;U RPG^O@TCO8GU¢P;f
>e + *,
GRjYr jO ¨a 8;@?1@ 8;COcp.j .PRJGJR1DP 'I @ +i 9?¤Â;X;¢ÊÃ= 6¿'I; Â; b$+]XG=Ê n2¿7gRÂLÊ2 G\j  =Ã=S; i¿AT7 H4iÂL9 8
8 "T` iV U 3VY
0e
V
e
UKY
0e +e
* E, V
HX2jYrjG¨a 8;@?9@ 'I $X +i 0 / 0 0 6 ( 00 t02 9j k¦
O@T>M>AQ[8;CN8GCOcr¬tPOjV-l>A Wo 8
6
>e "V T q CVWB_^ S U0 U "V TX 6 %T >U M`W U MVWT MTU>V
U S BI9T ^
MgOj¢j -l 8noK8;@ 'I hR$XO+ ¬t/O28GQS2:O 8;71VTJGÂ;C F¾ÈUVUDÂH1VC2_PRÃF1V 3 ' G^niOÈC2_>SB K%X +]gG ÊR1 XL¿gRÊ j 0
DVW` T
0eDe
U MVWT
>eDe
V iVWB_^ S U MVWT 9TX8 U)U T
AÉ9j¨d_ÃFj9i}FK^2\`OL`O 8;?@78; BP[ 8;¢C9 c
*7GTÂLSj 2
.hoKÂM8;AÃFC i'I + !8 C =V8?A }KD\ LO
PG¢Ujh }X;[ÊO = -POÂHj _ÃF ' a^27J niÃ=T+ $_ÂLÉG LÊ2Ã=j¿Â _Â
>e;e
(e
HË2j¢ j .>MUD>MJ|8G CO c ¨d jt>MC= zsA@7 -8 'I0 +i È _?? 0 L¢tÂL;T;
2SPR@] <t¬tPR} UD¤UV1DC9 3A=¬}«6F =D' X;g;& ÈLXR[Ë _R^?2LC2 > $,+ 1
0eDeDe V
PGUj¾i9g RËLÉKÊ2Rj
CVWB_^ S U MVWT9TX8 9U)U T ;V `WT U "V T 0eDe;e
De
j0¾i¨ j NPFj 57 '] $g +_ 1 0 tG t@78Gc=fxPG@7cNPKPR¢;¨p¾I. .z@?>M3?3M;¬8GQr`2@?14c=JG>R
p >e rV ` iV ^XU MVWT
=j¾N!!j Æ.PR3T>AC=@?8Gfx>MCOUV3Acjz =¨jHk¬e^2 QSQSPGU>Aj UF8;j COc¢j b^O57R>A@ '] +_ 7Ab % <7C =~}K < eC=D FLÂL bTÂH7i7Aii
>p p >e ) >P
j B\j}FFL<T P=57dFQS 28G C B = Aj R)Â;>Ab>| = 8;CO& c¤nA_9j 2.h@TjeP=¬t5GjÆ/2>MPGC fm']¾È CK<HRj©$Ê +_¬t PGlC=fI7j¤7ÂLOPG7CÁi¬tÃOAPG QS}F:2 ^=<? >A}@ be1V r3T1DTPR CÆ}gOFL«m 3?78;TÂLL8O
>eDe
R8G:O8;Cj
& :
6 M` T 0eDe
X=RjYr j 28GU~<?s 'I G%Ë +i ?GA 7 7È L 0?L }Ft $ .}bj2 r1DCOT3] <TPR}CK;hc jV K¨a75Amb_@7 8nW0¿}kl 1DUVUO2% PF?RPG !i¬t=PO1VCjV- >MW z PG @?¢8
0e + >Y
:2:w L 2Rj
XV
0e
6 VW`Y=V
e
CVWB_^ S U "V T
XGX2j .j 2 1DCO3]<TPRC 'I %+i 0 b2lcOc=1V3TPGC2 2>M3TUD>MoG >H8Gc=1VC2J92¨ 8G3?3Aj
>e U M 6 %TU 6M6 "` T 9p
!"$# % &'
( &*) + ,-#.#/0&*
HFBC13TA4@25YJBH8Z474iFHIK:X69?;8V<k8;<kI\:=jD< 25:XFHMA>@25?;Il4O<A:=]_>@Bl4`4@>`FbBCac?[<DBH4@BC?;4O4OEG<rIHFHMk25:=?[69:J<AIK8VjN>Lg[:X2A<5498;g98VMN<Am;FH4OfnjsBPacBH:JIQ4i?;8VFHBCYo2AYXjsac4S?;]qRUBCteTAYJjD8VM5<UBCI\FH:XFH:=6uBCFCTA8V8;FH>`BH:XFH:XW;T5YX4teBC4OBCIbIO4@FCpPYJTA8Z13jNFC:=tq25?[:X47<A<5I\g^M52ABC:=FH4@M^25Wq4v]_:X?;4`R[TAFbTkI0ac8V4@>LYX:w2A4@FL<e8V8ZM5FHd;:XFHW;f4@4uBK:XM5:=69<q2AW;8V4@4ig;<5Ib47?[FC:=6xI\gUFH8Z4OBCFC<ATA4O85>`j h p
?;yP]54O
bBH4O4[>z{FLIQac8V4|<AI\jv2A?ZE?[a}BQBH25?[?Z]ka}?;FHFH:J>0?r69698;8V<5~[:=4DMAT56uYX8V4iFH8;:X?;IHT5<DBH4O?;6uBQ<A4@<U8FCWqIx:Xg[<58V4OFH4O:X?;jN<o4ipjE?[BBC4O>`?[g;<5:=FH:X?;<8V<Aj:X<AI\M_4O>`FH:X?;<?VEm;f
(*),+-( .0/!12/435687:9/43/!;=<>;?1A@CB?D235*9EF;G1
H :=E g[FHT54O< BC49:X<eOm5>`p m9?[6xIH25MA?ZTNaPFH4OIPBK8ug;BLg;8V4OMA<5254@BL:X>O8VI@Yz_>`8?;<5BCA:=g[g;2UT5F\BLh 8Z2AFC8V:=<A?[j5<v4O?;j^EG>`Fb?qa{?;?BLjN>O:X8V<A6u8ZFC4@4SBL8;IHI3tqI\WqFH:X4O4@6aQ:X<5:JI0g9TAFHI\2A4i4Sj|IHaQ8;6u:=FH2|47m;FC25f47ach ¬«?;BC8V~N£qI\:JMkIP8;4@>`£q4[h p
FHjN4O4O<AMNjNFH:X2e<5ge>@?;?[BLTNjNF7:X<AE8ZBCFC?;4O6¤IOpJFHIs254D4S>@~[8;4@6x4@M|4OBCjN8|4OMNIHFH?|2eFCMk2A?U8ZI\Fx:=FHMk:XW;?[47:=<U:XFC<|I76uE8V?[BHFHI\25FK4O?VB7EGEFCBC25?;4S6¤6uFH?N25jN4D4@YJ>@IP8;6x:X<^4OFHBC2A8^:XI¦2k8>LW;2A48VM56uFH4@?;BKBC49]5TN<5F¦4Og[IH?;8ZFC6u:=W[4@4 h
FH8D:X6ug;4O4O<5I¦4@TABL8VIH4xYI\8;FH<54@?VBC4@FC25?^4@>`Bl?[IH<NtqAI\g[FH4OT56 BC8VFHFH:X?D?;<e]k4uFH2A>`8V?[F<Aj5IH:X?UI\4iFH4OIl<[<5Fl?VaQF7:=2kFH28W;8v4«M5FH25T549]AY=IH:JI\Mk2A4i4O>`js:J8VYjN4@8VBCYX:=:XWZg;8V<5FH6u:X?;4@<o<UpF?VE{:=g[FHT525BC44v>Oi8Vm56up m4@BLI\8;2AIl?ZaP8[II
acK8;IC?;IHBCT58Z~[6uFHFLFC8V4O8[]5j>LYX254¥:=4O< :JjuI¡ FHFC2A?«2A4Q8V:=FOM54@p<UFH4@FHB9:X<UBHFC43T5dNm;:wFCpxf:=W[13ac4@25YX?;t;4BCzqYJac>@j78;4¦:X6x<SIH4O4@FCBC40258[:XFHIKI2AIH]_8V:=F{?VFHTAFCFC2¨8V25FH4lWU:X?;:XY=4@<u?Na >O8V8Z<AFHFH:Xj«25?;49<:wFIC?V2A8VE8[6um[I4uf :wFLa{IGM_?[?Z?;BHaQ:X~q<U<«M5MF :Xg[L44OY=>@?[N=4«]A8V?[OQ YN<>`8D?qP ?[RacBCSjN?;TV:XBC<AUW~[RX8VFLFH8VS4{]5YZIHYXUW4;tNRX0IbSFCFH4@[]2A6 \4 ^
:X:X<|<5gvFH25BL84«tNa{I ?[L BH~NN`IH_$MAa 8;>@48;<A>@j8V<|L ]_N4Sb$?[a|]NpFC8;Is:=<A4O4xj|IH2A]q8Vt^YXYI\:XjN6u4@BCM5:XY=W;t|4«jNFH4@25FH4u4OBH8V6uYXg;:X4O<5]5:=<ABC8g9EFH?;25B04«FH:=25<U:JFCI4@BL>`I\?[4i6u>FHM5:X?;TN<|FC8V?;FHEG:X?;FH<254S]k4OFba{Y=?Z?a0:X69:wFl8Vg;:XIh
I\FHBL8V:Xg;2NE?[BHa38VBLj9]5TNFQFC254@BC48VBC4I\?[6x4>@?;6uM5YX:X>O8ZFH:X?;<kIQjNT54¦FH?96u4O8[I\TABH4O6x4O<UF34OBHBC?;Bip
YX?ZaQ:=<5<¨gu?;:=BLFHjN4O6u4@B¦I3FC6«?|TAMkI\4OFPB\E]k?[4BH6~q<5FC?Z25aQ49<og;p 4O<54@BL8VYI\FH4OBH4O?|>`?;6uM5T5FC8ZFC:=?[<:XYXY=TAI\FHBL8ZFC4Ojs:X<¨:Xg;T5BC4^OmAp mAz¢FH254uE?[Ywh
c I436STkIbF~q<5?ZaFH254QM_?[IH43?VE_>O8V6u4@BLe
IaQ\TA25>L:X2>L2^8;8VISYXg;E?N4O>@]58VBLY38V:JYX>@4@8V<5YXg;YXtuFH2oj5p4`AP<5YX4iY3IQFH8x25:JBCIu8t9:=<58 :XE<D?;d BCm[6u_ f:X8V<xFHI\:XMkFH?;258;<©4Q>`4¦aQacE:X?;?[YXBCYQBQ~N]k4@I\MA4^W;4O8[BCBH>`4@t9J4 M5K B:XC694OIH8V4@8Vg[<U<k40FHj«4iM_jrIH?;?;:X]q6u<Ut©F 4Q_g8 >@N98;f6xphiq4OBC4Oj-80>`kFH:Xhl:X<[?;FCi:<A4@IlBChn<Amoi8Vkqm5psYJr;pIOm zz
?;8V]N<AFLj 8V:X<5i4Om5j¢up tDp jN4OIC>`BC:=]_4>O8V6u4@BL8 >@8;Y=:X]5BL8ZFC:=?[<sMABH?N>`4ijNT5BC4OI]qt¨aQ25:J>L2¨FH25:JI«:=<NE?[BH698VFH:X?;<©>@8;<©]_4
] qGn
, ¯;¯Zt
2 2
O Y
2
P
C 2
2 X
1Y
1 1 2
O P Z
1
X
w
C Z
1
w w
P X
W
1
Z
w
J:I3:=g[:=69T5BC8V4¦g[4Oijvm5p m58ZFQ§13Mk?[ac:=?<UF >@8;_ 6xN 4O?;BC<v8[IFHd254l_ k8;BC<AI\,j Fc:Xd 69b 8Vg[Wq4¦:X4@aMAYX8;FH<5254¦4PIC8;8V<A6ujD4Q8ZFQm;fMk?[ac:=<U?;F BC~Nb I\N MA8[?;>`<v4[p§FH®G2547?;:XIH<U4OF>@N?;<A?;j<u:=698l8;acg;?;4¦BC~UM5MAYX8;:=4i<5>`4;4 p
Y
c q:=6u:XYX8;BHYXt;zAa{4l6STkIbFK~q<5?Za FH254SMk?UI\4l?VE>O8V6u4@BL
MA8VBL8V6u4`FC4@BLI
U4ORUT5:XWZ8VYX4@<UFHYXt;zAa{4l<54O4OjD:wFLIP>@8;6u4@BL8 8Sd 69b 8ZFC:X<^BH:=£¢FHp254ac?;BC~NI\Mk8;>`4*K 8;<AjD:wFLIP:X<UFH4@BC<A8;Y
c I4x<54@4ij|FC?:JjN4@<UFH:=Et^FH2A4x>@?;BCBH4iI\M_?;<Aj54@<A>@47?VEFC254um;fMk?[:=<UF¦FH?FH254«Fba{?^dVf:X6u8;g;4«Mk?[:=<UFCI
L NU _ NU b N7@p
c I4<54O4OjD8«E?;BC6ST5YJ8«E?;BP>`?[6uM5TNFH:X<5: g L N EBH?[6/FH254lFbac?u:=698;g;:X<5guBC8tNMI L N _ a8V<AAj L N b a|p
8ZFC:=?[c<A4`I3E?;?[<vBH4QFH8;2AjA47jN>`BH?;4i<5IHIHA:X<5g;T5glBLFH8Z25FC4i:=?[I\4K<v:wIHFC254@?Z69aQI@<Dz[a{:=<|4PFC8V:=~[g[43T5BCFH4x254Kim5?;pM5m5M_p ?;BHFHT5<A:wFbt«FH?7jN4iIH>@BH:X]_4QFH25BC4@4K:=6uM_?;BHFC8V<UFWZ8VBC:=h
2 2
O Y
C 2
2 X
Projector
1Y beam of light
or crosshairs
or grid intersect
1 1 2
O P Z
1
X
w
C Z
1
w
w X
Camera P
W
1
Z
w
8;jAjvIHT5BHE8;>`4¦E4i8ZFHTABH4iIcFH?8V<D?VFC254@BCaQ:JI\4¦E4O8VFHT5BC4@YX4OICI3I\TAB\E8[>`4;p
?V>@8VFH2A6u4@4OB{BCFb8`a{d ?S>@?qaQ?;:=BLFHjN2:=<kFH2A8ZFH8V4iF{I¥M58;YJBH8V40<54[4Op8;IH:X<Y=tx6uE?;8;TA<q<Atxj>O8;]qIHtu4OI:=<U6uFC4@?NBLjNI\4i4O>YkFH:X:X<N<5EgS?;BCFH69254¦8ZFC:=:=69?[<8;g;8;:Xj5<5j5g7I¥BL4@8<5tS?[ET5BC?;g;62>@FC?;25<A4¦I\FHIHBL:X<58Vg;:X<UYX4F
I\?«FH2A8VFK89I\_ :X<5g[Y=4>@8;6u4@BL8S:JIQI\T 9>@:=4O<UFOp
(*),+ ) 12/
351
;`3 5*9 E-;?1
X: 3<e45I\4 Mkk76n8;p9>`8 4[hnpKm j;:=:g[kWT5hnBCi:4j=O<mA?[p B°uf IH4>254 ?Zk7aP6p9I08 8hnm IHj?>@4@<<5@A<q4«m jFaQiB:wFC<2|8VEBC?;4KTA<5B¦4OjN4OjN:'& 4i4@jBC4@:X<<UF0?[BCBC4@jNYX4O4@B¥WZ8VFC?x<UF0RU>@TA?q8;?;<UBLFHjN:=FC:=8Z<kFC8Z:=FHW[4«4@YXI\tutNI\Y=?NFH4@>@698VFHIO40pKMk®G?[?;:=<U:X<UFCIF
] qGn
, ¯;¯
c
Y d
Y
c
.
c
I
X
C
c
Z m
Z
d
I . D
m
Y
w
Z
w
Y
. P
b
d
Z
d
X
b
W M
Q m
X
w
X
Workbench
4@&BC:=Et !*FH$&2k 8ZF/FH2A1 4>`?;YXT56u<AI?;E¥FC254698ZFCBH:J>`4iIlBH4OM5BH4iI\4O<UFH:X<5gFC254uFH2ABH4O49M5BH:X6u:wFC:=W[4uBH?;FC8ZFC:=?[<AI8VBC4x?;BHh
FH2A?;<5?[BH698VY pN8V6u4RUT54OI\FH:X?;<vE?;B3FC254BC?ZaPI@p
¡]qt9?;&<kFH2AIbFC4BH!*TA?;$&>`BC F:=g[FH:=2A<^/4K 8VBC<A?VjFC8VFHFH2A:X?;4<uMk69?[:=8Z<UFCF`BH:=P=£«%U@E$?[U B{8\^Cp>@?;T5<UFH4OBC>@Y=?N>L~qaQ:JI\4QBC?VFL8ZFH:X?;<u?;E ¯S8;]k?[TNFFC25408V£q:JI¥j54`A<54ij
¯U°[d
!#"$"%"
q 25&BC?Z8[a jN:J8V2A!*<A?Z$&I3a 8V FH<k?x/ j6uFC258;~;474QjNFC:X25BH4i4¦>FCg;:=4@?[<A<D4@BL>@8V?[Y IH:=>`<5?;4i<kI IbFCP FBHTTAU>`FFHY#:X?;U <F[-?;\^{E¢FH?V25E4¦FH25BC47?VFC8V8V£qFH:X:J?;IOp<698VFHBC:w£9g;:XW;4O<87BC?VFL8ZFC:=?[<8V<5g[Y=40?VE
#
w
Z
c
X
c
O Y
c d /✓2
c d
Z
w
Y
d /✓ 2 O
w
O "
bOmAp
4E@13BL<k8V25>`6u4i?NI\jN424¥:XFH<5K 25gBC4@pFC4{254xHW;4O<A?;>`BC>@FH:=4D?[4OBC<[FHI¢FL258ZaQ4|FC:X:=YX?[>@YU8;< ]_6u4?V4@E{FCBL25>O8 4{8V6uFH*H25:XIx4@BCBL4@BC894c?V>`FCEBL8V?;8VFHYXT56u4ij6u,4 ,5<AzdIac?VBH?;EN4OBCFCYXYJ8V25j©FH4{:XW;M_BC?V4S?;FL:XFH<[8Z?vFCFL:=Iu?[FH25<6S4x6uTAa{I\8VF?[FHBHBC]_YJ:wj£ 4
FHYX?qBL8V>O8Z<kFCI\4OYJ8ZjrFC4O8Zj¨FS]q>@?qt ?;BLjN8;:=<kY=?[8Z<5FHC4 g^PFH25U 4 U W;h \ 8V^ £qBC:J4@I7YJ8ZIH?|FC:=W[FH4u2k8ZFHFS? FCd254p|ac13?;25BC49YJj¨A<k?;BC8V:=Y{g[:=>L<r2k8VaQ<5:Xg[Y=Yc49]_?V4 E
>`?q?[BCjN:X<A8VFH40FHBL8V<AI\E?;BC698ZFH:X?;<v:XIK8;IcE?;YXYX?ZaPI@p
bOmAp
" O
1
O
:=g[T5BC4xim5putq13ac?x:X<AI\FC8;<A>`4iI3?VE§FC2547IC8V6u4l]5Y=?N>L~6u?NjN4OY p
X
:X<UWZ8;BH:J8V<UF3T5<AjN4OBQFH254BC?VFL8ZFC:=?[<ozUFH254O<|:wFP:JI3:wFLI\4OYwEFH2A478Z£N:XI3?;EBC?VFL8ZFC:=?[<op
bN O `U # _ N
S T S T
SY
O
SXY
\Om5pX
S[ SX[
K I38x>`?[<AI\4iRUT54@<A>@4;z
m jekj <!"um 4 : m#Vji 4 m p 4 8 4 :ehkqp%$%p 6 4'&#( jf-mJi 4 ) p98*$ :k 4 i m p i:j,+ m 4 mop ij
+ fWh 8 & j?kj.- kj <-j 8 m
j6 & @Ah <qp98*$/"'jGmokh 8$<!"'hnmop 4 8 ) jf-m 4 ?k h 8 62h <qp98*$/"'j?k 4 m
hm p 4 8 i:hnmokqpsr/0Jkj1$ hnk762"j=<<
IFH\2AFH?;BHBC4O440]_E?[?VB3FC2rFHBL8VFH<A254IHYJ8ZFHFHBL:X8V?;<A<§IHp YJ8ZFH:X?;<©8;<Aj¨BC?VFC8VFH:X?;<o«FH2A4@VBCp4v8VBC<A4Y=tvIH:w?;£¨<54MA8;25BC?[8;6u6x?;4@g;FH4O4OBC<5IO4@z§?[FCTA25IcBC694@498ZFHE?[BC:=B«£vBC:J?VIQFL<58ZFH4@:X4i?;jN<r4Ojv8;<AFCj?
" mokh ( jWf-m 4 k=@ 64Zkqp98*$ mZp <em p i:j5-Vj-kqp 4 6 H
4 :p m <`h%f-m3h
Q?V E_4@&FHE2A4@B34PFH]5!*?$&YX?q >L:X~« g;/ T58ZFBC4xFH2AO4Pm5pu?;tqBCp:=g[¦:=<x:XW;?;4¦<UFHFC2A?l4>@25?;BC?;BH6u4iI\?;M_g[?;4@<k<5jN4O:=?;<ATAg¦I{>@FC?;BCBC8;<5<A4@IbBLE?[IGBH?V69E_8VFH25FH:X4Q?;<?;FH69254O8ZBFCBH]5:=YX£?N>LaQ~_25pG:JK>L2^ICIH69T56u8VMA43IQFH8;2AY=8VYoF{>@>`?;?[BC<5BH<54@4OBLBI
FH_ BLa 8V<k69IbE?[8VBHMk69Iu8Z?;FC<U:=?[FH<o? p b a8V<kj>@?;BC<54@B _ N¤698VMAIu?[<UFH? b N 8V<AjFH2A8VFuFH254^FCBC8;<AIbE?[BH698VFH:X?;<:JI98sBH:Xg;:Jj
&!*$& / :=<qW[4@BLI\4¦?VE8xBH?;FC8ZFC:=?[<v698VFHBC:w£
PBCg;TAU 49cFH2A?V8VEFx¥8|RUTABC8V?VFHFL:X8Z?;FC<e:=?[i<sm569pX 8VFHBC:w£r8VYXac8tNIl2A8[IS8;<r:=<qW;4OBCIH4;2p I 2A8VF«:JIFC254:X<qW;4@BLIH49?VE3FH254vBH?;FC8VFH:X?;<
#
X::=yPFS<54OgvM5BH4{BC4@?Z£5a{WU8V43:J6ujNIH4iM525IYX?Z4xar8^?;]A25E8;?ZFHIHa¨2A:XI4xFH?¦EWZ?;8;8VBSY=YXT5:=8;g[4uY=<«:Xg;?;8K<5Ec:X6xjN<5?[g|?N:=jN<58V4Og^<qYUtFH>@BC8;BH:XBH8;:X4@g;<5E:JT5g;jsYXY4¥6x>@aQ8;?NYX:=jN>@FH2xT54OY¥Y=8KTkWqI0IH:J4@8|aQ<A:=>`IHFH4O?;2j7BCBCFHFH4OBLBCIH8V:XMk8;<k?[<5Ib<Ag;E?[jNYX4;BH4@69p§<k13>`8Z4OFC2AI¦:=:X?[IG]_<AIH4`IO25FbpSac?;|T54@YJ4Oj7?;<¨BC]_4SFH4325:X6u8KBC4@>`Mk49?[?[<q6uB\WUFL?N8V:X<AjN<U>`4@FOhYz
FHM_?VBLE?;8V:XFH<k<[2AIbFL4EI¥?[g;aQBH4@69:=?[FH8Z6u2FC4`:=FH?[FH25<BCBCt;4@T5p 4¦<5I\:=FC4OI<AIH8;4OY=BCj94O8[M_jN?;t¦:X<UI\FCFHIOTkpjN13:=4i25j¢40pGjN4O:XW;g;4OTAY=BH?[4iM5I¥6ui4@m5<Up F{8V:JI{<kj5j?;O<5mA40p ?;:=<5YXY=YXTktuIbaQFCBC:w8VFCFH2v4{8VFHYX25g;434O]5IbFCBL4@8MATAIIHaQ:=<5:=gSFH2xFH25804¦IH~;]A4@8[FCI\>L:J2 >
6FHu?9?N8[jN13>L4@2525Y:=4^4OFHBCW;M5:J4¦8VBC<5?;FH2A]5g[:XY=YX4«IO4@z56 ?;ac<U40:XFHIx?FCBCFCFH8;?¨25<A4uj5I\E4@W;?;BC4OBC:=B\W[6/FC4:X>@]kFC4O?;25I¦FH4^2^fSFHz FHBLPBC8V:Jz <A8VI\<5E?Vg[?;EcY=BC4i698Ic8ZIH>`?xFC?[:=<5?[FH<g;2ABC8VT5
FK4OI\<[ :JF0jN4FHFHBC2k :X8Z8; F<5g;69Y=YX:X4S4O8VIKMA:X< 8VIxYXFC?;FC2525<54u4|g«a{FHW;254O?[4 B\BHFC~N:XIH>@MA4O8;Iu>@h 78V4;£qp0z ¦:JI3<ez ¡8V<A?;BLj^?VjNElIH4O?8 B
FH>`2k?q8Z?[F3BCjNFH:X25<A4l8VFH4O4O<[I{FC:=?VBCEG4¦!FHBC:X8V8;<A<5jDg;YXf4¦Y=8V:X4OBCIc4K:XFC<254FC25IH4 8;6u4<0 Nh 8VM5YJYJI\8V?T<A40 ?;8VXE <kK jvKpz <^¡ I\8VTA<A>LjD2Dc8up5>`13?;<525A4¦g;FHT5BLBL8V8Z<AFCI\:=E?[?;<oBCzU69:wFP8Z$ FC6«:=?[TA<IbFQ4ORU]_TA4¦8VFHFH2A:X?;8V< F
4OjNFS8[4O>LBHIH2:X25W;?;4iM_T5j|?;YJ:XjFH<U?^F ]kjN49
2?v>`NYXFH4O25{8;:J?[BlI<UFH>@FH2A8;?v8V<eFHF25]_4O44u8;>L>@BH2s?;4i8VBC?VBHBC4iE{BCI\8;FHM_<525?;g;4i<A4iI\j5jD49:=<5?[FH?DgMk4OM5 BCBH8V?NNFHjN:X?;bTkp<A>`Il4x13>O25FH8V254u<e4u?;]_jNM_44i4@I\BLjN:X8ZBH?[FH4i:X<5j|?;49<kFCI¦8VBC8;<A8;<AjeBHIb4uEFH?[2Ag[BH8V:=69W[F4@8V<sFHFH25:X?;:=49<r< :X<qP
W;YX4Og; BC?[IHBH4«69:=FH?;2A8VE{6ªMA4iM58;:=m <A>L2g p
Yw Ym
F C
E
D A
X Xm
w
W M B
Yw w
w Yw m T1
w T2
C
F
E
A
Xw Xw
W D W
axis is axis is
DE x X w B AB x Xw
Yw w Yw
w R2 ( β ) w
w R1 (α )
C
F
A
W Xw Xw
W
Qa6u:=25?Zg[:XW;T5Y=44 BC4|FC?9Om5FH2Ap 4S? ?;N BC:J:XIQ g;K:XFC<o25pK4S qIHP4@4O<A>@YX?;IH:=g[4O<A<5jvjo6uzkFCBH4i4@:J8;<U8V>LFS<52^g[?VY=FHE34[BCp{Fb:J8Vac<5? :Xg[BCY=>`I\47FO?[zk<5:JIP?;g;]NBCBCT5?V
b4iFL4@>8Z<UFPFCF4OM_j|FC?;BH:J:XIH8V<[?9<5FLIKFHg[2AY=8;4i8VBHI@F04¦p BLFH8 BLtN8V IP<kI\ YJ8Z!FC4O8Vj^:JI<kI\j FCTk25>Lf0C4 2v i FC2AY=4 :X8Z6$4«F¦j 8;"oY=FH?[BC<58V:X8;g9<A<5j|FHg;2AfYX44
D E B
Ph8Z£N:JI@p
¯U°
!#"$"%"
Yw Yw
C
F
E B
X Xw
D w A
W W
w
Yw w Yw
w R (γ )
w R4 ( δ ) C 3
axis is
F axis is Xw
Xw
E A B
X Xw
W D w W
w w
w R4 w R2 w w
w T2 P i =
w w w m
w R3 w R1 m T1 P i = w *
Pi
CBjN?V4@:=FCg[FH8V4@T5FHBCBC4i6u4sj:=i<A:Xm5<U4OpjDFH?| ]qFCtN25BC4 8&tN I3K h M5¡ YJK8V8V<5Y=<A:X4[g;jDp^<Af06x134O2A<U4vBHF4O8ZYX?V£N8VEK:JFHI:XFbW;ac?V4¦EQ?rFHBC?x>`?V?[FLFC<5258ZFHg;4:XBC?;T5<¨4@0<U:Jh IFuM5FCYJFH8V25BC<A:J4 8V4;<5Kp g[h Y=8V4i£qIx:JI">@ ?;<UFC25FH:X4v<qT58;4O<5jog;p YX4OI7¥?V8;EQ>L2BH?;FHFCBC8V:XFH8;:X<5?;g;<rYX4^8VBC:X4I
] qGn
, ¯U° t
d
=EG5" !*-!*C "$&7 @=E"!*-
&L?#!*-$V=EC5?8GN!# "$ d '(!B& '6@?*C
GN-!* &$ +
[ pQfS<5z M5PTNz F3cpFH2A4lFH25BC4@4lm;f!6u?NjN4@Y¢M_?;:X<UFCIQSz ¦z ¡ 8V<kjFC2547>`?[BHBC4OIHMk?[<AjN:X<5g7FC25BC4@4lm;f!ac?;BCYXjMk?[:=<UFCI
d5p ?;¡ BC?;:=g[<A:=I\<oFHBCp TA¡ >?;FK<kFHIbBLFC8VBH<ATAIH>`YXF38VFHFH:XBL?;8V< <AIH
YX8V FH:X?;_ < FH?D I\2A:wE F¦FCMk?u?[IH:=25<U:=FCE I¦FPIHa{?9?[FHBH2AYJj8VF0M_?;6u:X<U?NFCjNIQ4@YIH?xM_FH?;2A:X<[8VFlFKf!696u8V8;MkMAIQIcFHFH??xFHFC25254«4a{a{?[?[BHBHYJYJjj
?;BC:=g[:=<opG1325:JIQaQ:XY=Y§8;Y=:Xg;<D?;<AY=tM_?; :X<UFC IQb 8;<Aj^f:=2< K p
mAp I\¡ ?«?;FH<A2AI\8VFHBCFKTAI\>:JFGjNBC47?Vf¦FC8VFH:X?;:XIP< 8; Y=?[ <5g«_ FHI\25?04 FH2kK8Zh F8V£qI\:J:JjNIOpG4313 2Ar:XIQ:JIGaQ8V:XYXYX?;Y§<58VgKYX:=g[FH25<D4 IHK:JjNh 4O8VIQ£q:JIOp ¡ 8V?;<k<kjvIbFCf¦BHTA>`F:=2< BC?VK FL8ZFCp :=?[< b
¯kp ¡¡ ?;?;<A<AI\I\FHFHBCBCTATA>>F¦F¦BHBH?;?;FCFC8V8VFHFH:X:X?;?;<< 8;8V]k]_?[?;TNTNF0F¦FCFH252544 PPhh8Z8Z£N£N:X:JI¦IlIHI\??FHFH2k2A8Z8VFlF¦MkM_?[?;:=:X<U<UFF¡696u8;8;MAMAI¦I¦:=:=<U<UFHFC?v?FHFH2A2A44 KKhh M5M5YXYX8;8;<5<54;4;pp
P?Za 8;Y=Y FC25BC4@4lMk?[:=<UFLIP 8VBC4¦8;Y=:Xg;<A4Ojv:=<2K p
°5pP4O13RU25TA438Z6xFC:=?[?N<ojNp 4OYqFHBC:X8;<5g;YX438V<Aj«a{?[BHYJjSFHBC:X8;<5g;YX4c8;BH4c<5?Za8;Y=:Xg;<A4Oj¢z;8[IGBH4OM5BC4OIH4@<UFH4ij7]qtFH2A4{E?[Y=YX?ZaQ:X<5g
_
_
NlO b b
N \Om5pXid[
N O b
_ b
_ _
_ _
N \Om5pXOmU
Pp Q4`FCT5BH<
O* b _ b _ _ _ _
?#!B&= 1 ( fK4OBH:XW;4uFC2549BC:=g[:XjFHBL8V<kIbE?[BH698ZFC:=?[<<A4@4Oj54OjFH?e8;Y=:Xg;<r8^6u?NjN4@YFHBC:X8;<5g;YX49aQ:wFC2r8
>`?[<5g;BCT54O<[F3ac?;BCYXjFHBC:X8;<5g;YX4;p
&!*$&
8V¡ <kYX4Oj8V4OBCYXBHt;BCzk?;B3KBCY=g[4`?;FHTABC:wBHFC<A25Ic6FC?um 2A8V6S<ATkj5Y=Ib4lFPFCE8;25:=47Y>@:wE 8[I\4l* aQ254O< FC25 4lFHO % BC:X8;<5g; YX 4OIQ8;BH 4¦<5 w?;pQFK>`<A?;IH<A4@BHg;FPBCT5FH4@25<U4xFO8Vp M5MABH?[M5BH:J8ZFC4¦FH4OI\FCI
M5BH?[g;BL8V6FC254lFHBC:X8;<5g;YX48VYX:=g[<56u4@<UF
KFH BCIH&:J8V:X<5<5geg[Y=!*FC43$&25aQ 4D:=FH6x294@/8lFH25>` ?N?;j<Ag;I\BC~[T54`4@FC<U>LF2AFH4OBCj©:X8;:X<5<g;YXK43Y=:=g[<u?;acBC:wFC?;25BCYX6 j«>`m ?q?;zBLjNaQ:XBH<A:=8ZFH4^FC4O8VIOp<Aj©IsFHBH4i:=FHIb4PF9IH8e4@MAMA8;BHBC?[8Vg;FHBL4{8VE6 T5<AFC>`?sFH:X?;8;<AY=:XIGg;FC<?8eMk4O6uB\E?N?[jNBH6 4@Y
4O8[>L2v]k8;IH:X>¦?;M_4@BL8ZFC:=?[<op
8U&3FH?^PBCacg;!*?;$&T5BC 4¦YXjFC 2A M_8Z ?;FQ:X<[FCF7254lf«FHzoBL8V6u<A?NI\EjN?;4@BCY69M_8Z?;FC:X:=<U?[F:<!BC4`FHFHTA?|BHac<54i?;jBCYJje]qtPKzoY=8;g[<A?;jsBC:wFC6u256}?qj54@m Y ¡ j5?UFH4i?^I3a{:=<D?[BHEYJ8[js>FP{69p{8V]kMDl6uK?qBHj5g[4@T5Yo4xM_FH?;2A:X<U8VFF
8VP<qBCt g;TA?;40FH25FC2A4OB8ZFP6u:=E?qj58x4@BHY:Xg;M_:J?;j:X<U<5F7h W[aQ4@:=BHYXFHY¥4`£v698VMk:X?[<UY=FCtq8;25:=4i<jNFHBC258;4Y¢6uIC8V?q6uj54@4Y§jN>O:J8VI\<DFC8V]k<k47>`4O8;I¦Y=:XFCg;? <54i7jz ¦aQz :=¡ FH2 aQ8;25<v4@<s?[]NFC
bBC4O8;>`<AFPIb:=E<D?[BHFC6u2544ij¢a{p ?[BHYJ>ij
FHTABCIH:J:=8V<A<5gg[Y=8«4iI{BC:XTkg;I\:Jj:X<5FCgBC8;P<AYXIbg;E?[?[BHBH:=69FH2A8V6}FH:X?;m <ozqp FC254@<DFH2A4lFHBL8V<AI\E?;BC698ZFH:X?;<D>@8;<D]_4?;]5FC8V:X<54ijv]qt8;Y=:Xg;<A:=<5g¦
bTAI\FPFbac?
¯U°
!#"$"%"
P &% \ F\ P XS T S Y SX[
P F\ 9F \
S! O
P ST
SY S [
P % \ F\ P SXT SY XS [
P F\ 9F \
S$#QO
P ST SY S[
mx£vIs¯94K>O8VaQ6u:XY=4@YUBL
b8xTA I\6uFH:=8VEt9FHBC]k:w£ 4OY= ?Zad FC 2A8Z% FczAFHaQ2A254K:X>LM_2^4@BLM5I\M_BC?V4O
b>`4iFH>:XW;FLIQ4Km;:X69f8Vacg[:=?;<5BCgSYXjvFHBLM_8V?;<A:XI\<[EF ?;BC 69S 8ZFC:=?[O <x:JP Ic BHS4OM5TVBCU 4O IH4@SX<UY#FH4iU ju]USXtx[]\ FC^25FC:X? I
:X>L6u2A8;8;<5g;g;4340M_?V?;E:X<[>@F ?U?[N BCj5:=<AO 8VFHP4i I¥S!]_U4`FbacS$4@# \4O^ <vpGKac?;IH:=BC<AYXj,glFHK 25:JI8V69<Ajv8ZFC>@BH8V:=£¢6uzZ4OFHBC2584OBHd4Q8;8VBH<A43j4@<AFH?x?;T56xg[?N2«jNMA4O8;YoBC8V8;YX6uY_FH4`25FH44OBCICI>@FC8V?YX:X<56xgS?N<5jN4O4O4OYNjNFH4i2Aj 4
E8V?;<kB0jr]k>`?;?;FHYX2|T56uM_4@<rBLI\?VM_Ec4O>`FH2AFH:X4W;4:X6uFCBC8;8;g;<A4I\E8;?;BHBCBL6u8t;8VpFH:X?;13<^2A48V<A69jD8ZFCFH25BC4«:=£IC>@4O8;RUY=TA:X<58Vg9FH:X?;?;<¨EFCTA25IH474OISBC4O258;?;Yo6u:=69?;g[8;4@g;<54S4O>@?;?UTA?[IBCj5>@?q:=<A?;8VBLFHjN4i:=I3<k8Z:=<UFH4iFH?I@SBH?ZBH4@a h
6u<5?Z?Za WZ8VjNYo4@?;BCE:=W[FC4¦254SFH25IC4>@8;MAY=8;4lBCE8;8[6u>FH4`?[FHB&4OBCI{Tk?VEI\:XFH<52Ag947FC>@258V4S6ujN4O?;BCFK8«M569BC?q8Zj5FHBCTA:=£>FP :JIKd8;YXp IH?I\2A?ZaQ<D:X< ¥RUTA8VFH:X?;<sOmAp=O¯Ap Is47aQ:XY=Y
8V<kj<5?;FQE?N>@8VY¢YX4@<AgVFH2§z5aQ25:J>L2D:JIcFH2A4MA8VBL8V6u4`FC4@B |?;EFC254M_4@BLI\M_4O>`FH:XW;4¦FHBL8V<AI\E?;BC698ZFC:=?[<op
5@
MEA?;8;BCBC68;6xI\M5?l4@T5FHFCBC4O2A4QB 8ZMkF¥4Oz_:=BCF{FHIH25M_>O4«8V4O<9>EFC?N]_:=>@W[4K8;4cY>`FH?[YXBL4@6S8V<5<A]5g;I\:XFHE<52o?;4OBCpju6913aQ8Z25FH:=:X4xFH?;29<x69?;I\8ZFH2AFC25?ZBH4O:=aQB£ <«FC" BC:X8;<9<AIb E¢:X?[g;PBHTA69:JBHI04l8VIHFHO25:XmA?;?Z<xp=aQ 6u< :J8V:XI<FHjNBC:X{4@>@A4ORU<5"I TA ;4O8Zjx25FC?Z:=:X?[ac<x<r4@FHW[4@O4@BCm569BipXzZ IGFH2A?V:=4QE_<FHFH25:w25FL4P:XI0BLIHju¯ :X<5BH|g;?ZYXa ¯4
Xc F
Px
. c
P
C
. c
P
x
Z
c
f c
Pz
Z =0
N O
"
¢
" N
] qGn
, ¯U°
P
F
X
c . c
P
x
.
C
c
P
x
Z
c
f c
P
:=g[T5BH4uim5pX;;I :=FH2DFH2547>O8V6u4@BL8SEBC8;6x4l?[BH:Xg;:X<D8VF3FH2547>@4@<UFH4OBQ?VEFH254:X698Vg;4[z SX[ O 8VYXa38tqIOp
z
SXT $ SXT
\Om5pX
S Y $
S Y
S [
O
$S [
8acZF¥?;FHT5P25YJj4¦<s>`]_8V4@4Y=<UFHFC8;4O4@IcBHB¥<A:X8V<^?;FHE¢:X{FHW;25RU4740TAM_8Z:=4@69FCBL:=?[IH8;Mk<eg;4i4KO>IHmAFH?l:Xp=W;nFH4«tq2Ap3FH8VBLF 8VK<k<DIbS E8[?[[ jNBHO 69WZ8V8Z<UFCFC:=8;8;?[I{g;< I\4¦2A>@?V8;?ZE§< aQFC<925]k:J4u:=Ic<jNE?;4@BCA:Xg;6S<5T54OT5BCjeYJ478Z]qFCO:=mAt|?[p=<[M5;YX:J8[Icp>`13FH:X2A<5258Vg4KFPFCM5:w25FQBC4u?V:J
bI3>@4i8V?;>6uFC]q:=Wq?[4O:=<9BC?[89TA6uI{?[8VBHFH:XFH2Ag;BC8V:X:w<£ F
ac4¦g[4`FP?[B\FC25?;g[BC8;M525:J>PM5BC?V b4i>FH:X?;<^8;I p
N O " ¢ " N
O
$SXY \Om5pX t;
S[ $S[
L J U
U
U7+ TVU7+ Y#U+ [ L N
N O
#S T
+ T RXS T
#S Y
#S [
O
+ Y
R S Y
\Om5pX
+ [ R S [
HF>`2A?[S406u[[M5Mkp :=?U£NI\4@:=N}YFH:XBC?;:J?Z<DIa?;?V8;<EG<AY=FH:Xj<52A4i>@4 8V?;BckYXT5jFHh6uBL"8V<p<Ai:I\>`E?qh ?;?[$ BCBCj69jN- 8Z:X<A"'FCh 8V:=?[8 FH<A4OjI¥Ic8;?V:X<AIPE j¨8[ NuIH8DIHp?NIC>`Q>@:J8;8Z4OY=FC>O:X:=<58VW[gDYX4;YAp FHFCBL2A8V8Z<kF3Ib69E?[8ZBH69FCBH8Z:=£9FC:=6S?[<eT5Y=:JFHI:XM5<5YX4O:X>O4O8ZjNFH4i:Xj ?;<vFC? BH4OM5>`?;BC<q4OIHW[4@4@<UBHFHF0:X<5FC?g
ST
SXT
\Om5pX
6
SY O
% XS Y
7
%
SX[
6FH9132A258Z4S4¦FCBHIH69:=8;£¢6u8ZzFH4aQBC:=T52A£<5?[¥:=IHFC4vRUIPTAjN?;8Z4OEFCBHBH:=:X?[4iWZ< 8V8ZY§FHO:XIH?;mAMA<rp=8; >@a34;TA8;zAISIHIC4O8?;Ict T54@B«YX4@g;6u?U4O8V?[<[Y peBFLI 13 25 :JI78V <k[:JISzAj8;]_<5<A4O?;jD>OF 8V2ATA8; IH IK4]_<5?[4O?VT5>OFPB«8VTA:XjN<AIH4O>`4KBHYXTA:X:=WZFQjN8Z4i:XFCIcjD:=?[<5FH<¨?;25F34«FH2qRUIHTAT5>OIS:=8VFHYX40E:=8V<5FHBxg92A4¦2A?;8;E>OIS8V:=696uTA8VI\4@4ig[BLj84
T52Ad<58[pIG:=FCqIOP T5p3M5p M_<Az ?[I\pFHIH4O4K\8[FCjD8Z2AF¦8Z?VFHF EG2AFH4x25TS4SYX?Z:JI{BHac4iFH4@8V25B¦Y=4¦h Y=WZ4@258VE ?[YXFlT5BH:X?;4i¬@E¥jD?[FC<[>@25FL?q4u8V?;Y_BL:=I\69jN:X:=¬@8V<k4lg[8Z4;8VFH4i<Az¢eI jacP 4«$Y7Sa3T:X8VI{<UFHF¦2ASFH40Y ?D\W[g;4@aQBH?D2AFH:J?[?;>@<5IH8V44uY BHIHI\4@:=FH¬OE4@404@MBC?;4@EE<AT5>@87BH47FHM525>`:=4O£N?qB¦4@?;YBLFHjN?v:X<:X<AFHBC258Z4OFC4u8V4lY=:Xh <[IHWtNFC8;4@IbY=FCg[TA4@4@4O6 BHj h
FHW;BL4O8VB\<kFC:XIb>OE8V?[Y¢BH698Z£N8Z:JFCI3:=?[:XIP<eg;E:XBCW;?;4@6ª<v]qFH25t 4vBH4i8VY<qT56«]k4OBCI7FH?|M5:=£N4@YJI@z:=<k>`YXTAjN:X<5g|FH2A4BH4OW;4OBCIC8VY?;EQj5:=BC4O>`FH:X?;<¨?VE3FH2A4
SXT
\Om5p d
NQO O
SY
aQ254OBH4 s:JIQjN4@A<54OjD]qt
C O \Om5p dN
S
SXT
\Om5p d;d[
]S # O
% SXY
% SX[
aQ25:J>L2^:XIcFC254lET5YXY§>@8;6x4OBC8«698ZFCBH:=£v?;E¥RUTA8VFH:X?;<sOmAp=O¯Ap
] qGn
, ¯
M_:JI?;8V:X<[YXo:=FLg[4@IP<5F]q4OTAjutvI9>@89?;BC4@>O6uWq8VM5:X6u4@YXa}4`4@FHBL4O8u:XY=<UtxI\FH4OT5aQ<A:=:=FHIHFH:X?;2uW;Bi4Op{FHY=2At4Q:=aQBLa{I\2AFO?[8Zz5BHFYJacju47ac>`4|2A?q?;82AW[BL8jN4¦W[:X<AMA4«8ZYX8[
bFCTk>`434OIbIHFvjvtNIbj5FCFC25?;4@4S<56^4^>@p 8;FC6uP?r4@4@6x£UBL8xFi?Nz;jNIHac?u4O4QYQFHBH2kFH?;2A8ZFC4|FK8VFH:=WUFC4O:XI0j«4@aQ>`FC?q25:X?;<54KBLgrjN>@8;:X?;<A6uEl8Z4@FCm[BL4lf8xIHtN a{L Ib?[FC4@BH6YJj
:Xac<[?;FC?9BC~q:wIHFLMAIQ8[A>`<k4P8VEY§BC?;?[6BH:X4@FC<U25FL478ZFH8V:XMA?;<DM5BHBC?[4@M5YJ8ZBC:XFH8V:XW;FH4K4lM_FC?,?[IHK :=FH:X?;p3<o13p 25P4@?Z<oa zka{8V47YXYoFHm;BLf!8V<AM_IHYX?;8V:XFH<U4iFCjI3>@FC258;<v4S>O]_8V4l6uM54@BHBL?;8^
b4O >`L FH4O j3FH?«FH?9FH2AWq4:X4@:=a 69L 8VFH 2Ag[44
M5<5YJ4O8V4O<5j94DFC?x?VE0IC>@FH8;25Y=4|4K>OFH258V6u4lBC4@4OBL8;8 YkTA:X69IH:X<58Vg;ge4¦FC>`25?q4^?;BL6ujN?q:X<Aj58Z4@FCY34OI?VE0P FHS254DT U Mk4OS BCIHY M_\o4O8;><AFCj:=W[BC4v4@W[MA4@BHBL?;I\
b4Q4O>FCFC25:=4l?[< jN:=BC 4O>`FH:X?;7 <vH`?VpEoFC25:X40<A8VW[YX4@Y=t[BHFHz:J>@ac8;4 Y
8FHZ?|£N:J8[Ic>@FH>`?u?[T5g;<U4@FQFlFHE25?;B48VMAYX:wYG£N4@FH25Yo4>@?qI\?;FHBL4OjNMA:=IO<kpx8ZFH 4iF7I :JIlP S TAIHTAU 8VS YXYX# te\ pjNI: 94>@2kT58Y=FW;4¦FH?|TAI\8;4i>`jDFHTA?;8;T5Y=YXB3t|FCBC4`8;£N<A4OIb>@ETN?[FHBH4u69FC8V25FH:J:XIl?;<M5BH<5?N?;>@FC4O8VjNFHT5:X?;BC<D4uEaQT5:wYXFCY=2t
EFHq?;2A25BC47?Z6a IH8;
bTA6xFC2AI\4lF8ZF¦]q69ta{8VIH4SMA>OM58V>O:=8VYX<A:=< <AgxgPjN?;FH4OEG2ABHm[:X4{W;f>@4l8;IHFC6u>@254@4@4<5BL48Q[69M_MA?;8Z:X8VFH<UBLBCFC8V:=Ic£l6uFC]q4@?tuFH4@dV BPf! E?;:X 6uBC% 6p 8;g;?;4l4OEBHM_:={E?;tlRU:X<[TAFHFL2k8ZI@FC8Zp :=F§?[FC<r254¦Om5;p ¥d;dSMk8VEBCBL?;8V66u4`FHFC254@:JBoI«E?[iBHdu6!MA8;M_BC4@8;BH6uE?;4`BC69FH4OIB
",*) "$( % (0' # + (
+ "$2 + *%& ;+ "$
+ *% ;'&2
$S T
\Om5p dZ¯q
S T $S Y
SXY
O $ SX[
¯d
!#"$"%"
C C B C
Z Z C B
A A
standoff
C C
f X X
Perspective Orthographic
:Xg;T5BC4uOmAp=dNG®G4@BLI\M_4O>`FH:XW;4¦M5BH?;
b4O>`FH:X?;<¨YX4`E FLQW;4@BLIHTAIc?;BHFH25?[g;BL8VM525:J>SBH:Xg;2UFp
FH?V:XEl?;<x8eH EM_E?[FH?;Y=4OYX:X?Z<o<Ua{zFMk4i8Vjx4O<ABC]UIHjM_tx4O8V8l>M5FCT5MA:=W[<5Y=tq4:=E:X?;FH<5BLBCg8V6n<kTAIbIC<5E>@?[:w8;EBH?[Y=69:XBH<568ZgFC:=:XIH?[<«>O<8VFC25>@YX:=8V4P<5<lgsBC4O]_2A8;4¥8[Y5<5I«:=69:J>`]_4O8;4@Y=g;tl4O43<8VM5MA>OYJM58V8VBH<5YXY=?4[4i£NjpG:X69®¥BH8Zj?;FHh
b4i4Oj¦>`-FH]U:XjFtl<5kg¦<38V-<8jWa3?[f-moB\8p FCt) 25j@FC?;p 25g[4PBC8;¬`M5hg[>`25?q?q:J>?[?qBCjM5jNBH:X?;IH<A>O
b8V4O8VFH>`YX44 h
E8;:=>`g[FHT5?[BCB{4x:JIim5FC25pXi4¦d[BCp8VFH:X?7?VEoFC2540I\FC8;<AjN%? &^?;E¢FH254¦?;]5
b4O>F{FH?SFH2540E?N>@8VY_YX4@<5g;FH2?;E¢FH254l>@8;6u4@BL8 *O S:X<
N O
"
" N
$ST
\ Om5p d;°[
ST
O
$SY
SXY $ SX[
b?;4O]5>`
bF4O>:XIFQBCT5:Jd I3YX47?FH&|?V:X6uEFCFC254O2qI¦4T5FH?;6S2AMN4u]FC:X>OIH:X:XIP8V¬@Y¢4xFH2A8Z?V£N8VE:JF0I
FC qFC2525FC4«254«47?[8;]N>`M5
bYXM54O?[BC>`IH?FO4@£qpSB{:XFH69132A2A8Z44xFC]k:=?[8;4@<DM5F\FHM5aQ4OBCBO:X?pYX£qY0:X]_69Ic4x8ZFH8[FC25:=>@?[4l>@<e4@FCMNBH8V:JFL8VYJ8VI\<A]5?Dg;YX47T5jNYJ4@:=8VM_EBc4@FH?;<k25]Nj54u
bIl4iIbFL>T58VFQM_<A?V?;j5EG<e?&2A:=?Zg[?;aT5EBHFH4uE258Vi4xB¦m5FH?;pX2Ai]5d4 h
6uaQ:X?ZY=YPW;4i>@IBH?ZEaP8VBHj©FH2A>@4@Y=B«?UI\FH4O? BSFCFC25?;4Dg[4`BHFH:X2Ag;4@2UBxFST5?;<UEPFHFH:XY254D?;aQM5FH:=YX:JY3>@8V]kY34^8Z?N£N>@:JI@>@zY=TAFCj5254O4vj©M_]q4@t©BLIHMk:4i >FH25:XW;?Z4va{4O:=69W;4O8;BOg;z4OFHIS2A4D?VEK?[M_B\FC?;25:X<U?;FCg[IxBC8;M5258;:J>9<AEj :X6« h
aQ?V8VE_g[:XY=4O8VYGI«4@8ZBC?VFH:J8VE0FH4@Y; 6u:X69MN8;8VF0<Ag[FHj
:=<5?g0>@M54@aQ<UYJ8ZFH:XF\4OY=EYQBP?[69BHFC69258;4SIO:=<Up§?[FC]N8;<
b:=4O<FC>`25F0FH4O25IH?V4O43E:=B9>@8V8;F\jNIHFH4O:J4OI\IO<UFCzFH8Va{:X<k?;4i>`< 8V4;~l:Xp<|M_|FH4@2ABL?[47I\I\M_FxA4O4O>`BCYXFH?;j^:X]_W;?V?;4¥FCE6u:X>WU:X:Xg;4@?;2UaBuFGp0:X]k<A1343jN25TA8V:X<SI\IKFHBC8;6u:XM58;:=M5Y3g[BC2[WU?;Fl:JM5IH8VBC:=?[:JYJ8ZI\<?9FH4¥IH]_tq6x47I\?NFHFC4OjNBH69TA4OY 4I p
0f &4@BC:=W[4l!*{$& RUTA 8Z FC :=?[<im5p dZ¯7EBC?;6$¥RUTA8VFH:X?;<eim5pX TAIH:=<5g p
8VFH254O6u8VFH:J>@8;Y§jN4@BC:XW8VFH:X?;<AIQ8;<Aj|8VYXg;?[BH:=FH2A6uIQ8;BH4TkI\TA8;Y=YXt6u?[BH44i8;IH:=YXtvjN4OW;4OY=?[Mk4ijvTkI\:X<5g9ac4O8V~
] qGn
, ¯m
FHM_M_?4@4@BLBLjNI\I\M_M_?4O4O>`>`FHFHFH25:X:X4sW;W;4S469I\BL?[8Z8ZFCY=FCT5>L252AFH4@:X:=B0?;<5<DFHg2k6x8VBH4i< :Xg;RU2UFCT5BHFQ:=TABC]_4O4«j4lM_8x]U4@BLtg[I\?UM_BC?N4O4OjD>`>@FH?;Ib:Xg;W;FL<A8V4[BH:wplFCFH:=:X13?[<5<2Agx4«Mk8V8VYX?[g;MA:=?[<UM5BHF3BH:=?FHE?;25£NBP:X69698xIO8Zpn6uFH:X?;?;|<|BC4¦?[aQBH>@4O:X?;?ZYX6uYW;Tk4OM5BOI\YXzPTA4`£8;8Y=YX:=FHt^>`4OYX?[BC]k8VIH4u4OFH:Xjg[W;?U4lE?N?[8Vj|BHYX6g;4O?[<5BHac?;:=FHTA4O25g;8V6 2~
TA?;<IH:=<AFHgv2A:XFCIlBH:JTAIH4xIHT5M_4[4@p«BLIH1Mk8V4i]5>YXFH4^:XW;O4[m5p9pXSyPg[TN:=FHW[FH4O4@Il<AY=IH?N?;>L6u254O4«B7<q8VT5<A6uj¨4OPBH:J>@YXYX8;6uYG8;>@<?;6u2kMA8W;8;4xBH:JI\M5?[T5<A]5I0YX:X]kIH254@Fb4ia{js4OIH4@?;<6uFH4xBCT5E4uT5<AMkjA4O8VBC6uIHMk4@4i<U>FCFC8;:=W[Y4xa{8;?[<ABHj~
ac4O8Vc~trMk4OI\BCT5IH]kMkIb4iFC>:wFCFCTN:=W[FH4;:X<5g¨FH25:=47<UFCjA?e8ZFCFC8u254DIH25j5?Z4`aPAIQ<5:=8xFH:Xg;?;?q<?Ng;jv:XW;8;4OM5<M5BC8V?]_£N?Z:=69W;4[8ZzFC:=8 ?[<ac4OaQ8;:=~sFH25M_:X<^4@BLFHIH25Mk44i>BLFH8V:X<AW;g;4v4¦FH?VBL8VE<kFHIb25E4l?[BHFL698V]58ZYXFC4;:=p?[<r:XI
jN4@A<54OjD]qt4O:=g[2[FPMk8VBL8V6u4`FC4@BLI{8[IcE?;YXY=?ZaPIOp
N O
"0 L (#./ " N
6 + T ST
SXT
O
+ Y
SY
\Om5p d
SXY 7 + T SX[
SXT
\Om5p d$t;
O
6 &% SXY
S[
%
8VBC4l25:X?;Y=40<5YX¥tRUIHTA4@8ZW[FC4@:=<D?[<v:=<Aij5m54@p M_$d t04@<AIHjN254O?Z<UaPFPIGMA4@8V:Xg;BL8V2U6uFMA4`FC8;4@BCBL8;I@6xp4@I FH4O2ABC8VIFK:X<u8VBCFH40254PFC25ac4O4OIH8;4~7I\4OM_W;4@4OBL< I\M_ 4O>`FH:XW;43FHBL8V<kIbE?[BH698ZFC:=?[<ozFH2A4@BC4
&!*$&
I
W
+
\ Om5p d
+ O
%
%
W
+
4OPIH:=8[6«<q>Ltr2|T5YwFCI\FL25T58VBC<5]k4@4OI\4^4@?;FPTA?VIl?VE0EG4iFHFHRU2525TA4iBCI\8Z4@4DFC4:=?[E4i?;<ARUTAIlTABx8V8Z4iBCFC4«:=RU?[TA<AFb8ZtqIQFCM5:=ac?[:J>@<A?;8;T5I9Y=YXYJt jD>`?[:XtUT5<A:XYX4@>`jYJ?[j^<A]kIHI\4 :XYXI\:Xg;FHIH4O?;2U<[YXFHW;FiYXtv4izojr]_jN4O:'FC& >@?s8;4@TABC?[4@IH]N<U4FCF08;jN:=>`<T5?q4x?[FHBC25FHjN? 4|:X<A8;M_8VM5?;FHM5:X4O<UBCIOCF?p¥£q1P :XX69?;U g[8Z4`FCU FH:=W%?[2A\ < 4@ 3Bi254@z5BC?Z8VBHacYX?[Y¢4@BCEW[I¦?;4@T5:XBi< B z
FH4@2A694P8V>@FH8V:J>@6u8VYo4OBCm[8Kf6xI\?NMkjN8;4O>`YA4[8Vp<k13jS25:X469]k8V4@g;F\4cFC4@M_BK?;IH:X<[?;FLYXTNI@zVFH:XFH?;25<D43:JFbIcacFH?¦?9>O>`8V?[6u6x4@MABL80TNFHBC4l8tNFC25I47aQ>`:=YXYXY5?[<5IH4O?;I\FF38[8;>M5FCTAM58VBC?[YXY=8[t>L:X2<UFH?V4OEBCFHIH254O>`4lFGFb:Xac<x?96uI\8V~[FH4@2Na h
BL:JI8tqI\IOT5zi:=FC?;8;Bo]54iYXR[teTAI\:=WZ2A8V?;YXBH4@FO<Uz FCFHY=t[2AzO4@FC<¨254{a{IH4u25?[8;ICB\FCIH4O:=g[I\<eF§Y=:=:XFC<5Il4c6uI\4O:Xg;j56uMk?[4@<U:=<UFFS>@?;8;<5I0<5FC4i25>49FC:=:=<5<UgPFC4@FHBL25I\4O4i6D>FHp:X?; <ENFH?V2AE{4¥FHYX254@<54ug;BLFH827tq?;IOz¢ENFHaQ2525:JI:J>LIH24@g[:J6uI¦FH4@2A<U4F
M_ac?;4¥:X<[8;FeICI\PTA6xU 4U FHW2A\¢8V8;F§I{FHI\2A254@?ZBCaQ4¥a3<8;:=<DIoIH?;:X6ug;TA4¥BH6u4«:JOIbm5FL8VpXO~[mA4p§:=<7 Eo>@FC?;25BC4lBH4iI\I\25M_?[?;B\<kFC4OjNI\:=Fc<Ag3>@?;FH<525<54{4i:=>69FC:=8V<5g[gx4I\M_4O?;g;:X6u<[FL4@JI <UP Fc :XI¥U FH?q\N?S8V<AYX?;:j <AgAP zUFHU 254O\< p
N _ 8V<Aj N b 8VBC4M_?;:X<[FLIu?;<?;<54^YX:=<54[z¥aQ25:XYX4 ! _
P
1 . u 8V<kj 8V!BC4b TA8V<5BC:w49FuM_W;4i?;>:X<[FC?;FLI7BLIS?[8V<YX?;FC<A25g|4FH?;25FH4i25I\4O4vBSY=YX:X:=<5<54i4[I@p p _ 4O>`8;FH<A?[j B
O N _ _ ! _ b :JIFC254lI\25?[B\FC4OI\F
1
P +a u b
EBC4@4uW;4i>FC?;B>`?[<5<54i>FH:X<5gsFH2A4|Fba{?rYX:X<54OIOz3aQ254@BC4
1 1 1
U 8VBC4lFba{?9IC>@8VYJ8VBLIcFH?]k4Sj54`FH4OBH6u:X<54Ojop U
. . P
2
. .
]_4?;BHFH25?[g;?;<k8VYkFH?9]_?VFH2 _ 8V<Aj b p
Q
. u
2 Q +a u
1 2 2
Q 2
XY]_:=<54@g;4i®:XI<5BC8;<5?ZI::XWq<5:XPg^j54OU8Vj« <AU jeFHW2A\ BH8V^>4iF 8VO YX:=¬O4SbFC 2A;V:X8Zd[I{FFY=PX4i8VN IHYXYI¥_ FHFH252k498V<>@ ?;IH 6u?;_ 6uM5 4PTNFLFC8Z25 FH! BC:X4O?;_ IH<k25I¦?;j5YJj¢4@ zUM_ a{4@b <A4P j\ BCpu4@T5M_ M_F?;?;1BHI<eF¥:XFC6u]_254@4Mk:X<5?[*Hg|B\:=FL<U8V8VFC<U4@]ABLFlY=I\4«4iFH?^FH>?^FH:Xg;?;jN?^< 4`,l]Ak8[<5?V>L4uE¢~^FH4O2AFH8;4K?^>L2eFbFHac2A?V?4 E
!
FH?;2AM54¦FH:JYX>@:X8V<5Y_4O>`Ic4O]q<[tFC4@8«B?;MAE 8V:XFHB{254¦?;E>@M_8V6u?;:X<U4OBCFC8lIl8V4[<kp jxgkpFH25N 40_ :=U69N 8Vb g[{4Q?;Mk<?[FC:=<U25Fi4lpY=:X <5E 4[FCp254KH ?[E FCMN4@FH<o:J>@zA8;4OYk8;>`>L4O2<UFHBC4@8B¥tu:X:JI¥IQ<5jN?V4`F¥FC4@~qBC<56x?ZaQ:X<5<§4ijz[8]qM_t9?;FH:X2A<U4F
FbFH?;ac2A<e4@?v<FH25¥A4«RUTAOA8VBLIbFHF:XS?;>@<AIH8;I«256u?;OT54@mABLYJp jv89d ]kBC847E?;t|>LB25>O>@8V?U?U<eI\?[4O<oBC]_j5pG4«:=<AE<D?;8VT5FHFH4i<A25I j:JIQr]q69t|8V8V<A>L<5%j 25<A?q_4@?[BipIHzq:= FH<5E¥25gDFH4l25I\E4u?[?[6uT5BL8BQ4Stv<5WZ4@:J8VI¦4iYXT5jN<54O4T4OjD8;W BHM_YXO t^?;:XMA<UW FC8V IQBL8V8V>@<AYX8;Y=j 4O<vYFH]_aQ2547:=4OFH<s>L225IH?UFH?;2AI\YX4O>4Wq<o:=W;<Ap hg8V£NFH2A:XIO4 z
(0,6,0) M C
L (11,6,0)
B
W
Z
H
W
Y
W K N D
(11,0,0)
A X (2,0,0)
I
J
(2.75,0,-1.8125) O
P G
(5.5,0,-3.5)
F E
Qa:=:Jg[jNT547BC8V4<AOjvmAp=¯Ap °N°«{:=<k®¥>LBH254i4O>`I3:JI\254OY=:Xtvg;2§69p8;P>LYX25Y§:X<5m;4Ofjx>@
b?;:XgBC<5aQ4@BQ:=FH2 >@?U69?[BC8;j5<U:=<At^8V>`FH?[4iIcBH<A8;4@BHBL4¦I
Ag;FH:XW;254O4K<v
b:=:Xg<|:JI7:=g[[T57BH:X4u<A>Li25m54OpXIK Y=?[p <5gAz :X<A>L254OI
(2.75,0,-4.5) (8.25,0,-4.5)
FH8V2ABC4l40IsT54O<[<54¦FC~q:wBC<5FC4O:=?Z4i8;aQIcBHBL<A?;8VI{<<AFCg;FC?925434¦]kFH2A47Y=4@4¦jNE FQ4i4@RUFH8;4OTABHBH4K8Z6uFC~U:=:X?[<A<5<A?Z4OI3aQj¢I\p<4OMAEBC8V?;BL68ZFC:=FH<525gS4lFH>@258;4lY=:X]5~qBL<58Z?ZFCaQ:=?[<A<9I{FHET5BC?;MA6Y=4iI@FCzN25aQ4l25T5:X<5YX4¦~q8;<5Y=?ZYkaQFH25<A4Ic:X<[FC?u?[W;<4O>`FCFH25?[40BCIOBCp:Xg;K2UY=F Y
6
&%
O
\Om5p mV¯q
%U %U W U %U U U U U
%U
U
O W
U U U U U U W U %U U U W
O
%
7
&
A
\Om5p m[°[
¯
!#"$"%"
. w
P
1
i
. w
P
2
o P1
∆r
1
∆c
. ∆ c2
1
. ∆r
o 2
.
w
P
. j
M5IHMABC?;8;]5>@49YX4@6?V,E :J IFC25tq:=404OYX?[jN]A:X<5IH4@g BCW 8VFH:X?;<xO FH§2k8ZpDFcNFHT525]A40I\BHFH4i:=FHI\TN:JjNFC:=TA<58;g YAW;4i>FC?; B O E?;B A zGac 49& ?;:XA ]NI{FL?;8VBH:XFH< 2A?; g;?[ <A8VY5FHO ?7 FC2540>@p ?;YX T56u <
:JIOIHtU6u 6uv4`FC BH:J>|_ 8V<kjpeM_?[qIH4O:=W;FH:X4OW;BC4e8;Y¥jN>`4@?[A6x<5:=6uFH4[?[zP<sI\?rYX:X]5:=BCF8;BH2A:X8[4OA I7I?V8VEQ<<q:XT5& <U6uW[4@4@BLBCI\:X4[>O z{8VY¥aQ6u2A:X4@>LFH2 25?N>Oj58VI«<8V]kBC4e48TAWI\& 8;4i:=jYJ8VFH]A?©Y=4uIHA FC?;?eYXW;I\4^?[Y=EW[?[4B
FHFH& 2A2A:X40IOpQYX4O8[KIbF3IH:XIH<5RUg«TA8; BH4iI1QA I\?[Y= T5¦FH:X?;zU <FH254¦I\:JI¥?[Y=ET5?;FHT5:X?;<A<9joz[:JI¥FC25:X<q4¦W;W;?;4O~[>`4OFHjx?[B TA
DIH:=<A?Vg7EoBCFH4O2AIH40:Xj5IHTA:=6u8VYJM5IYX40:JI3I\>`FC?;8V6uFH4@M56uT54OFH<[4OF j8;I
AO
p H <AK>@p 4
¡ ?;<kI\T5Y=FGFH254QyK4O8ZFC2|b t;¢BC4`E4@BC4@<k>`4c?;BGFH2A4cTkI\4OBCI698V<qTA8;YqE?;BGt;?[T5BGY=?N>@8;YqY=:X<54O8;B8VYXg;4O]5BC8KY=:X]5BL8VBCt;p
FHFH2A2A4S4@:XB>@:=8;g[a{Y=T5:X?[]5BCBHBL4PYJ8Zj OFHmA:X>`?;p=?q<x ?[
bBC:XI\jNg2A:X<A?ZIH8VaP25FH?ZIo4OaQI4`£5<|P 8;S:=6x< z «MAzY=4c:Xg;\¥BHT54i8VBCI\BC49TA4SYwOFLg[mAI§:=p=W[?;4@EA°N<>`p3?;:=136u<¨25M54ST5:=g[>@FH:X?;T5<5BCBHgP<54D4@FCOBL25I3mA4cp=?V>OEG8V6uFH8;2A4@Y=4P?[BL<58Q
b:Xg[g69IH:X8V8Zj5BCFC4S4BH:=FC£lYX258;E]k4u?;4OBG:=Y=694i8Kj 8V>Og[8V1 4x6u1A>@4@?qBLFC?8P?;BLWq1jN® :X:=4@<k1kaQ8Z8;:XFH<A<54ijg I
WqOP 7m9:=4Oz a4>@?;\z¥BCaQBHIH4i?e25I\M_4@<5BC?;?s4«<k:=jNFH69254@4u<A8;>@g;>@4O4v8;Ic6x>@:J?qIP4O?;BCg;BL8:XjNW;:=:=4O69<k<|8Z8VFH8Zg[4iFQ4OI«IPFH8;2AFHBH47254v4O]k6D8?;WF\p 8;FC:=?;¡ YJ6$8V?[]ABHY=<A?V4[EG4@p¨BKFH2513M_47?;2A:XA4D<Ug;FC>OT5I 8VBC6u1474@8V1XBLz <k8 1j¡ 69FC1¢258Z8V47FC<kBHBCj:=£r4OIH1 :X?;j5]NTA1¢FL8V8V8VYJ:XBCIP<5474O8V?NjBC>@4>`]qI\YXtTA2AjN?ZAaQ4iF\j FH<^:X<5:X8V< gsFPFCFHFH252A2A:X44I
BCaQ:=g[:=FH2[25Fi:Xp{< ?;<A?V4KE_M5FH:=25£N4l4@Y_d ?VE >`FH?q25?[4¦BCjN?;]k:X<AI\8V4OFHBH4OW[I¥4Ojx>`?;:=6u69M58;T5g;4KFH4O>@ju?U?[]qBCtSj5FH:=25<A4K8VFH>O4[8VzA6u 4@BL8V8lBC4P696u8ZFC?;BHBC:=£x4QFH8;2AM58;M5<YX:=4i?;jx<A4PFH?lM5FH:=£q2A4O40Y_m;j5f s: & Mk4@BC?[4@:=<U<UFOFCzUI{]58VTNBC4F
?;]5<ATNY=FPt8;d«YXIH8V?SBC4@4P£q?2A&|:=]5]q:=FCtuI{FbFCa{25?«4l4@M5BC:=£qBH?[4OBCYXIOI{pjN13T52540:JFHI{?u4@£5>`?;8VBC6u<5M54OB{YX40YX?NIHT5>@8ZM5FCM_:=?[?;<vBHFCI¥8;<AFH25j94¦FC25WZ4¦8VYXj5:XjN:X:=I\FbFHt9?[B\?VFCE§:=?[FH<254l?VE8 98«<5IH254¦?;>@BH8VF¥6uE?N4O>OBC8V8SY 6xY=4O?N<5jNgV4OFCY2 z
YX4@<AIOp
] qGn
, ¯
b
r residual
( orthogonal )
A x = b’
I?VHMAE 8;>@4;?;zZ<U]5FCTN?«F FC 2549 ;iT f I\aQMk:X8;Y=YA>`<54[?VzNF69]_8V4c~q:=:X<A<xg :wFipG13FC2A254c47 YX>`4OYX8[?[IbIHF4O I\ICFQR[TkMk8V?[BC:=4O<UIGFPI\:X?[<Y=T5FCFH25:X47?;<«I\Mk>@8;?;>`6u4¦M5FCTN? FC4OI p A & 8;IFC2543M5BH?;
b4O>`FH:X?;<
A A A
!*+,-.0/#
213)%546"78 !#9 "$&% $ :3)%2;* * <,#-=40>?7@7BAC9D''' 13)%FE-G%#-()" $ !#"$&% H$ <#IJG>G@
T K L?NM M : : O?NM M M?M?NNM M MM M?O?NNM M MM M?M?NNM M MP '' K#QNL : : : R?NS KP' M?QR 3+NS K
;% L K 1?NM M : O S?NM M NNM M MM O?M?NNM M MM M?M?NNM M MP MP '' ''
E Q1 : R 1?1?NNM M MM O L S?L?NNM M MM S?1?NN1 R LL M?M?NNM M MM 33QQNNL L MP MP '' QL K R 1?M?NU1CQ : O O S?S?NN: : OP P
M '' 3#M?NN1CS O 3#3#M?M?NN: : OM
V : : L O M?1?NNM M MM 1 : M 1 L?:?NNM M MM L?L?NNL M MM M?O?NNM M MM 3#3#:?:?NNL L MP MP '' 1 :#Q: 1?K?NU: MR 1 L#M Q1?QQRP :P'' 3#M?M?NN: S M: M?1?NNL L R:
W L K K R?1?NNM M MM : : M : L?O?NNM M MM M?NNM M MM M?M?NNM M MM 3#3#M?M?NNR R MP LP '' : O K :?R?NQ K QM : : 1#M#QQNN: K 1P P
O '' 3+3#M?NQ K QM 3+M?NN: M#1Q
YZ 1 O S#Q:?NNM M MM Q:#Q :CQNNM M MM 1?1?NNM M MM M?O?NNM M MM M?M?NNM M LP MP '' L KCS#QNQR SO : :#Q:#Q:?NQK#QX P
M '' 3#M?M?NQ1 O1 M?NNM O OM
L MCNM M : O :?NM M K?K?NNM M MM O?M?NNM M MM M?M?NNM M MP MP '' 1 OCNL 1 Q1 K?NO LP'' QS N: L
(! Q1 1#O QR?NNM M MM 1 1 R O K?O?NNM M MM S?1?NN1 R LL M?M?NNM M MM 3+3+NNSCSCMP [ '' QL MCO S?NU: LO : 1 O SC1?NNR M SP
[' 1 1#QNM O 1 O O?Q:P' 3#M?NM O 3#M?Q: P
K '' 3#3+M?UN: OL 3#1?M?NNM 1 K1
;# ZT#H $)(2 $#H>
Q QNS#Q 1 K?NS M 3#L?NL M#Q K#QNL :
1?NLCS Q1?N1#Q QM?NR K : : R?NK
3#M?NM M M O S : 1 M?NM O#QS K 3#M?NMCM 1 R NM M M
:Xg;T5BC4uOmAp= ¡ 8V6u4@BL8«>O8VYX:=]ABC8VFH:X?;<?[TNFHMATNFPTAIH:=<5guFC2543
b:Xgx:X<|:=g[T5BH4uim5pXi°Np
¯#t
!#"$"%"
HB 4OM5YX:X>O8ZFH:X?;<D?VE>@8;6u4@BL8S6u?NjN4@YjN4@BC:=WZ8VFH:X?;<
T58UBC:=Qg[4T5oiBC?N4rm5>OpX8ZOFHm547ppX IH?V]kE 8;Fbva3<AjfK8VBC4O4¦>`Y=?[4@FHFH6x?94MAM_FHTN4@25FHBHBC4^E4@?;4FCBC256}Mk4e?[YX4O>@:=<U8[8;FLIb6uIFHh4@ICaQBLRU8¨:=TAFH28V6uBC8V4OFHIcFH25BC4s5:w£¢FHYXFHe8;:X<5BH>@g[gA?;4Op36uI\FMA<UBC8;4OFCBH4@IH4|:XBQjN:=FCTkF258V47FHYJ?¨IM_8VFC?;25<k:X<[4 j F¦69>`jN?;4@8ZBCBCFCBC:XBHW;4O:=£4eIHMk8?[I\25<A<5?ZjNaQ4@4@a <k<>`4O>O:X<I{8V6uEBC?;4@:=BL6g;8 h
&!*$&
N L L L _ _ b b
!#
&
pp pp O
pp $ t
i°Z ¯qd ° °t $t
$
d Z¯ ¯Ud
f ¡ [[;;pp pp pp tNt
¯°N $$nt
$
m¯[i$m°V¯
¯[$° mAt$t
d5°5pp d[t;p ° °° pp
pp
hh ¯k¯kpp °° m[mVZ¯°[dt
hh mAmApp °° m5d;d[
¯d
y °5pp ° pp hh pp t;t;°° d m m;d m#° ¯t m[K°
m $m
mK t
°$t$t
[d5;p p pp pp $t °N@¯U m dZ ¯t dZ;¯
d5pp ¯¯[ mU°d
pp pp tVt m ;tO¯ m° m t
H
® pd5p d[pt;°° pp hChC[[pp dZdZ¯q¯q°d ¯ m m5d;° ¯ d md
] qGn
, ¯#tN
T51 BC8V&4v]5YXi4em5pX!*ii$&m5°5 p p0d^ I\1.<e25/ ?ZEaP8;>@>8;I7Fi6xz§FH254O>`BC?q4v8x?[:=BC>@69jN8;:X8;Y=<A:Xg;]58V4BLFH8Z4OM_FCIK?;:=?[:=:X<<U< FCFbI«acBH?v4i>`IH?;4@BLMAjN8;4iBCjs8VFHE4S?;B:X69 8Vg[m;4OI¦f$8V>`BC?[4SBHBC<A4O4@>`B7?[BCM_j5?;4O:Xj¢<UFCpI«K?VIHEQ:X<5FHg2A47FC25
b:X49g 8 E9BC?;<56 4u>@8V:=YXg;:=hh
]5BL8ZFC:=?[<vM5BC?N>`4ijNT5BC4;zN>`?[6xMATNFH478u>@8;6u4@BL8«698VFHBC:w£TkI\:X<5gxFH254S°Zh FCT5M5YX4OIcEBC?;6/FL8V]5YX47>`?[Y=TA6x<kIPdh p
&!*$& 1 DIbFC4@BC4@?9>`?[6uM5TNFC8VFH:X?;<
8Vm;8U<kfPje>`0?[?qI\<5?[:X4x<5BCjNg9E:XBH<AFC?[258V6ªFH4«4Oj5IK>`?[8V?VY=FCE¥T586uM_:=?;< <A:XI7<U1F dZ8Vh¤]5¯^YX48VTA<kiIH:=m5j <5p dNgvtz_h ?;>`<5?;pvYX6utD]_M5FHlT525FH4«K47FbIHFbac:=<5ac?gD?>@FC>@8;258;6x49Y=:X4O]56uBCBL88Z4`FHFC6u2A:=?[?q8V<|jFHBC6u:X?V>@EP8V4OFHI¦qBC4i:X8V>@><A4OFHj|IO:X?;zA<FH?[25<54xO47mA:=pE69mABC?;p 8;mA6 g;z¢4«>`>`?;>@?[6u?qY=T5?;M5BL6uT5jN<AFH:=<k4uI¦8ZFHdFH2Ah4i4 I
FC:X:=FK<D8;]5Mk>@YX?[?;4;:=YXp<UT5F6u>i!|<A IPpk¡ °q?[h T5<AMAIH?;:XMkjNE§?U4OFCI\BK25474FCM_251?;4u:X8;<U?;]5F ]NY=4[FC!$pTAIH¡ :X4«6u?;>`6u8;?[g;MABH4i<A8VIQ4@BCB¦8Z4¦?F Mkt;?;?[P= TA:=$<UBcFlBCzX]kO4Om[IH4@T5n°Fba{\oY=F{8V4OFC4@<A?x<j FH>@25P d?;47BC<5[>@4@?Uz d;B0?[m BCMktj5?[\ :=:=<ABC<U4O8VFLIHFHI M_4i4OI¥ >:X8VFC< :=<AW[¡j 4@YX?[t;N Y=pcTA6xK?;EIH<k4lFHIP25FHd4¦25h 4S¯«
b:X@g I\?;FH oE§4O>@FHBH8;2A4OY=?4 Y
6uBC4O4`8;FCIH25?;?N<kje8V]5FCYX?|4;p >`?;6uM5T5FH4xFH2549m[f/>`?q?;BLjN:X<A8ZFC4OI¦?VEca{?[BHYJj M_?;:X<UF!¤8;<AjeW[4@BC:wEt^FC2A8ZF7t[?;T5BlBC4OIHT5Y=FCIl8VBC4
O4138VI\<k25FHjD:X4«69m«6u8ZFCFC8VBC4;
b8;p«?;<ABP0I\:JYJIlIC8ZI\FCa{T5:=?[4S4u<ABH8V2A4OY¢8YX8VW[MkFH4«8V4OBLIQIH8V4@6uFH4O?<o4`z¢FCaQ4@FH2ABL2AIc4`4@FHj5BC2A4u4`4@ABK8;<5BH?[:X4«<5BKgu?;<5<5?;FCYX25FPte47FHmv2A>@4@8;:=BC<k6x47jN4O4@BHBCM_4i8x8V4@YX<AM_Y=t^j5?[IH4@8V4l<UBCF7:=49<|MA;8Vac«BL?;8V>@BC6u8VYXjD6u4@FH4O>`4@?qBCBL8u?[I0BC6ujN?VEc:X?N<AjN8v8V4@FHBCY4O?VIOMAFCp8V8V13BLFH:X8V?;256u<4@BC4@476uFH4@8V8VBLBCI3FH4BCFC:w£?d
IC13>@2q8VTAYX:XIO<5z;gl<5E?;8;F{>`FH8V?;YXY§BLIG[cBC4@MkYJ8Z8VFHBL:X8V<56ug4`BCFC4O4@8;BLY5I:=698VBC8;4Qg;:=4Q<Aj5>`?q4@M_?;BL4@jN<A:XjN<A4O8Z<UFCFO4OpIG1FC?BH4iM58Z:=FH£q:X<54OYAg¦BCFH?Z2AaP4@I6/8V<A8;Iju:X>@<A?;jNYX4OT5Mk6u4O<A<AI¥jN4O8;<[<AF{j«6xE?q4i>O8V8V<AYkIY=4OFH<52AgV8VFCF2 FH2A4 p
698VM5MA:=<5gxFbac?xFHBC:X8;<5g;YX4OI3BL8ZFC254@BcFH2k8V<^?;<54lMA8;BC8;Y=YX4@YX?;g[BC8;6aQ:=YXY¢M5BC?qj5TA>`478x]_4`F\FC4@BPBC4OIHT5Y=FOp I 2qt
Light
Projector Grid Point
m G
P
lm Image Point
l
IP
uv
Gridded Slide
Camera
W
P
lm
UFC:=g[BHTAT5>`BCFH4rT5BCO4Om5j pX Y=:Xrg;2UF^o4@>`E ?;FL<k9>`®G4@M5?;FOFC8VFH?q:=E74OIxFC25:X4Y=YXT5:X6u69:=8V<kg[8Z:=FH<54igjI\]qtNtI\FH4O8r6 IHY=:J>OjN8V4 < >`jN?[4O<UjNFCTk8V:X>`<54s:X<5aQgr258¨:X>L2 g;BCBC:Xj8t ?VElSYX:=<54iI@p>`BC4O8VQFH:X4Og;j 2UF8
3D Object Surface
?Vg;EG4O<5FC4@25BL4S8VY¢IHtq>OI\8;FHIH4O4¦6 ?;E§ Fbac ?9S >@8V6uO 4OBC8xS IbFC4@BC4@8V?u<kj :X<|d N 4O>S FC:=?[<O im5 p m5S p m5xp :XIQFH254SIC8V6u4S8[IQM5BC4@Wq:X?;TAIHY=tg;:XW;4@<DE?[BPFH2A4
a !# N JC5K (
[ p ¡ 8VYX:=]5BL8ZFC4KFC2547>@8;6u4@BL87FC?9?;]NFL8V:X<D>O8V6u4@BL8S698VFHBC:w£2dp
d5p ¡ 8VYX:=]5BL8ZFC4KFC254M5BC?V
b4i>FH?[BcFH?9?;]5FC8V:X<DM5BH?;
b4O>`FH?;B3698ZFCBH:=£ p
a 5?*!# N JC5K (
[ pQ<5M5TNFK>O8V6u4@BL8«8;<AjvM5BH?;
b4O>`FH?;B3698ZFCBH:J>`4iI!d U ep
d5pQ<5M5TNFP:X698Vg;4l?;EIC>`4@<A47I\T5BHE8;>@40aQ:=FH2^YX:=g[2UFKIbFCBH:XMk4iI@p
mApP£qFHBL8;>`Fcg[BH:Jj?;E]5BC:Xg;2UFPIbFCBH:XMk4iIP8V<kj:X<UFH4@BLIH4O>FC:=?[<AIOp
¯kpPfK4@FH4@BC6u:=<A4lFH254YJ8V]_4@YJI U ?VE8;Y=Y§g;BC:Xjv:=<UFC4@BLI\4i>FH:X?;<kI@p
°5pP58V<A?;BQjD4iIb8;FC4@>L2DBC4@?uM5BC4O?VRU
bTA4O>`8VFHFH4i:X?;j<AM_IO?;p :X<UF S :=698;g;4Oj^8V!F S x>`?;6uM5T5FH47m;f I\T5BHE8;>@4lMk?[:=<UF!SnTAI\:X<5g d U
FH6u2A4O4vO8[I\8 T5%9BCUL4O<5Zd je4DUa{>@8;q?[Y=?;BH:X]5YJB jsBL 8Z>`OFH?q:X?;?;% <rBLULjNZd MA:XU<ABH8Z?NFC>`q4O4i]_I0jN4OT5?V>@BCEc8;4TAFH258VIH4049]_?ZFC>`25W;?[4[4BHzG<AM54@a{BCBl?N4D>`?V>@4OE{8Vj5FH<©T525BH49IH4:X]56x>OYX8V?NMA<^>LY=tr~ 8;?p j5?[8;BCIsjNMN4OF349BFH<5?FH?V2AFC8V4v4u<qtg[:=<¨BHIC:Jj¨>@MA8;8[Y=Y=IH40:X<5IHE:=4i<A8;IS>`gFH?;?[FCEQ2ABOFHp8Z25F4^]qI\t YX:JjNTA4vIH:=<A8[g I
¡:X6uBC&8;4O8Zg;FC4¦4!*4O8V$&jN<A :=FHjl:X <5>O1 g«8VYX:=FH]5?qBL?;8ZY FCz54>`BC8Q4OIb8VFCFHBH4¦Tk>8«FHTAjN:XBHg;4i:=jlFC8;Y=:XY g;:=2U69Fo8VM5g[BC40?V
b?;4iE>FH8«?[]5B¢BH:=<l:Xg;FC2U25F34g;EBC?[:XjY=YX?Z?;aQ<v:X<58xg3j56u8;BH8;~9<5<5]A4O8[BO>Lp~qKg;BCIH?;:=<5T5gQ<Ajt[ ;?;?;T5BiBozNE8jNW;BL8?;aBC:=FH84
MAt;?[8VT5F\FHBl4OBHjN<^:=g[?[:wFL<v8VYGMA:X8;6uMk4O8;BKg;48V ¢<kFHjv25:JjNI:Xg;IH:=25FH?;:X¬@T54YJj :=FPMA?;BH<|?;
b894O>ICF¦>@8;t;<5?[<5T54@BlBig;p BC¡ :Xj|?;<5:X<U<AFH4O?^>FKI\Mk8x8;YJ>`8V4[MNpSFC?;®GMD?[IHFH47?FC8x254uM5BCM5?VBC
b?V4i
b>4OFC>`?;FHBQ?[8VB0<AIHj^?jNFC:J2AIH8ZM5FYX8:=t F
:XM_Y=YX?;T5:X<[6uFL:=IP<k8V8Z<kFH4ijISM_8^4@BHFLE8V?;]5BCYX6/4`FC?;FH2AM¨47ac8 ?;9BC~q<5IH4MA>@8[8;>`Y=4;:X]5pDBL®8ZFHYJ:X8;?;>@<D49M5M5BCBH?N4i>`>`4O:JI\j549T5BH]A4[Y=?Np>LQ~N4@IM_?;?;<¨BHFQFC?;25<v49FHFL258V4]5YXBC494OIHFHT5?eY=FC?;IO]Np FL8V:X<¨>O8VYX:=]ABC8VFH:X?;<
8FH;2AI«4SI\134O:X6uW;254O4l8;BHg;4[>`:X?[pe<5BHgBCQ4OIH4`IHtNEMk4OIb?[BHFC<ABC4@:X6jN<54Og|<AFH?>`FH40?ejNM54@FHBH25FH?[4O4vBH]56u:=YX694@:X6/<58;47g;:J4IcFC25I\?;FH4SE3:XYX4@FHY¢£N25M58[4DBH>4iFKMkI\?;4Og[<UFCBH8VF3:Jj^FH8[?qI¥:X4O<[IO:XFC<zG4@BL:wFbFuI\ac4i:X>?VIxFCh:=>@>`?[8;YX<A4O6u8;IP4@B7IHBL4@FC874@2A<§Ib8ZFCpPF«4@BC FHE4@25?k?;4Ozq<5BH8;4vYXt^YwFC:X25IxI\?;T58|TABHEg;M58;2BC>@?;4 <5]5?;<7YXVFP4@6hR[-TAj0E:w?[FC:X4IB
<5IH:X4OI\4OFHjN4O<[4iFCjeY=t|8V<kBC4@j|YJ8Z<5FC?V:=W[Fl47YX?qFC>O?v8Z4iFC:=8;?[>L<o2 zk?;:=FlFH25TA4OI\BOTkpS8VqYXY=4Ot^4x?;<A:XY=g;t^T569BC4D8ZFHOFHm54@p BLd IKFH8V2A<A8Vj F¦g[FH25BH:J4xj|BH:X4@<[EFC4@4@BCBL4@I\<A4i>@>4OFCI0:=?[]q<At IKyP8;BHT¨4«8V:XjN<A4Ojs<UFHU:=AFH?N4O>Lj~q69>`?;8V<5< h
6u:J8VI7<k4@j FC<U?FH]q4i>LtPj 2A 58;qE<525?[g;BCBQ:X49~U4`2k£5FC258V8V4D<A6ujNg;M54uBCYX4;:X8Vj¨zk<k>`MAj?N8VjNUF\:XFCFC<54@?qg9BC>L<©~qg;69BCBC:X8;jv8VM5<YX:J:=jN<5bY=4it¨IQ?ZTAW[IH4@:=p<ABg9FC:=8;W6u8;BH:X4DBH?;:J8ZTAaQFCI¦:w:=FC?[4O2r<A<5I3g;FH:X25?V<5E4D4@IH4O:X2ABH6u:X8V<58;M_gDg;4:XI\<5?;?[geBPY=TN>@IHFC?;tN:=?[YXIb?;FC<ABi4@I¦p6 2AP8FC<5W;8;?;4«~UFH:X25]k<54O4OgBK4@<s6SI\?[T5:=Y=6uT5Y=FHFHM5:X:XM5YX?;4`YX< 4 h
:X8u6uYX8;:=6Sg;4iFHIQ4Oj^EBCjN?;4O6$MNFHaQ25h25?;:X>LE h 2eA4Og;YXBCjD:Xj^aQMA258V4OF\BHFC4l4@BCFC<A25IK47>Og[8VBH<|:Jj]_Mk4S8ZF\T5FC<54@:JBCRU<^T5:X4@IPYXt|IH2AjN8;4`BHFCMo4@BCp6u:=8;<5IH4i4@j¢BQ!p YX:=Ig[2U2AFP:wM5FC4SBH?;YX
b:=g[4O>`2[FHF0?;M5BLI3BH?;jN
b?94O>`<5FH?;?;BLFKIQI\ZT2A&8W[4@4B
¯#tZ¯
!#"$"%"
M5:JIcBC?;FH25M_4l4@BH:JFHjN:X4O4OI{8xE?VBCE?;6TAIH:=M5<5BCgx?;M_?;M54@BHFHFH:X6x:X4OIc:X¬O:X8V<DFH:XFH?;25<v47FHdV?xf!A<A:X69jD8V8xg[4¦]k4iMAIbYXFP8;<5IH4`4lFQ?V?VEE8«MAM_8VBL4@8VBLI\6uM_4@4OFH>`4@FHBL:XW;I¥4¦FH2AFHBL8V8VF3<AaQI\E:X?;YXYoBC69698Z8ZFCFC:=>L?[2D<om;pf!K<5?[?V]NFC
b254O4@>`BF
M_>`?q?;?[:X<[BCFLjNI0:X<AFH8V? FH4ldVfI\tNI\:XFH6u4@68;g;4x:XIcMkFC?[25:=47<UFLICI@8Vp 6uH 4TA8;B¦I{6uFH25?U47IbFl>O8V:=6u6uM_4@BL?;8xBHFC>`8;?q<[?;FBLjNIH:=:X6u<A8ZM5FCYX4l:wEtqIHtN:X<5Ibg^FC4@6^8;ICz5I\T5IH?x6uacMNFC4l:=?[?;<e6u:J:=I¦FQFHIH2AT58VM_F04@BLFCIH25>@4uBH:XMNa{FL?[I3BHYJ?Vj E
M_P?;<A:X?V<[FHFL2AIK4@]_B4OIH>O:=8V6uTAM5IHYX4:w_FC>@258Z4@FCt|:=?[8V<SBC47:JI<5FH2A?;F08VF<5a{4O4O4cjNaQ4ij^:=YXYNFHac??;:=BC<A~j5:X?;>O<58ZYXFHt4x:=>`<x?qBC?;4OBL8VjNYq:X<Ag[4@8Z?;FC4S6uIH4@tqFHBCI\:XFH>O4O8V6 YqI\MA 8[>`N 4 O a{43" TAN IH4c <5?l:=69S 8Vg[4 p
RUTA8V<UFC:=¬i8ZFH:X?;<§zN?;B3M5:=£q4OY§>`?q?[BCjN:X<A8VFH4OIOp
1?V3Ec25FHBC132A4@4 42547Mkm[fª4O?[<q:=<UWUICFL:X>`IBC4@?;<AS <54| 6u8VMk4@BC?[<U4u:=FP<UFHEFC25?[I 49BPS FCT5 25<A4 ~U8VBC<A4D?Zj-aQk?[<3<A]A-VIlIHj4@f-EBCm?;W;p BS)4OjjaQ25:X<:X>L2¨FH4 25p9ac84 m49T5Mach Wk 8;4'<U:=& 69F¦"'j-8VFCi? g[4|I\N ?[M5Y=1 YJW[8VN74;<5pvQ4 N:J8[IK:=<AI IH>@2549?Z aQa{p!<|413:X8[<e25IHIH4eT5:=6u>@g[?qT54u?;BHBLFH4jN2k:=O8Z<km5F78Zp dNFHac4i[4 I p
FH~q8;2AI9<54«?ZFHa/25jN:J4IbaQFL?;8V2A]N<A8V
b>@Fx4i4O>M_IKF?;]k:X6u4@<UFbFC?Za{I«W;4O4i?V4@I9E0< :X8;< MA<8;I\:=?;MABL]5IP8[
b>`?;4O4[E>p FxMk?[6u<:=<U?qFCj58;IO4@< 3Y3E8Va{?;M5B¦4DMA89Y=8V:J>@BCBC48V:=g[FH:X?[:Xj^?;]A< I\?[4O]N?VBH
bWqE4O:X>`<52qFOgT5zk69FH 258e8V4i<5I\]5h 4S:X>@g?;FH6u258[BCIHM54@IHTN4xT5FC6ujN4@B:XMNI\FCFC:X8;:=<U?[<AFH<k4@>`BL4iz8;IK>`acjNFH:X4v??;<j5<5??VF¦y ~qW<5¡ 8;?Z\BHat z
] qGn
, ¯#t;°
P
1
v
P
2
F
Y
.
Q
1
. Q
C
q
1
q
. Q
2
u
P
3
3 3
X f
Z
XY?V4@E{:=<5g[Mkg;T5?[FHBC2:=4 <UFC:XO<IemASp m;d5uf$;9>O:X8VIx}<?[]kIH]A:=4u6uI\4O>`M5BH?[W[YX6x4v4Oj¨MA>O8;TN:X<IHFH44ij FCE25?[E4DBSBC?;TNM_6 h ?[WrIHFC4:X25694u4OI\8V?;FHg[:X]A694IH4@8ZM5BCFCYJW;:=8V?[4i<5<oj|4^:=8;698^I«8;FHFCg;BCBH4x:J:J8V8VMk<5<5g[?[g[Y=:=Y=4<U4 FCSI S ; p«S 13 25aQp©4u:wFC13Mk2?U25IHI\4D:X4xj5m[4O?Vf I«E{8;?VMk<eEP?U~qI\?[:=<5]NFH?Z:X
b?;4OaQ<k>`< FI
S O \Om5p m
FH2A475jNBC:X?;I\FC6}8;<AFH>`254i4lI3FC]k254@BCFb4@a{474O4i4@R[<^TkM_8Z?;FH:X:X?;<[<kFLI@I3zNBHaQ4OM52ABH:X4i>L2|I\4O<U8VBCFH4O4¦jD~U<A:X<|?ZaQ¥<RUTAEBC8Z?;FC6/:=?[<¨FC25O4m5p 6um ?NjNac4@4SY p jN4@BC:XW;4¦FH25BC4@4?;FH254OBCIPBH4OYX8VFH:X<5g
OFS S } O % § \Om5p m t;
jN?;FPIsM5BH4¦?NBCjN4@TkaQ>BCFP:=FH8V4P<AFCjv25FCe4 25S 4l GE8;:X<v>`FcFH4@FC2ABC698ZF Ic?V E§FC254l ?;O ]AIH4@/ BCW;p 4ij G8V<kjv>@?;6uM5TNFC4KFC254m;fjN:JIbFL8V<A>@4OIOzqTAI\:X<5gxFH2A4
O \Om5p m
O
d
O
8;BH4«~U<A?ZaQ< EBC?;6 FH2A4x6u?NjN4OYG8;<AjeFH254«FH25BC4@4 8VBC4S~q<5?ZaQ<eEBH?[6 FH254u:X6u8;g;4«Mk?[:=<UFCI
¯#t
!#"$"%"
FHIH2k4`F08ZF¥?[<|E?[B¥FH2A4i 4«8;>L?;2uFH25Mk4O?UB0 I\40IH:X?VjNE 4«FHaQ2A4P:wFC2eFH2AMABH4O8;4PBC8;Mk6u?[:=4`<UFHFL4OI¥BCI`?[<9P ?; <54KU IH:JjN 4PU ?VE¢ FC25\ 40z¢>@8V?q<A?;jeBLjN>`:=YX<k4O8V8ZBCFHYX4PtvIHtN:=E¥IbFC?;4@<A6^47z[FHFHBC25:XM54OY=BH4x4PIH:J8VIcFH8:=A6u4OIK:=BCFHBH2A?[4B
4O:X<RUTA8v8VFHBH:X4i?;8V<AYGIOI\z¢:=FHFCTA258V4@FH<r:X?;IH<?D]k6«4iTA>@8VI\F¦TkI\FC4«2549FH25?V4xFC25?;4@]5Bi
bp94O>13Fl2q6STATkI@z§IbFa{]_44«>O?[8V<e<s?;2A<A8 4xW;4uIH:X8Zj5F4«6u?;E?[I\FHF254uE?;>@T58;B76u8[4@>BLFC85TAp8VY<M_?[IH:J4OIHI¦>L2AM_Y=?[4OB¦ICI\8;:X]5<AYXj 4
c?;YXY=4iI0\ i:wFc:XI3IH25?ZaQ<uFH2A8VF{E?[T5BcMk?UI\4iI{8;BH4PM_?[ICIH:=]5YX4K:X<vIHM_4O>`:J8VY >@8[I\4i
I U25?Zac4@W[4@BizVFH2A4¦>@?;6u6u?;<
>@8[I\4l:JIcE?;B3Fbac?9I\?[Y=TNFC:=?[<AIOp
FHac:X?;4¦<§a3px8V13<UF325:JFHIl?uaQk:X<AY=Yjvg[FH:=25W[BC4«4@4l:X<ABCIH?U:=g[?;2[FCF¦I3?;FH?^E§FH?;2AFH4l254OE?;B¦YXY=?[?ZMNaQFH:X:X<56ugx:=¬iE8ZT5FC<A:=?[>`FH<A:XI¦?;<ATAIQI\4i?;jeE§FC:X<s254 YX8V4 FH S 4@p B7 IHTA4O>`IH:XFH<5:X?;g<A<5IO?;p«<AeY=:X<58Z4OFH8;2AB4@69?;MN8ZFCFC:=:X6u>O8V:X¬OYXY=8Vt[h z
Is4Q<5?ZaIH25?Za2A?ZaFC?lIH?;YXW;4cE?[BFH254QTA<5~q<5?ZaQ<AI 8;<Ajx254@<k>`4
G U U O d _ b
U U O d b
>:X`<?[6uBH4iM58VTNYX:wFHFb47t[z;IH:=?;F¥6u6u4?Z>LW;2A4i8;IG<5FHg;?Z4ia3eI 8VPBLj U pI U 4¦>@ 8V\<9IHYX?«:X<5FC4O2A8;8ZBHFi:X¬@z54 :JjNv4O8;:X<9Y=YXt;FHz 25G4K <5 4@ :Xg;2q]_?; BCU 25 ?q ?qju?;E P U U p U I \_4e8VO ac<kju8;<[z5FHFu8;25<A4OFC<j?
q
5
T A
M k
M U
? \
I ^
4 C
F A
2 Z
8
F c
a
4 V
8 C
B ^
4
5
< O
4
;
8
B
8
C
B q
? V
? F P U U \K]ATNFFH2k8ZF G U U O % 8
>`?[6uM5TNFH4lFC2547>L2A8;<5g;4i*I P U U \§<54@4ijN4OjFH?9MABH?NjNTA>@4 p
cFHa 2A494lc?;ET5]Nt^<AFL8V:=>g[:XFC<<5:=?[?;?[<ABC<5I:=<A49g9Y=:X8;FH<5<A254ij4x8VB725o:XzN4ig;R[ac25Tk4O48ZBKFH8V?[:XBC?;BCBH<s:XjNW;4O4l:XBP<8ZFCFQFC4@25BCFC6u4254lI¦T5<AE:X?;<e~UYX<AY=¥?Z?ZaQRUaQTA:X<A<58VI:gxFH:XP?;69<©8Z FHiU BCm5:=£p ¯ U4ORU8;TA <A8V\ j pvFH:X?;IHK4`<oIHFHp :XFH<5:X<5g^gFHFC252544«ICYX8V4`6uE F4IH:X>@jN?;4«<A>@FH4@?vMN¬@F4OEBH?[?kB z
G U U
U U \Om5p ¯A
O
§ U U
M_MA8;?;BC:X<[8;13F 6x25P 4|4@ FH 4O69U BC IO8Z p FCU BH :=£ \_?V?;ElEoMA?;T58VBHBcFHI\:J8V4i8VYKBLj5>L4@2xBCFH:=WZ258Z4OFC<:=W[a{4OI94K?;:JI9]NFLFC8V25:X4 <9UFH258;4K>@?;E]5?;YX:JY=8V?Z<aQ:X69<5gS8ZFHIHBC?;:=£ YXTNFC:=?[s<u:wEE?;:=BFFC:X25I40:=>L<q2kW[8V4@<5BHFHg[:X4O]5IGY=4 FC?78VFFH2AFH4O2AIH44
G U U
U U § UU UU \Om5p ¯Ud[
O
Is4>@8V<r>@?;6uM5TNFC48v<A4@aW;4O>`FH?[B?VE3MA8VBL8V6u4`FC4@BLI¦]Uts8;j5j5:=<5gDFC254OIH4>L2A8V<Ag;4OI¦FC?^FH2549MABH4OWU:X?;TkI
MA8ZF78;BC8v8;6xE8V4@6uFH4O:XBCY=:JIO8VpB¦IsE?[4KBH6 TAIH4 ?;E K4@FHa3?xFHjN?[4@< <51 Il?;FH6x4Q4@FCFH25254K?NMkj¢8Vp BL8V6uBC4`4@FCM54@BCBL4OI4IH4@P <U FLUIP FC 25U 49 W;\ 4i8V>FFH?[FHB02A4K?;E{~UhWZFC8V2YXT5:=4iFH4@IBL>`8Z?;FC:=6u?[<M5T58VFH<A4Oj9j8;TABHIHBC:=:X<AW;g 4
7
] qGn
, ¯#t$t
ET5<A>`FH:X?;<AI U U58V<Aj § p
d d + d d+
d d + d d+ dd d4d4++
O
D>`?[6xMATNFH:X<5guFH2A4:=<qW;4OBCIH4¦?VE§FC254 U8;>`?[]5:J8V<
KU8;IH&>`:X<5?[]5g :J8V!*FC$&25< 4vIHtq1 6Sp ]_?;YJI' EBC?;6¤FH254DM5BC4@Wq:X?;TAIS4`£N4@BL>`:JI\4[zjN4@BC:=W[48 BC4@MABH4iI\4O<[FL8ZFC:=?[<E?[BSFC254D:=<qW;4OBCIH4
I\FC8VBHFH:X<5guWZ8VYXT54¦E?;BQ4i8;>L2DMA8VBL8V6u4`FC4@Bip
bTAI\F¦FCH :=6uYX254`E 6«4iFlIPT5?VM_BCE84@FCBK25j-IH4xm 4O>@h4Y=4@?;"¢E <AF¦bj¢4Op3t;4;5zU?[¥
bBQ]ATAFHT5I\2AF0:=Y=47F0BC:X6u89g;2U?qIHF0j5tN4@Ib?;FCYoE4@EFH6 4i258Z4xFCFCT52ABHBH8Z:X4g;FK2UM_>@F¦?;?;4@:XT5<Ut;YJFCj^4[I z_>`
8;?[<A6xN juMAZ
bz_TNTAFH]5I\4FlYXT5FCT54725<A4jNjN?;M_4OFCB0?[IPIHFCac:w25FC:=4@4S?[BC<D4<A?[M5?;IHEGYJ4;8;8upu>@4OM_jD134@BL25?;IH<D4i?;I\< 4«FH2A1 I3Mk4?[25E:=4O8;<U8[>@FCj 4I
aQM_?;:XY=:XYc<[FL<5I ?VFx! jN4`E?[>@BH?;6 T5YJj©6STA]_>L4^2jNaQ4`FC:wFC4O2©>FC4OWZj8VBC:=BC?[8;TAM5Il:Xj5EY=8;t©>@:X8;8;<AY¥jr4@£qBCMA?;BH]54iTAIHI\IHFH:=?[YXt;<Ap©IOp 132AI 4v:wM_FC2r?[IHFH42A?;4EP]5FHYX25T54D4E698[>`8;4v~;4@>@TA?;M¨T5YJjrFH254vFC25:=4@69<8V]_g[44
jNTk4@I\A:X<5<54Og|jP]qYXtug;?[FHBH25:=4lFH25>`6¤?[6xm MATN`FH>p 4i3j8;M_Y=?;YJ8V:X<[BLjeFLI 8;"J<AN js q8VFH?N<A>Lj~qFH6u258;40<FHBL\8V <AI\E°;?;0BC69jN8Z4@W[FC:=4@?[YX<9?;M_6u4Ojs8;M58^M5:XI\<5tNg«I\FHFH4@256 4
FC2AN 8ZF7 YXFH?N?«>@8VFH2AFH4O4 je"MFHN 2A4
4@M5t[BC4O?NI3>`4O8VIC<kIH:=jv<5gS<A?[<5IH4@404ijN?[<D4Oj8«FHE?x8;>@:XjN4l4OaQ<UFH:wFC:=E25tu?;FHTN25FK4¦8;4@<qt[t94OIc6u8V8;<A~;j4OT5<5Mo?[zNIH4;]5UpTNFPcM_?VFC4@2BHE?;g;BCBC69?;T58VMk<AI¥>@40BC4@a3M_?;8;BHI3FH6«4ijuTAFH>L2A2^8VI\F{YX?ZFCa{254¦4OBc4@BCj5BHT5?[4lB¥FH:X<?xFHFH2A2A44
<5?[BH698VYGW[4O>FC?;B¦?VEFC254uM5YJ8V<54xE?;BC6u4Oje]Ut^FC254xFH25BC4@4uM_?;:X<UFCI¦:XIl?;EFH2A4x?[BCj54@B¦?VEc8E4@ajN4@g[BH4O4OIOp7 E
¯#t
!#"$"%"
: ,p O
:X: pQ>`?[6uM5TNFH4 c:=E 4`£N:XI\FCI
FH 2A4:=<5O :=FH:J8VPYXm S 7UH8;m >O)>`T5UHBLm 8ZFC4K\QFC8V?u<AFbj a{?ujN4OO >@:=698;dNYop M5YJ8;< >`4i<5I@:Xp <54 :=FH4OBC8VFH:X?;<AIFH254e®{m;®M5BC?;g[BC8;6 >`?[<UW[4@BCg;4ij©FC?
!
!
$ $
$
%
$! !
!
!! !" !!
$ $
#" $$ $ #
!" $ $ !
!
#"
$ $ #" $ #" $ #
!"
$ !
% %'& %'( & ( ) *&
) *(
)
"
! " $ #+$ "% ! " +% ! ! $ "-+%
" % "$ ! " ",! "! #
!! "! !! !"
$ " !! " $
" !! "-$ ! $$ ! ",$ ! $$ !
! " !! " $
" !! "-$ ! $$ ! ",$ ! $$ !
:XP<5YJg^IH?AMkzq?Ua{I\4u4¦aQEBC:X?;Y=6Y_FC8;FC~;254049:=4@<Ut[FH?u4OI>`8;?[<A<AjeIH:XjN<A4O?[BCIH8V4;FHp:X?;I<uFC492A4@8Z£5FQ8VjN6u:Xg;:=:=<AFC4x8VY W[:X4@69BC:w8V_g;>@408ZFCMk:=?[?[<:=<UFL6uIc?[8;BHBH4x40:=:X<sj54@FC<U25FH4u:=AE4O?;jYXY=?Z:=<vaQM5:X<5:=£qg|4OIHY¢4O>`>?qFC?;:=?[BL<AjNIO:=h p
<A8VFH4OI8;<Aj«FH2A8VFBC8[jN:X8;YNY=4O<AIjN:JIbFC?;BHFH:X?;<x6STAI\F]_4Q6x?NjN4OY=4ij«8;Y=?[<5glaQ:wFC2xFH254QM_4@BLI\M_4O>`FH:XW;43M5BC?V
b4i>FH:X?;<§p
0f &:XIC>`TAICI3!*$&25 ?Za 1 FH 254N N AM BH?[]5Y=4O6}>@8;<^]k47IH?;YXW;4ijTAIH:=<Ag«FC254N 1 NnIH?;YXTNFH:X?;<DM5BC?N>`4Oj5T5BH4[p
(*),+3 4 0165 23;87G/ < 5? /435 <>56-E)5235*9EF;G1 / 9 2
;
I ®¥m;®M5BC?;]AY=4O6
KE ?;>O&BRU>@T5?;:=6uBC!*4S$&M5 8TNFC>@:=<5?;1 Mqg0tFH 2A?;4{EGM_FH25?[4vIH4{ ?;Ek80BHMA:Xg;8V:JM_jS4@>@B0?;]U<Nt^Ag[yPT5T5BLF\8ZFHFH4O:X?;<5<YX?q?;>LEA2AFC4@25B0BH8;4O<A4{j|M_?;P:X<UYXYXFC6uI8;EBC<o?;z_6aQ8¦25:XI\>L:X2 <5g;j5YX4O4¥ICac>`BC4O:=8;]_~l4OI0Mk4O8BCIHI\Mk?[Y=4iT5>FHFC:X:=?;W[< 4
ac4¦MABH?N>`4O4OjvaQ:wFC2|8xIH:X6xMAY=4OBP<5?VFL8ZFC:=?[<op
c N O P XU U W%\o:JIQ8«M_?;:X<UFP:=<DFC2547m;f!ac?;BCYXjD>`?q?[BCjN:X<A8VFH4lI\tNI\FH4@6^p
cEG O P
XU %\_:XI{8lMk?[:=<UF¥:X<uFH2A4PBH4i8VY5:X698Vg[4QM5YX8;<54;pQ H <54P>@8;<uFH25:X<5~x?VE FH254
v8Z£N:JI8;I25?;BC:=¬O?;<UFC8;Y
8V<AjvMk?[:=<UFC:=<5gxFC?uFH254BC:=g[2UFQ8;<AjFH254 8V£N:XIQ8[I3W;4@BHFH:J>@8;Y¢8V<AjDM_?;:X<[FC:=<AgxTAMUa38VBLj¢p
c
O P nU \N:JI80M5:=£q4OYq:=<SFH254c:=698;g;4{8;BHBL8t¦4`£NM5BC4OICI\4ijl]UtlFbac?K:X<UFH4Og;4@BL"I P:XI§FH2A4cBC?Zar>`?q?;BLjN:X<A8ZFC4
FHBH8V25:X<Ag;4 j 2UFO«cp 8V:XI£NFH:XIc254K:JI3>@W;?;4@YXT5BHFH6u:J>@<98;Y¢>`8V?q<A?;BLjvjNMk:X<A?[8Z:=<UFC4cFLIQ?;EkjN?ZFC25aQ4P<qM5ac:=8;£NBC4@j¢Y pcpG13Q254@4 YJ8Z¦FC:=8ZW[£N43:XIcFH?7:JI3>@?;25<q?;W;BC:X4O¬@<[?;FC<U:=?[FL<S8VY¢E8V?[<AB jv
M_8;?;<A:Xj <[FLSIc8VFH]_?x?ZFHW;2A4[4 z
c 8;IHMk4i>FPjN:JIbFC?;BHFH:X?;<E8[>FC?;
?VE§FC2547>@8;6u4@BL85p B 8xIC>@8;Y=4¦E8[>FH?[B3TAI\4ijFC?96u?qj54@YojN:JIbFC?;BHFH:X?;<D:=<vFH2A478;IHMk4i>FQBC8VFH:X?
c E?q>O8VY¢YX4@<5g;FH2 FH2547j5:XI\FC8;<A>`4¦EBC?;6 FC254?;M5FH:J>@8VYo>@4@<UFH4OB3FH?xFH2A4:=698Vg[4lM5YX8;<54;p
M_13>`4O?;25<U:X4i<[FHI\4@Fi4¦BipSpPjN134`13A25254x<A4«:w?;FCM5:=MN?[BHFC<A:X:X<A>OIc>@8VBH:=YMA4@E8Z8;4@£NY§B{:JM_IKFH?;?7:J:XI¦<UFC25F0FH2A4¦:J4«IK?;MN?;M_EFC4@FH:XBC4@>OMk<§8V4OY zk<A>`]5jN4@T5:J<U>`F0FCT54@<5YJBc8V?;B¦?VF¦EoFC8VFC?YX25a3FC4¦825tq>O4u8VIOz56u:=69:X<|4@8VBLg[8FH2A4SYX4«4@M5<A>`YJIO8V4Op<A<U4«13FH4@25g[B040?;M5:X>O<5:=£q8Vg6u4OYFC4@25?;BLBHE87?[FHT5?[25g;BH4«:X2eg;:=:X69FH<9258;:J4uI{g;4;?[8VpPMNF{FH13FC:J25>@2A8;:X4I Y
BCICjN4O>@:JIb8V8VFCYXY?;49acBHEFH?;8[:X?;BC>YJ<FHj ?[EBCT58;I <5>`FH:=FC?;T IOB
z8V IH<ATAj >L8V2¨BC4«Y 8;Il~qBC<54@6uM5?Z:XaQBCY=4OYX<:=IH6u4@E<U4@?;F7FHB74@FCBL8D25IO4:p MA8;2AIB\?;FC49BC:X>@:=¬OaQT5?;YX:X<U8;Y=Y{FCB8;8;>@Y{IC8VI\IH6uT5:=¬O6u4O4BC4«8A8Vpu<AFH2Aj©138V2qFW;TA4@
BHIlFH:J?[z >@<58;YXY{t|z IHFH:=¬O25T 44uz ?;E?NEKY >Oz8 8V8;YI\<A:XYX<5je4@<5g[FHY=g;4v25FH42 M5:w8[©£NI\4OM_8;Y{4O<A:X>`<j F
_M?;:=g[:X<[T5FLBCIQ4v:Xi<Dm5m[p d;fdN¦I\Mk8;>`>@4[8Vp YX:X]5BC8VFH:X?;<?;]N
b4i>FlFH2A8VFTAI\4iIl8v6u?ZWq:X<5g^d;fMA8ZFHFH4OBH<eFH?|>`BC4O8VFH4x6u8;<qt^E4O8ZFCT5BC4
*,"$%7' 2 % ( /1+ "$(
("$( /1+ *,+ " 2
8^>`Tk>@IH8;IH4OY=:Xje]5BL]k8Z4OFHY=:X?Z?;a<p?;]N13
b254i4u>FijNz§4@aQWq25:J>`:J4x>L2:XIla388;Il6x8;4@YXFCIH8;?^YTAMAI\YX4i8VjeFH4x:X<r?;<U8^FH?vm;aQf25?;:X>L]52
b4O2A>F8W;BC4«4O>@]k?;4O<A4@I\<FHBCMATA8V>:XFC<U:=?[FH4O<jIHtN82IbtFC4@6tFC?|8V]kBCBC498tvjN:J?VIbhE
]56uYJ?;8;T5>L~D<UFC>`4O:Xj|BC>@?[Y=4i<eI@pQ8132525?[4SBH:X>@¬@4@?[<U<UFHFC4O8VBCY§IPBC?V8;EG:=Y FHpK25 4«Fl>`:XI0:XBC>@M_Y=4@4iBCIPMk8V4OBC<A4jNTA:J>`IHT54OYJj|8VB08;IPFH?FH25FH254«4«jNBC:XI\8;FH:=:XYG<58Vg[<AT5je:XIH25>@4i8Vj^<|Mk]_?[4x:=<U6xFCIO?ZpQW[4O13j|258;47Y=?[?[<5]Ng
b4O:=>`F¦FK:X:X< I
6u6}IbFC4@MAIOp13254lM_?[IH:wFC:=?[<D?;E§FC254BC8;:=Yoj54`A<54iI3FH2A47m;f!ac?;BCYXjD>`?q?;BLjN:X<A8ZFC4¦IHtNIbFC4@6^p
¯d
!#"$"%"
camera origin
Oc
y
x
p image plane
0 v
si p
u i
(0,0,zi ) y
ri
P 3D point
i
x z
HF:JI¦2A:=g[4PFHT525:=69BC4u48;M5Og;BCm5:=4Q<kp dV>`>`mA?[:XMABHoBC8V134OYGIH25M_Mk4P?;?[g[:X<A<[4@j5Fi?;Ipx6uFHK?4@FH<qM_BCt :X?;>c:XBC<U6u8[FJjN?NN:JjN8V4@YYNO jNE?[:JIbP B FC?; FHU 2ABH/FH4P:X ?;U1Q<eW IH \_8;6«:A?;TA>@<«I\8;FFHY=25:X]5j540BL:XIH8Z>@M5FH8V:XYJYX?;8;:X]5<x>`BC4xM58V:XFHBC6u:X?N?;>`8;<x4Og;j5?;4uT5]NM_BH
b4[4i?;p>:X<[Fi®GpF ?[®G:=<U?[¥F :=<U8;G FY=?[ G <5O gDPO j5
:= BCPU
4O >`$ FH\AU:X ?[?;F<< \
G §:X<DFH254:X698Vg[4;p
G
G
O T
\Om5p ¯
Y # \Om5p #¯ t;
O
:=g[T5BC4im5p dVm:XY=YXTAI\FHBL8ZFH4iI^FH2A4©g;4O?;6u4`FCBHt 8[IHIHT56u4Oj ]qt FC254©M5BC?N>`4ijNT5BC4;pª13254Mk?[:=<UF NO
P U U W \P:JIu8V<8VBC]5:=FHBL8VBCtsM_?;:X<UF9:=<FH254|m[f a{?[BHYJj¢p132A4^>@?;BCBH4iI\M_?;<kjN:=<AgeM_?;:X<[F9?[<FC254^:=698Vg[4
M5N YJ8Vp <544i:JIQ>FHYJ?[8VB ]_4@YX 4O:Xj IPG EBH ?[p 6}4iFC>25FC4S?;B MABH :X <A:X>`IQ:XMAE8;BH?[Y§6 M_?;FH:X2A<[F47Mk?[:=<UFH?F`FCP 25U 4SU:X69W 8V\g[?;4<DMkFH?[2A:=47<UF ?;MNFC :Xp >O8VY§4i8V>£NFH?[:XIcB FC?9 FH:X25I047MA8Vm[BLf8VYXM_YX4@?;Y¢:X<UFC? F
W;4i>FC?;B pP$ <qtBL8;jN:J8VYoj5:XI\FH?[B\FC:=?[<DjNTA4lFH?xFH254G YX4@<kIQ:XIQ8;Y=?[<5g $ p G $
O
+Y \Om5p ¯
O + Y
\Om5p °
O + Y
\Om5p °N
% O
+Y \Om5p °;d[
O
+T
+Y \Om5p °VmU
jN4O<Ao>`4i4@I@F3p¥FHq25:X4<A>@W[4 4O>FC?;B 8;<AA j O A P
8VBC 4lU
~U <AU ?ZaQ<oU zq
FH25\47>`IH?;tN<UIbFLFC8V4@:X6 <FC?;25E4 YX:X
<5 G4O8;:X69BQ8V4Og[RU4lTA8Z>@FC?q:=?[?;<ABLjNI :=<k8ZFH4iIc?VE§FC254 s>`?;BCBC4OIHMk?[<Nh
O A \Om5p °Z¯q
>@j8;6n<«p mop ]_4 4Q8I\]q?[t Y=W[[4O?;jS25E<A?;IHB?;FH<§2AzV4QQT5:=4i<5IH~qIO<5z;?Z8;aQ<AjS<xKMA8VBHBL<58V?[6uYXjS4`FCE?;4@BGBW;FC4O4i>L>25FC?;<5B :JRUT5p34OI q?[4@<x4IH ?;8YXWqmok :=4<564g¦fYXF:=<5mop 4i4 8V8 Bm IH4tqI\ FHp94O8 69jhIk?;Ek4i" $ R[j Tk& 8ZkFHh :X0
?;<k I@8 p 6
P?Za >O8V<D]k4TkI\4ijFC?9>`?;6uM5T5FH4lFH2A4BH?;FC8ZFC:=?[<v8;<AjvFHBL8V<AIHYX8VFH:X?;<vMA8VBL8V6u4`FC4@BLI38;IcE?;YXYX?ZaPI@p
:=E3 % O %
%
+ Y O
:=E3 O % \Om5p °;°[
:=E3 % O %
d5pPo8V<A4`Fj+ FHY 25O4 A#h+ FCY BC 8;!<A IHYX8VFCFH25:X?;4{< M_?[+ T IH:=FHEBC:XW;?;4{6 ICRUFHTA2548VBC~q4<5BC?Z?qaQ?VFL<^§>`8V?[<A6xjSMA>`TN?;6uFH4iM5jvT5WZFH8;4{Y=T5E?;4lT5?;BE ?VE5FC 254{BC?VFL8ZFC:=?[<MA8VBL8V6u4`FC4@BLI
O +Y \Om5p °
¯¯
!#"$"%"
Y O +Y
13Nu25pU:X I3E :JI3TSYX:=2k~[8;4¦I{8;FHM525M54lYXtUIC8V:X<56ugx4¦FH2AIH:X47g;<>`?;8[6uI M5
|T58VFH4O<kjvj BC?VYFC8V2kFH8;:XI¥?;<vFH25MA48VICBL8V8V6u6u404`FCIH4@:=BLg[I<vFC8[?xI FH_25zU4 FH 254O8;< <Aj+ Y78;Y=>@BC?q4O?;8[BLjNjNtx:=<k2A8Z8;FHI{4iIcFH2A?V4 E
>`?;BCBC4O>FQIH:=g[<ozN4@YJI\4l<54Og[8VFH4l:wFip
¯kp P?Za FC254BC4@698V:X<5:X<5g«BC?VFL8ZFC:=?[<vMA8;BC8;6u4`FH4OBCI3>O8V<D]k47>@?;6uM5TNFC4Oj^8;IcE?[Y=YX?ZaPI@
6 O \ \Om5p mU
O \ \Om5p ¯q
O \Om5p °[
6
O \Om5p %
7 O \ \Om5p t;
FH?V1325E§254iFC4SI\254c47?[4OB\ICRUFCR[25TATk?;8V8V<5FHBC:X?[?;40BH<A69BCIO?qp8;?VY=13FQ:=Fb25tv?;4QM_>@4@IH?;BL:=<Ag[8Z<AI\FCFH:=I?[BL?V8V<oE:Xp<U FCc IP FQ4z?;FHE25 FH:J IP2Az;4SI\8VFH<kBC4@?Vj M§FCz8VFH:X?;69< I\82A69t?;8VT5<5FHYJ?VBCjF:w£ ]_]_44Q<5>`?;2k4OBCg[8BC8ZW;4OFC47>4OFG]_jvjN4@:wT54OEG<e4cFC25FHTA?¦47IH4OFCI\j|25:Xg;4Q:X<D<8V6S?Vj5E ]A4@BC:=g[:=WqT5:X:w<5Fbtg
bF:XIla{M_?x?[69IH:w8FCt:=W[4;<5z§4@4iIH?vjvFHFH2A?u8V]kF47FH8[25j4u
bTA?;I\BHFHFH4i2AjD?;g;8V?[E <AFH4O8VBKYX:=Fb>`tD?[6x?;E¥MATNFC25FH:X49<5gxBH?;FHFC258V4lFH:XE?;?N<e>O8V69Y¢8VYX4@FH<5BC:wg;£ FH2o:JIlp M5BC4OIH4@BCW;4Ojop«132549?;FH254OB
°5pP13I\4i25>`4S?;<kEjD?N>OIH8VtNYIbY=FC4O4@<56$gVFC?V2 ErYX:=<A8;4O<A8Vj|BK4OFC25RU4>TA8ZW^FC:=>@?[?;<A6uIOp3Mk?[<5:XBC4@I\<UF0F¦89?V69EFC8VBCFH8;BC<A:w£ I\YJ8ZFC:=?[:X<IPE+ ?;[ BC6u8VBC4O4Sj^<5aQ?Zan25?U>`I\?;476uBC?ZM5aPT5IPFH4O8;j BH4EBHg[?[:=6W[4@<8
]Ut
O# / + Y#U4 \Om5p
aQ254@BC4 $YS:XI3FC2547>`4O<UFH4@BHh FH?Vh>`4O<UFH4@B3jN:JIbFL8V<A>@4]k4@Fba{4O4@<DM5:=£q4OYXIP:=<vFH254 DjN:XBH4i>FH:X?;<§p
P4`£qFP8uW;4i>FC?;B A :XIQ>@?;<AI\FHBCTA>FC4OjDaQ:=FH2^BH?ZaPI3jN4@A<54ijv]qt
O / \Om5p
I47IH?;YXW;40FH254YX:X<54O8;BPI\tNI\FH4@6
O A \Om5up t
E?;B O U+ [ p I4?[]NFC8;:=<D?;<AY=t4iIbFC:=698VFH4OIQE?;B 8;<Aj + [78ZFQFC25:XIPMk?[:=<UFOp
] qGn
, ¯°
pQ?VE E8xBC:=g[2UF\FHh 252A4O8V<|<Aj5>L2A4OjD8V<5>`g[?q4¦?;BLFH25jN:X4S<AIH8Z:XFCg;4¦<AIHIQtN?;IbEFC4@ 6^6 p z z z z zA8V<kj + [Upc1325:XIP:XI3FC?uE?;BL>`4lFC254TAIH4
4ORUTA8ZFC:=?[<AIO
O
\ \Om5putq
_\ \Om5up tVd[
O
aQ254@BC4¦FH254BL8;jN:XTAIc?VEjN:JIbFC?;BHFH:X?;< S :JIQg;:XW;4O<v]qt
O
\ ! \Om5putZmU
q?;YXWq:=<5g«FH2A:XIPIHtNIbFC4@6]Ut<5?;<5YX:X<54O8;BQBH4Og;BC4OICI\:X?;<g[:=W[4OI{FH2A4W8;Y=TA4OIcE?;B z + [;zA8;<Aj p
EE1?;?;?vYXB{YX?Z]kIHaQ4@?;4S:=FH<52u2Agu?ZFCa25FL8V4K]5FCac25YX47?;:JI¦BCg[YX>O:=juW[8V4O6u>@Ic?U4@?[ABLBCW[8j547:=>O<AMk8V8V?[YX:=FH:=]54P<UBLF0IH8ZtNFC>@Ib:=?;?[FCBC4@<|BH64iM5I\M_BC8V?q?;<A>@<kjx4OjNjNFC4@25TA<A4BH>@474OIcac:X?;<5BC:XM5~N6uTNI@8;F0zkg;a{FH4P?94«>@FCaQ?U25?[:=4SYXBCYGj5>@g;:=8;<A?9Y=:X8V]5FCFH25BL4P8ZBCIHFC?;tN:=T5?[Ibg[<DFC2e4@6IHtN8VIb< 8VFCBC4@4@4P6^£5>`8VpQ4@6u<U13FCM525:=YX6u4;47p04`T5FC13<54@BL:=2AFCI@4I p
y
P4
10
P2
P1
5 3D World P3
Points
0 5 10
x
P5
z
v
p4
o o p2
p1 o
o p3 Image
u
op5
Camera
(location and orientation
unknown)
HF?;2ABC:=:Xg[4v4@T5<U>@BCFC8;4D8VY=:XFHi]5:X?;m5BL<o8Zp dZFCzN¯k:=8V?[¦<k<s13jMA25EBH4?N?N>O>`m[8V4if/Y¢jNYXT54@acBC<54;?;g;zGBCFHYX2oaQjp 25Mk:J>L?[2r:=<UFLaQI:=YX8VY3<A>`j¨?;6u>`?[M5BHT5BCFH4O4IHM_FC?;25<A4jN:X>O<58Vg|6udV4@BLf8|:XMA698;8VBCg;8;4u6xM_4@FH?;4O:XBC<UIlFCIl:X<AFC>`2AYX8ZTAFSjN:X8;<5BHg4uMk:X<5?UM5I\:=TNFHF:X?;FC<o? z
4 4 /
/ 4
)
t
° nntt )m[m[dd id $ )))
d
)
O
°° )
)
)
) )
) ) )
8V<Aj
°tZtZmm
A O
)
)
v
Image
2
1 p4 p2
p1
4.0 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 p3 2 3 4
u
cm
principal point
p5
-2
8.0 cm
:=g[T5BH4uim5p d;°NG13254l:X6u8;g;4lM_?;:X<[FLIQ:X<vFC254 :X698Vg[4l>@?q?;BLjN:=<k8ZFH4IHtNIbFC4@6^p
O + YeO t
O + YeO
O + YeO
O % + YeO
+T O + YeO ¯ ;m m
M_?;:X<[PF 4@G £qF0b acO 4«\>`;?[putZ6umAM5z=[TNp FH4 zqaQT 258V:J<A>L2vj :JI3Y E8VE?;B3BKEBCFH?;256 4xM_FH?;25:X4<[Fe:X69S 8V g;4O$>@4@\<UFH4Op BOzuzqtqFCp ?u°Nz >L2Ap 4O3>L~98;<AFCj 2547>@?;I\:XBCg;BH<D4iI\?VM_E ?;+<AY j5p :=<5g:=698Vg[4
T O + T O tV@b ¯ m;m O ¯ m[m
@o t °[ ° O d °
Y O +Y O
+Y O °
O t
O
O
O
+T O ¯ m;m
¡ ?;<UFC:=<qT5:X<5gAzNac4>`?[6xMATNFH4¦FH2A4BH4O6u8;:=<A:=<5guBC?VFL8ZFH:X?;<DMA8;BC8;6x4@FH4OBCIO
O b ! O °
O b ! O
O O °
O O
8V<kj
/ 4
°
O
A
dd °°
O
t °
+[ O
] qGn
, ¯
<54Og[8ZqFC:X<A4 >` 4 z :JI7 <5z4O g[ 8V FHz:XW; 4; zz ?;T5z5B«8;>`<A?qj ?;BL+ [;jNp:X<A138ZFC2A4u4IHBHtN4iIbI\FCT54@Y=6FCIQ8;:XISBH4[<5 ?VF7BC:Xg;2UF\h 2A8V<kjN4Oj¢p^1? A:=M¨FC254¬@h 8V£q:JIOz§ac4
t
) °
O )
° ) t )
)
8V<kj ¯° m[m
O
t °
8V<kj O[p
8[{FC?;MDWq:=4OaFH254lFC25:X>L~v]5YJ8;>L~9YX:=<54:JI3FC254:=698;g;4lM5YJ8V<54
]kcMk4OBCIHM_4O>FC:=W[4lWU:X4@a
>`?[:=g[6uT5M5BCTN4xFHi4im5jp d:X<GFH25134{ac4`?u£58VWq6u:=4OM5aPYX4¥IQWq?V:JE83FHFH252A474{>O1Q8V6uIC8V4@:[BL>O8x8VYX8V:=]A<ABCjD8VFH:X6u:X?;<8;g;M54lBC?NM5>`YJ8V4O<5j54T5BH:X4[<Dp FH¡ 25?;4TAacB\FC?;4OBCIHYJt0jv?;>@EN?Uy0?[BC8Vj5]5:=:X<A]S8VKFH4]5IH:whtqPI\FH8[4O>L6254O8[j¢I p
] qGn
, ¯
;2 + ";/ 21 1
;%7';* ""+2 ;'&#)+' +2
31>@8;25Y=:X4¦]5>@BL8Z8VFC6u4O4Oj¨BC8FC?6u?[?N]NjNFC4O8;Yk:=<r?;E¢FCFH25254^40:=M5<UBHFC4OBHWq:X<A:=?[IHTA:X>vI¥8VIH4O<A>`jFH:X?;4`£q<FH:JBCI¥:=<kTkI\I\:J4i>j¢MAzU8;8;BC<A8;j96uac4`FH404O8[BCIOIHp¨IHT5136u254Q4vFH2kMA8ZBHF¥?[]5FC25Y=4O4l6 >@8V?V6uE04OjNBC4@8lFH4O2ABH8[6uI¥:X]_<54@:=<A4O<g
?;M_]5?;
b:X<[4OFL>I§Fl:JM_I?[:=<AIH4«254@EBCBC4@?;<U6 FHYXt8PMk<5?[?[:=<U<NF7h Y=>`:X<5?[4OBH8;BC4OB§IH?[Mk<5?[4;<Ap jNP4O<A?;>`<54ih IPYX:=<A]_4O4`8VFbacB6u4@4@4`<¨FC25m;?Nfj5I6uE?;?NB§jN4i4@IbYFC?[:=69]N
b8V4OFH>`:XF¦<5gKM_?;FC25:X<U4cFCMkI?U8;I\<A4{jMA8Vd;BLf8V6u:=694`FC8V4@g[BL4I
8VBC4<54i>`4OICIC8VBCt- 25?Zac4@W[4@Biz@T5<kjN4@BI\?[6x4{>`?;<kjN:wFC:=?[<AIOzi8;<78VM5M5BC?£N:=698VFH4;ziYX:=<54i8VB§IH?;YXTNFC:=?[<7>@8V<]_4E?[T5<Aj¢p
?;" ]5
b4Oo>4@FQO JF >`P ?q?[U BCUjNU :XW<A\;;8V]_zlFH44KjNFC4OIH25tNIC4¥>`IbBCFC>@:X4@?U]k6 ?[4iBCj 8Vj5<k:=:X<A<ju8VFHFHFH4i252AI¢4l4?V>@ENE8;?[?;6uBH]56.4@
b4OBL8S>?;FE«>`Mk?q8?[?[:=BC<UBHjN?;F :XFC<A
8Z8VFCNFH:=4K?[<:XIH<tN69:wIbFLFCIo8Z4@6/FC6uBH:=?N£ ]_jN404@YqBC4@>`YJ?q8;8Z?[<AFCBC4Oj jNj9:X8©<A]q8Vt9FHFHBL4878VIH<AFCtqBCIHI\8;YJFH8Z<A4OFHI\6^:XE?;?;<p§BCo6uW;4@8V4OF§>`FHFH:XFH?;2A?[< 4B
O P + TVU7+ Y#U+ [-\ pQ13254O<oz5FC254SM_4@BLI\M_4O>`FH:XW;4M5BC?V
b4i>FC:=?[<D?;#E
Nn?[<UFH?uFH2A47:=698;g;4M5YJ8V<54StU:X4@YJj5IK:=698Vg[4
M5YJ8V<54>@?U?[BCj5:=<A8VFH4iIeP
U$\ zNaQ2A4@BC4
O 6 WW ++ T[
\Om5up tV°[
8V<kj
GO WW ++ Y[
7
\Om5up t
8V<kj e:XIcFC254lE?N>@8;Y¢Y=4O<5gVFC2D?;EFC2547>@8;6u4@BL85zqaQ25:J>L2v:JIQ<5?Za ~U<A?ZaQ<op
M_8;I?[IH]k4134@E25?V?;E4SBCFH4;FH25zUBL48Va{<A4P?[I\]NE2k?;
b84OBCW;>`6943FP8Z<5aQFH:X:X:w<5?;FC4K<|2DBC]_BC?V4O4`FLIHFb8ZM_acFH4O:X4@?;>4OFQ<u<eFCMA?u?[8;]NFHBC
b258;4O6u47>`F0>O4`FH8V6u4O6uBC?NI4@jNBL8;4@8«<AYjxEEBCBL8;FH8V2A6u6uBH4;4O4«p4Q8;KFH<ABLIHje8V:X<A<5>OIHg98VYJ8Z6u?;FHT5:X4@?;BQBL<u8uM_MA4@EBLBL8;8VIHBCMk6u8;4i6u4«>FH4`>@:XFH?;W;4OBC4BCBHIG4i:X69:XI\<qM_8VW;?;g[?[<A:=Y=<5jAW[gu4OIQjxFH6u?v:=<|?NFHjN2A4@d4 Y
4ORUTA8VFH:X?;<AI3?;E§FC254lE?;YXY=?ZaQ:X<5gxE?;BC6^p
' O \Om5up t%t;
aQ254OBH4
W
W
W W
W
WW
pp pp pp p p p p p p p p p pp pp p p
p p p
O W
W
W
W
8V<kj
W
\Om5put
' O + T + Y + [G \Om5up t
8V>`?[< <AjNyP8 9:=?ZFH:Xac<5?;4@4e<AW[IFH4@<5BLBi8V4Oz<A4O:=jlEPI\E?;FC?;?KBC<A694]_4{8Z:JISFH:X:X6u?;:X<U<MkFH?U4@FCI\BC2A4i4O8ZjI\F|FH?;4ij¨<8VYX:XFC:=g;25<<A4cIA4@<AYXFH4@jN256u:X4¨<54@g<UM5FCBC:=I?V<A
b?Vj54iE 4@>M_FC4O4@j<AIHTAjN6u>L4O2<U?NFxFCjN2A4@M_8ZYl?[FGIHM_:w4FG?;IH:XMA<U8V8;FCFHBCIv:J8;Ibk6uaQ4O:w4`IFCFH2 8V4OYXBCY;FCIOFC25zG2548V4{<A:X>@69jrBH:=8VFH<A4Og[?VBH4eFx:J8PM_IH8Q:X?;6x:XFC<[BHMAFLTAY=I@t 4 z
O 6 O \Om5p )
O O
O 7 O
8V<kj
O \Om5p
O
O
?;:X<A< jN4@13FHM_25254@4s47<k69jN>@4@?;8V<U<Ag;FHjN<AYXt;:=:wFHFCz¦:XTA?;8rjN<k4OI3YXIv:=:=<56u?V4i8VESM_BD?[FHIH25>`4O4s?;jD<kBH?;Ib?ZFC< a BC8; :=W[<54O4iFH>jTAFCBH?;<D?;BLMNIFHFC2A:=?;6u4E :XM5¬OBH8V?[FH]58;:X?;YXBH4@<4 6}:XFH6u4i:X<U>LMk25FH?U?<5I\:J8x4iRUj T5<54?[?[<N<5>Oh 48VYX<:X<58V4OFD]_8;4eBQ8r?;TAFC<5IH:=6u4O4[jp4[z¦FCE?8;FC<A25>@j4S?;6u>@>`?;?[M5<A6uTNjNFCM5:=4 FHTN:X?;FHFH4i2A<kj 4I
>`?[<AI\FHBL8V:X<54OjBH?Za W;4O>`FH?[Bc?;E pQ q4O4lFH2547k8VT5g[4@BL8;I¦ m«BH4@E4@BC4@<A>@4KE?[BP89I\:X6u:=YJ8VB3M5BC?N>`4Oj5T5BH4[p
!;'&2 *,"(0%7')+# %7')+ ( " )*%/ % (*% '
¦:XW;FH2A4@<8VFlFH6u254^:X<5IH:Xtq6xI\:XFH¬@4O4i6 I ?V EK4iRUSTA8ZIHFCT5:=]N?[
b<A4iID>FlOm5FH?vput%FHtN2Az4FH25>`4^?;<kM5IbBCFC?;BC]58;:=YX<U4@6F 8VFx 2A 8;<AO}j;:Xz¢I«aQFH?2A4@ABC4<Aj©FH25:J4|Il8vIH?;IHYXTNT5FH]A:XIH?;4`<FW;?;4OE¥>`FHFH2A?[4B
4@YX4@6u4O<[FLI3?VE ' p EFC2547' >`?[<AI\FHBL8V:X<[FQ:JIcFH?9]_4:=6uM_?[IH4Ojv?;<D' FH2A4lABCI\FQBH?Za W;4O>`FH?[' BQ?VE zqFH254O<
' O
d ' ' O U
'
a
O d dPod ' ' d ' O \Om5p ¯q
a O d Kod ' O
\Om5p °[
'
'
¥RUTA8VFH:X?;<Om5p °S:JI34ORUT5:XW8;Y=4O<UFQFH?
' O .D _ Jd ' \Om5p %
qT5]kIbFC:wFCTNFH:X<5g4iR[Tk8ZFH:X?;<sOmAp $ :X<UFH?94ORUTA8VFH:X?;<sOmAp ¯Stq:=4OYXjAI
' O P dJd d#s ^ _ Md\ ' \Om5p t;
FK>@8;<v]_47IH4@4@<vFH2k8ZF :JIP8V<D4@:Xg;4O<qW;4O>`FH?[Bc?;E§FC254698ZFHBC:=£
W
\Om5p )
W
pp pp pp
d O
W
8V<kj
¯¯
!#"$"%"
W
W W
WW
\Om5p
p p p p p p pp pp p p
p p p p p p
O W
W
W "W
J:13I325:=4O6u<vM_BC?[?ZIHa 4OjDW;?;4i<D>FH?[:wFLB IQ 69b 8Vg[:JI3<5:w>`FC?[TA6xjN4[MAzNTNFHFH2q4iTAjI TA IH:=<Ab gSO FC25' 4pIH8;6x<D40FH25FH:J4iIP>L25>@8[<5I\:JRU4[T5zq6u4;zN8V4@FH£NBC>@:X>@4@4OMNI!Fcd FH2k8Z8VFQ<Aj <5?Z a8VFH2ABC4 4l>@?;<AI\FHBL8V:X<UF
W
\Om5p d[
pp pp pp
d O W
W
8V<kj W
W
W
W
WW
\Om5p mU
pp pp pp p p p pp pp p p
O
p p p
W
W
W
=: FQ FH?u>`?[]kT54YXjS<A?;8VBCYJI\6u?P8;]_Y 43FH?>`?; 6u_M5T58;FH<A4Oj jFH25b 43pIH8;<A6uI\FH4¥4ia38;j¢8t¦z 8[I :XIQ_ >@8V?;<A6uj M5 TNFCb 4O8;j^]k8;?ZIcW[4;E?[ziY=]5YX?ZTNaPFIOFH2A 8VFac?;TAYXj<A?VFg[TA8VBL8V<UFC4@4
O _ b
_
b
\Om5p ¯q
g;8VTk<k8Vj PBL8VYX<UYoFHFC4O25<54K4S4OFC4O>@2AjD?;8Z<AFHF I\?FHBLg;8V_ ?u:X<U:XFHIQFC2AI3?[BH?[B\?;FCT5<^25g;?;FC2 25g[?;478;<A<DBC8;?Z?[YAa B\FCFC? W[254O?; >`g[FHb ?;?;p<ABL8;I3<^Y=?V:X¬OE ?;8VBL FHjN:X?;4@2A<DB38FCM5W[?BC4?qI\]k>@?[4O4OY=W[IC4@I@4K< zkFCICI\258ZTA:XFC>LIK:X2DI\T5AFC<A4O2AjNjo8Z4izAF0I\4`:XFHBC£5254O>@jD474@MNBCI\FK?V:=FHFL?[TA8Z<58VFC4;FH:=?[:X¥?;<DFH<o2569z 4O 8VBH4SFH_ BC:XU:wIQ£ <Ab ? z
:J8VIQ]_8;?ZICW;I\ 4lT58VBC4O<kjjvFHBC?x4O>@]k?;46u?[M5B\TNFC25FC:=?;<A<Ag ?;BC6u8;Y8;pIO1325:JIQ>@8V<D]_4l8[>@>@?;6uM5YX:XIH254Ojv]qtu5£N:=<Ag _ 8;<Aj 8;I3>`?[6uM5TNFH4i j
b
b O _ \Om5p °[
<5?;<^4i>`8x4O13IC<525IC8V4@:JIBCatSa3zA>`<58?[?;t;<A<Nz¦Ibh FC8V25BCYX?[8;YK6x:=<UFC25FL?[I@4¨g;p4OBH<513?;4@25FC?[8V4QTAFHFHI@:XBL?;zq8V< ?Z<kW[I\MA4@YJBH8;8Zh BCFC>@8;:=?;?[6u<A<«I\4`W[FHFHBL4O4O8V>BCFC:XI<5?;4O2AB j98 W;IH4tN:JIIb]kFC>@4@4O?;6 4@6u< M5?;>@ETN8VFCFbYJ4Oac>`juTA4@YXYXTAW;8VIH4¦FH:=4O<A4Oj g7RUTA88V8V<AY=FH4ij :X8;?;I\<AFHF¥25IO4OIH RUt TA8V8;YXBHYl4iIIC8ZFH4iFC:X>LI\25Et<5:JR[FHTA2A44
O A U \Om5p %
] qGn
, ¯°
\Om5p t;
O pp pp p p
U
8V<kj
GG
W
W
#
W
7 W
GG
W
W
#
7 W
\Om5p
W
pp
A O
GG
W
W
#
W
7 W
8Uc<5:wFC:X8;Y¢Mk?UI\4 ]k3:X<A8VYoM_?[IH4
?VE:=g[ T5BC8;4QT5OBH?m5p d¡ ?[¢I\FC8A£5p 8V6uM5YX4GMk?UI\42qtqM_?VFH2A4OIH:XIo8;<Aj0A<A8;YVMk?UI\4{8ZE FH4OBo<5?[<5Y=:X<54i8VBo?[MNFH:X6u:=¬i8ZFH:X?;<§p ¡ ?;T5BHFH4iI\t
_FHM®G:X?[?Z?;IHac<v474@2A4OYXY8;I\1 I{FHI¥:X69]_6u4@8Z4@4@FHFH<D254S?N8VEjs?;M5B¦MAY=IH8:X4@4O4I\j:X<5FHg[?«ZiY=4@:FHh2A?[jF8V]NkqFcp
bf4O:Xh4<5>`":=FKFH!:J:=8V69jY¢f-8;I\p -Vg;?[j4SY=T5<\¥8[FH:XIPaQ?;ac<o:XYXpG4@YoYX13]kY4l258;4¦IP6«FH:=TA6u25>L4SM52BCAE?Z<A8[W;Ib8;4iFCY§j94@BCBiMk4OpIH?UT5I\Yw40:XFlg;:XTA8ZI3BHE 4x>@FC4@Y=4iOBK8VmA<ABCp dY=?;tx<5]kYXIH:=4@25<AF\?Z4OFCaP8V4@B0BcI3?;E8V?;MN<DB3FC:=:=Wq6u<5:X:=IH:XFHTA¬O:J8V8V8;hYY
:XBC<A4OI\>`M_?[g;4O>`<5FH:=:XFH?;:X?;<^<§FLp 8;IH~qIQ8;<AjDMk?UIHIH:X]5Y=tv]k4@F\FC4@BPE?[BPg;BL8;IHM5:X<5gxFH254?[]N
b4O>`FOzk]5TNFKM_4@BC2A8VMkIQ<5?VFP<A4O>`4iIHIC8VBCt9E?[B
;?2Am;]5f8[
bI{4OIH8;>4@M5F¦<AM5IH:=<:=YX<A:X>OgS?;8ZBLFH:JjN:XI¥?;4@:X<kBK6uIFHMk:X? <?[B\fF6uFLk8Vj4O<UhjNFm
:Jj0>`E?;:X8<5B34l>@m;?;8Vf 6u<Aj9M56uTN:X?N<AFCjN4@jN4@B¦TkY_6xIb]5FCBHT5?N:J:XjN8VYX4Oj5YkYG:=WU<5?V:JgkIHE:=p ?[:=FO<oIpzN4¦8V13<A>@258;j9:J<IK:JIcM58;BC>O8V?NR[YJI\>`TA?74i:=BCIHTk4PIKI\BL4i?V8VjuE <5Eg[?; 4PB{:=M54/69BH&?N(8;jWjNg;f-4OTkm4I¥>`k:X?V<5jE§f g748;FC8$<25<q4K4`m k!£N?[f:J]NIb-FL
bm 8Vp4O4 <U>`8 FF
6ujN:J?NIH>@jNTA4@ICYJI\Ix:X?;<5<r4@4i?;jNEP4Oj©?;]NE
b?;4iBu>F«Wq:=6uBHFH?NTAjN8;4OY3Y=:XBH<54igA8VzYX:wFbaQt¨2A:X4@>L<q2©Wq:X:JBHIS?[<5FH256u4D4@<U69FC8ZIOIp
b?;BS{trFH?[M5<A:X4O>>`4i?VIHEQIH:=FCFb25t;4zFC<5254@:X£qI9FuIH4O>L>`2AFH8;:X?;MN<©FH4OBO:X<Ap>@Y=13TA25j544OI9?[]NIH?;
b4O6u>`4F
BC4O>`?[<AI\FHBCTA>FC:=?[<M5BC?N>`4OICI32A8[IcE?;T5BQ698Z
b?[BQIbFC4@MAIO
[pPm;fj58VFC8u8;>OR[TA:XIH:wFC:=?[<
d5pQBH4Og;:JIbFCBC8VFH:X?;<
mApPI\T5BHE8;>@4¦>@?;<AI\FHBCTA>`FH:X?;<
¯kpQ?;MNFC:=6u:X¬O8ZFC:=?[<
FH8;2A>O4u>`T5IH<«BLT58;FHBH>@25Et78;4P>@BCj54«4O8VRU?;FCT5E8l:XBHFH8;4O25>O6x4uRU4OT5?[<U:X]NIHFC
b:=IOFH4Oz[:X>`?;8FO<xp YJ8VM5H BC2Ag;E 8;FC4OIH4@B4;<o<Uz;z TABC8;6ShC<5]_g;4@43B¥Wqj569:X8Z4@FLaP88¦t«Il6S]k8V40TABC4SI\<5F4O4O]k>@<54O4P?;ICT58[IHg[8;>@2oRUBHt[T5z¢p :X]5BHH TN4ijFEo>`EEBC?[?[?;T5B¦6 BC>@IH?;4;8l6uz;IH6xM54`FYX?[4`BH?V£e4KE_?[WqWU]N:=:X4O4@
baPaP4O>`II¥FCFHI¦8V2AYJ?;I\8V?BlF¥6uI\>`FH?Z4OBCW;:X8;4O>`< FB
6u?;BC4>`?;6uM5T5FC8ZFC:=?[<oz5IH?x6u?[BH4l:JI3<5?VFP<54i>`4iIHIC8VBC:=YXt9]_4`F\FC4@Bip
8FHl?«BC4@M5¥g;BC:J?q8[I\j5>LFH24@TABC>`Wq4O4Kj«:=4O8Sag;I\BLT58?;tBH]5EFC8;FC8V?;>@:X4P<5<54Q4i6uj?[?NB¥>`jN?[>`4@?[<AY_Y=IH?V?[:XE¢I\BFCFC:=Ic6925?V4K8VE?[g[8«]N4;p
bIH4O:=13<A>`FO25g;pGYX4P4013BLBL8V258V<54K<5g[g[:X43<U4KFHjA4@:X698Z<kFCI\8V8¦:=g;FbEt940BC?;j5?V6EG8ZFL8S8V87YXM_Y5>@?;8;?VBH<9E FHFC:X]k?;2540<4PTA?;WqI\E§:=4i4OFCaPj925I40:X<9aQ?[FH]N:X25Y=
bY5404O]_>`BH4KFP4Og;>@8V?;:J<AIb6SjFCBC]A8V?V:=FHE <5FH:X?;4O4i<j<
M5:X<BC?Ng;>`BL4O8Vj5M5T52ABH:X4[>OzkI]A8VTNM5F¦MAY=:J:JI¦>@8VBHFH4i:X8V?;YX<AY=tDIOp6u134O2A8;4P<[F0M5BCE?q?;>@B¦4OTAICIIH4S?;E¢:X< >@?;FH6«4@£q]5FH:=T5<ABC:=4S<5g769FH8V25MA40M5BC:=8;<A<5gg;FH4P2Aj54«8V?[FC8]N
b]q4Ot«>`FCFHIKBL8VE?;<AB¦I\EBH?;4iBC8V6uYX:X:=I\<AFH:Jgl>7FHWq25:X4O4@6aQ:X8;<5Y=g Y
] qGn
, ¯ t
Wq:JIQ:XIH:=:X<^]5Y=E4KBC?;FH<U?FPFC25?;E4lFC>@258V476u?[4O]NBC8A
b4Op>`13FK258V40<Aj^W;?;>@YX8;T5<^6u]k4P47]_BC4`4@Fbac6u4@?Z4OW[<94Oj¢FH25p4¦ EGIH>OFC258V<54@BC<A44Oj:XI0IHj5T58ZBHFLE8;8x>`E4PBH?[8;6<AjuFCFC25254740]A>O8[8V>L6u~Ug[4@BLBH8?[T5<AYX:Xj¢g;2UzNF{8[IQg[BCa{84Ot5Y=Y
]_?V8;E¢IQ4@25FCFH25:X25<A4¦4ju?;?[FC]N]N25
b
b404i4O>>`?[F{FO]Nz5?[
b4OB¥4OW;>`]_4@F{4@<^>@258;6u:X<A<5?;j<5BC?;:w4F¥FipW;]k?[yP40Y=TA?ZBHac4O6x6u4@49W;?Z4O W;j5BO4Oz[8Vjo8VBCz;~;<5]_4O?;BQ4OFH>@25g;8;4OBLTABc8IHtN>O4Qc8VFH6u>O258V4¦4@<DBLI\8l:X]k<5Wq47g[:=4OY=BC4KaQ4@6u>O:=<58V?Z6ugSW[4OFH4@j¢25BL874¦p >OH?;8V]5<D<5
b4O<5FH>2A?;FlF47FH?V8V4OFCF{Y=25Y_BC4@:=:=E¢g[BPFH2[2k25F8V4O<Atu>Oj¢8V8;zA<BHMk4K>O?[MA8V:=BC<U8VW;FCBH4IF
8IHMAa38;8>@t«4;zN6uYX4O?;8BCWq4K:=<AW[?;gxYXT58x6uW;4;?£Np4O Y¢6xI\,T ?NjN4O>@:=Y¢4O?V<[EF3FH<q25T546S?[]_]N4@
bB34O>`?;FOE§p Wq:=4OaPI¥aQ:XY=Yo>O8VBCW;4K8a38tx6x?UIbF3?VE§FH254¦T5<qac8;<UFH4Oj9EBH4O4
>BC@4O8;IH<9Mk13]k4i25>4KF349M5FHIHBH?MA?N8;>@8u4O>@IHIC4`:=I\h<54i>@g[j«8VY=BC4?[Wq<5:=>O<A4K8VgD6u8VF{8;4@Y=BL8¦g[8S?;FHBC:XWq6u:w:XFC4@254;a 6p:XIQjN:=g[j5:JIHT54`>@BHFHBH4S4O4@BHFHO6u:Xm5¬@:X4Op <5m[I°04OIHjo:XMAY= YX8[TA>`I\49FHBL:X8Z<[FCFC4O?|I8|25?Z>`a?;YXFCYX4O25>4KFC:=I\?[FC<8ZFC?;TAE3I>@?;T5Eo]_874OI\I:X<5?[g[BY=4PW;?>@£NT54@]kYJ40I0aQFH2A:wFC8V2 F
c <e>@8[I\4 8[QFH254u>`T5]_4xY=:X4OI0]k4@Fba{4O4@<|FC254SBL8V<Ag;4Sj58VFC8v8V<Aj^FC254«IH4@<kI\?[BOpK132A4@BC4`E?;BC4FC254x>@T5]_4
6STAI\FQY=:X4?;TNFLI\:JjN4l?VEFH2A4?;]N
b4i>FP8V<Aj^>O8V<D]k47jN:JIC>@8VBLjN4ij¢p
c <>@8;IH47]_FH2540aQ25?;YX4P>`TA]k40:XI¥]k4O25:=<kjxFH2540BC8;<5g;4Qj58VFC85pGKI¥E8VB{8;IGFC2540IH4@<AIH?;B:JI¥>@?;<A>@4@BC<54Ojoz
FH2547>@T5]k4:JIQ8;ICIHT56u4OjFH?9YX:=4l:X<AI\:JjN4?;E§FH2A4?;]N
b4i>FOp
c <>@8[I\4e >O7FH254^>`TA]k4D:XI«<54O:wFC254@B«ET5YXY=tr:X<rEBC?;<UF«?;EPFH254Dj58ZFL8 ?[BS]_4@25:X<AjFH254Dj58ZFL8e8V<kjr:XI
8;ICI\T56u4ijFC?x:X<UFH4OBCIH4O>`FcFC254?;]5
b4O>FPIHT5BHE8;>`4[p
M513BC25?V4¦
b134iBC25>8FH4KtN4iI¥>@j|T5EBHFC]_?[?4P6FCYX8;25FH]k49254O4I\Y=4O:X<5IH<A4@gSI\<A?[I\IHBFH?;14OI0B{MFH:=69?«>@8;8VFH<u2Ag[4¦4«]k402AMA4`YX:=6u8;£5<58VM54;g[YXz¢?;4@6u<9aQ254@E?[<U4OBHBHFC64«4OjFH8«2A8[4@IG>`:X?;B7E?;<A>`YX4;Y=?;?ZzN<qaPaQW[IO254`pG£|:J>L1322q25T5:J4PI{Y=YG4@FHg[:XBCg;T54@2U<5<AF{4O>@BC8V>@8;?;FHY=4iBCYXj<5tD4@IHEBL?S?;IBCFC?;6u2AE_Il8ZFCFQ258v4K:=F25>@
b4`T5TA£5]kI\8;4¦FQg;4@?;8V<NBC<§4 h p
>`>`YX?[?[<5IH44OI8;FH25BH4¦4¦E>`8;T5B\]_FC254;4@pGB3 EFC2A8;8VY=YA<DFH25FH2A4l4j5E8V8VFCBH8FH25M_4i?;Ib:XFK<UFC>@I{?;BCM5<5BH4@?;B3
b4O?;>`EFH:XFC<525g74S?;>`<UTAFC]k?4lFHE25BC40?;6}254`£5FH258;47g;?;IH<94@<A8;IHBH?;4PB]_zq4@FC2A25:=<A4Sj>@T5FH25]k4K4FH:JBCIQT5?[<ATN>OFC8ZIHFH:X4ij5j 4
?VEFC254S?[]N
b4O>`FOpQ E{8;Y=Y§FH25?UI\4SMk?[:=<UFCI¦8VBC47>`YX?[IH4@BKFH2A8;<|FH2A4«>`YX?[IH4OI\FK>`TA]k4u>`?[BH<54OBOz5FH254x>`T5]_4S:JIK:X<AIH:Xj54
] qGn
, °m
FH2A4?;]N
b4i>FOp H FC254@BCaQ:JI\4[zU:=FP:JIP8x]k?[T5<Aj58;BHt>@T5]_4;p
FHFH?v2A40>@qIH8V?S4@BC<AW;E4lIH8V?;Bi?[BLz[TNI@acpFP4 FHEo1 2AW;4@404W[Y=E4@?qBH<94O?;4S~[?[4O<5IHj9MA408;8VIH>@4@F{4;<A?;p{IH<A?;134¦B{2A>@IH4S8T5tN]k>`IT54¦]_FC8V2A4S<A8ZjYJF{8V]_FH?;25<54@4¦YX4¦:X<5>`I\gT54O<A]_IbIH4KFC?;4@:JBiM^I{p?;E ?[TNF{BKFLFCI\898V:JjN~[g;4O4K:XIcW;?;4O87E <|FH<q25>`T54¦T56«]_?;]k47]N4O
b:JB{4iIP>?;M_FiEz;4@I\FCBH4O25E<A?;4@BCIH<6x?;BL:=4iF{IPjv:JI{?[E?;B{?;B0TNWqFL:X8;4@I\Y=:JaPY§jN?VIL4;E p
>@E{8;<|8;Y=YGFH4O?VY=E¥Y pSFH25q4u?[6xI\4O4«<A?VIH?;FC25BLI04@B¦IC8Wqt:=4OFCa2A8Z69Fl8FCt^254xj54`>@FHT54O]_BH4«6u:J:XI¦<547:=<AFCIH2A:JjN8Z4«Fl:=?;F¦E:JFHI¦2ABH4«4i8V?[YX]NY=t^
b4O>`?;FOT5z FCFHIH2A:XjN4@4[<ez :=]5FTN:XFlI0a{:X<A4xI\:JjNjN?;49< 8;1 FlIK2AE8V8BlW;4S8;I0FH2Aac8V4F
Wq:=4Oap<FC254lFH2A:=BLj^>@8;IH4;zN:=EFH2547>@T5]k4:JIQ<54O:wFC254@BQ:X<AIH:Xj54<5?;BQ?[TNFCIH:Xj54;zN:=FP:XIP8x]_?;T5<kj58VBCt>`TA]k4[p
:X<5<¨4@£U8DFx<A25>LI\:X2AFH4@4i8VBL8;MN8VjuBLFC>L4@?V25BiE¢z§:J>TA]5IHET5:X8[<5F«I\gS25ac:X87?;4<§IH>@4`zo8VF¥TA<¨?;IH:=E TA<55IHg|4£N4O8;:=jqFS<sh:XI\?N<[:X¬@>`FC40FHT5BC:=>`4@FHT54u:XW;]_Ib4@4OFCYXIOtsBHz[TA:=25>`F{FH4@T5:JBCI49BC4;6uaQp9?[:w13FCBH254P25?;44 T5F«4 >`fF>`:Xmo4@?[k<Uj<NFjlETAFH:JIH?SI:=?[MkjN<o4O4OpvICB\E>`?[BC<ABH:X]k6n:wFC4i:Xje8;FH25Y=:XYX4¦<rts>`8^jNT54`]_YJFL8V4P8VBC:XYJg;Y8V4]_:=<s4@>@YXT5FH:=<A]_2Ag44
4FH@IH2kT5:Xg;BH8Z2UBCF¦?;FK8;TAIHBH<A694lj58VEI¥TAYXY=FHY=4O25YXBPtv4>`:Xj5T5<A8V]_IHFC:X4Oj585IO4«pp{q>@138;:X<A25<|>@?U4¦]kI\44S]q>@t6uT5j5]k8;4`BH4iA~[IQ4O<5FCj^:=2AFH:X8Z8;?;FKIK<v8;MAFHBH8V2A4BH:XFKI3?[TN?;YJ8VFCEBCIHFCg;:Xj5254¦4l47>`FH?[T525]N]_4
b4l4O?[>`:=]N<UFO
bFHpP4O4O13>`BCIHFK254O>@47>`8VFC]_<^I{?;FH]_TA2A4S<A4lj5jNjA8V:J8ZIHBCFC>Ot^8A8V>`zqBLjNT5:wFQ4O]_jo:J4OI3I0zN]5aQ8VBHBC25?[4l:=~;YX4lE4OT5<FHB\2AFC:=<U25?[FC4@IH?4B
BECIH?;T54@B3M5]_BCFCj54O25:=IHWq474@:J<UjN>LFC2A4OIQj8;FH:=BQ258V<A4x?[j©]Nm;
bfn4OFH25>`FO?;4Dp ]NM5
b4iBC>?NFO>`pP4OICIx:Xg;>`T5?;BC<U4FC:=<qim5T5p4im I«TA:XY=M©YXTAFHI\?FHBLFH8Z2AFH4i4^IQj5FC4O25IH4S:=BC254Ojr:X4@BLBC8V4OBLIH>L?;25YXTN:J>@FC8;:=?[Yo<oI\MAp©8[13>`4S25>O4D8VBHBC4iWqI\:=T5<5Y=g9FC8;MA<UBHFx?N>`?N4i>jNFCT5BH4OBC44
:FHX<u?vI\13:X:X6ug;25T5M54BCY=?N4:=E>`tvOFHmABCFH4@p 25m 4¥4«BCp§4@6xMAP4iBHE I\4iFH2 I\4O4OB8;<[FH<AFL2A8ZjD4QFC:=]k:=?[<54@<l:=F\FHFC>O:J4@8V8VB0Yk<6u5]_FP4O4{IHFH>@2x2A?;4S<q:JIW;j5>@4O8ZBHB\FL4iFC854O8ZpQjlFH4i:Xj¢<[:=zVg[FC?K:=T5F{BC8K>@498;m[O<«f©m5]_p 6um 4Pt«4O?[IHIHMN225FH?ZE:X?[6uaPB§I3:=Wq¬OFC4O:=4O25jxaQ4S]q:=BC<At«4@gKg[8l:XM5I\6uT5FH4OBC4`BHM_FC4i25?[j?NIH4OjSBLI§8VFC8[<52AI§g[8Z47IHF25j5FC?ZBH8ZaQ:XFL4O<8 I
EjN?;4@BcAFC<5254O4jjN]U?;tug«yP?;?[]NM5
b4iM_>?4 F7jFm 8Uh4zq" FH2A >O40:XhL<5EC:=FH:Jp8V13Y¢6u254K4OIHA2s<A8;]kYA6uz54O8;IH<A2 j IHEC4@¥W[:J4@IBL6S8VY TkIb>LFC294@MA6xIc?[:X<BH40FC>`25?;4l<k?;>`:JMNI\FC4P:=6u8;<A:X¬Oj98VFHI\:X6u?;<?q?VMAFCBH25?N4@>`B¥4iFHjN2AT58;BC< 4
FHFH2A2A494?;:=<5]N:=
bFH4i:J8V>FPY¥6x8;I34i:XI\<|2§px:X g;FSTA>OBH8V4u<sOmA<5p?Zm a ?[]_BQ49:=<DTAIH6u4Oj?NjN:=<r4@Y=h 8D]k8;g;IHBL4O8VjvMA25?;:X]N>O
bIl4i>I\tNFPI\BCFH4O4@>`6 ?[g;E<5?;:=BFH:X?;BC4@<D<A8;jNI34OBH:X:X< <5gD¡ 2ABH4i8V8VMNYXFC:XI\4@FHB:J>xO¯AWqp :=4OaPIl?VE
] qGn
, °°
¡ :=?;g[TAT5B\BCFC44OIHOtmA?Vp m#E tq©8V13BC: 25®¥4sT5BCYXY=4@: g;p :JI\FH4@BC4Oj BC8;<5g;4sj58ZFL88V<kj AW[4sI\FH4OMAID:=< FH254¨>`BC4O8VFH:X?;< ?;E«8j5?;g6u4iI\2op
HFH 2A:=BCg[4«:=T5g[>@:=BC8;<A46u8;YO4@mA:=BL69p85m p8Vg[4Q:X>`og;?;2U4`TAFE B\FKFC^4OqIHqT5t92ABHE?V8;8;Ej5>@4OfK47j 4O<5]k?[:X69?[BHBC698V8;g[8V2D4YJIP1?;IHBHE«~;tU4@FH§FCFH4@>L8;25<§6S4ip ]_jv4@?[BHFH<|:J8V]k< ?[T5?[<A]Nj5
b4O8;>`BHFC:X4OII0FCjN8V4`~[FC4@4O< >`FHaQ4Oj :wFC2]Ut YX:=¡ g[2[8VF|<A<UIHtD?;T5?;BLM_>`4@4BL8Z<5FC4O?;8;BiB p
] qGn
, °t
b:X<[4O>`FCFC4@I¦<AIHaQ:=Fb25tv?U:JI\IK4xMAI\BHT5?[BHMkE8;?[>@B\4OFCI¦:=?[8V<ABC8V4«Y 8;FC?9M5M5FHBC25?4x£q:X8V69<5g[8ZY=FC4S4Oj^]k4@<5Fb:Ja{>`4O4OY=4@t|<^]qFHt^2A4«FH2AIH4xT5B\E8[8V>`6S4]_<54@?[BHBHFH69:J8V<e8;YBH8V4 <kAjD4O>`FHFC258V4x<k>`jN4S:=BC6u4O>`?NFHjN:X?;4O<|Y 0?;:=EG69:XYX8VY=g[TN4 h
IHP T5 B\EU 8[ >` 4xU W Mk ?[\:=:J<UIP:F ?[P<DXU FH 25U4xGI\ T5BHUEN8; >@\4;FHzA2A8;8V<AFjD2A:w8;EIuac4<A~q?;<5<qT5?Za<5:=FL08V<5<A?[j BH698VzAYGFH25jN4O:XBH<|4i>FHFC25:=4«?[< 8V]_P ?ZUW;4lU M5YJF8V\<Ap8;BK E{8VacM54«MABH~q?<5£N?Z:X6ua8VFHFH2A:X?;8V< F
8V8VYXMAYX?ZM5aPBH?IP£NTA:X69IK8ZFHFH?D:X<5>`gS?;6uFC8VM5<AT5g;FH4@4«<UF3IHT5M5BHYJE8V8;<5>@4[47p MkIs?[:=4<UF>@8;P <D jN?«FH2A:XI3U :=E ac4¦>O8V <DU W 4O I\FH:X69>8ZW%FH4\]qt«8V
b<ATAj I\F¦6uEBC?Z?;Wq6:=<AFCg254laQ:w:=FC<U25FH:X4O< <AIHFH:w2AFbt 4
:X6u8;g;48V<kj?[T5BP8;ICI\TA6xM5FH:X?;<AIOp
~FHqBC<5:X]5?ZIsaTNFH4S4¦FH25>@FC4«8;T5<|M5I\T5YXBH4 BH4OEYX8;8V>@FH474SU ?;IHBCT5U :XBH4@E<UP 8;FC>`U 8V4 FH\:X<A?; ?;< BC6uFHP ?98;U 8xYXIPU 6uFH?8;F M5\o:X<UM5EFH?[:X4O<5B0<Ag989I\:=I\FbM_?«tD?;FH:X]U2A<UtD4l?F ?;IHP XT5]kBHU I\E4O8;BHU >@WqG4¦:X<5?[gBHU:XN894@ <U\~qFL<5?[8Z]AFH?Z:XaQIH?;4@<<|BCW;:X?;4OIQ]5j^8[
b4OIH8VIH>F ?NFi>`p :JP 8ZIFHU4i25 j4@\ z_<AaQa{4@:=W;FH4«4O2DBP>`FH?;ac2A<544 h
L
N = [p , q , -1 ] V
i
N = [ p , q , -1 ]
2 2 2
. 1 1 1 0
.
θ θ
p q i
p q i
1 1 0
p q i
2 2 0
¦FH2A&:X4SW;4@E<7?[BH8K!*6«$&>@ T58VYXYX8[:X]5IQ BCE8V?[FHB :X?;<8VIH<AM5j254@BC4:=<|?VENFCBL4@8;BCjN69:XTAIKI ?;cE¥YXY=?N?N>@>O8V8ZFHFH4O:Xj?;< 8VFJP P UU \GU@:X< )FC25\V4S:X<7:X69>@8;8V6ug[4@4;BLpl8cQEBC4O8;>O6x8VYX4 Y§dFC2A8ZF¦P ?;UBH FHU25W?[\ g;zBLjN8V4@M5BC25:=W[:J4>
M5BC?V
b4i>FH:X?;<D4F& 4O>`FH:XW;4OY=tj5BH?[MAIcFH254¬@h >@?q?;BLjN:=<k8ZFH4[p
?Fb;acBC:X?|4@K<Ug;FCIS4@8V<AFH:X4@:X?;BLg;<o8VTAYzUBH]54i8VIuTNMAFQM5OBH<5m5?U?;p m8;FQ>L258«8V4iT5<kI@<5pvj:JRU13iT5m5254lp 49¯AI\uAT5BLBHI\EIb258;FS?Z>@a8;40M5z<AM5:=?;BC69BC?[6u8;8[g;>L8;24uY p:=:J<U0IlFCj5FH4@?e<AjN:=IHFHTA:w:XFbI\?;t49<Ag;8;:X<N:XY W;E>@?[4i?;BHI¦<A698|I\8ZFHBLI\FCFH8V:=?[BC:X<U?;<s<AFCIcEg^BH8V?[>@BC6ª?;40<A<AFCI\254@FHBL4O48Vj5:XIH4O<UMAj¢F¦8ZpFC?[13:X<r8;25YI\4O<5T5BH4@4lBHE:Xg;8;8V25>@BC44 h
]_4ORU?;TABC258VFH?q:X?q?;j <¨ FCE2A?;8ZBxFu4`>@£58V8;<6xMA]kY=4v4[z:=<U8eFH4OM5g;:=BL£N8Z4@FCY34Oj8V<AFHj?s:wI\FL?[IxY=W[¯V49h <5E4@?;:XBxg;2q8 ]_I\?;6uBC25?q?q?V?qFCjs2tqIHT5:X4@B\YJEjr8[>`A49W[MA48[:XIH<AIHIb:XFL<58Vg|<A>@FH2A4OI«BH?[?VT5EPg;2¨FC25FC4^25I\?[2AIH8[49jNA:X<5W[g4
M_>@8;?;<«:X<[]_FLI@4Pp8V13MA25M540Y=:X4OI\j«4i>`FC?;?l<kIHj9:X<58Vg;M5YXM543BCM5?[:w8[£N>L4O2uYXIGTAaQI\4i:=FHI256u?[TN?;FBC4QBC4@FCg[2A8;8VBC<9j7?[FH<5?l4P<5:X4O<[:=g[FC4@2U<A]_IH?;:=FbBLtxIO¢:X69FH258V:JIg[4P2A8[I\?IG]kFC2A4O4@8Z<9Fc6S>@8;T5Y=YXY=4OFH:Xj M5-YX4K 4i4 R[m 4Tki:8ZFHjF:Xmo?;kq<kp fI
<qm
j-kj 4 E?;BQ?[]qWU:X?;TkI{BC4O8[I\?[<AIOp
L1
HF~q2A<5:=g[4¦?ZT5aQICBC8V<|4«6u]qi4¦m5tD6up ¯A8;;8V<AFH8V4OQYXBHtU:J4 FH8Vk:JY >@4O8;8;>Y§I{FL8Vg;?;<A4O]N?;>@
b406u4i>694`FLFCI8;BHFCtMA?«I3E?;]_>@B¦8V4<v4OI\8[4O]k<A>L42DI\4i>@M_j¢BH?;4ipG8Z:X<UFH<F4ijFC25P]qX40t9U ?[ TA]A\ IHQIH:=4@<Aa{BCgxW;4S4O8x>Oju8V§:X<|698;6S:X8V<A]_g[IH404@4@BHBH?;FHF¦E¢:J8V8uFH<25FC4>OT58VM5IHYXM5YX:=4 ]525BL4@8ZBCFC4;:=z ?[U <U8VIH<AM5P j254@U BC 4¦\8VBC?V 4 E
WgO
q 4OW;4@BLG8VYcXjNU :'5&_x4OBH]q4Ot<[Fx8V6uMAM54`Y=FHtq2A:X?q<5jAgsISFH2A254 8W[IH42A]_8[jN4@4@:=<A<gsM5>@BH?;?[<AMkI\?UFHI\BL4i8Vjs:X<UEF9?;Bu8[>`jNBC4`?[FCIC4@I«BC6uIHMA:=8V<5FH:X<5:J8VgsYQ8e<54OIH:=g[6x2U?q]_?;?;FHBC2©25?qIH?NT5j5B\EIO8[p >`4H E<5T54|<A>IHFCTA:=?[>L<2
6u|4`:X<5FC25:X6x?Njr:X¬O8V:XI7FH:X?;FH?<x8VM5M5BH?[M5MABC?[8V8[gU>L8Z25FC4«4OI¢FCA25<A4vjIHFCT525BH4E8;& >@j 4u<qm;EBHE?[TA6¤<A>FCFC:=25?[4<75]5FHBCFH:Xg;:X<52Ug¦FH4iFHIb25FS4c:X869W8V8;g[:=YJ48V]AMkY=?[4c:=>`<U?;FL<kISIb8;FCISBC8;6u:=<U4@FC<UIOp§FH:X?;<5:Xg;4iT5jrBC4K8V]_im5?ZW;p ¯U4[d p
[ pP®YJ8;>`4l>@8;Y=:X]5BL8ZFC:=?[<vIHM5254@BC4l:=<DFC2547>`4O<[FC4@BQ?;EFC2547IH>@4@<54[p
d5pP5?;BQ4i8;>L2v?VEFH254lFC25BH4O4lY=:Xg;2UFKIH?;T5BL>`4iI p
8[DqaQ:=FC>L2^?;<DYX:=g[2[FKIH?;TABC>@4 p
]kDQ4i>`?;BLjv:=698Vg[4l?VE>O8VYX:=]ABC8VFH :X?;<^I\M52A4@BC4;p
>O IH¡ ?;BC6u4O8Z4lFC4:=<UBHFH44OA<A4OIH>`:wFbFCt 8;<A >`4P 69U$8V\M ?VE :X69O 8Vg[ 4 p U U P U$\ aQ254@BC4 U Q :XIP8[IHIH?N>`:J8ZFC4OjDaQ:wFC2
[ pP13254l?;]N
b4i>FQFH?u]_47I\4O<AIH4OjD8VM5M_4O8;BCI3:X<|>`4@<UFC4@BQ?VEGIH>@4@<54[p
d5pPTA18V8;YX~;Y=t[4lp FH2ABH4O47I\4OMA8VBL8ZFC4:=698Vg[4OI :=<|BL8VMA:Xj^IHTA>@>@4OICI\:X?;<^TAIH:=<Ag4O8[>L2DYX:Xg;2UF0IH?;T5BL>`4 :X<AjN:XWq:Xjqh
mApP5?;BQ4i8;>L2v:=698Vg[4lMk?[:=<U`F P U \
8[vFHKTAIHM54DY=4i:=I<UFH54O<A!IHO :wFbt U U O 78;ICI\P X?N>`U :J8Z\3FC4OFH?jaQ:=<A:wj5FC2D4`£r:X<UBHFH4 4OA<A4OI\>`:=FCFbt8;<A>`V4vp 6u8;M 8;<Aj8[>@>@4OICIFH2A4DIH4`Fx?VE
>Ov4@E YJIH4lIH:J4`I3F 4@6uMNP XFbt[U zN\oFH2AFH?x4@<|FC25I\4@47F 8W;4OP BC8;U g; 40\ j5O :=BC4O>`FH:X?;<DW;4O>`FH?[Bc:X<
¯kpPQ4`FCT5BH< P U$\8;IcFH2k8ZFPMA8;B\FQ?VEFH254:X<UFHBC:=<kI\:J>l:=698;g;4lIbFC?;BC:=<5g9IHT5BHE8;>`4l<5?[BH698;YXIOp
?*-K!*"5= ( ®25?;FH?[6x4@FHBC:X>lUFC4@BC4@?uaQ:wFC2|1325BH4O4o:Xg;2UF0q?;TABC>@4OI
v:=6uM5BC?ZW;4lPYXg;?[BH:=FH2A6}¯Ud
FH 6u2A&40M5?BC?ZW;!*:X4u$&<5 4¦FH2AM54BC?q4 >@4OjN>@:=TA4OBH<A4[>`p ts[TA?VEPI\FHP:=EtYXg;?[aQBH2q:=FHt«2AFC6¤25:JIc¯qdD>O8V]U<vts]k6u4l?ZjNWq?;:=<A<54;gp 8VI YXY2AFH8Z2AFP4j5I\8V4@FCF«8«:XIb<UFCFHBH4@TABL>`IH4OFHT5>FCBC:=4¦?[<¨:XIc?;8VM_M54@MABLBH8Z?[FHM5:X?;BH:J<k8ZIFC4P:=<UEFC?[? B
I\FH?;BC:X<5gSFC254BC4OIHT5YwFLIcE?;BPTkI\4l:X<vFC254?;<AY=:X<54lM5BC?q>@4OjNTABH4
] qGn
, °N[
13254m;f?;]N
b4i>FCI3TkI\4ij:X<DFH254M5BC?;]AY=4O6}jN4`k<5:wFC:=?[<^6u8t]k4
c Mk?[:=<UFCI
c Y=:X<54OI
c M5YX8;<A8VBQIHT5BHE8;>`4lMA8VFC>L254iI
c >`T5BCW;4ijIHT5B\E8[>`4lMA8VFC>L254iI
8V¦YJ:XIHW;?4@<©FH2AFH4@25:XB¦4^6u8;?;ICI\FHTA:X?;6x<sM5BHFH4O:X?;YX8V<AFHIO:XW;z478V<FC?8;FCY=g[25?;4uBC:w>@FC8V256u6 4OBCIH8v25?[>`T5?qYX?;j©BLjNtU:X<A:X4@8ZYJFCj©4«<AIH?VtqF«I\FH?[4O<56^YXtpS|FC25TA4v>L2¨m[f$8VYX?;g;]N?[BH
b4i:=FH>25Fx6I\FHjNBCTA4OW;>`FH4OT5Y=?[BCM54;6uzG]54@TN<UFF
°Nd
!#"$"%"
>`?[BHBC4OIHM_?;<AjN4O<A>`4iI3>@8V<vFH?[Y=4OBC8VFH4¦YX8;BHg[4@BcFH:X6u47IbFC4@MAIP]5TNFK>@8;<v?[<5YXt>`?[6xMATNFH47IHMA8VBLIH4¦m[fIbFCBHTk>FHTABH4[p
w .
. ..
P
. .
I
P . J
P
C
C1 2
TR
:=g[N T5BCM54vBC?Vi
bm54Op >`¯;F¥¯AFC0?uPd;<sf!?;Mk]A?[IH:=4@<UBCFCW;I 4OB0 N6u8V?Z<AW;4ij IPFCN 25BC:=?;<T5g[Fba{2?x8D:X6uIH>@8;4@g;<54i4uI{?VIHEc:=g[Ib<5FL:=8ZkFH>@:X?;8;<k<[8VFCY=BCt9tDjN?[:']N&
b4@4OBC>`4@FC<UIOFQp«:=<m[fFH:X6x?;]N4
b4i8;><AFljMkIH?[MA:=8;<U>@FC4I
M5IH?¨BC?;NuFH]52Ap YX4@8V6FMk:JIQ?[:=FC<U?vF>`>@?[?;6uBCBHM54iTNI\M_FH4«?;<A]kj5?;4@FH<A2e>@4DFH25694«8BHt4OYX8V]kFH4e:XW;47j5: 6u?V>`FCTA:=Yw?[Fi< p ¦ :XW;4O8V<<Aj^:X69FC258V4«g[4|m[fnMk?[>@:=<U?qFv?;BL>@jN?;:=BC<kBH8Z4iFHI\4iM_IP?;?;<AEj5FH4@25<A4«>@4OMkIO?[z:=FH<U2AFC4I
°NO¯
!#"$"%"
(*),+-( /)%/43/!1 /)
31cBH25?Z4aQ6u< 4`FCb25 ?NjDd[ES?;BP8;<A8 ju<AyK478VYX>@Y`8V6uj-mG4OBCh8u"Q>@\8;Y=:X]5d;BL`8ZpFC:=?[13<v25a34^8;YJIQ8ZFHjNFH4O4@BHB:XW;8;4iB\jvFC:X>@EBHY=4|?[6/8;YXIHFH?s254Sj54O4O8VICBC>`YXBC:=:=4O]_BQ4Oa{Iu?[8¨BH~9IbFC?;BHETk>3FH8VTAYXBHYJ4i8VjBLjvYX:=8;g[<A2Uj F
6uacIHtq4O4`I\8VFCFH~u254O6/?NM_j54@TAIlBLIHI\8V:=M_<5BC4O4«gx>`FH88«:XWZW;>O8V4l8V:XYXYX8V8;:=BC]A]54KBCYX4;8V?;pFHE 4OFH5j4@?[<D>@B¦8V8;?[6u>O]N>`4OT5
bBC4OBL87>`8ZF¦FC8;4K<ABC4O4@j>@<A?;MA?;g[BHT5<5?;g[
b:w2oFC4O:=>p?[FC<oyP?;zkBi?ZpGFHac25N4@494@W;W;4O8 4OBO9BCz;8;<5EYk?;4xB3jN6u:':X& <A4`4@I\FCBCM_254@4O?N<U>`Fcj|FH:XWq?;E?;:J<v8VBl]5?;M_YXB34l4@8;BL>@>@I\8VM_>@6uT54OBL>`4O8ZFHBC:XFH87W;404u>OMk8V8V?UYX:=<AI\]A4ljeBC8V>`4@FH?[W[:X6x?;4@<< h
M5a3TN8;FLI¦8ZBHFC4O:=?[Mk<o?[zqB\FC6x4O4@jeFH25:=<¨?Nj51QI{IHFC8;2A:P8ZbF3 6u?qt;j54@p Y ¡ BC8[8;jNY=:X:J]58VBLY 8ZjNFC:X:=I\?[FH<e?[B\:JFCI:=?[8V<M5M58VBCBC?;4KMA<ABH4@:J8Z4OFCj5474Oj¢E?;BFH2A69408;aQ<Ut|:JjN4@69YXtU8[h >LTk25I\:=4i<Aj4x1QWq:JIHI\8;:X:k?;<sMABH8V?NM5>`MA4ijNY=:JT5>@BC8V4 h
FH2A:X8?;W[<k40I@p9aQ25yP4O?Z<vacac4@W[4l4@BiIH>Oz 8V6S<TAFC>L252r4l>@a{8;?[<eBHYJ]_j4aQjN:=?;FH2D<A4x?;TAaQBc:=FHWq2r:JjN8;4@< ?u>@,88;6ufWh44@"uBLp &85k p hnIm j64jNfhn?[i:< 1 jFF3kW~qhZl<5?ZFHa 2A:XIlaQ:J2AI@8ZzFc:=<FH25E4¦8;>`E?NFOz>@8;aQY¢2AY=4O8Z<5FgVacFC2 4
:J>`Ix?q?[8VBCF«jN4O:X<AW;8V4@FHBC47t¨IHMktq?[I\:=FH<U4OFu6^:=pK<yPFH?Z:X6uac4D4@W[8;4@<ABiz5j©2qacT5694v8VjN<A?[I0< jN1 Fx?~qM_<54@?ZBLa >`4@:X8;W;<U47t¨FH25M_4x?[IHm;4vf MkI\8VFHBLBC8VTA6u>`FH4`T5FC4@BC47BLI7?VBCE4@FCYJ8Z25FH4S:XW;ac4?;FHBC?sYJj8VE<qBC?;t¨6 g;YXIH?;TA]A>L8;2 Y
:XM_6u4@BL8;I\g;M_4O4OBH>`t[FHp:XW;m;4xf M5I\BHFH?;BC
bTA4O>`>`FHFHT5:X?;BC4Q<e>@8;8VM5<xM5]_YX:=4P4iI@>`p?;6u1325M54xT5FHa{4Ojx?[BHaQ~^:=FH?;25E{:XA<98;8VT5<ug;4OT5BC<58[~q?I <5j-?Zm!aQh<u"GICb>@ 8VYX4{EP8;>IHFC25?;?ZBiaPz;8;IPIC25IHT5?Za6u:=FH<5?^gl>`?[?;<5<kY=t7IbFCFHBH2ATA8V>`FF
FHBC4@4O£qIHT5FHT5YwFLBCIc4`hE69?;BP8V>@M5?;M_6u4Oj M5TNm[FCf :=<5gu6uFC?N25jN474OYXI\I0FHBC?VTAE>]5FCT5TABH:=YJ4ljN?;:X<5Eg[6uI0?;EBCBC?;4l6$g;4@:=<A694@BL8V8Vg[Y¢4«I\TAIH4OB\RUE8[T5>`4O4O<AIO>`p 4iI@p {BC?Nj5IH~Ut jFm!h4"\ QIH25?Za
E8VBC<k?;jV6ªH cT5§?;Bu:=YX<AYX®¥4O8;Im[:=<A® b6u IH8[?;8 iYXTN¥jFFHm2A:X?;8;h<jD"EbIb?;FCYXTAY=?ZjNac:X4OK4Ojvj8;FHM52A>`M_YX:X?[4OIP8VIHIC4@BC8VYX4Ot6ujs4lFC8V25]_M54^?;BC?;T5a{]5F¦?[YXBH4@FC~¨6254?;8;EIC<A8VHjD6u252A4x6S8;FHjvTA:X6xBCM5g8 4[T5p]AjFm?Y=yP:JI\h4?Z2A"cac4Oj^\4@ W[8u4@Bi>`z¢YX`?[<5p©IH?V4OFCj4«EFC?;I\2A:XBC6u8Z6}FS:=YJ8VI\?[Bu:JY=IHT5ac>LFH2A?;:XY=?;BC4O<~ B
FHIH?D4ORU:=T5FO4@p7<k >`FC4¦4@BL?V8ZE§FHE:XW;BL8V4x6uI\?[4iI@Y=T5zqFH]_:X?;4O<A>@8;I¦TA8VIHM54lM_8x4O8;I\FCBK8VFCBH?vFH:X<52kgx8W;Mk4«?[8[:=<UjNFQWZ:J8VIQ<U8FC8;Wg;8;4i:=YJIK8V]AaQY=4[25z[4O< aQ25FC:J25>L4«2^?[8V]NYJI\
b?x4O>`25F¦4@:JYXI¦MAIc]k4OFC?x:=<AjNgv:JICFC>@BC8V8[BL>Lj~;4i8Sj^E:=8V<sYJIH84
FHIH>`4O?;?[<5YX<ATNYXI\?qFHFH:X>LBC?;2ATA<o4@>p^BlFC:=W[8V/4;<Apjg[©?UP?NpYXj¨Y=69:J8VIH8VY=>LFH<2A4OBHY=b4O<k B8Z8;FH:X<AW;jS4upTA13IHp :Xc25<54Oge?[:=Y=BlYX8^4O6uIcac4`b4OFC8V25~?Nj Mk¢4O:JacI¦BCIH4@8M_BC44OE>8;FCFCI\25:=FW[4c498VAM5BCM5M5I\BCFBC?V?FH
b£N?04O>`:=E69FH?;:XBC?;8V6u<¨FH:X8;?;6uY=< YXt?N8VjNjN<k4@4`j^Y{k:XFH<5I254c49g[8;:=<AjNW[4@jS4O<¨BHI\:XWZFH]qTk8ZtsFCjN:=t?[yK< FHTN2AF\:X4Ih
-jFk<3-jWf-mop ) j - 4 p98m_M5BC?;]5YX4@68V<kjug[8W;4P8S>`YX?[IH4Oj«E?;BC6IH?;YXTNFC:=?[<uE?;B{®{m;®Gp;132A4@tu8VYJI\?SIH25?Zac4Ojx25?Za
FHFH?|2k8ZTkFI\?V49FC:=25FS4@B¦]qte6u2q?qtqj5Mk4@Y?;FHM_25?;4i:XI\<[:XFL¬@I¦:X<5M5g BH?;
b4O>@>`?;FH4OBCj BH4iI\FHM_?^?;>`<A?[j5BH4@BC<A4@M_>@4O?;IO<Az§j5>`:=?[<56xgMAMkTN?[FH:=<U:X<5FCg|Il:X?;< ]5
bFC4O25>4uF7:=M_69?[8;IHg;4;4;zp78V<A13j2A4@FCt 254@>@<r8;Y=W[YX4O4@j BC:wEFHtq25:X4O<5:=g B
FH8V2kYXg;8Z?[FKBHIH:=FH252A?;6T5YJjvP]k4708NW[ ?;¡ :JjN4OIH:Xj<A>`:wEG4KM5FHBC25?;4OM_tu4@IHBHT5FH:Xg[4Og;I34O?VI\EFH4iEju4O8VBCFH8;T5<ABCjN4l?[Mk6x?[YX:=tu<UFL>LIQ258V?qBC?[4lIH:=8<5WZg«8;:=>`YJ?;8VBC]5BCYX4O4;IHp Mk?[<AjN4@<k>`4OI.IH?;6u4`FC25:X<5g
M5jNYX4O4SW;4@Wq<sYX:X?;4@M_BHaP4i4OI0>`jo4@:=pP<U< Fl13YJ25t;8V4i]_4S8V?;IHBLBLtqIK8ZI\FCFCFH?;254OBC6}4@tBC4u>`E?[?[2ABK<U8;FH?[I¦BC]N?;]_
bYX4@4OY=4i4O>`j^FK<sBH4@6«4i<q>`TAWq?[:=>L<ABC2¨?;Ib<5FC8;BH6u>TkFC>4O:=FHWq<[:X:=FL?;FbI@<Dt|p0FC:= <¨2A8Z8V69FK<qt^8Vac~q47I\:XtN<5BCI\g^4@FHM_4@m;69?;fBHI0FH4i?;8Vj^]5<A
bj|ac4O>8[MAFIPBH6u?N>`>`?[?N4i<AjNjNIb4@T5FCYJBHBCI¦Tk4O>IKEBCFH?;2A4i6j|8W;8Z476«F0]_T5134@YwFC4O2A:w< 4 h
P<A:=W[4@BLI\:=Fbt?VE Is8[I\2A:=<5g;FH?[<v]qt up5®¥T5YXY=: z5y7pAK]5:=h P8[>L254OjozA®Gp P4i8VY z58V<Aj^p_q2A8VMA:=BC?Ap
d5pP®G1§BL&p 8V3<A8VI\YXhbYJN8VBLj7¡ 8V<AKj M5xBH:XpVY UFH°N?Np >L~q698V<v\ °;`z 304 8mok 4 ""sp98*$Gh 34 i - Zm jFk ) p h h$fFp h4" <Ff.-jWf-m zZb¥¥h
mApP1lp { BC?N j5 IH~Udt[z AN¡ p554@BC6STAY=YX4@z5BQ8VF <kj ¡ ?;xYXY=pA:X<APIOYXz ?;¡:X6u?A?;pP<5 ?Ud;I¦mZhb\d; ° ;TA`<5z 4uV h -Vj K:k @4 ¯ i hLiX°Np [6%p j 4 z N JC5!*5-$ 0
7 /
¯kpPb1l¥p§¥ poyP1TABC8;8;<A<5I@g|pG8V?[<A<Dj ®¡ 8VF\p§FHy74OBHpo<D§P4@4|<A8;bY=tNIH:XIQ8;z <Aj^ 4 m p8;4 >L8 2A:=h<584l6 <U FHmo4Ok!Y=fYX:X-g;m4@Zk<k>`j4;:z k 4 ?[iY pX; [kqzom#b 4 $kWh-\°;Zm p f hb°ZX¯ p j p <z 0
] qGn
, °N°
°5p «p ip h¡ $$j25<4Oz < 8V<Aj xp{ 4OjN:X?;<5:«b d[z &( jfFmGi 4 6%j "up982$ & @ kj1$d p <qmokhnmop 4 8 4 :2iz "Humop Y - p0"'j kzh P82$$?Aj p
mD PM5BC:XY &Jd;K`5@¯q°&!*hL-i°;°5p ? -.5? -7 =E@ @C !*$&!*- =IG"!*5
p IAp 4i¡ I\YXBL4@8Vt[:Xz¢g \$ %p "K.C5 &!*- " V@A @&!*<$ JK55!*<$
C d "K-? zcKj5j5:XIH?;<Nh
tNp 0p ¡ T5BCY=4iIHIx8V<kj©rpo4OW;?Ztb % z )A4 "Zij-mokqp f2ij-m# 4 6B: 4 k & Zp"6p98*$ f 4 i - "jr i 4 6%j " <
:k 4 i kh 82$$j`p i:h $ j=<z ,d !# G5 z5m @h mAidNp
p N¡ pofK?[BC8;: z kp I4O<5g|8V<Aj 7p U8V:X<\ ¯U`z - modp ih4"kj1$p <qmokhnmop 4 8 N 4 :i "sm p - "'j:kh 8*$ j ) p j <z
K.<C!#-$:-7 "54/ &
"J &!*-@? -7 JJ5< -
&JK VJ-5!B"!#
-?2#/ z [4@BCTAIC8VYX4@6^zqbI\BL8V4OY H >F ¯q\° hb$° tN;p
pP6ur8Vp hFC®G>L25pG:XfK<5gkT5z]A, T5M:XICkIH4?;f<jj8;6<Ap98*j©$ < S4 p :ump j U8V:X %< m# b =8m j-¯Uk=8 z hn*Cmo p 4 8 6uh?N" jN3:=A4 854O:Fjj-k2Aj 8V8 TkfIHj jN4 ?[8 B & jNhn:JmoIbm
FLj-8Vk=<A8 >@4jEf?[4 B«$ 8?[p]Nmo
bp 4O4 >`8AF z
p |H p;b1A8;®¥T5g;BH4i4OIHBCIO8[z IP¡ b8V6S]AmUBH:Jz jNg;4[Zz5kj j 8;`ICICp i:8;>Lj 2q8$TA<ICp I\4 4@8 FCh4IO"zk34 i5mA-p Zm
j-k Xp <p 4 80h $$j 4 i:j-m kqp f ) p j - 4 p98m zq132A4
0
;[p YXH 8;6xpGk:{8VbT5 g[4@BL8;IOz z¥ pP ?;jW]_f 44@8BHFO<qzcm k!¢fp-mo§p 488W;4i4 8V:Toz Xxk & ph 8¡ I\ T5fWBCj ~Z8 85j z <¡ :k p 4 i 4@YXFY=i4OBOhz $$¡ j p lj 8VjTA>@8 Y=:Xf<j=<z8;<Ad j©p ?;g;25h
!*$&!*-)C
=E-V5CJ$""5C!# -?2 z K?Apm^e8VBL>L2 \d dZh m p -=IG.&
id5pQrp pm h:JIH-'>L- 25"uYXp 4@fB«hnmo8Vp 4 <A8$j¨< p98Ap pci?;hYXY=$$4ijeIh b8 h4" @A<qp <*z !h 8 h 6?8 6 h44 Zmi 4 if 4 h8 m
jf6Gj 8$fW< hkq<
m 4 $% kh- -V h@Zkzh 6d p%$i : 4 k,i 4 6%j " mom p982$ )2
@¯kpQPk 4/p &yK4 m 8V)YXY p z <qp k4 p¢8A13z :=d ?kz ¡ p_ >O®25z 4OBCIH?[?;Y < p3i8;°5<Az jePc?kpopQNi8[dDj
\f08;jN4O:3>ub d[d;bm z j°hm hA<!¯AZkp qp98*$Cf Zk ) j6 <!Zk :Fh$fWj < : 4 k
-=IG.&
i°5pQryP:Xp{Y=Y zyK<k4O>V8ZpFC2b t;z <!* &!B d -=IG5"!# (M
C5<"KO . JO zKe> ¦BL8a3h
pQy7kjp§f 4 yK8?;<qM5mok!M_f4;Fzmop 1l4 8?p§fK:k 4i4 Qi ?[IH,84;z4 1lk3$$p§h f08pTA >Lj2A6 8V- 6u4 Mop98z m <Az pN >@f0?;<A8;YXjoz8V<kj I pqFHT54@FH¬@ YX4eN\ d;o`z !z tq @Zkh t :Fh$p fWj
<C5!*5$T-7
tNp x<mokp yKhp9T8m 8V<Aj k 4 x-h p U$ FChn?Nmop>L4 ~U8k69zA8;b¥<e{bh1Q®¢Kz | hL; @Zkh ¯v:Fh$Pfj MA BO4 "Zm p 4bm 8) h <q¯ p98*dN$ p m k!f-mZkWj6 p%$ #mMh 8 6 34 8
pQfS pV yKTNNF\FC 4@<5YX ?N>L254@B¥8;<A ju pVPYXY=698;[<^;O\¯V hL;id[`dNz p !jf 4 $ 8p-p982$ 4 "up 6 &#( jf-m < & @ "up%$ 8 ij 8m %z N @2
G5!*5 &!*5
pQfSh $ p_j=®G< p_yK<qp9TN82F\$ FC4@m#<5VYXj?N>L?25h4@Biz< 6 x4 pk : 76p p <qlm
hYX8;8 <AfjNj`4Oz BH69 8V <§ zA8V<ACj Ip kp_QTk>L~UYX:JjNg;4N \ m[`z 3 4 i -Vhkqp98*$2p i
K!# "?*?#!*- z?[Y pQ°Nz P ?kp z N° h %5$&m5p &!*-$L ""J 5?BO$&!*$VC
°N
!#"$"%"
d p 5<«:XRUp T5[4l: z Er?[BPpo®G ?[p IH¡ 4?[¥I\FCI\8AFH:Xz 6u78Vp_FH:Xr?;<vp¢Ey0BH?[8V6BL8VYXf0:X>L:s~ & zk4@8;BC<A4@<Uj F¥¦p
4Ox?;6up¢q4`FC2ABH8;:JM5>l:X5BH?e4O8V\FH T5BC4OIO`z , z.*CPk 4< fjj<U6nFCp94@82g;$ BL< 8ZFC4 4O: j 1p <q4Op>L4 258 h
=8m j-k :Fh%fj z 8V<A>@?;T5W[4@B [T5<549 hbd z_ t%th ¯Ap
0
dN[pPpp i:§:=j <58$<k<q8Vp 4:X<58 69h4" 8;85z&( f«jfFpm y08V<qBCp9a{82$?q?NVj¢kqzGp h 8V82<A$4jr"j ¥phnf¦p k8<Wqz :XIv b z 4 <-jGjFNm j-kqi?p98 hnmop 4 8 4 : h #kWjWj
K!# "?*?#!*- z ?[Y pQ z P?kp°^ q4OMs mV¯;h #¯ tqp
5$<2H ""J 5?*O$"!#$ C
d;d5p I pdNy7p p®BC4OICI«4`FOp8VY p \ d;`z Zi:j-kqp fWh4" !jfFp -j <Ap98 3 p ¡ 8V6«]5BC:XjNg[4DK<5:XW;4@BLIH:wFbt©®¥BH4iIHIOz
dVmAp u<p mopqp ®¥4 8 T5YXhY=: 8 zN6 y7)p5p P< h]A4:wh"upP hn8;mo>Lp 2A4 4O8 j¢zN4 :1lf pN4 fK" 4 Tkk>Lj2A6 8V6u Moz54/¥&( p jfFxm <pAz NN 2A8VM5:XBC?AzN8V<Aj Ip5UFHT5d?4@NFH¬OY=49b z¢;`hLz i °5f p Zp
<C!#-$T7
dZ¯kpQ& @:pokPh 86nt;p 4z iAp j-m ck=@Z:XBHz ~ 8; <Aj7p Nl4@ YXY=4Otz b ?[YmU°Nz z KM?Akqp k 4 k, Kh 8 ?ZhW " @A <qp < m[4 :BmA<!`Zkh :F¯;h%¯kfj p 8 4 kqih4" < 6$jFm j-kqi?p98 j6
d;°5p 71Q®¢pOqK2A|BH:X~qhL2A;8V@<Ah ¯_j5 4[8VT5<A<5j 4Sx piqFH ?N>L° ~q6uh 8;°;<9°Nbp
z Zk :Fh%fj kqp j 8 m
hm p 4 8:k 4 i h Mk 4.( jf-m
j6 kqp 6Zz b¥{h
d pQ®Gd p hb pV1QIC8V:A8;d <Ajurp[q2A8;2|b d[z :FhA<qm N "up98 jhk<7Vh-j :k 4 i <7h 6np9z¢82 $V;Zz T5N <A49 Jd;C5W tZ!*5mV¯;h $ tVm p
-57 2H- -=IG.&J !*$&!*-%C
&JK D<-5!B&!*-
d$tNpQfZp¥p98 1Qj IC8V) :7p <qbp 4 8gtVi:j-z m k 4 " 4 ) $ jF@ k<-hnmo<pp9"'82j $ f4hni:jFm#VkWh j <7fVhj"up " :& khfhnm pi:4 8 j-khAm <jf,h 88 p6 j"'j ?8: <-4 j=k<z Zp% $ h% ff Zkh%f @ i:h
DAN"!#<$T5C "-=E "!# z?;Y pm5z K?Ap¯Ap
N5$& &!*-$
d pP pA8;PICI@YXYXpQ6u\8; <rt b `p t 5 &J&G5J" &!*-$F-7 !*$&? "!# |b1 ®BC4OICIOz ¡ 8;6S]5BC:JjNg;4[z
d pQpN_ 2k 8V<5gkz_®G?;Yp hp¥¢dNpk;1Qz ICK8V?A: z p kp z¡ PBCt;TA4OgDBK8V <Ajer )p Nh 2At 8V%2ozp h-j:k 4 i Vh 6np98*$ Zk ) j @Zz
! "# $
YK%'():[KY-,-D&)_VUW()+.*,`a>JQb+.M7-/_l\1&1km?]03>@FWUW21*nFH45T/K.:,&7-[&Lcd6)-9;o89;=*,FH:[:<*X&1;=T/-/&16HT/>@89?=&1*,*B:eQB;#AC-O-DTfAW*E:](GAWFp-9FH;#-9*E;=6g?O>J*XACIL:eK.?O+.;OMN*,AWUH?O6C?=**,&1-OKY;O-q*[FPQL;O;OFHKR*EQS*r( 27:<K.&74sQhTV>iTVUWA)*E-D;O-D;O?=Ft*,AW?XcW:e>/IL;=AHKY:<-O?O&1KR*X&7+.+.QZ*,-OAH:e>@;=KR;=KRQC&7>@(GQB6W+RK.&1*VQP0u0jUg&1:[&1?#&1T/+.?=Mv*[UH\1QCA)&1()QC;=*[*[-q?=?XKR:[QW&1\1\iQW?]>@-O>1UWKYQW-9F);O( ^^
K.?=QH*[\'UH?=&@*,0w-O*[21QL4x;=>@;OUCK.&1&7Q|KRQL_h;]-r}H>@&7QW?V(b-OT/;=FH&v*y&@;O*EFW()*[\1?/*E->@QW;OFW(C>@~;w&1?V89&1-DK.K.QhT/UH;OFW+R*,*[?VTp-O_ AH?Ozn0>1?=:[>1*,UH-,FHcKY&@:[-#;OFWFW*[>1?V?=(H\1?]{q>@>1UH?OFH*VKY:[AW--OAW?O*,>@UH+.+R?=Mh*,-O-O*[AHQLUH;=Ug>@;O&1K.?O&1;=QW--;=FHKRQ)K.-^
K.:< Q)+.;=AW0j*<&1()v?=*;OTXAWL?O>AW*[;O^>1K.TX&1(HQt?O>@KYcUW:o\1UC-O?]*EAH>@(H?OUH0FH>1&7KY:<:[*EQL-n-[;Ocv&f?=*[
;OUH^FH?=-O**,UH-O+.?=*[KR*[QWQLQW*3;]()>-O*,;OAH?OK.&1?D*E0QC(y>7-3:<&7*E:,6)-[>@89c)Q*,>@:<QC;q:[&1(y6vQLMX-D;=AW>1;=6gKRFHQh()*K.:<Iv\1&7K.?]-O+R>@&7K.&1UH?eQB~JFH;OKY-O:[*[AH-qL?O;=FW0AH>1>1?=:[?=**,(H-,K.{qQ)_u>10j`a&1?OQi*7?=TX_u>1(H}>();OKR\7K.KR&1;OAHK.Q&1?=*fQ{,;OFHW&VKY_.:]n21F4s-OKYFH-n-D&FC;O{wFH>@-qUg*,Q>*
?=&1AH\7Ff214ST/*E-DFV&@0d>w;=&M()&1\>@QC(f>o;O*[L;=AH?=*<^T/>1UHUg*,(f?O*,QW()*[?=*,(KRTX>1\1*q0j?O&7Ts;OFH*w-=>@T/*qIvKR*,{UC&7KRQL;,_
QH-O*[KR;OQLK.;=&1`a>@QQ|;OcgK.:[&1{&1QT/FH>1KYUH:]QWA)F'(X;=*[T/;=?FH*,*oIv>@K.QC0j-O*E-KR>&7;O;=Q|FCAHcC>?O;O*E;wFH-;=*V;=FHFW&1*[>6)?=;*r89*E:[T:e>1;ACQ?O-96g;n*,UH*36C?=*[**,v-O-O;O*[&1?]QLT/>1;=:e>@*r;=;O*,K.Ug&1(/&@Q'0j;=?=*[T&1QLTAC;OKY-9>@;>1+Q6C:<*/&7K.T/?O-O?=>1AH*,\1K-O;]UC*7>@_&76HQWo+.*r()&*,0j{
QW&7*,?3:<I1*#AC*[6g?E-D*Vc@*<;9;=KR{qFHQ*[*[?=&1*,*Qp6)89>@;O*E?=FH:e*3;n*r-O?O?=*[*E*[I1:<UW*,&1?O?=\1*[>1^^+
K.\1()T/?]KRg>J>1ML*,\1?O^*E*,-=-[:[QLc>1;q+R:[*;9&1Mv+.&1Ug&1?#*,?V-m:<KR&7TX&1+R0&7>@?3K.\7TX*,K.TX-,>@c\1>@*E>@\1-mQC*E(G:<-n&1?OT/?]*,>@\1T/QHKY-9\7&1;=*QW*[?=+RK.MX*,T/('AW>1-O;=\1*,&p*E(i-[?=_GK.>1QiQH}W\127AH*V4s?D;=(HFH&1>*[6);]?=89>HT/*Ec|:e&1UH;?=?=*1?=&*,cIv:<KRK.&7;X(H\1KRK.QHQH-VKR\B;OQHK.?O&1&*EQt{:<cL&7K.\1:[Qp&1QHT/KRUW;O>@K.T/&1?OQb;O&1KYQG:<>@AW+.;=+.\1>1&&1?,?=FCKR;O>J\1FHI1?]TX>J*ML-n*,^K-={;=:[FHK>1;=*[+RF *?
>X?=K.:]FW*[?3-O*<;n&@0l0j*,>@;OAH?=*,-,_o%'&L-9;214&16)89*E:e;n>1+R\7&1?=K;=FHTX-w>@?=*rQH&1;3\7*[QH*,?=>1+|*[QH&7AH\1Fp;=&FW>1QW()+.*-OAW:]F
}KRAW\7+RAH+.K ?=_ *y[C_R7
214T/*,-OF'&@0>/;=&Mi(H&1\y>@QC(p;O*[L;=AH?=*<^T/>1UHUg*,(p?=*[QW()*,?O*E(pKRTX>1\1*1_o
&7AH?D;=*,-OMB&10#>@?=K
¡ J¢
¡
!#"$"%"
K;OY>-rK.&1IJK.QtTV>1_?OUgK.`a*<&1Q/;9?OMN\7;=>1*[&1QLQH0o;*,?=0j;O*E>1&>+W;O:[+RAW&v>@?O;O&%*E*[&h-[\7c&1>6W?=;KRA)*E;O;X-[FHcJ*iKR;=QWFH-D:<*[;O&1?=*ET/*o>1(ZT/>1?O&1{
*mQN*,\1?O*,?=*p&1*[T/UW()?O*E*<*E-D;=-DK.?O*,\1KYQ7:mQH;]*E?=>(N*[;=UHKR&70j?=&7QW*,?/-O-*[>QL6C;=*[UW>@0j&1>1;OK.?=?D&1*;=QWK.:[()-AHKYK.+.-OQ/>1:[?/AW;O*,-=?O?O-D*,TXK.UHQH?O\-*E&1-D270g*,4xQLUg;=&1>&7K.;=6)QLKR;=89&7*,-,Q|:<c7_G;+.K.QH?Okm*E*,Fv:<-,&7c7AW\1>1-/QHQWKRKR( ;^
;O?=-OK.*[AH&1+Y?D>QC0;O>7-DK.FH:<&1*EK.QCUW(- -D'g-)FH'u-DK.MvUW>1TQW-,_( 6g*b&10jAW+.KY*VQW:#:e{?O;=*,KRK.UH&7+.+QW?=*,6C>@-O+*,*[\1QL?=K.*[;=QUH>@?=;O{*,K.&1KR-O;OQW*[FNQL-m;]>iK.>Q';O-DK.;OAH&1*,QC?=?OI1-oTX*,K.M'-oQb&@&@;O00*[UH?=;=TXFH?=KR*/T/-nT/&@KR;O0&7K.I10j-D*AW;#QW:[:[:e&1&1;=T/T/KR&7UCT/QW&7>@&1QH+Q*[UCQLTV>@;]?O-o*[;=;O->@FHQC>@&)(iQW(H(-n;OFH0j;O*,&7FWKR?#?*[K.?O-D?*,UCUH0j>AH?=;O*,QWKY>@-O:e*[+t;=QLKR?O&7;O*,QWK.+.QH>@>@\ ^+
&1216H4 89*,&1:e6);89*E?=*,:e:[;=-&1\1>1QWQWK(;=KR&7;OQiFH*,>1Qi+R\7UW&1?O?=&)K;=:<FH*,TX*,(-[_;O&/;=FH*#?O*,UH?=*,-O*[QL;=>@;OK.&1QW-
?O*ELAHKR?=*,(B6vMX;OFW*#TV&L-9;o:[&1T/T/&1QB;9MvUC*E-m&@0
+-,/.(+ 02143 57698;:7<>=?:7@A@A:7BDCE6!F436!GH6!BIJKI L(:7BNM 6OIP4:RQSG
;OkmFWFH*#*r&1{6)89K.?=*E*<:e^;0j?=FW>1>1TV-m*#&7QH?=*[+.MBUW?O-D*E;O-D?]*,>@Q7K.;]\1>FL;=;qKR&7*EQi()\1>7*E-O-[-O_ AHT/*,-m;=FW>;o;OFH*V-DAH?O0>1:[*,-&10l;OFH*r&76)89*,:<;3>@?=*#UH+Y>@QW>1?o>@QC(i;OFW>@;
Iv:<&7K.-OQLK.;=&1m >@Q K.AWQHKY-DK.-XQH*[0j\i;OAHFW+;O* FH\1*X*,zQHrtI7*[n*[{?]?O>@u%;O+. KYK p(:<[,¡¢*E>-3p;=£(KR&1&7q¢0
QXp{¡$;=&@¤FH0up(*Xn;O~FH&1p*n6H¥ 89{*,?=:eKR*[?=;EUH*<c?=^;O0j*,?]FW-O>@*[*yT/QL-D;]*oAH>?O;OT/0K.&1>1&)Qt:[()*,_s*[-+d&1km;=0FWFW>;O*FW;*X?=FW*[>7&1UH-6)?=*,896g*E-O*[*[:e*,;,QLQBct;=>@;OFW;OFH*,K.*X&1>JQPIv*EKR()+.K.MX\1-i*XAW>G-O-O*,*[(H(\7>@TV;=KRQi>G*,QL:<-D;=&1;O-?=T/AW&@UH:<0qAH;O;OAH;OFW*[?=**?
&1>@6HQ'89*E*,():e;E\1cH*V>@>@QWQW(|(ic)AW;=FH-DAC*>@I7+.+R*[M7?Ocv;O;OKY:<FH*E*-w;=&1&1Q'Ug&1*,+.K&1;=FH\1KY*[:[?n>1+d*[QC?O*,(p+.>@&@;O0K.&1>@QWQ'-OFH*EK.()UW\1-
*V;OFW-D*,>@\1;T/-OUg*[QL*,;E:<9_KR0jMy* ;=FHFH*[*rQ'-OAH;=FH?D0*>7:<&7*E6)-
89*,&7:<QB;3*,KY-wK;=FHUg*[&1?w+.Mv-O\1KY()&1QC*>@&@+0 c
;OFW*p-OAH?O0>1:[*,-/>@?=*UH+Y>@QC>@?X>@QW(G;OFH*p*E()\1*'-O*[\1T/*,Q7;]-f>1?O*p-D;O?]>@K.\1FL;V+.K.QH*i-O*[\7T/*[QL;=-,_Zo&{
*,I1*[?Ecl;OFW*
) w
¢R ¡ WV
}uK.\1AW?O*/[C_ \HkmFH?O*,*TV*E-DFW*,-m&@0;OFW*r()&1\X>;w()KRd*[?=*[QL;w?O*E-D&7+RAH;OK.&1QW-,_
&7AH?O;O*,-OMy&10#>@?=K|AW+R+.K _
T/&)()*[+|\7*[QH*,?=>1+RK[[*E-
;O&/KRQC:<+.AW()*r:<AW?OI7*,(B*,()\7*-O*[\7T/*[QL;=->1QW(C~J&7?:<AH?=I1*E(-OAH?D0>7:<*E-[_
>X>@?](H:]FH>@}KY;=KR:[>@\7>16CAH+ >1c7?=-O*6C*3*,[\1&1CK.0_QH2&7QH6)KRK.+.QH89+.AW*,\f:<-9;w;={?=TVKR>@;O;OF&)*E()-
;O*,FH>V+.*n-w-O{q>1KRQ'T/&1?=>XUH+.(y+R21*n4 >@-D;AW&1;=?D6)FH0>789*o*E:<:e*<;=;&1^*,UB?O(H*E+R\1:<*,*<&7I1^\1*[I1QH+d*,KR?D>@;O;=QCK.*<&1(y/Qp:<(H-D&7>M)Q7;]-D;=>f;OKR*,Qv-DTiAH;O?=K._
QHAW\Vkm:e;=FH()AH*r&?=*o{(HQXAW>;]-O;O*,>/&f(y-9;O;=0jFW?O&1AW*n?m:<-O?O;OAH*,AHUH?O?=0?=*#>1*,:<-OKY*E-*[-QLFH;O>1K.K.*[QWQH?O(\ ^
;O>@>f?]?]>@;9:[MvQC-qUC-9>0*7;
gcHKR;O>fQCFH()Ug*K.&1:,+.&K.>QL{
;=;O**E*,-9;O?m;
FH;O*o+R&X*,*[I1>@+.*[*[Q
+T/_l`a*[QB*[QLQL;=}-;OKRK.;9&@\1M0|AH
#>r?=*cH-O>@*<,;QWW(i_&12#0|>f;O:<FW+Y27>1*34s-=6g- ;O&J?])>@*[*,QCQL-
-9;O{0jKR&7;9KM ?O;=TX
#F >_
W;=
*,KR&7+.>1(WQX:]-F/;O+YFC>@*[>6g+.*[;*[T/+.K.*,-*[
( QL>1;UH QWUH&1>10d+.T/KR*E;OFH*1(BcL*o;O;9-O&fMv*<UC;
;OFH*7FWc*>1-
*[>*,QLQ7QW;O;=KR>@;9K;9MT/M
#*1
cc
;O:[&i>1+R+.&1*,6H( ;=>@K.Qh p> ~ Ugz _&@;=`a*[QiQL;O;OFCKY>@>+.;o+RM'-O*<?=;o&@;]>@>?=;=**,(QW>@>1T/QW(*E(B;O?]K.QW>@-DQW;=-O>1+.>@QW;O:<*E*E('-m&@KRQC0l-9IJ;]>1>@?OQWK.:[&1*1AC_f-}W21&14?&7*<6)H89>1*,TV:<;mUWT/+R*7cd&)();OFH*,*/+.-,_{qm &1?=Qv+.MB(\1FWK.>1I1-*[Qi>i&1-D6H*[;^
89;O*,&/:<;
6g*#T/KR&)QC()()*[*[+CUgK.*[-
QW()(H*{*[
CQLQH;O*,+.MB(/UgK.Qy&7-OKRKR;=;O-K.&1&QH{*EQX(:[K.&LQi&7;O?=FH(H*#KRQW{q>@;O&1*w?=+.-O(|M)_ -9;=*[Tp_kmFH*;O?]>@QC-90j&7?OTX>;=KR&7QV>1+R+.&{w-*E>1:]F/KRQC-9;]>@QW:[*
I1-D;=*,>@?D?O;=km;l*<VFHUC*V&7FWKR>1&1QL-
6);,89c@>@*E>1QX:eQ;>1*,-=T/QW-D&)(&v:[(HUgK.*[>@&1+Y;O-K.*,QL(/*,;,>1c127:]>o4 F0>1UgFW:[&1>J*I1K.Q7;=*f&3;m;O>@KRFH;=QW-?=(X*[+.*/*<>#0 ;E-O-O*<c1*<;=>w;
-,0w&@>70;=:<FH*,*
()*[;OK.\7&n?#*,K-*,;](H-l;O\1FW?O*,>@K.\1-,;FLcgT/;E;Oc@FH*[>@*,*<QWKR;m?#(f>I7;>@*[Qf;=?OFW;O>1KY>:<?=;q*E:-[UC;OcFW&7>@>@KRQLQC;;,('()_ *{;Om
WFWQXQW*[K.*,?*,-()0K\7>1;]*w-u:<*E0jFW&1-[>1_?=-Tim > c
KR>@0
?=K.KR*,;n-rKY-nK.QWQH:[&@+RAW;#(H>BKRQH-D\;O?]K>@;]K.-\1FL&7;nA);O+RK.*,QH?f*16g_ &1m AWQW0(H>7>@:<*?=K.*,FC->1->1QW>B(N-OAHFH?O&70+R>1*:[*r6C&7;OAHFCQW>;#(H>1()?O{* K.*,
W-,QW_ *,-nm K;]6C-&7-DAHFWQW>1(HUC>1*/?O>@MbQCFW(>1>i-V>@-D*[QG;n>7&1-O0-O&)6C:<&7KYAH>QW;=*,(v( ^
0FH>1*,:[?O*r*7 _ >@QWUw(p*[UH>X?=*,-O-O*<*[;wQL&1;=>@0l;O*EK.()&1\1QW*E--[0j_
&1?qkm-DFHAH*#?O0+R>1&{q:[*,*,-q-D;w>@QW+.*[(I1*,>@+?]:[*[-QL;O{KR;OK.+.K.+g*,- ()v*,>1UC?=*,:,QW-[(ycH-O&7AHQy?O0>1;=FH:[*,*3-,>1cWUH>@UHQW+.(iK.:,>Ug;O&1K.K.&1QLQB;=- >@vQW>@(X?=*n&7QHQX&@;O;3FW(H*n*{>7
W:[QH:<*EAH( ^
?]()>1&:<{MpQr>@K.QCQL( ;O&-D-DT/AW&v?D0&@>7;=:<FH*QHUC*E>-O-3;=:]?OFW*E*,L-AH>@KR?=QW*,(r(|>1_o?=km:
FH-D*,*[\1M'T/T/*[QLK.\1;]FL-[;3_l6g&1*K.Q7?=*[;]UW-t?O>1*E?O-D*
*,TVQ7;=*,*,?O(p*,+R6vMMpI7*,*,:eL;=AW&1>@?];O-tK.&1&1QW0-3 &1c ?oM1c 0j[AHu?D:<;=&vFH&1*[?]?n()6HK.QW?=%&>;=&7*,*[-,Q _
}KR\7AH?=* [C_ P-DFW&{w-B>Z-DK.T/UH+R*N274 &76)89*,:<;B;=FW>;':[>1Q 6g*?=*[UW?O*E-D*,Q7;=*,( K.Q ;=FHKY-pT/>1QHQH*,?,_ku&
¡\
!#"$"%"
WORLD
object set
objects name type object transf
OBJECT
edges
vertices
faces
face set vertex set edge set
name type face transf name type vertex transf name type edge transf
BOUNDARY
edges
face FACE
}uK.\1AW?O*/[C_ 2WvAH?O0>1:<*[^*E()\1*[^I7*[?O;O*[/(H>@;=>X-D;O?=AW:e;=AH?=*1_
F1
F2
E2
F3 V2
E1
F4 V1 F5 E3
KY>:<-3K.)?]KY>X:<-q+.*\7K.-m*[{QH>VFH*,&7-9?=;=>1-O?=*+R>1K[[?=KR*E\7>7('F7();mK.:<AW+.Mv-KR+.QHKR-9QW*;](H>@-O?O*[*[;=?o\1-T/{&7*,FWA)Q7&7;Z;-O[,*f>@*[QC?=>&()KY>@{-w;FHKY&1-3&7QH+R>**-9*,:<;=QW?=?=&7(/>1-=KRUg-q\7&1F7-DK.*E;3Q7:e+R;
;OK.K.QH&@&1*f0gQB;O-OK.FH*[-*o\7>VT/>@):<*[K.K.QL?]-;n:<>1+.>1*3QWQW(V&1(p0u\1:<{?=&7&FHQW{w&7-9--O;]*f>@;O&#QL:[;m?OKR;=&L?=--O>7-oT/()KR-DAC>@*E)-[:e_KR;OTfK.m&1AHQT:<K.&7-3QH>@>*;
;O-OFW*[\1*qT/&1;O*,FHQ7*,;?l>@*[QWQW( (f{UC&7FHKR&7QL-O;E*_ :<m ?=&7?=-=*,-o:e;]-O>@*,QH:<;O\7K.AH&1+YQ >@?lKY-n-D&7>+RKY:<(&7KYQW-l-D>n;=>@\1QL*[;nQW*[?O*E?]>@:e;=+.vK>1[,QH*,\1(r+.*1:[_ML+.mK.QW();=*[&1?l?=AW{-oFHKY&L-n-D*m>y>\1)*,KYQH-*[K.?]->@>n+.K [[-9*,;=?=(p>1KR:[\7MLFL+.K.;QW+.()KRQW*[*?
{FH&L-D*#>)KY-mK.->/:[KR?]:<+.*#>@QW(i{FH&L-D*#:<?=&7-=-m-D*E:e;=KR&7QBKY-w>/:<&7QW-9;]>@QL;w:<K.?=:[+R*7_
():<Mv*,+.?=KR-rmQC()>1\1*[QW*,?](-oQH*[;O:,?]FH>@>@*BQp+.vK [,-D6CUW*,*V(y>@;O():[KY*,>@Mv-=++R:<K.QW?=?=*[K.()6C+Y*,>*E?q;=(pKRT/&76LQW&)Mi-O()FH+.*,*[KRUC+QH-#&@\10u;O>@F'>1T/QB&@&10&7QH6)>@\iv89*,;=KY-,:<FH;qcC*[>JTpK.QWI1cl:<*,+.?=UHAW>1+.()\1AW*E*#-#-:<\1()?=+.&7&1*,-=-=6C-:<>@v?=+K.-OU)*,UH;O:e?=K.;=&1&1KRUgQW&7Q-q*[?O&1{;O0|K.*,KY;O(v-#FH;O&1Ft*0
cg\7;=?]*[FH>QH;=*y*,KR?=&X&7>16)&1+RK 890l[[*,*E;O:<(yFH;,*_B:<Mv;9km{
+.KRFWQ)&C* ^ c
Ug>@>@QCQN&1(iK.Q7K.QL;X:[;O&1*,:<QH?O&7*#K.QH&1QH>1?fQH*EUC:e\1;O&7+.K.*1KRIvQL_
K;f;9
M7&1&7c0oQH:<QH>@MvQH*,+.KR:<&1QW;O;O(HK.FHIv*[*,K?];9?,-My_'TXKY`a-mQG>J;=MhFH;OFH*r6CKY*p-fT/:<:,&7&7>1-D;wQH-O*1QH:<c*E&1;O:eT/FW;O*ET/*(G&1UW-OQ'>1& ?=-O>1;OUWTVFC>>;=*[;VK.;O>1*,+;O?=FH-#?O*i*,&1+.>@0*[;OQW;OK.(&1FHQW*iUC-O:<FH&7&7K.KRU|QLQH;]_QH-*,`aQ':<&1;O0oK.>1&1&1(HQ|QH(Hc*iK;=-OKRAW:<&7&7:]QQHF QH;=&X>7*,-#:<*[;QW;OFW;=(v&* ^
;O;OUgFWK.&7*,*3-O-qK?=;=&1&@KR0u&7;]Qi>@>QB;O>@K.&1;q&1QX6){89&1FH*E0|:eKY:];m&1FBQHT/*3;O>JFH>@M/*#6gK.&1:<QWA)Mv:<;q+.+.KRAWQC;O()FH()*n*3*[?]Qv&@-qAH;=;OFHT&7*[AW6g?q:]*[TXF|?mcL>J&1;OMf0tFHUH6g*#K.*3*,K.QW:<AC:[*E-D+R- *EK.QW(/:<>;OMv;=&VKR+.&7KRQC()Qi()*,-=>1*[:<QH?]?=- \1KR<6g+.cv*1*wQLc);=AW>1FHQWT*3(X6g:[*[;=&1FH?mQH*#&@QW0t\1*,K.:e*,?=;=+R(H&7KR&7+RQH*Q|\7_>@>@QH;Ozn*E\7(X+R+R&7*6WUH()>@K.*,*E+C:<-OUH*E:[?=-[?O&1K.c)6HUg>1K.*[QWQH?O(\ ^
+.Ug-O*[ML*[I1T/?]*,-D+.T/&7-Qy*<&@;=0|T/?O()M'KR*<\7;]&1F7>@0;qK.+W;=6CFH>@*3*X?=T/*:<\1&1&vK.QW(HI1QH*[*,+.*,QX*,:<(y;O>K.;
I7&1*[QW()?=-,KRMfd_*[?=w?=&1*[AWK.QL*[\1;?]FH>@+R+.*,?]MV:]I1FH*,>7KY+.-:[->1>f&1+u0d-9\7;O;=*[FHK.:QH*w& *,FW?=
W>1KR*,\7+RK?=AH[[>1?O*E?=* ( :]Fv:<>1M1Mv-qc7+.>@KR-OQWFH?=(H*m&*[{>1?#+.Qy-OT/&#K.Q&)Ug()&7}*[-=KR+Y-D\7-[K.AH6Hc?O+.K.*1*fQb_l[{}HC&1FH_ ¡ ?K.:]*<Fh:<H&7>@()QWT/KRg-DKYUH*,-D+.?O;O*1*,K.QHcLQL\> ;
&@T/0KR\7:<MvFL+R;wK.QW6C()**,?=(H-KRIv0jKY&1()?
*,;O(pFW*nK.QLFW;O&y*,>1>/(|c7QH;=*E&1:?]&B-D&C>@c7QC>1(B?OTX+.&{q-,cv*[>1?mQW;O(X&7?=+.-O*[&W\Lcv-[_;=FHm *;q>1;O?OFHTX*n-mQHK.*<Q7v;=;&/+.*[;OFHI1*,?=*[+C*f&10|:<Mv;OFW+RK.*3QW()FH*,K.*[?=?]-q>@0j?]&7:]?wFvM1AHc1UH;OUgFH*[*3?n;O>@&7?=?=Tp-O& c
+.K.&Q7{
;=& *,?w>i>@T/?=Ti>1KRcgQh>@QWUH(pK.*,:[FC*X>@QW>@(QWcg( >@
WQWI7(i7* ;=
CFHQH*r\1+.*,*[?=\L-,-wcu-D>1K.QWT/(KR+Y>@&7?=QH+.*XM1_ +.*[m I1;w*,+;OFW()*r*[*,QHUC*<*,v?,;oct+.;O*[FHI7* *[+
CcHQH;=\1FH*,*r?=-FW>1T/QWK.(H\1-wFL;rT/6CK.\1*XFL;o6W?O6g$& *r&1*[6HQ?=%& KR&7QL*[;=Q&
;OFW?O*,*nUWKR*E:<*,-o>@QW(;OFH*;=FvAHT6pK.Q7;=&V;9{
&C_
()K.T/m *[QW-O;OKRFH&7?=QW*[>@{* +
v()?O*,K.T/\1K.*[&1QWQW-O-rKR&7&1QWQG>@+n>@QN\1*,K.QHTX*[?]>@>@\7+.*1K [[*,?=( K.6H:<6CMv&7+RK.QWQW-()*,>1?'QW(h:[>@*[Q+.+.KRUWUH-O?=*,&@-,89*,_ :<;mE;=n& ;9 {q &P KY(H-Kd;O*[FH?=*y*[QLUW4; ?O&1&L89K.*,QW:e(H;=KR-i&7Qh&10r&@0;9{
;O&FW*
¡ \$\
!#"$"%"
zn*[QH*,?=>1+RK [[*E(B:[Mv+RK.QW()*,?TV&)()*,+.-
{ &1K.QHQC\7-9-,;=c?OAW>@:<QC;q( >#>\7*[;=QH>@*,K.+?=_G>1+RKkm[[*EFH(X*p:<{MvKR+.QHKRQW\L(H-f*[?q-OFHTV&7AH&)+.()( *,+C*,&1>70t:]F >@QFW>1>JKRI7?=*BUH+Y>@>@QPQH*7>_;Okm;=>1FW:]*3FW*,>@(NK.?=UHT/+.>1&@QH;=*o&1?E-O_GFH&1ktAW?=+.Mh(XFC;O&h>JI1()*o*E>r-O:[0j?OAWK.6C-D*,*B+.>1;O\1FW*7* c
:<&7QHQH*E:e;OK.IvK;9M?O*,+.>@;OK.&1QW-OFHK.UW-m6C*[;9{
*,*[QiUW>@K.?]-m&@0u\7*[QH*,?=>1+RK[[*E(B:[Mv+RK.QW()*,?=-,_
1 5
0 4
7
2 6
NUMBERING SCHEME
OBJECT P
P F F E E P
}KR\7AH?=*V,W_ m -DK.T/UH+.*;OFH?=*[*{v()K.T/*[QW-OKR&7QW>@+d&76)89*,:<;o>@QW(BK;]-&):e;=?O*,*n*,QW:<&)()K.QH\C_
]_^-`]`^ #ffh
=?6vm *[MrQ \1;=K.&1FH Qp*m~ n;O&1pFH0p ?=;=*[KYFH-*{*v>3()AWFWK.QHT/KR*,KRI7?=*[>1*[QW?=?]-O:]-DK.FH*7&1_wQWKY:[>1km>1+)+ FH&1* 6)v89>1sv*Eu ?O:eMn;,p{c ;=s ?Op{&@*,x 0*m>X-D~ ;OQH& ?=AW&)K0g():<;O;O*rAHFWKY?=*o-3*1:<_ *[AHKR;O6gFH>1*w*,:]:<?FV&7QHQLrt&);=s>@s()cdK.*mQWKR0-lK.Qf;OQHFH;=&#*FHUC*q:[>@AH;O?O?=6g;*[**&@0gKY:<-3&7;OFH?O:[?=*w&1*,T/&7-OUg6)UH&189+.*,*<QW:<;O(H*,;,-u+Rc@Mi&7;=&? *[QC>:<uw:[+.n &7AH~ -O6H*,uwKY(s: c
KRQH0u&);=()FH**r{:<KRAH;O6gF/*#+Y>@UW6g>1*[?D+;=+RMyuwnK.QL~ ;Ouw*,s ?=FW-O*,>7:<-;=-q*[K.;O\1FWFL*n;&7:]FH6)K.89+.*,(H:<?O;,*,_ QVm ?=*[QHUW&)?O*E()-D*#*,Q7{;=KRKR;OQWFp\o+Y;=>@FH6g**[+UW>@rt?O;OssKR;O&1K.&1? Q/p(x&10W;O~ FW& *oFW:<>7AH-m6gQH*&XK.Q7:];=FH&#K.+.&)():e?=;=*[>1QtQL_ ;=m -,_
0j&1&1? ?3m-D&7jTV*[;OFHT/*#?=U)*[K.;9{*QLMv;O<*,()cC\1K.T/*[K.QW? *[()QWKY:[-O_
K.>@&1km;OQWK.FHQH>1*r\X+7&7*,;O6)+RFW*,89*rT/*,:<UH*[;?=QL*,:,;=-O>@-*[QfQW&10l6C:[*#*;OFH&1?=**[?oUH>1>1?=?O6W*,?]-O-D>J*[*,MyQLQW;=:<>@*,*#?=(#*r&16v0l:[M>1;O+RFH>+.*,*r\( &76)¤ K89*,¥#\ :<p(;,sz _mK>1km\ QW#FH(i*r;OFHFW&)?=>J:e*[I1;={* *r?Ov*,()>/*#K.T/I*[QW>1*[+R:[QWAH&)-O*#()KR&7KR&1QWQW0\y>@ +v&@>@0l0j?=AH;O?]FW>J+.+ M*
.;OKvQfFCAH>:<Ug;
&7*[T/?]:,L>@UHAWQ/A)>16C;O(H*,*w?O?uKY(H:[Iv*<-KY0j-D&1>1K.&1?=?OT/*Q#T/6v*,(/Mr&)>@l()QC*[*,+Y(/Q7-w;=\1+.&7>1+.?OAHQWK.\1*,((fK._HQW;O>@)&7+.AH+.\1MyUC*[*,;O()?=FH*[L*,I7AW?*[>7KR+.QL&1();OUg?=&#K.*,:,(B&7-t6):[0j&189>1*,?oQ:<:[;K.QL&1T/;OT/AH&vUHKR(H;OA)K.*[I1;=+Y*[*,-[?+R_M\7% 6g?=>1>@*;OUH;=FHFHFH*,KY&1T/:[AH-\7>@>@;OFLQCKY;u:[(B>1&@+R0WUW+.M>7?O-t&7-OUC+.AHAH&LUCT/-D*,*E?=UW(L-AW0j&@&7>70W?():[?=AW+.K.>J-O:,M *-
0j&1?=Ts>@>QWUW( >@?]X>@:<T/&7*[T/;O*[UC?=&7K[[QH*,*[(oQL;=0>@-T/>1?OK.+R*#M-O&1UC0)*E-O:<FWKv
W>1*,UC(p*E-[>7_ -qm 0jAH-DQWAW:eUC;=*,KR&7?=LQWAW->7&1()0t?O;OKY:FW*r-OAH>@?DQH0>7\7:<+R**E- KY-u(H>@*{QW
W(QH*EP(6vILMnKY>f>;OI7FH*,*#:<*E;O&1L? AWi>;={KR&7FHQ &7-O*
:<:[&7&7-- )):<-O&LKRQ -
9[C_R
"! # $ #
-OK.Q
&% ! # $ #
&' ! #
0j-O&1AH? UC*,?=LAW>7()?=K.:nK.QB;=FH>1* QW( >1QW( y() K.?O*E:eu;=KRkm&7QWFH-[*Xc)UW?=*,>@-O?]Ug>@*,T/:e;=*[KR;OI7*[*[?]+.- M1_kmFW*#UW>@>@QW?]>@( T/*<;=*[-O?]UC- *E:<KR0jM >@QW;O( FW*y-DK ?O[[*,*/UH?=&@*,0q-O;O*[FWQL*;
)(+* %-, , *% .(0/ , 1/32
&%
'
;OFW*r-OLAW>1?O*,QH*,-=-qKRQi;OFW*#+.>@;OKR;OAW()*r>1QW(B+R&7QH\1KR;OAW(H*nUW+.>1QH*,-,_ 4 5 6 07 67 %
()-OAH*,?D?=0-,v>7clAH:<UW*3Ug>@*[K.?]?]-q>@L>@+.AW+RQy*,>1+R(H*,*,+R?OUH+.KYK.K.:[UWUC--D*E&7:,(H>@K.-[(|Q/ccv>1T/>1QWQW&v(h(X(H*[KRKRQH0 +W^>#6g-O*<*<;9;{q&1*[*,0dQ AC-D-D*[FC0jAH>@+HUgc)>6H*,-,AH-O_ K.UH+Y()FH* KR*,QW?OFH\r*7*[_ 6HQ * +.&v: FW&)*[>@-Q QW-O(AW:]FX >1>@-?=-O3*yUH>@FH6gQC*,&@( ?O;O*EF -[c71*[sc+.+R;OK.7UWFHc7*B-O;=&1FH\1KY(H**,-,QH-Dc1*[AH:<?]?OMv>0+.;=>1KR*,Q):[( * ^
-7 .7 %
ACB
; = >IH JD F
A B
;
;O?]>@QC-90j&7?OTX>;=KR&7Q Q
G:[&7-
-DK.Q R; D S TU(WV
-OKRQ ; D S TU(WV
; YX (ZV
>
:[&7- ;]>@Q
\\(ZV
% %
V] = S^( `_ = F
F[a D
KY-m;OFW*;O?]>@QW-D0j&1?=TX>;OK.&1QB&@0 f\7KRI7*[Qi6LM
T V
b:[&7- TbcK _
( YX 3d"K _
(ZVfe
>@QC( KY-q;OFW*#6C*,QW()K.QH\y>@QH\7+R*
+X
Xc:K
_ 2
¡ \%X
!#"$"%"
}UwKR\7KR\7AHF7?=*i; 9,\@W4 _.W\H ?OAW6HY|6C*[*,0 ; ?m6W\1>@4 QW(WX 6W-9>1;=+R?O+.&v*[;=&1:]QWFHi*E(&7? &I7u%*[ ?
~ ;O¤wFHp4*# &7 A) ;=~ -O K.rt(Hn*#6C&@0t*,KR;=QHFH\'* 6W\@+R4 &{UCQh&7KRAHQLUb;=-,;O_ &4
W;r;OFH*\14Ug&1K.Q7;]-[_
+Y:<>@+Y>1?=\1-=-m*f&10j&1??#:]FW?=*,>1>@?=+.>7KY:e-9;=;=*[K.:f?=K.&1-D;O6)KY89:o*EIv:e;]K.*[-[{c;=FH:<&1*[QCM:<FW*[UH>J;wI1*/FW>1QH-m&1;6g*[6g*,*[Qi*,QhFW*,AW>J-DIv*EKR(+.MXTfAWAW-O*,:](iFbK.KRQWQb-9;=&1*,6)>789(*E_:e;#?=*,:<&7\1QHKR;OK.&1Qt_VkmFH*/IvK.*[{
oK.*[{m^a:<+Y>1-=-mT/&v(H*[+Y-
&1km6HFH89**,:e;9;E{
_&4o:]?]FC>J{>@K.?=UH-#KY:e&1;=0oAH}?=*,KR-\7AH&1?O0t*;OFW[?OW*,_.*#1XTV6g&7&@?O;=*#FG:[&16gT/*[+.T/&1QH&1\'Qi;=IL&K.*[> {m^a-O:<K.+YQH>1\1-=+.-O*y*,-
Iv&@KR*,0{;OFH:<*r+Y>1:]-=FW-#>1&@KR?E0o_ >';OFH?=*[*[^()K.T/*[QW-OK.&1QW>1+
YK}o:[Fv>@0 ;OM)+t*,-O&1Q|K.6):,c@-989;=^*EFH6W:e*;w>1-OUH6g*,?=*[(fKRK.QCQHT/:<\XK.&)UHKR()+RTX*E*[-+Y>1-
&@\10g:,*,>@(|UHQX_FvM)m6g-D*oQ'KY:[AW-*[-O)>1*,>1?O(V*mT/;=QHUH&r&1+RT/*;AWKY&)-w-D()*E\7*[(rKR+CI7;O;=*[FH&#Qi*nT/6C>@&v*,UH+R(HUg&*[{*,+W>1>1?={QV>1FHQW>7*[:<:e?=*w;O*nAC>1;O>@QWFH+H(/*UH6gFv&1*[6)M)FW89-O*E>JK.:,:eIv>@;wK.+)&1KY-D?-mM)&1;O-D0tFH;O*,*>@TiQyFLc7AW>16H:<T/;OA)AW>1;Qp>1K.+WQWFHUH-D*,;OFv>1*,M)>7?D-D;E( ^ _
>@>?=T/*m*,AW-O-OF#*,(V&@0vKRQX;=?O>1KY>@QWQH>@\7+.&1+R*E\7-MKY- ;O&r s -OwKRTfAH+.r >@;O*>7-|-O&1>T/6W*>1+RKR+.TX&v&1>1Qn\1*;O-& >@QW
H>1;+R27M)4 -OK.-u(H;]>@>1;=->m&gUg_ &1m K.Q7QX;]-*[H;]> >@&1T/*,UHQ+.0j*q?O&7KY-T \7KR>qI7;=*[*[QV+.*[6CUH*,FW+R&&1{#QH*c7{FC>@FHQW*[(v?=* ^
&;O@-O*,*<0;,+R*,>@_UHQb`aFHQ/&1&7;O6HQHFW89*m*,*FW:eTV;r>@QW&)&(W()I7-D*,*[*[+R?nK.;,QHc;O\#K.;=T/FH&1**y0C&1;=-DFH6)&i*89*E;=FH:eFW;=*,>KR>1;rI7?D*
;EKR;=c@KY--l;=FH;O0j&AW*QW&1&7:e6)6);=89;=KR*E&7>1:eKRQHQV;=KRKRQWI7>3\ *\7K.:[&v->@&v;=Qb(fgT/TV*X*,&)-OAH()FfQW*,+H()T/;=*,&)FH?=()-D*w;O*,&v:]+)FW&)&@>@(0WQW_X;=\1FH`aK.*wQHQb\#-D;O;=-DFH>FW;=*X>1K.:qT/UCT/*w&)>1*,()>7QW*,-D+R(fK.AWQH6C?O\'*,*,TVFW&@>J0q*,IvQL;OKR;=FW&7-,*? _
+Y>;D;=m*[?m;O;=*,*[?O?=TTx;=*[FWT/>;UHKYFC->1-D-O;OvK ?=[,&1*,QH-q\7;O+RFCM>?=;*[;O+Y>FW;O*r*E(r:]FW;=>@&nQH;O\7FH*3*mK.Qp;=*[?=&1T 6)89*E:e| ;w&z-OFW {>@zUg *#uK.z(-qp£ ;=&Xx 6C *#£%p(T/s KY&)- ()£%*,p+R*E (n_ xyu svpKx £$p{s _lkmFW*
&1km?=FHMp*mkm>@6HFHQW?=*,(KR*[?O*30d>@:[UHFW&UH>1I1+.-qKY*,:[?=6g>>1*[;=\1*[KR*&7QiQW\7\1-oKRI7&v>1*[&)?OQ(X*fFWUH?O*[KY?=?=:]&1*qF\7KY?O>1-l*EQW-O&1-('QW?O+RT/M#*E:<&10j*,&7?=Q7?*;=;O+R:<MXFH&7*T/K.QiUHUHAWUH+R?O*[FvUg'Mv&7-O;O-OKYFW*m:[-D>1&@^Q'6W0C>7K.;OQL-DFW;O*E*f?=(X&)&1()>@;OQWAWFH(B:<*,K.?nQH()\3>1*<?O0j;O&7*EFH>1?O*mTX-o;=>1:[&1&6HUHI1+RKY*n*,:m?OT/>@*E(BQW&)(f()K.Q *[T/+.KR;=&@QWFH;=\WKYKR-o_I>km;=;=*<KRFHvQW*<;,\ ^ _
;OFW*r-9;=AW()*[QL;;=&/(H&X&1A);]-DKY()*?O*E>1()K.QH\/K.Q;=FH*#?=>1UHKY()+RMB()*[I7*[+.&1UHK.QH\/+RKR;O*,?=>@;OAH?=*1_
]_^-` bO`a] Zfh
Zf
! j tjZ- dgj9k-fHlah
.
Pj , t . . Pj+1 , t
. Q
Q j,t
j-1, t
. .
. P j , t+1
Q
j+1 , t
P
.KUH}QL?=KR{m\7&AHIv>@K.?=?]()*X(*E_ [(yW;=_.UFH,2WKR*#\7 FL*[+Y; >1Yt -D*<;Om 0 KY; :3Q0j}H&1K.Q &7?]:<?=*E:[>@*,-;O-K.0j&1?=&7QW&1Q >1T!?O>/MQHUC*[0j&7&1K.\1KR?]QLFv:<;o*y6g&1&1&7?=0Q KRQW>X\f>'-D;OUgUg?=&1&1*<K.;]K.QLQ7:];=FH;V-*,&@(i>@0o?=?=*>'AH*<6H6CH6g>@:<*[+.*,+R?3*,&v()&16W*EQh>@(QW;=_ (B*[QW;=(W*[QW-r(p;=&;=&XT/T/&I1&*XI1*KR;V;OFC&7>A);o;9{mUg&1>@?]K.QL(; c
j-1, t
mK.k T/FH>1*y\1*
>7:e;O;O&K.{m&1Qb>@?]&@(0q>n;OFWT/*XKRQW?OKRAHTf6WAH6CT*,?r*,6WQH>@*[QC?=(b\1Mr:,-D>@;=Qb>@;O6C*1*y_ m -OK.T?OAWAH6H+Y>6C;=*,*,?(b6W6v>@QCM(r>@;=Q *[QWu%(H -~ ;O¤&#p/:< &7 Q7 ;=~ ?= >7rt:en ;;O{&FH?=KY*,:]Fh()AWTV:[*m&I7K;]*,--n-9K.;=Qh&1?=>1*,Q(
*[K.+RQW+.AW*[-D?=;O\1?]M1>c;O*E>-;;O+.FH*,KY>7--9;f:<&7AHQWQL:<;O*,K.U)+;,KR_l;fkmFWFH>7*w-#-OT/TX*<>@;+.+H{(HKR>@;OF?T&#-O?OAH*,UH\1UgK.&1&1QW?O-l;OK.>1QH?O\p*m0j>@&7QW?=>1:[*,+R&7- \1&7j;OAWFH-|*;=&
WQH&1\1AH*,? ?=
W- eQW_p\1*[}?]KR-,\7AH;O?=FH*'*w[:[W&1_.QLW;O\ ?]j>1?=:<KR\7;OK.FL&1; Q
&@?=AH06H;=6gFH*[*?m?=6WAH>@6HQC6g(y*[?n{6WK.+R>1+QWQH('&1;qKY-3FC-D>J;OI1&7*oUHUCK.tQ *E
W('QW6vK;=M*;=:[FHAH*,?=-OIJ*>@;O?=AH*[?=\7%* KR&7'vQW*,I1-,_*[QBm KQH0&1-9;O;=FH&1*,UH?nUg*,>7(B-DUg6v*,My:<;o>f&@-O0KRQW;=FH\1+.*/*3>@UgQW&1>1K.+RQL&7; \1M&1?mKY-{;=KRFW?=>* ;n;O;OFWFW**
?=:[AH>16HQh6g6C*[*y?6C()>@&7QWQH(/*y{()AHK.+R?=+gK.-DQHT/\ &v-D&@K.T;=FHAW+.M+.>@{;OK.&1?]>@Q|Uy_>@}?=K.&1\1AWAHQW?=(f*';O[FWC>@_R;\UC&7+R*[KRQL0 ; ;E_l-OFH?O&*,{wI1-*,Q7{;=KRFWQW>\n;r&7{q?&1UHAWAH+.QW(bK.-OFWFH>1K.QHUH\rUC*,FHQhK.\1KFy0w:[>pAH6W?OI>1>@+R+.;O&vAH&1?=Q *
{q:<&7*[AH?=+Y*X(B6H-O+RKR&Tf{AHQN+Y>AW;O*rUG>VKRQCIv-DK.KY?D();=*yAW>@&7+AH6W?r>1FW+R+.>1&vQW&1(hQi{6C*,K;=KRQWF \V
W6WQH+R\7&*[{?]Qp-#UgAHUp&7-OK.*,QW(N-DKY>1()-*#K-O0&1T/\7?=*>7-DKRUHTXK.QH>@\ \7*>'?O*,6C\1>@K.+.&1+ QW_ -qm &1QC?>@Ug+.&1&1\1K.QL&7;=AW-,-O_ +RM7ct{q*
-;OD*,;O?=?OAWKY}-D:e;OKR;=KY\7AH:[AH-?O?=*o:[*#>1*[[QpI1W*,6CQV_.W *#\3;OFH*,K.Q)&7+R+.AH0jAW&1\1-D?];OF/:<?]*E>;=(FH;=*,*3;=-&1(H>#U)>@^a:[;=()>#?O&KR;O{6gKY:[*[Q|>1K.QHcH+W\-O>1AW()
W:]I;
Fp>1TXQ7>1;]-w>J>@M-O\7T/6g*q*o&v&1&@0|6W;O>1>7FW:e()QH;=+.*,KRMrI7-=*w-[0j?]c):<>@Ug&7\1*[Q7T/?=;=K.&1*,TVQ7AH*[;=?];O*,-,*,(|?w_l;OFW+R%'K.*oT/&7:<K?O;]&7*,-[Q7&cC;=I1>@&1*[QWAH?E(B?c@&1KY;O-;OFWFH>#*#*,:[?UH&1?O:]T/&7FWUC>@UH*,?]+.?D*<>1;9;=:<M * ^
&@:[>10dQB6g*[6gK.QH*r\-OKR>#Tf-OAHKRT/+.>@;OUH*E+.(B*w:<6vAHM?=I1>/*7:[H_ &1*bT/*UHA)QH;=&*[{P?w\1>@K.+.I1\1*w&7?O>KR;O6HFW?=TiK.*<_ 0a- &7*<;=:]F/&10gFH&{Z;OFW*6C*,FW>JIvKR&7?&@0|>@QX>1:<;OK.I1*:<&7QL;O&1AW?
()>4(*
H
W)kuQH*E*V&i(G;O-OFHKR-DTf*[*X;AH-D+Y&@;O>?=0;OAW*f:e;=;OAHFWUg?=*V&1*fK.6gQL>@*[;=QCFC-f(>J>IL+.;r&)K.&1:[;=?n>KRT/;=&@KR0q&7*Q >@eQhc&@0
*E>1>1;O:e:]FH;=FhKR*XI7*f+.:[&v&1:[:,QL&1>;OQL;=&7*,;OAH&7(N?,AH_f>?;
&16)&7QW89
*E -O#:eK.();,>@c*,QW?o{q(h;=7* FH*E
W>1*X:]?=-DFG-DK.;T/:<QHK.UH?]*[+.:<*E*/AH(+Y:,>@>B>1?=-O+RT/*M*[{?OT/*,FH+.&1*,>@?O?=;O*VM *E(b{q-9;];O*f>&';=FW*;9>J{qI7;=&&*
;OQH>V&r*,QHKR>n\7*[FL{ UH6gAW&1Ug+R+.?]&7KR-QW-OK\
;=KR 0j&7&1Q?]:<
*m>@0j ?=QW&1( T
_;=}FH K.*m\1 AH;9e{
_l?=*/&#`aQ/[QWW;O*[FH_.K.,\1*n2 Fv:[j6C+.>1*<&7-O0 ?=*; -,&@cJK.0|;O+.FW+R>#AW*-DIv;O?OK.?]*E?D>-D;=AH;=AW*,+R>@;-q+C&@;=?OFH0dAWK.{6H-,6C_FH*,KY*b:]?F/*#6W{>1AWQWKR-O+.(AW+WcL>@>1*,+.:,+R>7:<Mi:]*,FV+R:<*,&7?=UgQW>@&1-D;OK.KY*
QL();
;O*,FH?q{*w*EK.+R>1Ug+C:]&16CFiK.QL*nUC; -D&7AWKR6)QL
89;|*,;=;=:<&& ;
_
! (H>@;=>VUg&1K.Q7;]->;;=KRT/* 'H*E>1:]F
FW>7-mI1*[+.&):<KR;9M#"
>1QW(i>1:[:[*[+.*[?]>;=KR&7Q#$
e_
% &'! (H>@;=>nUC&7KRQL;]->;l;OK.T/* p$'1*,>7:]F
FC>1-lI1*,+R&):[K;9M" >1QW(V>1:[:[*[+.*[?]>;=KR&7Q$
_ D
2W_3
&1T/UHA);=*nI7*[+.&):<KR;9M#"
+"
,$
( D
C_3
&1T/UHA);=*nQW*[{ UC&L-DKR;OK.&1Q
-" .( `D
/#01
2 3
45!O)KRQH\7+R*#AWUg(H>@;O*r-D;=>1\1*30j&1?w>@Q'>7:e;OK.I1*#:[&1QL;O&7AH?,_
KYkm()-r*[FH;OUgKY*[-f&7?=-=T/-O-DFHK.KR6H&7QW+.AH**X+.(N>';OFW-O\1>@@A &v;?y&);=(h:<FH**B+.*[;OQH-O&bUH\1?=;O-DKRFAK.QHT\ 7wAH+Y_'-O>M);=`-9*y0;=*[{q&1T AW*?f:<>@&7?=?=AHAH*y6H+.(GT/6g*[&)&7?f()-=:<*[6WK.+.+R>@K.+YQHQW>\;=(|*X_ >SKRQWm &v(HQH{* (W&
W>@{QHT/QhKR;OUH*,&1K.+RQH6HM7\ 89_ *,:e0jm &7;E?=c?=:[-D*[*AWTX:]-DFG>1FWKR&1QH>7AHK.-#QH+Y(h\';]>@6CUH+&L*p?=K.&1QH>16W\'(W+R*,()+.T *,KRUC(h-[KYcl-#KR0o{q;=KR&*;
>
C
f - f"ED #FD - jGDo l j
v6Tm My+RAW;OQH#FWK&1>1;9AHM7-=\7_-[c¢Fy% * ;OAWFWKR:];*nF/&vQWKR&@Qp&@0g;O>@;OK.&1FHQCQB*w(y()&@kt0uKY*,-=>1?:<[,QBAW&1-=>7Ug-DK.:e&1&1;OAHQ/K.I1+.&7>@*n-q6g:<&-O&7*[I1Q7*[*q;=T/&1{mAH*E>1(/?q-lFW;OT/&V>7(y&@KR;=\76gKRQHI*[KR>;O*[;=*3Qi*,(V;OAWFH-O6v**,Mr(K.Q7;=UH;=FH*[?O*[?=*,K.*,?Iv-DKRIv;
&7KRAW&1*,{Z-D0|+.;OM/&1FH06v*#MX :[-D&1&@QWT/;O>%FW&1UH*[*EA)?]-O-[;=Wcv*[cJ?q>>7IL-WKYV ;O-OFHKR&7¢*,QBMUW:<{q>1&7UC*[TV*,?=*?^
) w
¢R ¡ 2W
T;O:[FC>1AW+R>+.T;*,(|;O*[_l&1QH;=}*,>@KR?O+l;D\7;=*,M3KRQHQH6g*[\y?=&1\1>/AHM'QC-O(HQWKY->@>?=&7>iM#*o-O-D;=AHAH&VT 6H(W89*,>&1:e;=0;>V;O;OFW{m&?O>1-O*,-m&1*VT/():[*(&1*
WT/FWQH>1UC*,?=(i&7(QH>1:<*[-&1QLQC;]>1-(QB-9';=?=&79>1U)KR;OQLK.;=T/-, _ Kv~ [Ep(m >n;=-t KR&7AWuwsZQ-O*< UH0j AW?= +7&1~ 0j6H &7+.rt?O*[TfnyTAHp{;O+Y>FWp{;O>@nK.q!;&1& Q-O&1:]K.AWFC-u\1>@;OFL&n?]>1;m:<:e&7>V;=QW*[T/?=-DvKKYK.[,()QH*,*,K( ?^
;O0j6v&1FWMV?]*o:<;O*E:<FH-[&7*n_Q7-9;=
;=&1?O&7AH*[QW?;=-9:]
H;=FH?=;=K.>1-QHKR\;OQL&#;]>1-q;=QWFH>1(/*w?O*n6CK.TX*,AWQW-O>@()*,\1(BK.*QH;O\K.QL&X&1;O>1*,0UHQW;OUH-DFHKR+.*n;9MyMV:<KR&7&1QHQ7?0j;=&1\7&1?=?=AHT/>7?
()>@KKR;O;]*,K.-D&1QL*,QB;,+c709c0j>1?OQW&7\ (Tx >@2xyQi u(pTq¢K.Q7¥ p;=~ p(*[p(n?] >1p(:<uwn;Oq!s_K.&I1p(*n;OFWp(AWn>@-Dq ;q*,& ?:]()FW&1AW>1?w*?=>V>7;O:e&FH;OK.*,:[\1?O&1FHK QW[[*,*E-D?;O-?]+RFH>@*,I1&K.QL*,{ ; +
UH?=&):<*,-=-,_
?0j=&1*,+.>@+.+l&m {wI>@-[:<?=_&1KYQL>@;=6H&1+.*AH?nUW_X>@km?]>@FHT/*/*[UH;O?=*[&1?=6HK[[+.*,*[(pT 6vK.M -n;=&2
CQW ( ;OlFHKY*/- 0j AHQC:e ;OK.&1Q ;OFC > ;rT/ KRQW KRc|T/{K[[FH*,KY-n:]F;=FHKY*X-
89*[AWQW-D*[;#?=\1>yM 0jAH()QW*(
W:<;OQHK.*,&1(hQb>7&@-0
J 5
9[C_ 2
D D 2
A A A
! ! 9[C_
% %
S D
I;OFW>@*[?=K.K.>1?oQW+.*[:<QH*#\1K.;OQpFW;O-,FW_q*km+.FW*[*QH\1-D;O*EFW:<-o&7QW&@(i0-DUWTX>@?O>1;w+R+UH:<AH&1QHQLKY;=-O&1FHAH*,?w-3-O:<*[AH\7?=TVI>*,;OQLAW;=?O- *7' R
+
& q
{ [
* o
? [
* H
Q ,
* O
? 7
\ y
M /
T
,
* @
> C
Q o
- -OT/>1+R+uI>@?=K.>1QW:<*#K.Q
A
wood strip
(spline)
cross sections
strongback
})KR\7TVAH&v?=&1*P;OF',W-D_.UW[+RCK.QH *rm :<&7AH{
?O&v;O&)*,-O(MX-D&@;O0 ?=K.*Us,.- >@;D ;]>1:]FH*E( ;=& :<?=&7-=-'-D*E:e;OK.&1QC-pT/>%&1*E-'> +.&{ *[QW*[?=\1M)Z:[&1QL;O&7AH?E_
;O;OFW?=KYK.>@-QHQH\7&1+R*E?=TX-[_u>@`a+Qf_H;=* FHKYFH-*,TXQy>@>@QHQ/QHK.*,Q ?,c1>;O;=FHKR*wQW\#-OUH;OFH?=*,K.>1?OQH*w\1:,+.>@*QV6gKR*,Q :<&7>T/;=*m*,-;O&+Y>@;O?=FW\1**7c*[;O+.FH&1QH*3\L>@>+.\1;O*E&1(f?=KR-O;OFWFHT>1UC*-DAH&16d0C();=K.FHIv*wK.()(H*E>-;]KR>#;>1K.Q7-;=-O&FH0j&&1{AHQ ?
;OK.-OQGFWMv-D*y}u;O*,&1K.Tp\16)AW89_ *E?O*':e`a;fTX,-OW>@AH_.\1?O0¡K.>1QH:[*p6 *Xe;=c AWFH: -D* eK.QH_'()\ K km?X>pFH:[*y?]AH>@+R27;9QHM4x\7*y&@(H0 -O>@:,;=>@>'-OQH*[QWUg{*[&1K.?EQHK.QLct\b;=*,-r>7;O&7:]{qFh\1*[*[?=?O;O*/K.FH\1*,&1KY?=()6)+.;]M >@;OK.FW;OQH?]**,>@(bQC-D*,-90j0jI1?=&7&1*,?O?=T T/>1+m*,-O((H*[I1K;=d*,& *[?=?=>1>'*[+QL\1();+.KR&1g-O6W*,AH>1?O?D*,+0>7Q7:<:<;f&v*p&1IL?]T/K.*[(){w*,K.QW-O-rFH>*,;=&@*- 0
;O?=FC*<;=>>1;nKRQC:[-&1AH;OFW+Y(p*nFW:[&1>J?=I7?O*#*E:e6C;*,*[;O&7Q UC&7&76)+R&7;=\1>1M/KRQH>@*E('QW(K.QW>@()UH*[UHUg?=*[&JQC)()KRTX*[QL>@;O;O+.*MiAH0j?OQH&7KR0jTx&1?=T/;=FHK*f;9M/(H&1Kd0*[;O?=?=*[K.QL>1QH;o\1Iv+.K.*,*[-
{w>1-,-_oKR;km()FH*<*r0j&76W?O>1TX+R+.&v-&1;=Q'&
HT/;q&);O()FW*[* +
(H>@;=>H_u`;tKY-u()K ?y:<AH+R;t;=&o-D;=>@?O;t{KR;OF89AC-9;l>w-D*[;t&@0v;=FH*
274 Ug&1K.QL;=-t>1QW(6HAHK.+Y(#AHU>\7&v&v(-OAH?O0>1:<*TV&)()*,+ _
]_^-` bO`b jRi-f D f t
dgj9k-fl#! dgjaj
T0j/>1?=:<&1&);OT!*,()?O*[KY+;=-9c>@;=;OK.\7:,FW\1-m*m*E&@(p-D0;O?=T/;OAWFH>1:<*\1;OAHQHT/?=*[*
>@;OKY;O{:#*,?OK.?=+.KY*,+v>@-O(H+&1*<6gQW0j*[&1>1K.?=QWQHTp:<\y*_T/K.}T/&)K.\1()>1AH\1*[+.?=*,*,*n?O(|M7[_Z_mW* km_.)FWXoFH*f*,-DFHQp-O&*[0jQW{w&1-O?]-u&1:<;9?o*,{q-:,&3>@>1Qp-D?O;=*#>@;]>1>@;O*,UH\-UH:[&1+.*[KR0g*E?O(>3;=>@6C;=K.Q'&X*E>IUW;O>@>1K.QH?=?DKR\n;]&7-wAWFH&@-m*,0>1UC?D+.&7KR;IvKR:<QLK.QH&7;]T/\X-&@UH;=K.0lA)-=;O;O-DFWAW*E( **
T/6g-O&y*V&);O()ACFC*[-D>+
*E;('?O*E;O;OFH>@&p+*,M'AHUHQCFvTX()M)>J*[-DKYMi?]:[-9-;]6g>@*X>@QWQW(-D(b*,QWFHFH-O&*E*,{>@('?O;=;#K.FHQ0j*fAHT/QWFW&1:e*,;O;=>@K.KR?O&1&7;QQ|K._p-nK.Qkm0jAH27FHQC4*y:e_;OT/K.km&1&@QWFH;=KR*VKRQH&7\CFHQb_*E&1>@km0
?O;nFH;=*XFHT/*y()&)*[Ug()0j&1*[&1+K.?=QLT/
H;=;n-#>@;O;O&1K.&B0q&1Q;O;=FWFH&@*/y* 0
(W
H>>;O;O;O;=*E*[>(h;O?]K.-n>@TVFHT/&)*E()()*,>1*,?=>1+QL+u;3:[*,>1;=+Q& ^
*[T/*,Q7;&10C;=FH*T/&)()*[+HKY-l?=*[+Y>;O*E(r;=&;OFH*m0j&7?=:[*,-l&7QVKR;>@QC(r;=FH*w-9;=KdQH*E-O-&10C;=FH*m;OKY-=-DAH*m;=FW>;KR;T/&)()*[+Y-[_
+-,/. , H6 :
7BSLI L{: B
ICE6 9 J3JQ L
@ G
00
@
2 @ 3
1 0 B @
#
1 0
#3 2,@
3
}:[>1KR\7QpAH;=?=>1*#\[W+.KRIv_.)K.XWQHt\X%';OKY&1-=-D;OAHK.&1*VQV>@&@QW0d(';9{
-O*[&QC6g-D*f*,>@K;O;]K.-oQH\#T/FH&@*,;=KR>1&7?DQ';]-KRQ>1-21:[4f&1T/_gkmUHA)FH;=*f*,FH(V*,0j>1?=?D&1;3TTV;=&)>@()\7*,\1+*E(f
W;o% ;OUw&`;OFH(H*V>@;=(H>W>_;]km>yFHKY-w*wT/-O*[*,QC>1-DQL&7;?
;O;9{q&p&VT/FW&)*,()>@*[?O+;=-,?=_*,>1+
UH&7FvAHM)?D;=-D*,KY:[-O-My>@&@QC0 (1K.FHQW*E>1>@Fi?O;>10jAH?QW&y:e>1;=QWKR&7(pQ|_X4oK.kmT/FHK*/;=?OT/KY-w&@%';OK.*[&1;=Qb>HI1>7*E-[:e_;= &1?]-3-OFH&{Qh>@?=*V()KRd*[?=*[QL;0j&1?;OFW*
) w
¢R ¡2¡
&16H89*,:e;?=*,:[&1\1QWK;=KR&7QBUH?=&16W+R*,Ti_kmFH*E-D*K.QW:<+.AW()*
'
2
& 1
1
B 1 ! !N`aQi:,>1-O*3{q*{q>1Q7;q;O&/*,QH\1K.QH*[*,?>
6C&@-D&70o*r+RA);=-OFH;=KRT/KR*[&7TpUHQ +._ *1;=_&p}3}W>1QZ&1Q?;OK.*[FHT/)*p>1T/T/&@*,;=()UHFHKY+R*[>*7?X;=c)*X{
FC>@UH*#QW?=TX>7(:ec
>J;=MyK.&1:,AHFC>@?X+l>JI1UHK.QL*3?=;O&1;O*,6H&X?O+.*E*[\1-9Tp?];/>@cTX6i&1>J>/AWMG?#-9;=6CUH*[*p?O*[&7+uK.6H:<QS+.Mv*[+RAHT K.QWQW()()TX*,*,?m>J?=-DM 0j;=?O>16g&7QWT!*/()-OK.>3QHUg\*,89AH:<FvKvTf
CAH:/6HTX+R*,*#>1QHQZ&1&10AH&7TX\76)F 89>1*,QL;=:<M& ;
?O{*EK:<;=&1Fi\7TfQHKRAH;OK.+R&1;OKRQ|0>@_b?=KRkm&7AWFHK.-m-VUWK.-OT/Mv:]UHFW+RK.&1*,+.-/&1\1()KY*,:[I1>1*,+g+R(W&7UH>;=T/>wv*[QL>f;fT&1AW0o:]>FiI7T/*[&1?=M?=*#\7()*[K QH?y*,:[?=>1AH++;3;=UHFH?O*[&7&76H?OMb+.*[Tp{FH_ KY:]F KY-V:[&1QW-OKY-9;=*[QL;
# 2
& 0 @
0
:3A
b%>@QvA)0>1:<;OAH?=*,(&16)89*E:e;]-
0j>@ &1?=>?#*;=AWTXAH-O?]>@AW>@Qv>@+M +.&1+RM#6)TX89T/*E>@:eQH&7;=^?O-TX*
>1?O>1?O*,(H*/\1*VAH:<+Y&7?=>@*,6)?t>@89;O;O*,FW*,:<( >1;=-,Q6Lc|QWM'TX>@UW>;OAH&v?O&)?]K.QH>@:<\'+L*E-O&1-O-DQH*,*,*E-I1-[*[_j?]\7>@%'*[ + &7&1&v+R?=&7QH*[\1&&KY{I7:[>@*[Qb?E+cdc<TX;=6HFH>K.&1*[;=+.?=:]&1*qFW\1KR>1KYQH:[?O\p*
>1+ ?OUWcgK.>1\1*<?=;]KY(#>7:@()_ KYh:<K.\1&7{TXQHFHK.-:KY:]UH>@FUH?=&@UHUH;O+.?=&1KY&):[;9>@()Mv6WAWUC+R:[*E*7*- _
QWT/>p>>1\1;=Qv?=AH*,A)?=>>10>1;r+C:<&7();O6)AH*E89>@?=*,*,+
:<('&@;=-q0m&76)TXIJ>189>J*,?OM/:<K.*<;=;96C-nM*n>@;O?=+R*EFW*r-O>@-m0j;&7:[AHTX&1QWQL>J(;OM?]_#>@6g}HK.QH*&7*,?3()(*[K ?yH>@QW>@:<T/(AH+RUH+R;*E+.-O*1;=-qcg&'UH;OTVFH?=*,*V&)()()UHKY:e*,?=;]+ &1>@_'6H6H+.}W*[+.*wT5AH?D;=;=FW&1FH>@0*[QB?=&1T/6);OFW89&1*E*n?=:e*1:[;nct&1?OQL;O*EFH;O:<*[*&1L\7:[;mQH&1K.KRQLQ;O;OK.&1*[{vQ'FH;rKY0j:]&7&@F ?0
;O>@FHA)*q;=&1UHQH?=&7&1TV6H+.&7*[AWTs-&@QW0C>J?OIv*EKR:<\L&1>\7;=KRQH&7K Qf[[K.QHK.Q/\o&1>@A)QC;](()&v()&1*[;O?*[*[?=QvT/IvKRK.QW?O&7KRQHQH\3T/;O*[FWQL*
;=Ug-&7-O*[-O**,T/&10W-&1;O6)΀g*E:e*w;]T-t0jAW&7:]?tF/0>7T/:e;=&1&1?=?=*M()>1K ?XA);O:[&7AHTX+R;>;O;OFWK.&1>1QtQ _
UH/U?O*,
&1:[ 89*[*,QL
:<;O2;=+.-nM1)cCFW?O>J*EI1-D*/*E >@() ?]*E:]>@FH+R*[; ?]-m&7
QH FW+.>JM'!I1 *{K;=;=AHFb?= QH0Ug*,&1(i2 +.Mv;=FH& *,{q
(H>1?=0
?=>W (ic {AW -OFH*r K. :]&@Fb
0TXL AW > >7&7()*,
?=-nK. :#T/
-O&vAH(H?O
0*[ >1 +.KR:<
QH*E3\p-[cChUW{>1% FH?D;=KY>1:]K.:[F'QvAHMX+YK>@;n?O?=*EK.+R-3:<M &1:<-O\7+YKR>@QHT/K.KRTV;OUHK.&1+.*E*1(Q _
TV{:[>@K&)Qh;=()FiT/*,-O+RK.&1&)QHT/()\i*[* +m>@
HQW>@;D(p6g;=&1KR;=QHAHFH\X; *f&17¡-O0u*[UWQC >1-D*E?=&1( >10mT/(HTX*<>;O>1;]*,>QL?=AH-,>10_?O>1*r`:e;m;=?=AHKY*,-m?=>7*,QH()(b&1K.+R;M'&16):[()+R89*E*E*E>@-O:e?m:[;]?O-[FHK._ 6C&*E{ km('FH6g6v**,Mi-DT/;;O>@FH;O&V89*V&1T/?-O>1&):[TV&1()Qv*f*[I1+tUH*,-=?=QH:<KRAWK.T/*[+RQWU)KR;O:[;=K.*X*,I1(*,K.-,cv-rcg0j?=;OUCFW*[&L*[>@-O^ ;0j-O&7KR;O6W?OFWT+RM *
;O&1{AH6)FH?=89K.6H*E:]:eK.FpQB;=-f>@6H?=*[+Y*>1I7(H*[QHQG*1&@cH;{&7*E?qFW>1*[KY-O:<QGKR+.*,M6C;=*,FH-O?O*[*[\C\1MGc)T/TX>1*,?OQ7>J*B;=My*,?O(BFWK.\1>JKYKRI1(NQL*;=&/&7TX6)-O89>@K.*,TVQv:<MUW;=-,+R(H*#_ KdUHm *[?=?=K.TV*[-=QL:<KRAH;w;OK.+.-DI1U)T/*E;=-[*,&v_(G&@;=&7FH6)+.My89*,:<6H;,+.*[cQW-O()AWK.:]QHF \y>7-O-fAH?O>b0>1-O:<UC*n&70j?D*E;]>-f;OAW:,?O>@*E?E- c
'
2
2
2
3A )&1T/*r&16H89*,:e;3?O*E:<&1\7QHKR;OK.&1Q
T;9/-OML:]FH>JUWMf*,K.:,T/QH>@*,&@+.+R-q;
My>16CFC-=*3>@-DAH?]UC()T/&L*[-O*3?-OKR;O6g6WFW*,+R*>@:,;>@;=AW&r&1-O6)*[*#89QW*E&1\1:e6)K.;=QH89-q*E*[;=:e*,&f;?KR0j6gQy*E*>;O;O?OFHAW*E*?O:<*E&7;]-\1>1QH- {&VKKR[[+.(H*E+|(y&16gTX*r>@?=>@6g*3K.Q|&@UW;O_l?OF'%'*E-DTX*,AHQ7>7+R;O;=a- K.*,&7UH(*,+R*3(iKRQi&1>@6)QWK.-O89(i&1*E:e+YK.>;Q7;=;=*,KR*[&7Qv?=Q|ILT/_lK.?=Kkm&1)QH*,FHT/(|K.-m_q*[TXQLzn;]>J+.-&1MX>@6W&7?=>1*? +
0j>1*,:<>AH;=;OAH*?=*#KRQpTVTf*[AH;OFH+;=&)KRUW(H-o+R*#{
&7&76)?89&*,:<{
;m*,*,+RQv+|IL&7K.QH?=&1+.MyQHT/0j&1*[?3QL-D;]K.-[QH_ \1+.*#&16H89*,:e;]-[_qkmFH*-O*[\7TV*,QL;=>;=KR&7QBUW?O&76H+R*,T :,>@Qp6g*
2 @ 2 1 0
2
B 1 *b*T/K.\1FL;3QW*[*,(';O&?=*,:[&1\7QHvK [,*r>@Q &76)89*,:<;o0j&7?
KR()QW*<-O;]Ug>@*,K.+.:e-;=KR&1&70mQ|>@cH;\7?=+.>7*,>7-DUH-9;#K.QHUW\C>1c)?D&1;r?&1&106H;=89FH*,:e*X;o&1>J6)I789&1*EKY:e(H; >@vQCTV:<*1&)_()}W*,&1+RK.?wQHK.\'QW-O>@UCQC*E(:e;OT/K.&1*,Qt>7cH-D{
AW?O*#*,TV{q&1*,AWQL;+.(iUW+.?O&L*E$& :<&KY-DK.>&1;Qb;=FHT*rAW-O-DT/;r>16g+R* +
\1-D&7&vTV&)(*_w?Ozn&7AH?=\1>7FG-DUH\7K.QH*[\y&7TV>1Q'*[;O&1?=K.6):,89>@*E+ :e;w&LQWFW&>7{-o+R()*E()KRg\1*,*7?Oc*,QL6W;oA);V?O*EKRL;/AHTKR?=*[AWT/-D;/*,Q7>1;]+.-O-[&_ :[&1&@QW;o-OK.&7(HQH*[+R?Mp6C()>@&v+Y*,>@-wQW:[;OFH*B*>@;=QC>7( a- &B-D;O?O?=*E*[7QHAW\1KR;O?=F *
K&@>@;]0tQW-
(/;=UCFW>1>>:,;O;wFB:<*E&7T-O6)-O89AWKR*,6W-D:<KR;;,+.K_ 6C;9Mf*&@>J0dI1;O&7FWK.(H*o*,&1(X6HTf89*,AW:e;-9;mK.QX&1QW;=FH+RMX*wFW{q>J&1I7?T*3&v>f-OUW?O>7&7:<AH*1\1_ Fm K.()?=*E&1>6g&@&1;0|?=;O*,FW:<*&7\1-OKQH[[K*1[[c)K.QH-OFW\n>@;OUgFC*1>cH;
>1>1QWQX(y&1+.6)&)89:[*E>@:e;O;K.&1K.QQ
0jKR'TX?O &7>@T \72*,&1-
QH>1+.M-
&7KRQHQHUW*m A)*[;,M7 _ *1@\1_l
4 % 0j>@*EQvE>M;=AH ?=?O*,
*E-O-
*,4 >10j ?O?=&7:]T FW*[@?];=
-tFH*nFWh>J&1I7w6)*q89AH*E(HTX:e*,;m-O>1KRQWKR\7TX-QH>@*,:[\7(/>1*3Q-O>1Mv&7?O-DUC*3;O*,*,?=?OTX*,>@+.;O->@*;O;OL*,FW(XAH>@;K;O;=&f*mAW-O{
>V**,21&1+R4+)QH{+.7M T/KR;O\@&)FV4 ();O*[FWKR+dQL*Iv;O*,KRK.TX>QW-O>@;OKFW\7;9M **
IL>1-mK.*[{q{P*[;=+.?=+|>1>1QW-q-9;O0j&7FW?O*#TX&1>@6);O89K.*E&1:eQ ;w'@KYAC()-D*[AWQL>1;O+RKR+.;9MfM1_
;OFH% *3>T/;]:]>@FH;=KR:]QWFH\VK.QHKY\#-m&@UH0?=;=&)*[:<Qp*E-O*,->7FC-DK.>1*[-?;=KR0&21()4 KY-O:[(H&>@I1;=*,>V?lKY;O-wFHKY()-K.?O;=*E?=:e>1;OQW+.M-D0j&1>J?=IT/>@K.>@+Y>@;OK.6H&1+.Q *
¡ 2$X
!#"$"%"
MP4
DP4
K.QiTX>@;=:]FHK.QH\
;O>@K.6gQH&\7}HI1AH*E*3K.>-OUHFH;=?=AH*E&v(G?O:[*/*,Ug*[()&1LAWK.;=Q7?O?=*;]>7-[:e-DcFW;=KR-O&1&7AWAHQb:]+YFP(yKY-r{q>1>1-V&1Qb?T:<&/&1K.T/?={
QHUC*,*,+R&7?=+?D-#_;]`>@Ug0QL&1-O;rK.AHQLKY?O;=-O0-,-O>1cAH:<*XUg*E-
*,FH>>1*,&)?O?O-,**7c_-O>@TV`QW0q&v( &1;OFH;OUHFB*KR;=>1-,:[c+.QW>7(i:[-O>1-()QG&1K.-D06C;OK.*i&1QH6)\7*,89AH>7*EK.-D:e-OK.;=FH+.-rM*E(yK.0j-r&7UgAH-O&1AWQWK.:](Q7Fb;]c-;O;OFC>@FH?=>*,*3QG;?]();O>@KYFW?=-9**^
&1w?n*,6CQH*,&7?DQH;#*<)>KY;r-9;]q>@%QL;,cd;=FHFW*[>JQhI1*>(H6g*[I1*<;O*,;O+R&7*,?nUC*ET/( *[>y;OFHI7&)*[(?=MB0j&1?=K? &16W
WAWQW-9();nK.QHT/\p*<:<;O&7FW?O&v?=( *,-O0jUC&1&7?nQW*<()H*,>1QW:<:<;O*E+.Mi-oKY;O-nFHKYQH-o*[*EUW()?O&7*,(6H+R_ *,Tp1&7_nFHkmQW-OFH&1*,QKR?>121QW4 (
()*E-O:[?OK.U);OK.&1Qtc)6C*E:[>@AC-D*n;OFW*[MB>1?O*#>1T6HK.\1AH&7AW-,_
T/-OvK [,*,*y-Om F|&@_ 0mz ;OFW>7 *:]F I1xy&7-DUW+Ru(AWq¢KRQ'TVp K.*XKYTX-r&1>@/> 0w\1:<&v*&1KRQW{QL();=KR+.?O^+uK.&16HFC0
A)>JFH;=I1KYKR*r-9QH;=\&1>y\7UC-O?=*<&7>1;oKRT5QL&1;=0-f;OFW ()>@ *[;# Ug~ :,*[n>@QC Qb(Hr -~6C&7*y#Qhq :[&1;9{
T/ & UH A)~ -Oz ;=UH*,K.AW(hQ)-O^*,KR>(pTX;r>@K.>pQ \7*X-OKR*[;=UW-3+.*,>@:<:e?]&1;=>@*,QCT/(-9;=*[I1?O;OAW*,*[?D:<?];=;O-,*<K. &1 Q|'c&@_w0qkm;O;OFWFWFW***
TX6g*<>;9){qK.*[T*[AHQyT;OFH()*3KY-9QH;]&1>@?=QWTX:[*>@+W0j?=&1&10T;OFH>3*n:<:<&1&7QLQ7;=;=?O?OK.K.6H6HA)A);=;=KRKRQHQW\3\UCUg&7&1KRQLK.Q7;u;m;O&3>@QW;O(VFH*m;=FH-D*,*n+R*EQH:e&1;=?=*,TX(#>@I7+W*[&1?O;O0d*<;OFHc*n>@I1QC*,( ?D;=$r*<cJ;=_ FHm *m>@-DQHUW\7KRQy+R*K.TX>1+R+.>@&\7{q*w*,K.( -
:< &7QW;OFW-D;O>@?=;wAW:eFW;=>J*,I1( *n>16C6C*,&7*[A)Q ;-O>B*[+.*,-D:<Ug;O*,*,:[(BK
C6W*,>7( -D*E&7(?OK.*[&7QLQp;=*,-OUg(p*,Ug:<vK&1
WK.Q7*E(B; X-OUH{K.Q)KR;O^K.FTX?O>@*E\7-D*nUg*,UC:<>@;o?]>@;O&pT/*<>;=*[-O*<?]-;$&@0>1:[QW&1(QL;O'_?=K.6HA)m ;OK.Q'QH\B>1?OUC?]>J&7M/KRQL&@;=- 0
UgI1>1*,:,&1?D:<K.;=Q7AH*<;Tf AHv+YcH>;O>@ &7QC?=c@(X- K;];O-lFW() *K.-D>7;=:[>1:[3QWAH:<?OT*q*,AHUHUW+Y?O>1>*E?=;=-D>1&1*,TV?qQL;=6H*[-o;OK.QB*,;O?=FH:<- *X&7p?O-O?=UH>@*,KRQW-OQUg( &1KRi>TXQW()1>1K.?O\1QH*q*/\:<>@&1;OQW&fT/(;OUHFHK.AH-KY;O- *,K.QHN(fKR;O{>@KY>@QWKR;O+.( +RFM K?=-O*,*<Y-O-q;UgKR*,;OQW:e&/:[;?O[[;O*,*,&3T/?O;O&C*[FW_rQL*m;Okm*E-O(*[FH+._*[*,Q:< ;O0j&@*E&1(r;=?*nT/*E;O>1FW*,:]-O>@FF ;
L S
S
α α
α α
α α
/TTX &)>;=()
KR4*[&7+g QK.-0j?O/ ;O&7FH0T ?=1 *[T/*[ ^3&)(H()KRT/*, +1*[UgQC&1-DK.K.Q7&1m QW;]+.-|>1KR\7;=+ QHc7&oT/6H(HA)>@*[;qQL;=>;l;OFHUg:,*n>@&1Q(HK.QL>>1;=;]+.-u>r-OK.&o-t:<6g&7TVT/*m&7>@*,?OUH-*
UH0j:<?=+.&1K.&1*,T/T(UH;=>+.& *<\1\14_u4w`a^aQrK.21TX4Z>1>@(H\1TX()*7KR>_u;OK.;=`a&1:]Q/QrFWKR;=;OQHFH&\nKY-
;=K.FHQ:,*
>1{-O27*1FH4 c7KY:];O?=F#FH&@*o;];O>FW;O;O*
?]K.>@&1&7QWQ#6)-D89>10j*,&1QW:<?O( ;^
*,*[21+.-D4 +.;OKRK.UWTX;O-O?]*V>@>QW;=;O*,-O&p(B+.>@210j;O4?OK.&1&7Q|Tx:[c1KR?];O>/:<FH+.-D*,*f*[?O;UW*+R&@KYAW-0l->UC-O&7UgKRQWKR*[QL\1?];w+.-D*fUg:<*,&7Ug:<?O&1;O?=K.K.*,QLI1-O;#*UC&7UH:[QW&1?=&@?=()?O89*,*E*EQW-D:e:<Ug;=*EKR&1&7-[QCQ/c)()>/:[*[&1QW-DT/*[:[;*1Ugcd&@&10l&1QH?#+R*,K.QHQ7:[&1*r;E_T-Okm*[6W\1FWKRQWT/*>@*,0j;OQ7AHK.&1;w+.+HQW:[;O-3&1?]?=>@&@?OQC0m*E-9-D>@0jUg+.&7+&1?OTX;OQWFH(H>?=*[;=*[QWKR*V&7:[QV*,;9Mv-,:,cLUC>@>y*EQ/-n\@6g&@4 * 0
0j*[*,KR;O>@FW;OAH*[?q?=*,6H-,+R_uK.QWkm()FW+.MXK.-l&1\7?
KRI7;O*,FW-u?O&7AWAH-\1>oFyI7?=*[*[?=+YM>;=UCKR&&7{qQW>@*[+C?O0jTXAH+L>;O;=&v:]FW&1+LKRQH0j&7\ ?TX-O*[>@*3;=6C:]FH*,+RK.&QH{ \W_
>@QW&1(?=?O*EAW-D-DUg*E&1(/QC;O()&/*[QW()*[:[;O*,*[-?=>@T/?=*KRQWFv*3Mv>rUC&1Ug;O&@FH;=*E*[-DQLK ;O[[KY*E>@( +
;O0j*,?]>@>@;OQCAH-9?=0j&7*,-,?OTX_w>;=*,KR?O&7*nQ|>_ukmQH*,FW{ *m;OUH?]?=>@&1QW6H-D+.0j*[&1T?=TX:[>&1;OT/K.&1*,Qf-
K.AH-U>@UH;OFWUH+.>@K.;m*,(f()KY;O(B&QH;=FH&@*w;>@21UH4 UgT/*,>1&)?
()K.*,/Q +H\10j*,4w>@^;O\@AH4 ?=*,-&7?q;=UH4w?=^a&v21(H4 AW:<>@*!+.KR\7\1QH4 T/(H*[>QL;];,> _
`a-OQZAH?D0>1>7Qv:<M *E-\1;O4 FC>UC;n*,(H?=-O&yUCQH*E:e&@;=;3KRI70*B>1:[Iv*rK.*[;O{FW*f&@:[0n>1T/>*[21?]4 >X>@&7QW6)( 89*,>1:<;,?O*c-O&v&1:,T/:<+.*AW()&1*E0w(p;OFW6LMp*;=&1?=;O>1FHQW*,-9?30j&7-OAH?OT/?D0*E>7(h:<*E0j-*,;O>@FC;OAH>;n?=*,>1-V?O*f>@UH:<Ug+.&7*,-O>1*[?f?&7;=Q&
;O;OFW&B*fKRTXIvK.>1*[\1{q*#*[?E0j*E_n>km;OAWFv?OAW*E-3-[cdKRQ>XFH&1?]KY(H()()*[*,?3Q';O&i0j*,>1>@:,;O:<AHAH?=*f?]>>1;=*[+R\7+.MB&1?=UHK;=?=FH&)T!()AWTf:[*VAW-D>B;3-D6g*[;n*f&1>@0UWUH;O?]+RK.>@*,QW(|-D_o0j&1w?=T/KY(H*,()(p*,Q 0j*E0j>*,;O>@AW;O?OAH*E?=-w*;=>1&B+R\7:<&1&7?=T/K;=UWFH>@TX?=*-
>@-O+R?=&*{#?=_u*[+Y`>0;O>1*EUH(fUH;O?=&r&1UH\7?=?=KY>1>UH;OFH*qKYT/:[-l*,?=-O*[F/QWTV()*,&)?O()K.QH*,\r+.->1>@+RQW\7&1(f?=\1K;=?]FH>@TXUHFW-K.>@:,-lQW(FWcL>@KR?]0()>1{mUH>@UH?=+.*
KR*EKY(/->JKRQyI>@-OK.&@+.>10 ;96H{m+R*7>@c?=;O*1FWc7*[:[QV>@QX;OFH6g*w*w0jUHAH?=+R+W&1?OFW*,KRQW6H()KR;O*[K.I1?=K.*,QH+RM\
KY>@-wUWUgUH&7?O&J-=)-DK.K.6HTX+.*1>-_ ;O*}o>@;O+.FH\1*,&7?O?O{KR;OKYFW-D*7TcHKR;O;oFWK.>@-3;w:<K.&7-TVQWT/&@;w&7\1QpAC;O>@&X?]>@*[QLKR;O;OFW*,*,*[(/?oK.;=\1&XQW6C&1?=*r*3>7;=:[FH:<*AW?=FW>@K.;O(H*1(Hcv*[6HQpAH;o0j*,TX>@;O>JAHMy?=*#6CUH*#?=\7&1&v6H&v+.*[(BT *[QW&1&1?oAHAW\7-DF*r0j>1&7Q ?
I1*,?OvK
C:,>;OK.&1Qt_
>@>@QC\7*r(km+.
CKRFHQHQW*/*f(H9k-r-D*,U:[\1&1`9T/?=- ?O*[}K*EQL-D;=U!Ug-,&1'_wQW%'&7(H6)*[&)89QW()*,:[*,:<*,;n+t-;=?=?O6g*,K.:[*<UH&1;9+.{q*<\7;=QH*[-3*[K;=Qb>@KR&7?=;=*rQ?OK.?]-OUH>@Mv+.Q *<-D&7;O;=*,-r*,T5(i&@0mKRAWQTV-D*E>/&)-n();OIL?]*,>@K.+*[K.QH+.{mKRK.QW^aQH:<*y\y+Y>1-DUH-=*,-3FW\1T/>7TV-D*[*f&)QL()-D;=*,&X-#+.-n;=>1FWQW&1>(0;3UC;O;O&7?=?=KR+RKRUWMvUW+RFH+R*[*[*E;=;=()-r-w?]&1>@{09+lKR;O\1&1F46)89FH*EK.KR:eTf\7;]F -^
UH>@6W?=&1KR+.6WK;=>1KR6H*E-fK.+RKR>1;OK.?O*,*B-mQH&1&@0l;/()*[:<;O&7*EQW:e-D;OKYK.()&1*,Q'?O*E>1(N?O*#>-O;X*[+.>@*,+.:e+ ;=_h*,2( kt?=
WK.UH?]-9+R;w*[;=K.-VQi>@;O?=FH**()T/*E-O>@:[;=?O:]K.FH6CK.*EQH(G\/6vUHMNFW>7> -D*rI7>1*,QW:e;=(B&1?f;OFH&@&L0w-D*QHK.{QH*iKR;OF'UW>@+.&?]{>@T/UH*<?=;=&1*[6H?]-^
;O-OFCFH>&;3{w-l()*E;O-OFW:[*w?OK.UW6g>@*#?]>@;OFHT/*V*[;O>@?=UHvK [EUg>*,;O>1K.?=&1>1QVQW&@:<0|*>#&10+.K.QH;=FW*o>-O;3*[\1;O?=T/KRUW*,+RQ7*[;;o;OKR?=QpKRUH;=+.FH*<*;E_ Ivm K.*[{T/&v:<(H+Y>1*[-=+H-;=?O6gK.*[UHK.+.QH*<\y;KYTX->TX;]>@:]FH;=:]*,FH(|*E_m(V};OK.&\1AH>1?=QX*yKRTX,W>@_ \\7*
;O0j?=?=&1K.UHT!+R*[;;OFH;O*FW>@(W;w>;=FW>X>1-;O?=-OKRK.UHTV+.*<K.;n+Y>@>@??=UW*#>1UW?=>@>1K.TV?O*E*[(i;O*,{?=-,K_;=F'}3;OQCFH:<**#FL>/MvTXUg&@>;=;=FH:]*,Fi-OvKKY[,-*,Fv('ML:[Ug&1&@?=;=?OFH*E*,-D-OUgK&1[[*,QW(|(HcvKRQH;O\XFH*#274+.KRQWI1*m*,89?DAH;=QWK.:[:e*,;=-mKR&70jQp?=&1UCT!&7KR;OQLFW;=*-
T/>7&)-#()\1*[K.+I1cW*,>@QhQC(BKRQZ>1
QBFWKR;O>1*,U)?=;O>@*,;O?yK.I1,*2 UCn&7K.KR-QL;OAW^ -O;=*,&@(^UC;O&7&KRQL(H;w*<:<;O&7*,?O?O?=T/*,K.-OQHUC*/&7QW;O()FW*,*XQW;O:<?]*[>@^QW6W-D>70j-D&1*E?=(XTX*<>v;=;=KR&7*[?=Q|KR_B&7?qkm&7FH?OK.*/*[QL;=?=;]>1>;OQWK.-D&10jQi&1?=>@T/+.\1>@&7;O?OK.&1KR;OQbFHT K.-
;O;OFWFW*[?O&7QNAH>@\1UHF UW>X+RK.*,FW(K.(H;O(H&'*[Q >i+.{KRQWKR?=*f*<0j()?]*[>@;OT/*,:<*V;OK.T/&1Q &v(H>1*[+R\7+&1&@?=0
K;=;OFHFHTp*y_w27}H4&1?3&16)*,89>7*E:]:eFi;rUW>@?OQC*E( ()K.;=:<FH;O*E*/('IL*,KY-O()KR6H\7*1+.*/cW;O*,FH()*V\7*,:<-#+.&7>1-O?O*,*/-D;o()KR*<TX;=*[>1?=\1T/*rKRQH+.KR*EQW( *
*,-O-O*[Mv(H\1-D\1;OT/*X*,Tp*,KYQ7-#_ ;r;O&KY-K;](H-*<;O:<*,+.?O&7T/-O*,K.-DQH;*,(NK.TX>1>@QW\1(h*yI1-O*[*,\7?OKvT/
C:,*[>QL;O;,K._p&1Qb}KRKY\7-rAHUg?O*[*?O0j[&1W?=_ TV\)X*E(b-OFH6W&>1{w-O*,-(b;=FH&1*yQN&1FWUg&*[{?]>;=-OKRKR&7T/QhK.+.>1&@?r0m;O*,FH>7*B:]Fh9k UHU?O`9*E- ()KY}K:e;OU!*E(
¡
!#"$"%"
intensity image
}7&1KR\7FHAHQW?=-O*V&1Q/,W{_.)KR;OVWFyUg}3*[Ug?=*[T/?]K.>-=;=-OKRKR&7&7QBQV&1&10u0;=`FH *r -DoUW_%KRQ)U^*,K.T/UH?O>1K.\1QL*n;O*E?O(V*E:<0j?O&7&7\1T QHKR;O K.&1 Qp?y-D:<M)K.*[-DQL;O*,;Ti%'_ AH +R};OK.KRUH\7+.AH*3?O*#%':[&)&1()AH*,?O+ ;OU*E-D*EMX:<&7&1\10 QHm KR;OQWK.&1()QX?=*[K.{ Q
+.A);D ;= *[x?=*,(#r 2~ ^ap{4 n )H:[ z*[QH *E -[c wu 6v£ M m u _ ~ o~ p(_ n7 &1FH QWpT-O &1 Q#q >1 QW~ ( %Nc _,7oAHQH*[6g*/*[W ?OV%;,cV _ n : pTpW £V%¢V qz ` ~ | p
W{p{np( p
) w
¢R ¡ C
X % %
'
%
X '
'
'
%
JX % X ' % '
O;;O&XFW3A*>X UH27?=4s&1
6H2 ?=+.*[>1% T!QH\1*n&@0 KRTX:<&7>1T/\1/ *#UH0 A)>@ 1;OQWK. (iQH3\>X;O21FH 4s*r KYUg()&1*,*+.Q7Mv;=*VFHK;9*,FWMp(H>J?=I7>@>V*#QC('T/;=>1&)UCv+ &7()&L*,*[-D( +d*#;=&1>1&y06C>&7>VA)\10j;o?O4*,;=*<FHK.^Q7*V0j&1;=*[>1?=QWT+RK.-O\1KRQW;927MyTV4 KR*,TX&7QL6);3>189\1*,&@*1:<0q_ ;w>*b0j?O21&7*r4T :<&7T/>XQW*,-D-O-OKYK.F()QH*,\1T/?+.*7FH&)*[()\@?=4*[* +
K.?=Q7*[;=UH*[?=QW*,-O-OKR*[;9QLMi;=>@K.TX;OK.&1>@Q/\7*1&@_0|km>#FHIv*VK.*[-O{ &1+.:<A)+Y;=>1KR-=&7-Q KY-{
L*fAH{KR;OKR*o+.+l(H+RK&vd$& *[&p?=*[>@QL;3;*,0j?=TV&1TUW+R&;OM)FW-n*o>y-D*[Iv;=-KR*,&@{m0d^;O:[?=+.>7KRUW-O+R-w*[;=;9-
MvUC&@*V0+R&@K.QH0*oT/-O&)*[\7()T/*[+*[cQL6H;=A)-;n;OFW;OFW>@*;
k9U`9-}KU!AW-O*,(p>@QW(BTX>;]:]FHKRQW\VKY-Ug*[?O0j&1?=T/*,(i>;m;OFH*#+.&{q*,-D;m+.*[I7*[+&7QB*E()\1*[^K.TX>@\1*E-[_
>&16H-O89M)*,km-9:e;=FH;*[*KYT5->@T/+.;=\1&i&)&7()?O()KR*[;O*[+.FH;O*,*,T(V?OT/6v(HMfK.K.QH-=>#:<*AW:[;=-=&1FH-O+.*,*V+R*E(B:eUC;=FH&LKR*[&7-D?=*fQV*3&@&1KY0
_0-m27\ 6W4>74 -D*E&7(y6)IL89K.&1*[*,{wQB:<;=- ;O-3FW{:[*n>1K{q;=+R+.Fb*,&1(VT? -O&/T/T/&@&v&)0&@()
;O*[FFH+C*[>1-DQpAH-OUC?O>@0*E>1QW:e:[4(;=*,- -,L_;=*,&v>7`a:Q :]&vFX;OTXFW:<&1>@K.-QtQC-9cL-O;=Mv{?O-DAWFW;O:<*,&/;OTp*E:[(rc|?O*E>0j>?=;=&121*,T 4 (
`a&@QH03UH;OAHFH;* 0j&1:[?q*[QL:<;O&7?]QW>@-9+m;=?O*EAC():e\1;O*,K.T/&1QX>1UZ&10KY&1-/QH*<*wvT/;=?=&)>7():e;O*,*E+g(Z>7-D>1UgQW*,(P:<;-D&@*,0|\1T/>r:,*[>@QL?;O*EKY(--OK.FHQL&;O&N{QX:<AWK.Q?OI7}*iKR\7-OAH*[\7?=*#TV[*,WQL_;=\%-/\H{_ukmFH&LFH-D*n*i-DKRK.Qv+.FHI&1>@AH?=KY*[>@;DQL;=*;
0j*,>@;OAH?=*,->1?O*#()*,?OK.I1*E(X0j&7?wKRQC()*<)K.QH\V;O&V;OFHKY-T/&)()*[+u>1-OUC*E:e;w()AH?=KRQW\X?O*E:<&1\7QHKR;OK.&1Q|_
L;=*[?=*[&@^+.vK &7*w:<&1T/UHAH;=>;=KR&7QW->1?O*Ug*[?O0j&1?=T/*,(/;=&:<&7T/UHA);O*3UC&7KRQL;]- c M7c [ C&1Qy;OFH*n214 ?=K.T0j&7?*E>1:]F
\@4 -OK.+RFH&7AH*<;O;O*mUg&1K.Q7; A|c I HKRQf;OFH*w:[*[QL;O?]>@+vK.TX>@\1*7_ukmFH*AWUV>1QW(f(H&{QfK.TX>@\1*E-l>@?=*
AW-O*,(;O&#:[&1T/UHA);=*
;O;OFW&h*:<&7:<AHT/?=UHIA)>;=;OAH*i?O:<*XAH&1?=0
I>;=;=FHAH*y?O*B&76)KRQ 89*,:<;O;rFH* ?OK.T ()K.QhK.?O*E;O:eFW;O* K.&1Qt_ ()K.v?=K.*,T/:e;=KRKR+Y&7>@QN?=+.M1>@cQW-D(b;O*,;=?OFH*,*X&@^+R+R*[K &10 ;V*>1:[QW&1(bT/UH?OK.A)\1;]FL>;r;=KRK.&7T/QW>1-f\1>1*E?O-r*B>@AW?=*/-O*,AW(h-D*E;=(&
;O6gFW*[*q*[QXUg&7Fv-OMv*qUg&@&@0H;OFW;=FH*,*
-OvK [,&7*,6)(f89*,;O:<&#;TXKY->-O;]*<:];F|;O_l&3km;OFHFH*m*UgUH&7?=&@-O*89*,;=:<FW;O>*E;l(f{
*E()&7AH\1*+Y(rK.TXFW>J>@I7\7**qUH&1?=0d&);O()FWAW>@:<;*ETV(#&);=FH()**,+C:<>7*[QL-DUg;=?=*,>1:<+L;>7K.--DUg:[*,&1:<T/;uUW;=FW>1>?O*E;(rFW;=>7& -
%
;O{FWK.*#+R+H&1UW6W?O&)-O*[:<?=*,I1*,*E(V(y6v*,M(H?=\1*{*
WTXQWKR>@QHU|\_Ug`a&7Qi-O*T/UW&7>@-D?];o>@:[T/>7*[-D*E;O*[-[?]cv-;=FHh *[MyKRQ/{&1K.?]+.()+|*,QH?l&@;O;o&r>1()+RK.K.\1T/QiKRQH{qKY-O*[F/+.+^;O*[FHQH*!&7AH\14\1Ft()_lKYkm-9;]Fv>@AWQW-:[*;OFH6C*#*[;9TX{
>*,;]*[:]QVFH;OK.QHFW\*
UHK.QH?=\&@89-D*E;O:e*[;OUt*E( _ T/kmFH&)*y()*[*,+(H*,\1()*[\7TX*[>1TXUh>@Ub(H*[>@?=QWKRI7(*,(b;OFH0j*X?=&1&7T 6W-O;O*[FH?=I1*y*,K.( QHUH*,AH();f\7*[K.TXT/>@>1U|\1*X_/}KY-KR\7-OAHFH?=&*B{QN,WK._ Q\@2B>KR+.<+RACc-9>@;=QW?=>@(N;O*,>'-3T/;=FH&)*X()*,TX+>Ug;=&7:]FH-O* ^
. B 1
3A 0
1 ' 0
,*}-OAH(HKR\7UC\1AH*[*,TX?O?=K.*BT/>1,UUCW' &L_\@-D:*E2Hu(w*[&7%I1Qi&7>+RAH;O;=FH:];OFWK.*#&1KRQQH&7\i?O&1K.\10C*,K.:<(HQW&7\1>@Qv*[+dI1TXK.*[TX>1?=\1UW>@*,-n\1QW*7AW:<_-D*
K. QHKRQ\bH;O>11FHTV*\yUW>1-=+R+R*#:[K.\1>1:<QH+R&7* T/AH?O*,';OQ7*,;-O> MX>1o+R\7&@&7&10 6W?=7-OK*[;=KRQHFH?=I1+.T4&1*,QW(p'\y*E(
()H\1FW
H*,*[;OTXQ|;O*E_ >@ (U *E' ()\16 *,oT/;OFH>1Uf*/-OT/FH&)&(){*[Q +
) w
¢R ¡¡
43K*<.;O-*,?O>XT/-OK.*<QH;*#&@KR0l0uT/;9{q&)&/()*[?O+|*,+.UC>@>@;O?OK.&1;=QW-,_ >1+d(H*,-=:<?=KRU);=KR&7QW->@?=*-DK.T/KR+Y>@?*,QH&1AH\7F;=&XTX>;=:]Ft_
SKY-w>/-D*[;m&10Ug&7-=-OKR6H+.*+.>16C*,+.-0j&1?m;OFW*#UW>@?O;=-,_
K.-o>f?=*[+Y>;=KR&7QB&I7*[?q;OFW*#UW>@?O;=-,_
K.-w>V?=*[+Y>;=KR&7QB&I7*[?
;OFH*#+Y>@6g*[+Y-[_
}KRQC (i>/;TX>1 UHUHK.QH\ p
0j?=&1tT AW-O KRQH\b;O& >@7ZQN;OK.QLFC;O>*[;w?=UHT/?=KR*<QW;]KR>T/;OK.K &1[[Qh*,-;=;O?OFH*,*1*#c*,()?O?=KY-O&1:[?m?O*[\1;OK.I1*y*,&7QB?6vUHM ?=&16C>@ 6HK.+R KY-D;OKY :X?O*,
+.>@
H> ;OK.&1Qtcu; &7?
T 8(ZT
&@;=FH*[?T/*[;OFH&)(H-w(H*,-=:<?=KR6g*,(BKRQ
FW>1U);O*,?#17_
D 4T _ ( T
/#01
2 3 !mkmFH*#q>7-DKY: U*[+Y>;=KR&7QW>@+|43KY-9;]>@QW:[*%>;=:]FWKRQH\Xku*,:]FHQWK.LAH*
¡ ¢X
!#"$"%"
Sticks
Plates
Blobs
}uK.\1AW?O*/[C_ \@Wv*[I7*[?]>@+d*<H>1TVUW+R*E-m*,>1:]Fi&@0-D;OKY:&v-,c)UH+Y>;=*,-,cH>@QW(B6H+.&16W-,_
UW-OKR>1\7?DQH;]K -
g{:[>@KRQL;OFX;;9(){qK.TV&r*,QHQW*E-O>@KR&7?=+RQWM -[_>q;m+.&1-D6WAH?O-m0>1>1:[?O*n*,-UW:[>@&1?OQH;=-
QW*,;=:eFW;=>*,;w(XFW6v>JM/I7*n>>1;O+RFW+gKR;=QBFH*,?O()*,*#\7*w-DK.6C\1*[QH;9Kv{
C:,*,>@*[QLQ/;m;=(HFHKR*[T/Tp*[_QC-DK.+Y&1>QW;=-,*,_-mFC>J+.+dI1*;OFW;9?O{q*,&*
&vKRQC(H-&@0qUW>@?O;=->@?=*VQH*,>1? ):<&1QvI7*<cg-O&'>B-D;OKY: &:,>@QHQH&1;n6g*[QC(I7*[?=M'TAW:]Ftcd;OFH*y-OAH?O0>1:<*E-n&@0q>BUH+Y>;=*
:[[>1CQH_ \@QHV&1;-OFH0j&1&+Y{w(X-mI1-O*,*[?OI1Mf*,?=T>1AW+d:]*<FtHcL>@T/>1QWUH(y+.*,>#-m6H&1+.0l&1-D6B;OKY:[:>@&)QX-[c)6gUH*o+Y>6W;=AH*,T/-,cHUL>@M7QWc7(B6WA)6H;q+.&1:,6W>@-,QH_ QH&1;
FW>JI7*+.>1?O\7*w:<&7QW:[>JIvKR;OK.*,-,_}K.\1AH?=*
;OKY:[&7>@\1+*[m Ug;OFH&1-D*,K.;OQL?lKY;=: ;O-&v&- {0jL&1FWUW?=*[+.T>@?=;O*3*,>1;9- Q/{qv>1&1&VQW6)UW89¢( *E>@v:e?O6H;,;=+R_l-&789km6W&7-VFHKRQ|*ET/-D_ *w&vm (H()*[*E-D+3-O;O:[KY(H: ?O&yK.*,U)-=FW;=:<KR?=>7&7KR-q6gQW;9*,-{
-X>@&/?=FW*&+.&1>@{\7+Y-DK.&:,;OFW>@?=+d*&1*[AH-9QW\7;=(iK.F: '@&)Ug;=-,&1FHcmK.QL*[UHMV;=+.-,>@:[cH;O>1>f*EQH-[+.QHc&1&@\7>@;K.QC:,-O(S>@Ug+*,6H-O:<*<+RKR&70j;wMr6W&@-y;=0FH>1KR*wQL?O;=*pUH*[Fv?=UHM)KRA)&7-D;?^
Ug>#&1-OK.*<Q7;;]-[&1cH0d>1*EQW()(p\1*>VUg+R&1&7K.\1QLKY;=:[-,>@cL+>#:[*[-OQL*<;
;O*,&@?q0&1-D0AH?OTX0>1>7:[-O*-
UC;OFC&7>KRQL;o;]-[:[cv>1QB>@QW6g(/*r>r-OUC:[*[*EQL:<;OvK
W*,*,?(i&@0d>1TX-:[>1&1-=QH-[_ QHm*E:e;=6HKR&7+.&1QB6XUgFC&1>1K.-QL;=>#-,_-O*<m ;&1UW0|+.>@-DAH;O*#?O0FW>1>7:[*-
Ug&1K.Q7;]-u>1QW(#>o:[*[QL;O*,?t&10HT/>7-O-, _ }3QW+RM3;OFHKY-uTVK.QHK.TX>@+LKRQ)0j&7?OTX>@;OK.&1Q:,>@Q#6g*AW-O*,(#K.Q#;=FH*&76)89*,:<;uT/&)()*[+Y-[_
;=`;w>1KR:<+.*,&7km(XQWFH-D-O*KYMv-D?=;=T*[-
+Y6g>&@&1;=0KR+.&7K.
W:mQWI7>@&7*3+16)?=TV89*[*,+Y&):<>;();=KR*,T/&7+1QW&v0j&7-,(H_?u*[>wkm+H;=FH-DFW;O*KY>: AH;
&)QCFW- v>@>1UH?=-My+Y6g>);O*[*E`9*,% - QX)Z>@AWQW-OY*,#( Z(XL6H-O +.AWm&1:[6WU:[-g*,k--=T/-9y0j&)AH?O()+.*,*[+.+.M+L>@KY;OK.-tQyK.&1>Qy-D\7MvKY<-&)6g>f(&1+R*[+.KYKY)-9:m;m>1&1T/&@6)0tUH89;O*E+RFH*:e*;&@0H?=UW*,>m>1:<?D0&7;]>@\1-K.QH?=&1+RKRM0t;OK.;O()&1FWQt*<* ^ _
&1>@6HQC89(p*,:eT/;E_>JMi>7>@:]+Y-DF&/UWK.QW>1?D:<;+.AWFW()>7*-QL-DAW*,I1TV*[*,?]?O>@KY+:#()K.*EQ)-O0j:[&1?O?=K.TXU);=>KR;=I7KR*&7Qi>@;DUg;=?O*[K.?O6H;=A)>1KR;=QW*,KR-mQHK.\/QW:<;=+.&XAW();OFWK.QH*\X-DKKR[[;=-q*r;9>1MvQWUC(C* ~&1 -9?w;=K.-O: FW&d>@cHUgUW*r+.>@&@;O0*;O&1FW?*r6HUW+.>@&1?O6 ;, _
;OkmkmFWFHFH*3*w*#-D9:<;O?=&7} AWT/:e UC;=AH&7?OQHq*o*[qQL&@k-0;=- ;OWFW~%*o o&1>@6HQC
89( *, :e}K;E_lUl>@`k-?=;q*nn:<&7-O?OK.QW*,TV+.-O>@K.UW-D;O+R;=K.*#&1-QUW&@>10:[&1?DX;]QL^-[;O;=c AW>1 UHKRQC3+R*E-u--OO&1&1T/0}K;O*qUFH&@-k*o0)0j;O&1FW?=KY-q*qT ;OT/?= AH&L*-9;lK0KRT/Ug&1-O?OAH;= UH>1UgQ7&1; ?OKR;=QH- 0j&1 ?=T/>@>@QW;O(K. &10Qr >@+Y&7-O<Q * _
%
LT J
2 4
1 3
1 2 1 5
1 3 2 5
1 4 3 5
2 3 4 5
2 4 5 6
{K. +R+.m FHAW*,U-D?O;Om*i?]>Y-D;OK.*EYT/-nZUH;OYS+RFH*B*B?=*[UW-9+Y>@;=>?OK.;=:;=KR&)-&7- QbLUH>1+YQW>1>(QW;=*,( ;O- FHv*y>@QC (¢>1ZL?O*6HUw+.UW&1 >@6C ?]-w>@ T/+.43+R*,&)+`O() *[&1!+
?VY &@UC0qm *,>pU?OUgUW?=*[?O*[QW&1+Y(H>;O&@K.;O:[K.;9&1AHMvQb+.Ug>1*X?FWr>J:]I7FWKRQ *V>@K.UC;O?#FH>@&1*BK.6)?=-T/89*E&1&v:e0
;E(H_ ;=*[FH+m _b*/+.+}0j&1K.:]?=\1FWT AH>1?=KR*?] -,{WK_\;=F ¡
%
%
-OKRT/K.+.>1??O*,+.>@;OK.&1QW-m-OFH&1AH+Y(iTX>;=:]FB;OFWK.-T/&)()*,+ cH?=*[\L>@?]()+.*,-=-&10t;OFW*#*<H>1:<;-OFW>1UC*E-&@0u;OFH*#UW>1?D;]-[_
L;OKY: &)- vUH+Y>;O*E- )>@QW#( L6H+.&16W-
T/&)()*[+Y-
UH43+Y?=>>J;={*,- v> >@QCUW¢( K.:<L;O6HAH+.?=&1*6C-
&10oT/> &)()-D*,K.T/+d0jUH&1+.?m*;OUgFW&1*#+.ML&1FW6)*,89*E():e?];,>@_ +m()*,- &b&16)89*E:e;V>1QW(G:[&1QW-D;O?=AW:e;V>'0jAH+.+m?O*,+.>@;OK.&1QW>1+-9;=K.: &)-
[*&1+Y?o- 0j:[?O >1&7QBT
6g>0*-DAW*[-O;o*,(B&@0 KRQW?=0 *,@-D>@;O *E+u>1 KR(BTX >1&@0 \10u*,0j-wAH+R&@ +u0 21;O4s FW0 * &16H&1896H* *,89:e*,FH;:e*[;nT/QB:[&)>@;O()FHQ'*[*#+Y6g-,(H*_>@ktAC;=>V?]-D>@*E:<(pK.&7QHQWK.KRQHQ'-D\VKY-D;=;=FH(W-q*f>&@;=:[>V0 &1\1()QW4s*,-D;O?O?=K.KRI1TXAW*E:<>1(;O\1K.&1*,*,QpK-,;=cvFH&@Iv*[0KR?w*,;={-OFHMv*,Q7:<-O+Y*r;=>1FH-=T/*<-
;=&)K.TV:,()>@&)*[+.+Y(v+R-[M ^ _
6
5
7
5 7 9
2
4 6
9
8
7 5 1
9
8
> +R+.KRUC-D*E-
j6 w
&L>)K.>1+.-D^a2
d >= 40 pixels
: w
&7>@)K.>1+.-D^TfAH+R;OK
( m>1?=>1+R+.*[+R^ 0>1?
d < 40 pixels
j* m>1?=>1+R+.*[+R^a:<+.&7-O*
0 ^;O?=KRUH+.*
j\ g^ ;=?OK.UH+.*
F ^.89AHQW:<;OK.&1Q
OY
}KR\7AH?=*V,W_\VW}W*,>;=AH?=*,-mAW-O*,(iK.Q;=FH*U`}-DM)-D;O*[Tp_
&1AW?D;=*,-OMy&@0l% >@AH?=&
&7-D;=>W_
) w
¢R ¡1¡
> vFW>@?=*&1QH*#>1?=:
9 6 vFW>1?O*&1QW*n+.K.QH*
9
: vFW>1?O*n;9{q&/+RK.QH*,-
9 ( w
&7>@vKY>@+
* w
+.&7-O*>@;w*<v;O?=*[TX>1+gUg&1K.QL;=-
0 q&1AHQW(HKRQH\/6g&JB*,QW:<+.&7-O*,-e~
KY-m*[QC:<+.&7-O*,(B6LM6C&7AHQW()K.QH\X6g&J
}KR\7AH?O*/,W_ 2 U*,+.>@;OK.&1QW-m6g*<;9{q*[*,Qp-=>@T/UH+.*UW>@K.?]-
&10u0j*E>;=AH?O*E-[_
&7AH?D;=*,-OMy&@0l% >@AW?O&
&7-D;=>W_
¡1¡ \
!#"$"%"
MODEL-VIEW
RELATIONS:
a: encloses
b: coaxial
FEATURES:
1
1: coaxials-multi
2 2: ellipse
3 3: parallel lines
PARTIAL GRAPH
2-GRAPHS
1 a
2 1 1 2 3
a a a a b
a
b
3 2 3 3 2
arcs: relations
nodes: features
ellipse
hash
share function
an (1,2,9,9) (1,2,9,9) M 1, M 5, M 23,M 81
arc
coaxial
arc
cluster
vote for
each model
accumulators
+1 +1 +1 +1
M1 M5 M 23 M 81
?=>@*,QC:e(r;w;=FvFHMv?OUg*,&@*q;O:[FW&1*,?=-O?OK.*E-m:eUH;l?=Fv&)ML()UgAW&@:[;=*,FH(B*,-O6L*,M-,c;O{FH*rFHKY-O:]M)Ff-9;={q*[*[Tp?=*
cH:[{&1FH?=KY?O:]*EFp:e;={q+RM#>7I7-q*[?O?=AHK
W+.*,*E(i(_u&7A)km;wFW6v*OMXUw;O`FH}P*UCI1&L*[-D?=*mKv
C*E:[-9>@;=;OKRTXK.&1Q>;=UWKR&7?OQ&):<UH*E?=()&)AH:<?=*[* ^
()AH?=*m{q>7-\1K.I1*[QfKRQ
FW>1U);O*,?m,2H_}KR\7AH?O*,W_ 2 ¡ -OFH&{w-l>n6H+.&v: &r(HK.>1\1?]>@T&@0C;OFH*{FW&1+.* U` } -DM)-D;O*,Ti_
/U*[+Y>;=KR&7QW>@+K.QW()*[)KRQH\
*b?OKR;O*i> UH?=&1\7?=>1T ;OFW>@;VK.T/UH+.*[T/*[QL;=-f?=*[+Y>;OK.&1QC>@+K.QW()*[vK.QH\0j&1?&76)89*,:<;fTX>;]:]FHK.QH\W_kmFW*UH?=&1\7?=>1T
provides
back
support
provides
sittable
surface
provides
stable
support
Initial Function
Output- Stage One Verification Interaction
(a) (b)
No Deformation No Deformation
Functionality Confirmed Functionality Confirmed
for Chair for Straight Back Chair
(c) (d)
;O&1>@?]?mQW>@(G6vK.QHMy>7KRQW-O;O-O\VFWK.*#\1K.TXQHT/K.>@QH>@\7\')*KR;=Tf
FHAH*Tx:[&7>@6)Qp()89&1*,6g;w:<*r;fUH()?O;={* &)FH
C()*QHAC+Y*,:e>@(p;6g*[6v+ My7;=FH 7*r&1cHT/06g;O&@K.QHFH;OKR*pFpTf:<&1AH+.0u&7T {-O*,FH-DKY;rAW:]Fp:[;=+R?=KY{
>1()KR*,*,QH>1?OK.*QiQH\()(H*{K.KR
C-DTX;=QH>1>@*,QW\7(i:<** K.Q
_h FC km>@ U)FH ;=*p*[?:<
+.¡&7 -O_ *, -D%;
<(
kmFH*,?O*#>@?=*1c)&10:[&1AH?]-D*7cH:<&7TVUW+RKY:[>@;OK.&1QW-qK.Qi*E>1:]Fp-9;=*[Ui;OFC>;wTAC-9;6g*r>1(H()?=*,-=-O*,(_
?Okt:]*EFW?]:<>@>@&1QHK.\7QH\7QHK.*,QHK -[[\N*,&1(|0tKRTX_|*<)`a>1QUH\1*,?=;=*,-FH-=*-OTKR:[&7AW>7Q|-D-Dc1;*qI&@6g>@0g*?=FLKY>?=AW;O*[T/K.UH&1?=>1QX*,Q-OK.Q*[0>7QL+.:<;]K.*E\1>-;OFLK.;O I1K.>@*'QHQW\W(f&1cv0T/>@QC;O&7FH(y-D*;-DTXKR&@QW;O>1-DFW;=+R*[+g>1?lQW?O&1&1:<;=6)*E>@-y89;O*EK.:e&1&1;]0rQW- -<&1c6)&@;O890?]*E>@;O:eFWK.;=QH*o-yK.QHFH;O\3FW*E>1>@Tf(X;iAWK.>1-DQ/;l?O*p\1K.QW4;=:[& +R>1AWQW6g(H( **
214f_
km-O>1FHTV*w*7&1Z_ 6H}o89*,;O:eFH;q*,T?O{AWKY-D-D;*7cH6g>/*o-D{q*E*[>@+.?]+^:]0jF?]>@&@T/0l*,-D_(K [['7*r;OFW>1QW*o(BUg&7UC-O&LK-D;=KRKR;O&7K.Qy&1Qp>@QWUW(y>1?=-O>1K [[TV*w*[&1;O0*,?=>1-
+R+CK.-w0>1QH:[*[*,*E-()T*,(AW_-D;6g*o?=&1AH\7FH+RMf;OFW*
) w
¢R ¡ XW
:<v+.KRAWQC():<*r*,(B;=FHK.QB*V;=TVFH*[*r;OFH()*E&):<(KY-D()K.&1&vQW*,--3>1QHQW&@(B;#;O-DFH*,UWKY-m>@?]T>AC;=*r-9;w&16g6H*r89*,:[:e>1;3?O0j*[?O0j&7AHT5+R+.M6W:[>1&1:QW&v-O\1K.?=(H&1*[AW?=*,QW(B(cWKRQi6C>1;O:?]&v>@\1K.QH?=K.&1QHAH\WQC_ (p{KR+.+u6g*VKRQ)^
I1*,QKR0C&7AH?lKRTX>@\7*,-l>@?=*m>1-l-DTX>1+R+)>1-m
()-O>1KRT/TV*,UWQW+R*E-D-fK.&1KYQ-X&@Tf0|AW;=FH:]FP*n-O-OUWTX>7:<>@*o+.+R*,&1?V0u>@;OFW+.+g>1KRQZTX;=>@FH\7KY*,-(-
'mK.;=-nFL AC -[cmc,-D{&7T/FH_|KY*i`:];FT/K.-
KY-*[+R;OK-OFH&1A@&)*,?y+R(PMV:<K.&@;=*[FW0 QL>;l£w;q0jxy&1;OFH?p{*0>1Qvz:[AH*q Tf ?=*,u6C:[s*,&1?
~ \7& &1QH0|nK;=p;OKR£w?]&7>@rQ|K. QHcJ~ ;OK. QHFW \*
-DFH&7AH+Y(6g*#AW-O*,(_
* FHK.+R*:<&7QL;OK.QLAWKRQH\Cc1;=FH*n?O*E>1()*,?-DFW&1AH+Y(y:<&7QW-OK.()*,?;=FH*3:,>1-O*o&10t()K.-=:<?=K.TVK.QW>@;OK.QH\6g*<;9{q*[*,QX;9{
&f:<+Y>1-=-D*E-
&@>@0QC(p0>7:<;O*EFH-$&L-D'*{;=FHK;=&7FH-O&1*oA){;nKR;O;OFFW*[\1Tp+Y>1_-=-Dq*E>1-Qp>@QW;O(/FH*E;=-DFH*V&7()-O*wKd{*[?=KR;O*[FHQC&7:<A)*,-3;;=6gFH*f*[T4()*['v;O*,&1:<?E;OcL*E6C(*[;9>@{
T/*,&7*[QyQH\y:[>1>@?=+.-+t;={FHK*;=Fy&1;O?]FH>1()*,?oK.&rI>@>@QL?=KY;O>*,;OQHK.QW&1QC>7--
;OFC>;o>@?=*nKR?=?O*,+R*,I>@QL;
;O?=&*,()?OAW*b*,:[UH*,*n?O(V*EQW-D0j&*,?={QL&1;T 0j&1&)AH:<?
AW-m&16)B&789Q*E :e;=;=FH-,*#_l;=&KR}HT/&1>1Ug?-&10+RKR>1?O;D;=:[;=>1*w+R*nQ7?O;m>1*E:<-UH&7?= \1&1¡ QH6HM1KR+.;O*[*[K.Tx;
&1Q|-9&@;=c1KR0uK+.;q+C?=*,-OFWAH(H>1UHAW-Ug:<6CK.&1QH*,?O*[\f;OQyK.;OQHFH-O\ FH*#Vv&Qv{¢ AH Q/Tf;O?O6CFW*E*,:<>@?q&7;
\1&1()QH0K.KRT/-O;OKRK.\7*[&1QWQWQ/>@-OKR?]+d&7>0jQW;O*E*E>@>-[+.;=KR_AH;9MV
?O*EFW:,-q>@>1AWQXU)-D;O6g*E*,( *?
:<>@¡ &7+Y-O()AH&KY+Y-O(B-D:[FWAW6g&-=*#{-D*E?=QB(p*[UH;=AW?=FW-D*,>K.-OQH;n*[\yQLKRTX;O()*E>1KR(d\1*[>7*r?=-w*[*,QL>/QH;o*[-D?=6WAH\1>7T!Mi-D*E{q&@-m0l>70j-lT/&1?89*,AW;=>@-DFHQW;3*KRQH;=-OFH\1UW*f0jAH>1-O:[+|AH*#K.TTX&@0>@&@\10*E;=-[FHcH*f-O AW-=:]LK.FpT/AW>@>1>1?=-\1*,*E-D-;O-[*,cW&1Ui0>1QW;O*EFH('()*V\1-O*EFH:<-[&v&c)*{
?=?yK.*EUH(:[UHKR*,FW+.*1Q7&cH;]{ -w*[;={>1:@Q'_FH*,`KR;wQ'TX{q>@;OFW\7>7**-
3T
K.T/>1\1*{m>1-q?O*,UH?=*,-O*[QL;O*E(B>7->f+.K.QH*,>1?w:<&1Tf6HK.QW>;=KR&7QB&10u&1?O;OFW&1QH&7?OTX>@+d6W>7-DKY-mK.T/>1\1*E-[_
3A 1
2 B
1 &3A 1
0j&1+.+.&v{AHKRUWQHUC\/&LUH-D*o?=&10jUg&1?
*[?O;O;OFHK.*,*n-,UH_ ?=*,-O*[QL;;=FW>;>-O*<;m&@0|&7?D;=FH&1QH&7?OTX>1+W6W>7-DKY-K.TX>@\1*E-:,>@Qy6g*o0j&7AHQW({K;=Fy;OFW*
7_ 9 9 9 {KR;OF TfAW:]Fi-OTX>@+.+R*,?m;OFW>1Q
%
2 2 2 T _
\H_wkmFH*w>JI1*,?=>1\1*m7AC>@+.K;9Mf&@0?O*,UH?=*,-O*[QL;OK.QH\n;OFH*3KRTX>1\1*w-O*<;AW-OKRQW\#;OFHKY-6C>1-OK.-KY--=>;=K.-D0>1:<;O&7?OMrK.Q/;OFW*
K.kmQ FH&1*,QH?O*[*f0j&1&@?=0*1lc@TX*,Q7>;=;]+.:]>1FHQWK.( QH6 \#-oAW-D;O-OAWKRQH(H\nKR*E;=- FH<*oc|-D>@&XUWUH;=FW?O&J>);nK.TX;OFW>*f;OK.>J&1I1Qf*,?={>1KR\1+.+W*rMv>1K.UH*[+YUH(/?=&J>@v+.TVK.TX&L>-9;l;=KR;=&7FHQi*o&1-=0 >@T/ *m?OKY*E-o-D{AH+RKR;=;O-FHK.>1Q -TX¡ >;]&@:]FH0 K. QH \ _
AW6vMB-OKRQW}\K.\1;=AHFH?=*'*X&1[?=CKR_ \7$2 KRVHQCc >@+qKRTX 2 >@\7 *1
_G `;X KY-/1 KRT/3AUg &11 ?O;= >1Q7B;V ;O&h *,TV
UW FW >1
-OvK [,* ;=FW >;/ 0j&7 ?/3 ;OFH*'3A(H>@;=
>@ 6C>1 -O *
K.+R +.AW0 -D ;O?] >
;O *E(
-O*<;o>@QC(QH&1;o>1:<;OAW>1+R+.My&1QW*n&10t;=FH*#&1?O;OFH&7QH&1?=TX>@+-O*<;,_
3A 1
2 &3A 1
UHkmA)FH;]*/>;=6W)KR&7>7KY-9QW-D;=KY-*[-nQW6CKR:[TX*E*r:[>@>1&@\7AW0*,-D;=-:* FH9 *V 6W>1>1KY-3?O-O*/K.Tf-3:[AW-D>1*[:]+R+.; Fh*,( -DTX>@n>@+.+.+.&+.*[{w {?3 -w;OuwFW\1s ?=>1*, Q >@ ;3x N:<c|&7 ;OT/FHp{UH*/ ?O~Qv*Ez -OAH-O&@TK.0&16gQ';=*[FH?K.*XQ &1-DT/0
*[;#UH*[T/KR&@)0*[&1+Y;=?=-?=Mi>1KRQ>1KRQHQWK.;O(QHFH\p*/-OUg-O&7>1*[?O*,T/K.(H\1UHK.AHQW+RU *E>@-[+K._ QK.T/m :<>1&7+.\1\1TV&1*7^^ _
?=FWK>7;=FH-wT ;9{q&y$ XUW>16C?D*,;]+R-[&{>@Q- &1*[& ;=:]FHKRQW*E*r-;O?=?]*,>@:[K.&1QH\7K.QHQHK\y;=KRUH&7FCQ)^>16L-OML*f^a>@>@QCUH('Ug*,>@>1Q ?=>1&7QWQH:<+R*/K.QHAW*f-OK.?OQH*E\:<&1;=\7FHQH*,KR-O;O*iK.&1Q'UH?OUHK.QWFW:[>7KR-DUW*7>1_3+km:<&1FHT/* Ug
W&1?]-9QH;*,QL-9;=;=*[-,U _NK.`Q ;
;O>pFW-D**[;O; ?]>@K.QH&1KRQW0q\f()KRUHgFC*,>1?O*,-O*nQW:<KY*/-q;OK.TX&X>@:[&1\1T/*E-[UHctA)*,;=>1*:]F;OFH6C**,T/KRQW*,\B>1;=QBFH&1*y0u();=KRFHg*n*,?O;O*,?]QW>@K.:<QH*/KRQW&1\V0mK.>BTX;O>@?]\7>@*,K.QH-mK.QH>@QW\i(BKRTXAW-O>@*n\7*V;OFH0j*,?OT&7T ;O&/;OFHUH*/?=&)T/()*,AW>1:[Q *
K.>@T/?=?]>1>J\1Mf*7&1_y0 ` 0{
?=*/&{w;=FH-qKR>@Q QW&( &@
0*E>1:<:]&7Fh+RAW()TVKdQC*[-[?=_*[kmQC:<FH*X*K.QHT/*[L>1;\1* -D;O *[UiwKY>7-q-#;O>p&/:<I1&1*ET/:e;OUH&7?#AH;O&@*n0 ;O FH*#*[:[+.&*[IJT/>1*[?OKYQL>@;]QC-[:<c *wTX6g>*,;=:[?O&1KRT/*,-r>1&@Q 0
;O;OFWFW*r*n:[;O?]&>@IJK.>1QH?OK.KYQH>@\XQC:<K.*wT/&1>10\1;O*EFH-[*_mq
Mi()>1(*QW
W( QH KR;O
K.B&1Q|UH c KRv *,+.-, cL
&
I1t*[KY?q->@;=+.FH+g*;OFHI*3>@?=;OKY?]>@>@QWK.QH:[*#K.QH&@\0lK.;OTXFH>@* \1
*E
-[ _ UHvKRK.vQW*,:<+ *ncg{q{*oFHK.FW+R*>JI7 *3 >@ +.
?=*, >1(HK.M -
) w
¢R ¡ X72
:<&7T/UHA);O*E(B;OFH*#T/*,>1Qi>1QW(p()KRg*,?O*,QW:<*K.T/>1\1*E-[cv;=FH*r:<&I>@?=KY>@QW:[*oTX>;=?OKRKY-w()*{
CQH*,(i6vM
9[C_ ¡
K.km>@QZQCFH(X*X>@Q *[-OK.Kv\1KR[,TX*,*fQL>@&1I\70>1*1+R;OclAHFW*E;9K.-Mv-#UHK.:[QXKY&:[IJ;O>1FW>1+R+.*3?OM KY>@QH\ QC*[¡ v:<X *;q-DTX;O*[>@\ U;O¡ ?=X'&@K 0&1;OKY?fFW-*n*[I1I1*,>1*,?O+RQ \7M'&1¡+Y?=>@K;=?=\ FH\1T*7c {q¡ W&1\HAW_ +.(/Nv6g&c|*3{;O*[FHFWv*p*[;O?=?=:<**[&7T/TV*[UW+.MK.A)-n;=;=;=>@KRT/FH;OK.*/&1*[^QGQv:[AH&1&1TQW0w-O6g*[AH*[K.T/\1?*[KR&@QvQW0qI7\*,UHKR:e0KR;=v&1*,?]+. --
{q`aQW*[-D?=;O**E>1AW(-Oc)*,({q*r()KR:[?=>1*,Qi:<;O:[+.M1&1_ T/ UHvA)*[;=**r >frt?=xy*[+Y>p(n;=*, T(Bus TX!>p;O {?=KR p{z \1K. I1*[0jQi&7?36v;=M FH*/UH?=KRQW:[KRUC>@+l:<&1T/Ug&1QH*,QL;=->@+.\1&7?OKR;OFHTp_
;
; 9[C_ X
9 9 9[C_ ¢
9[C_
9 9
9[C_ V
; ; ;
9 9 ;
tKY-m;OFH*#I7*,:<;O&1?m&10:<&v&* ?X:[KR*,QL;=-m0j&7?KRTX>@\7*
1_ j&7A);OUHAH;
2 2 2
% 2 2 2
$
1
% 2 2 2
7_ <_ A
\H_ - c);OFW*r-D*[;m&10l(HKd*[?=*[QW:[*KRTX>@\7*,-
4 `(
A
a`>@% QHQC UH(BAH0 >V; ;O;= FH*,-D*r;w-O KR*<TXB;w >@&11 \70u * 6W
>7
-DKY_ -m}3I1AH*E2:e;O;OUH &7A) ?=;
-!;=FH*rc);O:<FH+Y>1*r-=(W-m>+Y>@;=>16g6W*[>1+|-O&1*0 &@ 0l :<_ &v*?y:<K.*[QL;o-O*<;]- $ c
7 _3
&1T/UHA);=*nI7*,:<;O&1?&10:[&L*&?y:<K.*[QL;=- $ |0j&1? '
%
2 2 2
);O(}3FWK.6)T/*3;]*[()>@QWK.KYQ-9-O;]KR>@&7>PQWQW:[- -D*,*[-;iKRQ&10 >7 _\
0&1>1T/:[\ *UHA)AHK.TX;=UH*wUg>@;=\1*[FH?*E* -B;=?O>1KYAC>@QWQW:<( +.\1K.()AH *E+Y>@>@?Qy+Y>@TX()QW>@KY(W-D;O;=-O?=>@:,K>@QCUg:<_*o*,4o-i6g&r*<-D;9AW;O{qFH:]*oF *[*,0Qy;O>1FW:<>@*E>@+.-; +W:[UW>@+R>1AW+.+nKR-D?];O-K.*,TX&1?
>@0:[\7KR+RTX&L*,-B-D>@*\7FW;=*,>J&1-
I1\7*>@*<QW;O;OFW(XFH*[*N()? KY-O-=UH>@km+.T/FW>JM **
T
;O|?]*[>@ ; K. QH K. QH\V 6g KR*TX%H>@>@K.QN\7-*,T/K.-,TX_ K.QH>@m \1K.TV-O*-OKAH&@[[T/*E0w(p>@*3QN{;OFWFHAH>@*[Q;Q &L>1QW +R&+d{K.TXQN >@ &1\16)KY*E-89-
*ETX>1:e?O;f>*3)>1QHKRQWT/&1(h?=K[[TX+R*E*[(>@;+._ Kv[,*,6 (B-D& );OUHFW+Y>@>@ ;"K. Qi7 {
FLM
$;O%FH 6g**B?O7*E> _-DAH-O>+R*<;w;fKYv&@-FH0QH&+.&@{>1;6C;O;=*,FW?O+RAW*E>@( *;
Y
{KR;OFH&7A);;OFH*r>7-O-OAHT/U);=KR&7Q;=FW>;o>1+R+K.TX>@\1*E-mFW>JI1*nAHQHKR;3-OKv[,*1_
(
B
3 @ -
5
2+* 3,
=?>1*[-UH>@?=km*,6gFH-O&*[*I1QL*1T/;Ocu*E*<(XFW;=>1FHK.-Qi&)(H6C>V-*,:<*[&1&7QG0gTVUH:,UC?=>@K.>1+.QH+R:e*EKR;
UC(>@0j&1+W;=?=FH:[Tp*B&1T/_l-O*<kmUC;r&7FWQH&1*n0*[6CQLx >1;]--O K.>@z-~QW;O>1FWpT+R¥ >@M);-OnK.6Cp{-zT*E>1z-9+R;+.¤w&?=p {Z*[{UH>#p?=u *,-O~ -OAHrt*[6WnQLp-O;=zUW->7;O:<FH*m*n
&@;=0g?=;O>1z ?]KR>@QH_'K.K.QHQHkmK.\/QHFH\#(H*>UW{
;]>>H&7;Oc);O?:<*,&&7?OQW&@T/-0 UH;O1A)&#&7;OFH6g*E(Q *
;O0j*b*[?]?=>@*[*[K.QHQHQL\i;K.QHFW:<\n+Y>1>1KR-TX-=-D()>@*E*,-[\7T/_*,-u*b&1&1QW*[U)-DQH;O;=?]\/KRTX>K.;=Q7>1*,;=+R(p+.?OM1&);=c()FW;=ACFH>:<;#*[*,M{(yQHFH;O*[K.FH*E+R*f*n(r;OAWQHFW-O&1*f*3;l&1T/?=0t*[&7UW;=-D?OFH;*E* -D*<*,x )Q7UH; ?=z {
*,~ -=*,-D£w+RK.+v I1z(;=* {FHn*0j*,x £w>;=! AHup(?=*,~np(- # q!n p p{{zpnu p{ ~ pz{rtp(~n p{~pz p(;=RFH*Xx-DAHu)q$6Cz p{-Dz UWc)K.>7{Q/:<FH*f()KY:]K&@0 F ^0
*[:[(HQL>1>@Q';=;=K.>>@6C;O:[*V*r&v&1()&7?]*[6)()?=89K.KR*,I1QC:<*,>;=(i;O-*EK.0j-
Q ?=&1>1()T ?O*KRg()*,KY?O-=*,:<Q7?=;KRT/:<<K.+Y_ QW>1-=>@-DQL*E;3-[K.-_q>1;OQW}FH>@KR*#\7+.M)AH()-D?OK.KY*?=-[*,_[:e% W;=KR_ &7 4nQy}l&@:[-30u&10jQLT/&v;O:[?]>@AW>1)-w-DKR;=Tf&7-AHQ % TK.
T/IJ}l>1>1-w\1?O*rKY{>@QCIKR;O>1:<F ?O*3KY>@% >1QWQW4n:[( *}l;O-[FW_w>@KY-km;n&7FH:,?D*>@;=Q FH&1&1?=()KR\7\7KR&1gKRQWQW*,>1>1?D^ ++
6
AW{q-O*[*,?=(i*r>();w*[?=()KRI7KRg*,*,('?O*,>1QLQW;w('QH>@&)?=()**,;O-mAHK.QWQ*,;=(pFH;=*r&X();O*EFH:<*fKY-DK.UW&1>@Q?O;O;OKY?=:<*[AW*+.>1I?o>@?=-DMyUW+R{KR;DK;=;=KRFQH\B;=FH()**,:[;OK.?]-O>@KR&7K.QHQWK.-QH\/;=FW-O>>1;TV>@UW?=+R*#*E-qQH*[0j?O*E&7()T*,(|{_FH`;oKY:]K.F-3;=6gFH*,*[-DM ;
0j()&1*,?rI1*[;O+.FH&1*BUg*,KRQL(;O*,;OFW?O*E*[-9&1;=?=*,M1(b_ ?=*,>1(H*[?#;=& :<&1QC-DAH+R;r;=FH*y?=*<0j*[?=*[QC:<*,-#;O& &76);=>1KRQhT/&1?=*y()*<;]>@K.+.-&1Qh;=FHK.-?O*E:<*,Q7;=+RM
¡ X$X
!#"$"%"
MEF vector
MDF vector Y1
Z1 ++ + ++++
++++ ++
++ + +
X2 - - - -
MDF value - -- - -
which separates --- - -- - - - No MEF value can
- - -
the classes - - separate the two
-- - - - - -
-- - - - - classes
- - -- - --
- - - - - - -
- - - -
- - -- - - -
Y2 - - - - - - --- - -
- - - -- - - - - - Z2
- - - -- -
-- ----
- -- - -
X1
<:}H>&v?=&1&7T?=}3()6)K.;OQW;]FW>@>@*B;OK.Q*,?=-,*,_>y-OAH-O6 *<+R;=o;n-r
&@K.0Q&1T/2 6UHAHFv;O:[*#AH&1TX;=T/FH>@UH*Q'A)-=;=0:[*X>7>:<;O;O*;OFW*,*BK.?wTXTTX>@\7>+Y*,;O>@-w?=?=KRi\1>1*,QW>@-D(p;rQC(B;O*[?=K.*,T/\1>@*,*E;3Qv>@IJ*EQp>1>1+R:]KRAWTXF'*,-r>1&1\1QW&1**00j;O>1?=FH&1-3*iT>-O;=-O:,KRFH>QH*,;O\7;O-O+R*[**?f2 I1TX*,:<>;O;O-O&7?=>1?oKRT/h&@UH0>1+RQW*E(h-[_ ;OFW: * T
q()znKYKR*[-OQHQW:[0jAW*[&1?]-=?]>@-D
( *E+.Kv-[,D)*,;OVL(FW¢7*f¢:[:<Mv&7+R{K.T/QWFH()UH&/*,A)?V{
;=>@T/&7;O? K.&)&1&7()Q *,*,(X&1+.-/{0{qKR:<;OMvFp*[+R?=K.*RQW?]>@()
WQH*,?]\7?=-D-o*n;/0j(W?=UW>&1?O;=ET&7>WUC_&L\@km-D4*EFH(N*(H>6vT/;]M >H&1K_?=q*3}nKRQ)?=:<*,0j;O&7:[?=*[?=*[(ZQL*,;w-o>@>@{
QW?O( *,;OKY?O:<*#A)+.*n;O&7K.+.?O6vKvK.[,M \1*,K.(ZUwQW>1&16L+RTx+.M MB>1UWQW?O*[(B&7IUC>@% &L;OKY-D*,>*E()(BK.>1&1QW6vQH(M K
K.{qwQb&1AWT?()Q7&i*[;=;=*[&1>1? 0qKR+Dzn)K.VvQ AH¢ U)H;]m>@>HT/ct>1QWq*<;(p&76 -n\1()&1*[6gQWI7&LK *[$& c+.&&1>@UgQC9*,(W (BV%mV 0jAH>?Oe8D;O:,_ FH-DM}3*,?wAH96v?#W MV ()K.LV-=>1:<e:ACc&v-O>1K.-OQWQWKR&7('-Q>@;=QWFH&1('*/0
-D+Rk*[AW>@0 UC;nQW*,KRI7?=T/L*<;OAW&@?=;=>7KY&:<()+.?O*f9KYW:[K.V-+R+.AW:[-D&1e;OT/_?]>*,km;=-nKRFW&7T/*[QWMB&7-3-D>1>1;O?O?O+.*rMp*f(H0j0j?O?=K.-=&7&1:<TT5AW-=;O;O-OFWFW*,( **
{qo&1>1?T?=&V>1+R&1KY: 0 & vDFC) >@V UHK.1?O&c|W p V ~ L¡uws eO_ 9UWV *,+.>@;OeK._&1QWU>1*,+|+.>@KRQC;OK.()&1*<QW)>1K.+CQHTX\>:[;]>1:]QpFHK.6CQH*\f0jK.&1QiAHQW\1*[(pQWK.*[Qp?]>@;O+gFW{q*r>7{
-q&7(H? K.&B-=:<&@AW0
-=-O
*,&7(y-D;=K.QS> vD) FWV$>@V UW¡ KR<?=9_&f}3>1QWAW( ?
9
x7 x7%$(¢q ~ |p/p{p{nq!& R u% ~ ¤wp4 ~ rtnz ~ |p n p{z(p{ p 7|un£ z ~ nTuw ~ z
'
3 '5
)V % V
V$V 9 ¡ ^ H_ c
\ -U H_ #_)q>7-D?=K>@QW( d_ w+.+.T/>1Q|c kmFH* +RK.\1QWTV*,QLcu;m &10 3cL6)UH89U|*E:e_;=-m{KR^;O F v_ T/&v&@;=F vAW?D0>7:<*,-,c
/ m
£ ~ p(nR 9 )C 9 x r ~ p{n H z )V %
}
\ %
S 4 n G9
2W_`e_tqKR*E()*[?=TX>@Q| c oAHTX>@Qh `aTX>@\1* oQW()*,?=-D;=>1QW()K.QH\W c w&*,1:<+*,_QL; 2 Hc *,-O*,&W>1_Z?=:]Fh1c >@nQC(b:<;O&1km6gFW*[*[?E&1cm?=M1c 7¡ cUHU|_
r ~ p{n H z nu |# {z uw
£ xyu(q¢p n Tp{zz¢q
U 7U
$\ } )V
x
\V ^D¢2W_
C_ oKfY_u-DK.`e&1_Q|qc >@T/UW-,c _zV_ vFC>@UHK.?O&Cc>@QW( #_%N_o>1?=>1+RKY: dc `aTXc >@\1*i_ L>@?=K.*,Q'()KY>@:eQW;=KR(p&7QNl_C0j&1}?y+.Mv
QH&1Q T/jUH*E(HAH-[;O_*[e? c
} ZY U
|#npp(a£wxyp{z us p ~ !p q ~ &z ~ p(x z m
&
+Y-D*,ILK.*[? ):[KR*,QW:<*#AH6H+.K.-OFH*[?]- c| )_
- WV%V¢\
¡ _ f_C
FH*,QB>@QC(izV_)%'*E()KR&7QHK 9 ¡ WV%V p{z{ (n ~ x sp ¥ p ~ zn x rts ~ svp !uw#q$p
&1+_ W1c &W_2Hc % >JM ¡ 92 ¡ ^a2121W_ cL
&1T/UHA);=*[? oKY-OKR&7Q>@QW(`aTX>@\1* wQW(H*[?]-9;]>@QW()K.QH\Cc
xyu(q¢pz z¢q uw 9u ~ ¢ q uwss £$p{s
X WV%V ¢\
X Y W_ W_ _1
FH*,QV>1QW(VzV_ v;O&): vT/>1Q|c 43*<;=*[?=T/KRQHK.QH\#l&7-O*&10g274 36)89c*,:<&;=-7+ {_hK;= FX
AW&W?O_hI7*,1( cq) AH?D0W>7:<ct*EUH-[U|c _
nTuwz 9 u ~ ~ p(n
% &
uws &z z2uw£ u$ T|t
}
p { ~ p{ss q¢p( p
7
)V$V%X
¡ ¢E^ H_ X$\
¢)_w%N*[_ +Y>;=_)KR&7
QW&L>@-9+q;]>#`aQW>@()QW*[( vK.QH_v\CzVc _ vFW>1UHK.?O&Cc H:<*[QW* QW>1+RM)-OK.- o-OKRQW\ UWUC*E>@?]>@c QW:[*<&^aI1q*,>7T-D*E6g(/*[?E%'cq&) ()*[¡+Y-c>1UHQWU|( _
U
# RY t
w x
r ~ p{n z
&
z
t
r x
m
x
m
WV%V
2@^= _ %
_ W_L}Hc &1+.*[(HM7c()KY-O&1_vQ)IJ^>1Qy*E43-D+.>1*[TpM7c c *E_L>1}W()*[K.K.QHQH\W*[?EcHc % C_vwc|AH \7FHW*,-,_ c
~ p m
m
*
t
U
m WV%V%X
x r ~ p(n nu |t
z n ( spzuw£ nu% (
V m W_ ;OFH_* znAHIU)>@;=+.AW>W>c ;=KR&7_mQNq&@&10\7;=&1FHQH* Kcwv>@AWQWUC( *,?=#LAW_q>7m()>@?OKY8D:y:[-O%'M1c &)() *,+ ACc >@QL;OKR;=>@;OK.I1* >@QC( AW>@+.KR;=>;=KRI7*%'*E>1-OAH?O*E-X0j&7?
!Y
/
U
n Tpp£w#qwz ~ |p
n wza|
~ p(n np ~ u ~ p{pz WV V c WcvUHU|_ J^] H_ )X¢\ )X$V
_w-D*,AH?D;]QL>;O;O*,K.?,&1c|QtzVcv_?O%NK.QW_.:[c *<;O&7Q oQHK.I1*[?]-OK;9M7cH?=KRQW:[*<;=&1Q|c Cc| L¢ _
{p( ~ x r ~ u ~ uw£ u ~ u ~ nr ~ rtnp{zZ n nu |# {z
WV
ctFt_ 4f_4oKY-9^
17_`a4T/_H>1l\1_)*7wc AH;D;O*,QH+.&v:]FW*[?>@QW( d_ w+.+.T/>1Q|c w*,:<&7\1QHK [K.QH\ v&1c +.&K.( 1+3_ 6)¡ 89c *,:<;=&W-q_ 6vHM c +.K.\1QHcvT/UH*[U|QL_;m {¡K;=^ FiH >1)Q _
4 U
~ p(n u ~ uws rtn us x r ~ p(n z
[ 4}
Z\ )V%V
m
WV \ W\
W\ H_o4o3K._ T/*[_ QWL-O>1KR&7: QWvK.>@QW+ -n3>@6)QW89( *,:<d;=-,_ c _ku>1QHK.TV&1;O&Cc n:e;O^ ;=?O*,*,-o>1QW(kmFW*[K.? 3-D*VKRQ c *[&UW7?O*E+ _f-D*,[Q7C;=ctKRQW \BkmFHcW?=UH*[U|*[^ _
Y &
}
_Y }
x r ~ p{n nTu |t zyuw£ xyu(q¢p n Tp{zz¢q
U
)V
@^ L¢ _
\ $V \
,2W_ 2^a_4 w)_ :<7*,&1QHFH*,QC-,c -D &7QZ>@QC( %N_o*[6g*[?O;,c y:[KR*,Q7;X%'AH+R;OK.UH+.*'%'&)()*[+ *E:<&7\1QHKR;OK.&1QZKRQ
+RAH;D;O*,?O*E(
m
?
n Tpp£w#qwz ~ |p
){p(np( p x r ~ p(
-U
n z uw£ u ~~ p(n
!p q% ~ )V%V c cvUW>1\1*,- v¢v<^ L¢7¢v_
OX X
[C_%N}uK.?]_@-9#;>1`a-=QL-[;,c _
_ &7Q)09KR_; v&1K.Q Q|c7
>1&1QWT/(fUH4fA)_1;=*[ku? *[?3K[.&7-OUCK.&1&7Q|AHc +R&Lt- &19QH &7QW(¢ c o 9 ¢ ¡ @^ H_
m * & T[
Y
)V u $p{z
! ~ ¤p ~ rtn £%p(sz
WV a\ V \%X%V
cL?O&):1_
¡ _%N
FW_>@?]>1KR?=:<6v;O*[Mh?=K >1,QW>;=( KR&7Q _ &@v0K.?Ow&AWIvT/KY:]F|>1cQN }W>1:[UH*,UH-,c +. K.:,>;=KR&7QZ&10w;OFH*'#>1?OFvAHQH*,Q)^ |&v*[I7*?=&):<*,(HAH?O*0j&1?V;OFW*
[
Y m
nuz 9 u ~~ p{n
Y
uws &z zu £ u$ T|t p
~ p(ss q$p( p W\ c &1+_ Hc &C_q7c| c7UHUt_w 2^] _
)V$V %
) w
¢R ¡ X$V
)XW_ {W_ K;=WF4_gUw*,&L-O*,UCQW*E():e*,;?OK.;OQ& &B3K>1.QW-OKR( &7Q|m c _ C-_ > s @ Q q% 43uw&vs &1 ?=&Q| c p(nkm p FH~ *r `az QLc;=&*[?=7QW+ _>@+2¢\)Uwc*[)UHVv?=¢w*,-OVW*[cLQLUW;=U|>@;O_ZK.&1\)Qp7<&@^ \)0 ))XW&1_ +.K.( vFC>@Ug*
J¢)_4r _)~ zVp{n_$Yt& z{
*7c c km&7FW+ * _oK7.c|*[){V Ug&1¢vK.cLQLUH;U|
_ &1¡ QC¢ -DKY-9¢;=\H*[_ QW:[MX
&7QW-D;O?]>@K.Q7;Ec { ~ p{nu ~ uws rtn us x
_r _ %'p AH~ ?]!>1p-O*np{>@z(QCp{( ~ du ~_ >Jz ML>@? D) V$x V ¡ r<c~ p(n >1?=z>1 T/ *<c ;O?=CKY_v: lm &7QWUHUg:<**,>1>@?=QC>1(QW:<%N* _)Uw*[*,UH?O?=6g*,*[-O?O*[;QL;]*,>(H;O- K.e&1cQt)c PUH?OK.K.Q QH\7*[?O^
*[?=+.>1\Wcd) V$V ¡ _
)VW_9U#
n_ ~ *[ {I>u;=s K.>G ~>1p(QWss( q¢p{k-_ Tp }fc _
&q7+ KR_QH0j&1c|?]() Vvc ¢1¢v43cLUH*,-=U|:<_m?=KR¢1UH¢E;O^ K.V&1Q _ >@QW( U*,:[&1\1QWK;=KR&7QP&10f
AH?OI7*,( }36)89*E:e;]-[c
\ _ W_>@T? &dc4_% *<;=>@H>1-V>@QW( Y_ m )*,+ D) V$V%X
us &z z Hp ~ p( ~ n {rtsvunSuwss w~
1!&7uwAHz{?OpQC£ >@+c &7+ _s rt7xc p ~ &Cn_ Dp) V$ V%nXx9UHu U| s_ p ¡ 2@^9 ¢)£% p(sz u £
cC%'*E()K.:,>@+|`aTX>1\1* m QC>@+.Mv-OKY-
\C9 _ Ykm_FH?OzV*,*<_ ^av4oFCK.T/>@UH*[K.QW?O&C-OK.c &1QWC>1_+ 4f}3_6)%'89*,&1:<?=;=KY- >@?Oo;9M1-OKRc QHUr\B_R> %NU_*[+Y3>;=>@KR?]&7>@QW+.>@K.: +u&dc
>@>1?]QW>1(P()K.\1lTp_
czV _ %'u ~ AH~ p(+.\7n>1&1 Q &p>1 ?,q%c7 % ~ > ;]:]FH&K.7QH+ \ _
\XW9 _ Y
_E
zV
_ vFCnT>@uwUHK.?Oz(&Cu$cE ~>1 QW (z U# _J %N _Jou ~>1~ p(?=>1n+RKY:
&dcE us m &z%' z7*<uw;=?OKY£ :0j&7?u%
|#&7T/pUW>@ ?=KR~ QWp(s-\ s Uq$p(*[ +Y> ;=p KR &7&QW>@1+L+_4o *Em-O:[% ?OK.U)`^9;O¢)K.&1c QC -O&WW_c
1c L>@Q|_m)V 7¡ cLUWU|_V ^
V1W_
\7¢)9 _ Y):<%_ K.L*[;]QL>@;OT?Kv
C&r:>@QW(/AW6H/+RKY_@-OFHqKR&QW{\BM1
*,?,&Wc _ p{;=* p{Y|n;= (c v KRQWpT \7~>@Ug!&1p?= *1 cq%WV% ~ V$ XH _ z¢q nx?u £ rt ~ %c *&7?O+Y(
\VW_%N_CkuAHT? &p>1QW( m _dl*[QL;=+.>1QW( KR\7*[Q)0>7:<*,-0j&1? Uw*,:<&7\1QHKR;OK.&1Qtc rtn uws q% ~ ¤p p(rtn
z{ (p( p c &1+_2Hc &C_1cWV%VH7cvUHU|_
¢v[^ XH_
2 _ _|pz AH~ *1!c m u%£_1 zn q%&Ln-Du FL;=|¢>7z -Dc6v'Mr >1QW 7( Y _
m : &7 *[:?=TX >@ Q D) V$ V 0 ¡ <3,c
r 1 ~ x1 u c ~ & 1+_
p ,~ WpT c ~ &W _u2W c9W V% V ¡ ¡ nT\ £%¡ p(cn¡ z-2$XH _
¡¢
!#"$"%"
BC'613"%"%020A:2++9),9@`MV'=6S:AuU%02+:2BCau s5&B<BC-=K3;(+4020F+R),BC5&:z8`L+4'=0A+RSb8O>BVI.-6)2-=U%16BC5&+X1='6:2Sm'3-5N3^P"%I.IJ-=+R5/)2U s 0A'3-65&BC)z5/:A02x" 0As '=:2yz+9+ 8:FS_02'3M I0A+R-6;`$&-G:ABC+R53: {8%-G:F-
s s
?E-=$&+ s$%-6^;CB "&BV02)2-=:2+ :2"&BV'6s-6'35&;(IJ)0A+R$%-=-6"`0A;CBC+D:2:z+RJ0JBCIJBV)16$E+4-'65&025&+4:A0F+4-=-Gt 5*:2:[+9&8¡+RS_'6;V8`8[0HB<),-=)z$%5&:A;<"&-]8@8``'=¤)Sf:2-6BV+R5¥025 +:As -=U%'65¢+45&BV)20/BVBVIJ8%'G+4$(t0A'3+R5¥0,8J:F-=0A:ABC5*'13: U*?E:s +'6-=-IJ5(),$E8"%'6?%5%|&+R¦+45*;<:8L)2'=#'6S),S :2- s +R'3I.|IO)£$&-6"`;V),:2)2`+R'§0 ),:2130A+R+40AI;<-6-G$%M¡:AU%+ B s :A)R' r
:2U&+.$%s "%0A$('*),+J'=S:2U&BV)\:A+#:BV5DI"%;C:2BV$%;C+.tX-]`)4¨-*02+9-=;{BVIJ-616+9)-65&8DBCI.-616+J$%0A' s +R)A),BV5%1/-=0A+J'=Sf:2+R5
3©#
3©
!#"$"%"
affect change
Human Real
Operator Environment
sense
BV16"%0A+J9`M {^"%I.-=5/'6$E+40F-G:A'60Xt '302Y#BV5%1OBC5/-J02+9-=;{_5(-G:2"&0A-6;<+R5*K#BV02'35%IJ+45*:RM
5%K#BC+R02+R:28`"(+9-=8m;&ru+R5#_?(K*BV0A'6*5%"&IJ-=;V+4BC:z5*D:9r(),:2+R 02+R' '6IJBCI.IJ-6'6165.+40AI.7-GI:AU%"&+4),I.:-G?E:A+@B $%-=;(0A'`IO8`'`" 8`s +R+9;V8>):2-=' 0A+d'"&&()2&.+R8Jn4e:A)' n:2'3U&02+[0A+RU#)2$E"%'6I.5&-=8J5¡N6"(P¥),+R$(0'3BCBV5*5¡:F)T:2U&BV5 +
KG'=-=SX0A:ABCU%'3"&+@)m"&0A)2+R+4-60;3-='65(08'6:2IJU%'#+R8%0+40A;#s+R),-=$&;Ts - '6s ?`+9)4yz+r]-=:A5&)R8@M/|8&ZIJU(- -6s )U%BV135%s 02+T'GK#tB<5 ),BV'6S_0A5'6B<I¦))2'602'#IJ'=+:F:A)BCIJBV5¡+9)+45%"&s13)2+RBC5%8+R:A+4'|0ABC)25&+41H5&)2'=+{Su:A),U%BV+TI$E"&'3;V-=)2B~:2:A'6BC0F'3)R5 r
$&-60,:AB s "%;V-602;V*&BV16U*:^)2BCI"%;V-=:2'30A)Rr*:2s +4;V+4'3$(+R0A-=:2BV'65Zr%-65&8 s '6IJ$%"%:2+401*-=IJ+R)RM
+-,/.0+ 1325476 83925:<;>=@?BAC96834DFEG2!4D0A6IHKJLHM:N6 2!OP:
DtU%+ B BVU/8%+4t 5*+ :2BCS_§BC:2+:AU%)2+ +4K3BV+4IJ0F-=$(;E'3+0, :F-=BC5*:2:LBV5%S_1L+R-=-6:2$%"%$%0A;V+RB )L-G'=:2SBV'6|5()4 M )2`)z:A+4I.).'60@RQT)7_K#BC02:2"(-=;^+R5#K*BV0A'65%IJ+45*:F)Ar-=Sf:2+40
s s s s
S U#"%I.-=5L"(),+R0T'6$E+40F-G:A+R)TtB~:AU[->TFUNVXW#YE'=SZ0A+R-6;CBC:zJ-=5&8L)2BVI"%;<-G:A+R)xI.-65*J'6Sm:2U%+|'6$E+40F-G:2BV'65()
:2U&-=:-602+\$E'3)A),BV?%;V+\tB~:AU0A+R-6;m'6?`yz+ s :F)4M
SFZ U%+O8%BV)2$%;<-]HIO+4:2U%'`8%)\-602+O'=STU&BC13U *"&-=;VBC:zHBC5D02+9),'3;C"%:2BV'657-65&8 )2$E+4+R8ZrZ),'[:2U&-=:\:2U%+O"&)2+40\BV)
d'&(&.ne)4n[BV5[:AU%+8%-=:A-J-=5&8[$%0A'6?%;V+4I :2'L-=$&$%02']`BVI.-G:2+$E+40 s +4$%:2BV'65'=S:2U%+0A+R-6;(:AU%BV5%1&M
SFZ U%+X"&),+R0bI"&),:{?(+u-6?%;C+ :2'\BV5*:2+40F- s :tBC:2U.-65&8 s U(-=5%13+T:AU%+XIO'`8`+R;`+45#K#BC0A'65&IO+R5*:BV5O)2IJ'#'=:2U&;C
$(+R0 s +4BVK6+R8@02+9-=;w:ABCIJ+6M
S N6PK#B<),"&-6;{S_+4+98`?&- s Y7B<)'=SX$&-60A-6IO'3"%5*:BCIJ$E'602:A-=5 s +6M Z U%+.),`),:2+4I :z#$%B s -=;V;V7$%0A'GK#BV8`+9)
'6IO-L?`'6tXyz:2+ -]BVs '6[:A5Z) S_r*'3S_S_'30'300:2U%?(+^+J+4:,'6"&:20X+R)20u+4-=0|"(K#8`:2BC+R'B~:At'6s BC0AU&5&O-=1&5&S_M{+416u+R+8%;C:2?&U&U%-+4'30\"%Y.K#16)2BCU+RU%t'6K#"%$(BV)2;<'3"&8@BC-65*-6;w:\;VS_)2'=+4'Sx+R8%?E:A?&U%+-+J$%s 02+4YL+95#),B<K#)X+RBC5*0AIJ:R'6r`5%'3),IJ),':+R:2BC53IJU%:+$E'6'6"&002)2:A+4:2-=0'5*0A:9-6'=r%5.:A),-='3S_:2IO+4++R+;m'6'60:F-?`IOsyz:A+ 'GBC;VK3:F+6+) r
'60XU%+R-60X:2U%+RIs s '6;V;CB<8`+6r&+: s M s s s
tIJU%+4BV5*;C:R+BCM 13"%BV0A16+["&02]+L`M ]`MBVNJ;V;C"&BC;V),;V:2"&0F)z-G:A:A0A+R-=):2+9:A)XU%+.:2U%"&+)2"&5%+4-=t;x+4) s0|+R) 5&s -=+40A5&BC'-602'=BV'JSX'=-SxU*-."&U#IJ"%-6I.5>-='65H$E'3+4$(0F-G+R:20ABV-=5%:21BV5%BC1.5¡BC5 -0A-L+R-=K*;{BV02+R:25#"&K*-6BV;0A+4'65#5%K#IJBV02+4'35*5]:9\ r
+-,/.^ _a`b`bDcACde476 A0;(f3:<;>=g?BE
|u'GtBV+4)|K3+4"&09)2r#"&|-=;Vv;V/+-3`),B<' )z:As +RBV-=8@:2+R:28/'L)2t'6BCIJ:2U ++8``+4'=13:A02B +Rs +|5%BV+45Ht ),+R-6K6$%+4$%0F;V-=B ;s -G:A'6BCIJ'35&IJ)^'6+R5%5&;V-=L?&Y#;C+95%8H'Gt?#5'65&;<+48`t+40u+)2``$E)z+4:A5&+4I.)2BVK6)4+M U(-=0F8`t-602+3M
s
hLikjlmn W j%ncoXip Yrq p Ys ntli U oXuvl
Input move,
Devices speak,
touch, . .
COMP
Human ENV. Model Real
SYS MODEL Creation Environment
Output hear, . . .
see, feel, offline process
Devices
BC13"%0A+O]`M N%bu"%I.-65'3$(+R0A-=:2'30BVIJIJ+40F),+98@BV5H-K#BV0,:A"&-=;m+R5#K*BV0A'65%IJ+45*:9M
W ki j$m
W '*'3Y`)-=5&8H'GK#BC+9)
S b-=?E+4'G'6K6$&+x;C+ S_'3s "%-650bS_s +R+4-=02:2:A"%-60ABC+R5&);C'6SE?(+ s '6IJ)2`+ )z:A
+4BCIJI.IJ){-=+40A0F+ )2+R$&8%02+9),BV5L+R53-\:{$%-=5(;C'68:TttU%U%B +R5OUJ0A-=+R0A-3+ 8`5%BV5%'61:D-\
?(^'#'='3:AYE+XM:2¤U&-=U%:B :As U%U.+4'=0A+Sw:2-=U&0A++
),'3IO+\?E'#'6Y`):2U&-=:u-=;V;C'Gt¥:2U%+0A+R-38`+40:2'L)2+4;V+ s :XS_02'3I 8`BC}E+R02s+R53: s '65*:2BV5#"&-G:ABC'35&)'=S:2U%+$&;C'6:RM
S b8`BV+4)2'6$%$&;<-];C+ ¡s :2-=+ 5¢U%-=5%;<B<)2*'H"%+R?()L+ s -6'602IJ+/+L"&)2BVIJ+R8ZIJM+40F¤),+9U%8>B BCU¤5§'=- SIO:2U%'G+7K#BV-6+6?(r'G+RK3)2$(+@+ S_s '3B<"%-=;V0.;CDS_+9t-G:2U%"&+R025§+9).-H'=tS\B<|8`+@ ) s )20A#+4),+4:25¡+RI.'3)L0-=N60AP +
$%02+9),+R5*:-65&s 8[tU%B s U/-=0A+\5%'=: s
S P^Q{`'>$%6;<-='3BV" 5ZM Y#5%'Gt£'=S'60.$%;<-]§-=5#¡K#B<8`+4'>13-6IJ+R)O:2U(-G:LU&-]K3+-6;C;XS_'3"%0.S_+R-=:2"%0A+R)J13BCK3+45 -=?E'GK6+
3©
!#"$"%"
-=8`5(+BV16}w8 BC+4:2s0FB 4-6),+9'35%8m5Z5%MLW '3)X5* H5¢?(-='3)2;V5*;BCIJ:2s B ;Vs$%' +4;Vs +;VYw;V'&Mbr*-37:2),U%+9-=+)45#rZ"(."(),),),+R+R" 0 0As )s U@'6"%U%-=;<BV5D8[),:2'3K*+`02BV+4B $%st ;V-6'6;(0A$&+O+4}E;V-:2+RU%s 0A+R+9)2)),'6+.5-=5(K#W ) 8HBV0,s :A'3cR"&df;C-=;Veh+ gq;xsi&+R:2kGBV5#l'6K*5&OBV0A'=i#'6S)45%n-6IJi]0,&(+4:AB~5*S){:F- )\-=s 0A:F"&+)4),r#sBVU%5%"&B<1/02)X0A:A+4"%U%5*5%+.:2B<;V*J¤"%?(+¤+R?(BC5&+981
:2BV5 +R020F0A¤-=+RBV-357BC),:2+9U¤-68L5&- $%8 "%*&BV;<5 BC)213+U*:F-6-=:.5&Y6)2+R8@BV'=I$E}m"%+4)|0F;<-G-6)2$%:A5&'6BC8H0F09-Gr ;<:A-=-DBC5&'38%5@"&BC)25%'6+41*S0 )\U#s "%-G-6I.:|5 KG-=$&-65&0A02)XBV- '6+4s "&#:2B)BCs:2BV+-=5%BV0A1(s $('6*&'35*BV0,:216:F0AU*)4'6:XM ;X:2Z'=0FS\-=U%BVBV-=5%0,5 :z+4/0F-=)43BVr#0 +R-Gs -=:20A0:2-=\ +9Sf'6)z:.;<:A8HBC5&5%-])z1O:AK#'6:ABC1*0A'BC-G+9:A:2)uU%BV5%+:A1 +48`;V;K]+4$%-6'602:2SxBVU'6:2U&"('=+)S
:2U&s +4BV0uBCIJIJ+40F)2BC'35[BV5@:AU%+K#BC02:2"(-=;m+45#K#BV02'35%IJ+45*:RM
n W ikp j%ncm W W u TFW ntp]ncm U U h p]n UvT m j%p Y cn ikoXj%ncoXi W
6:2N U(P -G:),+RN65&P),+9 8 ),`8&),-G|:2:A+48%-&I -G¨:FBV-@5>s -6B<5H'=)\:AU%8`U%BV+4+4)20;V$%$H;<t-]IJ'660F+R+98%8`8/)RB s :2rZ-6'/),;"%-@$E$&+4$("(0F'3),),+R0,'30:5%K#5%BV5*B<+R-@:2;+4B<0F),8`:2- +R+4s 025*:2+RBV:2K6'@BCS_+J/BVIJ),-=+R-65&1616IJ8/+9)4+4+4M5**:F:A-G0A-:2HBVs '6:^BV553IJ:AM.+4'`0F!`-8`"%+R$%:2;V$E)^BV5%'3'=1@)2Sx+6t-=rZ5&BCS_:2'3-=U 0:2'3:2+IU%%+..-=IJ8%S_0A-=$%'6:A;VI-&+6rr
:2'=U&S\+^- "&)2U(+40 -=Is '6?E"%+4;<0J8J'6I.S^-=:20AU&YO+-U&),+R+9-=302"&:R+4M 5 s !*+:2+R'=02SZ+R$E'D'68%BV53BV)2:F$%)T;<-=-]:x§:28`U%+4+ K#s B +R53+9)O:A+4-60x5&'68 S-N6P?%;V'#BC'#5&8J$%"`K3:@+R)A8`),+R+RK*;jr3s B '6+90x)O'35%5J+4:2+9U%8`+|+R8§?('3S_"%'65&0J8%:A-6U%02BV )
-=$&$%;CB ss -=:2BV'65/-=0A+8`BV) s "()2)2+R8[?(+R;C'GtM s s
$%;<U%-6'3)AZ ?%)202'#B<'#-@8&'6-]:AI.602+9r)R-GM:2:AU%IO+RBV02+R16+5*"%:R0A-=r+@0A;V+.'G]tr`IJM\ -6K*5#B<BV)2;CBC;V'3"&IJ57),:2'60F-=0A-GB<+@8%:A+R)R-6)\r$%8`- $%0A;VBCB K#s"%BV-G025%:20A1/BV+4'65*5(),:BV)I|'="%S;<-G:A$%'6020F'6)4yz)2r+ #) ),:s :2BC+R+R-GI.53::A):2B~U&BV+Os5 s K#a^;V"&B<5%),8`"(BCK3BV-=5%+4;V1 0FB 9),-GBC$&:z:2-6HBVBC'65§'=5(S )4IJrZD-6-6-35&5&),-=8DU%13BVK*+45%IJBV1602:2:2+4"&'65*5-6:9;r
:2:2s U&'.+JBV5#P|K6#+9)z5&:A-=BC1*IJ-GB :2s +|IBC"&02:2;~:A"(BC-=$%;{;V+x)2;<BC-]I#16"%0A;~:F'6-="%5%5&+R8Z'6M "&)Z U&s '6+;V;VK#-6BV?(0,'3:A"&0A-=-=:2;bBV'6$%5&;<-]) #BV165/0A'6-Js"%K#5&BV8/0,:AB<"&)\-=-@;Z)2$&+02:2'6:2BV:25%'=1&:z#M{$E :+)2'6`"%)z:A;<8[+4I ?(+8`"(+9),),BV+9168L5&+R:A8'
31'6 0-3)ms +4'6$%K65*BV+R$(:25 0F+9- )s -6:2^5&'6P80X0A+R&+4;C+IJ;C+9s :2)4'`0AM 8`B s+4-=;VBV;U%5%s +L1.'65(S_-='65/8`;V;C"%'G+BC`t:RM{B<BV)z5%!#:A1HBC" 5%s 1L) U)2+48%BC5&:2-=-6+:A02- 5%BV'H+Rs +R'6B<8%"%))X;<-=8:A5¡'.?E+ +4Y#`-]5%-6KG'GIJ-=tBV$%;V-6:A;C?%+.U%;V++b'6S;VS_' 02kG'3s i-GI :A%BC&J+4'3#5&n B<)X&g),:2'=BVn5%Sb[ 1u+`e2I.nFB<k=)z-=:Alo$&dfBCgj5%)RpH1.r]?%jtX^;V"%-G^+4:A$%+40ur0ABV-6-653;V5&:F)2)48' r
ss '3-6;CIJ;V+R$%8 "`:2&O+R0|d #13n 0A[7-6$%eAnAU%k=B los df)|gqpG'6M Z5HZ :AU%U%++Js02+9'6-=5*;b:20F) - s s +4:25%'3+s0:2t U&+9-=-=:0FU&)+-HB<)U%+9K*-6BV+48#t\ IJBV5%'61("%M5*¤:2+98¡U&+48`57B<),U&$%+;<-];V '#'6Y`^)|7-=P:|:AU%:2+OU&-=16:0A'6'G"%K35&+48Z0A;VrE-]U&`+ )
!
#"
+4)2)2+4"%;V+ +R$(s )x+R:2?%020AI.B ;Cs "&-=-6+u; 5Z;Cs WBV) 5%'35&+9)x-=8`$&"%t-6BCU%:u?%+R-=BV02;C5&BC+:z8[LtX?%-G'=;V:ASb"%+4),+\0x+R+4$%;CBVBVBV5%5%$E+91O+R)T)T:2S_U%-6'30A020'6+t"&?&16-="%U:202+RBV0 t+R8.$%-6;CBV-6;<$E) 5&+68OM{t 5/U%),+4'35.IOU&++u)2;C'#+45&'3)2Y#+6)Tr*-G:A: U%+-\^tX-=v;V;%16U%BVK6+^+9)2)x+4+9:AU%){+ 0A+Rs 8J'65*;VBC:A5%0A+9- ){s :2S_'3'300
s !$
cI k
L 3©6
&")2BC13+40F"%) 0A+7s -695 %Ms '6 ;V;V-6Z ?(U%'3+[0A-=P|:2+J#5& s-='3IJ"%B 02s :2+R|)2LBC02:2'6"(S-=:2;U&+x;<au-]#5%16BVK60A+R'60A"%)25&B~:z8D@B<'=)S-6>5§-6+4)2#U%$EBV5%+41=0A:ABVIO'65/+R5*u:A-= Z ;+45#-6K#?(BV02h'3M 5%IJ+45*:BV5§tU%B s U
)$&s -G-=:A5>U[8%$%-G;<-=:F5/-[IJBV5 BVs 16\ ;C-3U*"&)2:8%)2BCB<U&5%)z-]:A1 +RK68¡+\-?E)2$&"%+4-=+402:2135/U>+4'30A$%6?`;<M :A-=-65¡Z BC5%)2U%+9"%+8@$(),+R"("&02),BV02BVIJ5%13+41.$('6'*-O5>),+9|'38D$(+R'60A5>)2-=#:2),-/BV:25%+R;C1 BVI K6+J'6-65¢BV)IJ-7-6-6?(1602'G+9+JK3-=+6'=; MS$&:2-GU&:A+.BC+R53$&:-G:AK*BC+RBV+453tu:9M7) Z U&Z +
affect
Real
Human Environment
sense
Computer Synthetic
System Environment
BV16"%0A+J9%M %^"%I.-=5/'6$E+40F-G:A'60Xt '302Y#BV5%1OBC5H-=5/-="&16IJ+45*:2+98@0A+R-6;CBC:z.+45#K#BV02'35%IJ+45*:RM
S #! 0A+4+RK3-G+4:A0FBC-=5&;x1&$EM +4'3U&$%+4;C+/Jt-G:J-65*- :xIJ:2'+4+4?(:2+BV5%-=17?%;VtX+u-=:A5*':;C'#:2'3' YO:F-=-=:T;VY¡:2U&-=+^?E'6IJ"`'`:J8`-+4;qr#s '3$(IJ'3BC$%5*:T"`:2:A+R'0-6IJ5&8.'`8`8`+RB<;T) :A"&U%)2+4) ¢BC:A-6)T02S_++R-Gyz'3:A"%BC5*0A:A+R;C)R r
s-=5&8>),:2BV;C;),Z +R+.'65%+L-65%'=:AU%+40-65&8D:2U&+4BV0),"&020A'6"%5(8`BC5&13)RM Z U%B<)) s +45(-=0ABC' s -65>s ?(+L+4#:2+45(8`+R8D:A'
:2t+4-6;V+ 53s :'6:25`'LS_+R)202+4+R+\5 s5%BV'65%:u1\'6t5%U%;V.+R02:A+uU%)2+ '6IJ'3+IO'=IJSw'3:AU%5 +u$E'6+4IJ'6$%$&"`;C+u:A+4-6002+IJ;V'`' 8`s -G+4;q:Ar%+R8J?%"`-G::T:A-U%02++R'=IO:A'6U%:2+4+X0;V$(' -=s 02-G:2:AB BC'3BV5Z$&M-=5*Z :AU&)RM+4OIJ-]
s s s
U&16BV-3'6)5$%r3BC;<-=13- 5("%s 8.0A+9+.8 -\9:z$&`t -GM ':2:2BC+4s;V;V0A-="&5.0F)z8%:ABV5&)\0A-=),'6B<:28`5>+9+X)uU%:A-.B<U%)$E+^8`'=?%+9:2;<+R),- Yw5*:2M YB<-=Q 02;Z+R- 16:As +4BVU'6;V+ 5Zs s M '6-65` 0A8DS_'6+RIJ02U&+R-3$%5 )"`s :ABV-/5%+41L0xtK#-=U%B<$&),BC:2BV$%+.'6;C5JB ?&s -=:A- +:2s BVY*'6U%135Z5&02M BV'3*"%Z "%5&U%+98m)x+r-="&-/0A)2++4?%0^"&;V-)2'=+Rs Sb8OY :2U%:2)A'\B<*)^"&()2-=5&`0A8J)z+J:A:2+402U&I+0+ \
s:2U&-6+40A8&I/)rZ-6:A5&U*8"()\),:ABV-=8`:2+RB<)z5*:A:2B BCs S_-=*;*BV5%$&1-G:2:2:2U&+4+.0A5IO0A++9s-='65%13BVs 5%5%1B~:ABC'='3S5\+R:2- + s s U U%5%s B<-630A"&8Z+RM)b-=a^0A)2+TBV5%"&1H)2+R-=8"%:213'|IO02s +R+ 5*s '6:2+R13875%B 024+9+x-=:A;VU%B~:z+/$&:A-G+ :2s :2U%+45&0A5&BV*)"%t+9)4B~:ArU%-6BV55
A0+4+R5#n-=K#lC;Vn BVBC02:z'3%E5%n4¨IJe2BVkG5+4gqd5*$&:RDBM-=02<:2)B U%s -="&+J5¡;V-6)2+9Y60R)z+rX:F: -=:AU%?%U7+ ;VB<BV),5 )2U%+4+95&8D)2BV16'6+4"%0F5%)L0A13+[-6BC5%]5&+R`8¤+4M L0A+BC5&}w)2U%1 + '6s 8`:2"%'3BV;<) 8 0As )@BV?E$%5%+;VBC+45&+9+@8`'3IO+Rt8 $(U%-=B:As '0AU¡+R8/s U&'6:A-6"%'@)$%:A;V$%+ U%0A+J'G-¢K*'=B<U*:28`U&"&+9+4IJ8 0F)^-6I5¥'6" Sxs-=:2U>13U%+4B<:25*) '7:LK*U&:ABV'¢-602$`:2:2"&:2U&+R-6+0 ;
S_+4'65#0\K#BV)202BC'3IJ5%BVIJ;V-6+4025*BC:2:@BV+R:A)|ZU&-=-G5&:/8 I.8`-]B~}w +4s 0A?E+4+D5 s 02+R+R)RIOM|'6a|:2+R),;CBV5%1@;V' :2+4-G;V+4:A'3+R$(8m+RM0A-= :2BV'6025Z'3rms ?(-.'6:[U#"%'6I.0-60A57'6?E$E'=+4: 02\ S_;V'6BCY30A+7IJ)^I.02- +9-=U%;BV5%t + '302Y-=0ABV0A57s BC+9-L)L0A'6+R"%-6: ;
'6-=$E$&$%+40F;CB-G:A-=BC'3:2BV5&'6)5/BC-=5 0A+:2U%-6+/) S_0A'6+R;V-6;C'G;tu+R5#)RMK*BV0A'65%IJ+45*:.- sRs s '60F8`BV5%1 :A'7:AU%+/U#"%I.-=5 s '65*:A02'3;jMFQx%s -=IJ$%;V+[s )2" s4s +R)A)zS_"%;
s
3Mu:2%'@0A'6-JI 5&-]- K#s BV13'3-=IO:2$&BV5%"`1.:2+R020|'3?(-G:\'6:^{'6-G5H:AU`T&;V5&-68`5%+R+0u:|IJ7BV-=)A)20FBC)X'35:2'@s -3'68`5*KG:A02-='35 ;jrE+L-. U#"%I.I -=5 -=5&'38$(+R:F0A-=-=Y6:2+'60^-@16),BV'3K6BC+R;)^)2-6- IOs '3$&IO;C+3I.M -65&U&8 +
U*8`"&+4;VIJBCK3-6+450A+R8\16+4:A:AU%)[+S_02+4'3+9?(8`'6?&:- :2s '\Y S_0A-6'60AI )RM BVI.0A-6-=5&13),+RS_)@+40:A-='6Y3S&+4BVIJ5¤-6S_160A'6+9)I -6s 5&s 8 -=IJ'6+4s IJ0F-6I.)[-='65&58%):2U%:A-6+>Y6+95%)+9-=-60A?(?*'3 "`:;<-=35&T8`IJ+R0BV5*:2"%Z U&:2-=+R:)
8`"%+:2'J:AU%+;C'35%1J;C+R5%1=:AU['6S:AU%+Z ;VBC5%YwM s
cI k
L 3©3©
='SBC13:2"%U&0A++[au]5%`BVM K6+R^0A^)2B~:z5 .-='6$&S$%>;CB s -6-=)2:2U%BVBV'65%5 1=:A'='6S 5/-6u"%16 IJZ +45*-6:A+R?(8 hM 0A+R-6;CBC:z:2+ s U%5%B<3"&+R)|:2'[:2+R;C+ s '65%S_+40A+45 s BC5%1> s '6"%02:2+9),
M BV )X'6KGIJ- I"%"%"%5&IJB s BV5%-G:21.BV5%"%1[$/K*0AB<-3-L8`BV0F'3-6- 8%BC:2'@BVK6S_+|02+9t3"&-3+4)z:A5 +s 6BV5Hrm-@-.U#8%"%-=I.5&16-6+45 0A'6'6"($E) +40F-6-G02:A+9'6-0 '6s S'6-J5*:A5#02" '3;V)|;C+9-L-=0X0A+4$(IJ'Gt'=:A+4+0$&0A'6;V-6?E53'=:u:|-=:2SfU&:2-=+40:
-:A/-=IJIOBVBVs5&5%'3-G:A0+R-8[sR-=s B<0A8`+R+4-5*-3:R)xM :AZ U%+\U%+.02'3s U#?("%'6I.: -6-65¡IJt +4+90F-=-60F)T))2+4-H+U%BC:X+R-3-6#8 5&\ 8LIO"&'3)2"%+R5*):2+9-O8D),BV8%IBV)2"%$%;<;<-G-]:A7+Rs8Lt)2U%U&B -=s SfU¢: ),:AU&'O'G)2tuBCI)\"%:2;<U%-G+ :2+|s :2'6U&5 + \
Z
cI k
L 3©
Controls/Inputs
Actuators
Comp
Comp Sys
Real
Human Sys link or
Environment
Robot
Sys Sensors
Outputs/Effectors
BC13"%0A+O]`M %bu"%I.-65'3$(+R0A-=:2'30"(),BV5%1O:2+R;C+R'6$E+40F-G:2BV'65M
4+_0A0FBCBV-G1316:A"%U*+R0A:F8.+M0A]'6` ?E M '='6:"%Z 0202+R:2U&$&+9+ -=),HBV
0Fu)T'6'6S-: U%\ ;VBC13-6BV5%U]Y6++O\ K6Z ^'6+4;C-=:A;V5&-6+40A165&'6+u-G?ES_$E'3'='G0A:ut87!#+4`t0T)zB~:A;V:ABV+4UD5%I.+O$E+4;C0AS_+402IJSf'3:FIBV)AM )2BCZ\'3U%57#+^"&'=)2'3SXU#$("H+R0AQ -=:2'3+ T0Rs W :202)x0A+9BBV)2s5*)R:2Mb+402'GSt - +R+Rs $%0+u0ABC :A5*':2'(+9:AMb8 U% +S_0A)2:A'6`+4I ;V)z+4:A'6+4J$I \ M
!
!#"$"%"
':26G- U&:A$E+R+O+48D0F)2-G`$E:A)z'6'G:A0t +4I +Rt0'6:2),0AU&U%+.+4'G5- K3+4:2[6;{0FkG-=tXg 5&k -6)2);V=-=l 8%:2=+9+4c]8HK#nBV)2BCt5*+R8>U%:A' B s )2U''6:2s5*U&'6:20A"&-='6:;V8>;b-/),)2BV+40216+R5&5(IJ)2-=+J;<'=)u:2:2+.S_U%'3+@'30^$($(:A+RU%'*0A+),-=BC:2:2$EBV'3'6'G0 5>ts +4'='60\SX"%),;<U%U%8DB<'G)IJK3U&+4'G;q-6K6M 5&+L8>)2t '6-=BV5&' ;j8r s -6&'3IO5&-616+R;jr0A+4-30F+)R)u: rs '3Mt5 U%Z :2B U&U&s U ++
$E"&)2'G+t +RU&0\BV))2U%U&'G-6K35&+48H;:A$%'@02'G16K#0FB<-68`)2+R$ 87BV5;C+4Sf-[:$%-=5&BV;C8+O'=02sBVS 16)AU*-]:\tuBC8`I."&-6),16:|+R'3)|5 S_'3-L0\:A:2-=U%?&+J;C+3'6rZ$E-=+45&0F-G8 :A'6:2U%09W +O)02^+R7IJ'=P:2M+Z Z $(U%'G+Jt+4s'30\$(+R)2U%0A-='G:2K6'6+R0\;tt'6'6"%"%;<;<88
IJ-=5 BCIJB~: B s U#H:2U&5%+R)2'3+L)2+OIJ-6'=5&:28 BV'60A5(+R)- ?#U% +R8H130A:2-3'H),$&) BC5%0A1/-=: BV5¢U -HBC:$%tBV;C+@B~:AU7'=Su:AU%- +.s :2"&8%-G-6:F; -Ls '*13-=;C'G;qMK3+|5U&-6s 5&+.8 :2U&H+L'GU#K#"%BVI.5%1[-=5¡:2U%'6+ $E+40F'3-G5*:A:2'60A0'6;VU&;CBV-35%81
U&0A+R-6-=5&;&8+4s 5#:2K#'GtXBC0A'6-=0F5%8[IJ:2+RU%53+:9M5%¤'3)2U&+ s+4s 5.-6"&:AU%)2+R+^8[0A+R:2)2U%s "%+;C:2$(BVs5%'G1t+4BVIJ0|-6),U%16'G+9K3){+4t ;Z+R+402}E+X+ :As 0A:A-6'65&0u)2:AIO'@BC:,IJ:A+R'G8.K6+\?(-:A'GtY-6:A'0A8[:AU%:AU%+u+ '6$Es -6+4IJ0F-G+4s:A0F'6-60x)K#BVB<5H-\:2:2U&U&++ $
^-7K#BV0,P:A"&r%-=U&;%+?&$E;C'G+4t¤0 s +R-=BC5(K38+R8@:AU%:2+^U&-='3:$(U%+R0A+-=t :2'3'30{"%t;<8L-3){?E+5%'=)z: :A02$%" U#s #Y.)2BBV5-=:2;V;VU%+U&S-6- 02s IJ+\+R?#8Z@¨3-OU%'GIJt-3+4)2K3)2+4s BVK609rG+\U%),+^U%'GtXK3-6+4)x; $&Z ), U&BVU%)X'3tX;C'3-616)B '6-65&;C;C;V
":2%U&$&+ )2+:-=+4IJ5%+R'30A"%-316) UJ'3:A5@':A5%U%+R++R0A8.+R-=-;m?%$E02'G+9t-=Y+40S_02),'3U&I'GK6:A+4U%;w+^IJtBV16'6U*0A:uYwM U&s -]K6^+\-6- 8.:2:2"&U%-6+;C;V),L`),?E:2+4+4+RIQ5/5%8&'6-=:TI.?E-=+413+4+R5 8ms M -=0A+S_"&;C;Vs O8%+R)2BC13s 5%+R8mr
$
s s
)hd n W#Y W#U W ip ncm U k ]i &Jk &neAkGg n )HkDe2nFkG5l [6n4cRd Fn7d ¥kDe20n & =g n/eAnAk=l
!
n &c9dfe &Jn &g g !n nAn [ A"k $#%Fe k&g ne20n & =g nXn &c9dfe &Jn &gZk v[|g &n &gqe Gl ) 'Tg n [3nc9d Fn Ee Gc9d [6n
) k&.ndflfl~i#)Fd g k=g g n &n4e2kGg Ged ) we2n )4n &g d 7g ne2nFkGln &c9dfe &Jn &g(
!
!
! !
! !
)
+* m itntoXp Y i W p Y mn-, d )L3k )Fp (g ngqd .eAnAk=lodfgqp Ee =cRd [3n [ 4pH.
k &n4e2i]kG&.g Gk e i#kk )4)ne[g cRnJdkDdflfl~eh#i d)F d & 'c32[3nl )G4e #='[ed 25nFkG2{lodfdfgqg p>keAnAv[k=l d'& 64&J$n 4n4g e)7)hdf2 c]n/n d Ei`g0En/ .=i`k=g e2wnLi`k8kg>4[6gqi&n4cR&kGdlfwFlopnCi`)1gE n4eAe ng )4)hnnp &g)Fg (0n i]& &Jk g n
df;=lf<!lo#i >@) ?G(ehpn &c9dfe &Jn &g2 d g n %n4e2k=g =e &n$e An4dfcGn )k v[9 k *n )d ):FkGlflCn [k|c9dfehgji&k=l#n &c9dfe &Jn &g
! !
!
!
!
!
8A.
CB p oXu T W n W#V i W p Y mn-, G-e T m
W#V i W p Y m n-, d )De2nFk=g n [ 4Ep k& d wkGgqd F
kHkGeA3neAnAk= l & n &c4d9Endfe [I2{&Jdfng &g)4nk )I[7n [ k7[6cRkGdfgehJk gqi&FekGl k& n &c9kLdfe e2nF&kG.ln n &c(g9GdfMe )h&p .&g n (gn4 gjdg @Gk=i`i g E&.i`g n )H(gFe kg & n k.]i &Jk&k !KE)i`g &n4ne$e A)Fn pE)hgqg d nC&
! !
!
'e2nFkGlodfgq8p (
!
8L.
CB M, ncl W ntm j W Nmi U T W n3N PO d )^k /n (cRdfe &.n &g we Gc9d [6n [g k ]i &Jk
e2 nF&GkGcGn4l~ne2dfkGegjp=g k=Glfe =l eOFgp c9dfehQk gqn i&)4 kGk3n l{& Fe2Ek nF)4i`kGn l~g df)Wngj( 3ep8? ( )hp ;V)hU g Cn &J& n4gqk d'I[&J¢nC)-'d u& g &.nJne g )hn4dfe cG& n RGc9/@dfehSagji&k=[3lTnc9n d (cFRn )dfe cR&dk§.n g n4&glCn ;=&<!n4>%e2kG? gqd d ).T[kGl kG) i H%i#&J)4n n&g[ng [
!
!
!
8`!#+R+RBC13K6K*"%+4B 0F0A+9-=+)b;E9-=8`%0A+4MC+ K# "&B s )2+916+R)T"&8BV-=8`BV0A5O+9+ )-6s '6;C'6;*"%IJ:20XU&IJ028`+R'6B<+ ) 5%s :z;V"&#)2$E)2"(+RBV),'6)+95Z8J'=Sm:2B~!]':Q>)2s U%'6-='G"&$%tu$%$&;C) ;C+|B ---=$%:2U#BV0A'6"%+45&K#I.)RBC'3-=M"&5L )2'3;C.$('3+R8`5*0AB<:2-=) 0Fs:2- '3"&0{)A:A),'6:2+9'O08Lt-^-6),v;C#Y`5*)b-=:2-=$%U&?E$&+:2'6;CBB "`ss :b-=+R:2BV5#5OBV'6K*5Z-BV0Ar*?%'6?%5%"%"`IJBV;<:X8`+4:2BC5*5&U&:91+ M
:2'.U%?E+ +s '60A5*+4IJ:20F-'`8`:2+4'6;V+R0{8/)2+4-6+95&){802+9IJ-=;`-6tX02Y`-=);V;V:A)bU%K#+B<-tX-\-=;V),;V+R)X+Ct\q:2U%U%+R0A02'6+"%s13tXUO-G:A|+4 0$%P BV$E+R'6)^s 5*-6:A-65&BC85&BC+4s5%;V1\+ s '3:2$`0AB :2s B -=;)bs:A'6'5&'G8`K6"&+RB~02:^;<-]-6 02+'6$%IJ0A+R$%)2"%+4:25*+4:90 M
synthesized
(e) z
c pipe
y
c
invisible
x
c pipe
C
(d)
(g)
(f)
z
(i) w (b)
(a)
(h)
W
y
w
x
Comp w
(c)
Sys
2:'=U&SBC13+:2"%U&;C0A' ++s U%-G9'6:2`BV"&'6MV)25H+6&M '6S{P|$%+4BCK#$EB s+R+R)^)TBC5 "&)2-L+R8Jt?#-6;C;qT-;VU#' "%s -GI.:A-6BC'35.5/'6'=$ESb+4:20FU%-G:2+'3BC0{5#BCK#5LBV)2-6BV?%5L;C+^$%BC$E-6+R$%)^$%BV;V)^B s Y#-G5%:ABC'G'3t5Z5M Z S_02U&'3+uI '6$E- +40F-G|:A'6P0{I.IJ'`-=0A8`Y`+4) ;
!#"$"%"
computer-generated computer-generated
image image
graphics graphics real
display display mixing
image
synthetic augmented
human image human image
eye eye
augmented real REAL
real REAL
image ENV.
image image ENV.
beam-splitter double-sided
mirror
camera
2:tIJU&U%BC+.0AB 0As $%'6U/BC0$E:2:2+RU%U%)+R0A5H-='65&"&"&816)2U+Rs )X'3t:A5&U%U%8`B+R"%)2U[BC+:A)R:2$&U&M -6+0AZ -6'6U%IO$E+.+4+40F:213-G+R+4:20A5%'3)+R0X:A0A'L-=BV):216+R;V'#+R8 5%'6BV+4Y#IJ0FBV5%-G-6:A116+\+O_-SABV)s :A'6$%'LIJ02'6-=$%yz"%"%+ 13s:2IO+4:2+R0^+R8 5*BCI.:'6-=5*:AU%13:A'[+\+S_K#:A02U%BC'3+R+.It¥BV5&'6-.),SB<N38`:AP U%+.+'602S |+9:A-=U%P ;w+.tIJ'6'65%'`0A;V+08`8m\ +4)2M ;B<8`'=+ S
s
l WbW p V T U o n W#V m
Y p8,
=:2- U&;V;V+O'G¤tuBV5&)u))2sBV;V8%BCU%13++4U3I.:|BV5 -GS_02:A0A'3B +Cs I *('6+ S(:2U%:A:AU%BC+O5&+ 1@02)4+9:AnF-=U%n ; \q+tg ;V'6BVe 160AG;<U*i 8@:\:AS_'[02^'3$(I -6)AP¥- )BV:2){U&'6IJ1302'3BCK3$%"%+4"`165.:AUH+4-G0S_:{\q0A13'6:A+4IU%5%++R:A;V0A+U%-=Sf+:2:T+R'3'68H"`Sm8%:A)2BVBVB<)2168`$%"%+6;<-]0Arw+\6?%rm9"`0A%:+RMC)23- "%6s ;~:AM:A)BC 5&-61[)?E+RBV-L5 -6I IJ:AU%\ BV)202+J$%0A'6'6;VB~0u$E:2:2+4'3+405 0\
;V$%s ' BCs`-G+4:A;<)4BC'3M5 ST?(5%+4!#+98`"%+R$%8Z$Er('33)2+u'6"/:AU&I.-G:-]:2U%-3+)2)2K#"%BV)2IJ"&+-6;E-J8`S_B<)2' $%;V-6-];O;V+4U&5%-316) :2U -65@'6%S uM ¥'6I ST S_'60^8`:2+4U%13+02+RBCs I.+R)T-=IJ13BC5&-6$%1@$E),+R`8@),:2- +Rs I0A'3Mu)A^)T;V)2'&r
6U%'3'3".02B 4I.'353-]:F-=-6;b)A8`)2"%B<)zIJ:F-=+5 :2U%+6+rZBV)z5 :F-=$&5&B~8%`'=+4}@;<)RrZS_0A?('6+4I:zt :2+RU&+4+^5 tX:2-=sU%;V+J;%?($%+R0ABC'=5&yz1+ '6:A?(BC'3),57+R02'=K3S +R8:2s U%BV)+JN$%BVIJ$E+.+:ABC+45 0F)4:2M U%+.¤-6U&"%-=16: IJt+4'65*"%:A+R;<8J8 ?EBCI.+u-=:2U&13++
IJs BV^)20A|+416)2)2B<"%),:2IJ0F-GBV5%:2BV1L'6s 5(:A)4U&rw-G8`:|+R:2) U%+O0ABV?('6+J$E+4-@0F-GIJ:A'6+40 :2U%s '`'68H"%;<8 :A'H8`-='["`?(:A'6+4I.:,:2-G+R0|:AB BV5&-=)2;V;C$(/+ s$%:A0ABC'`'38`5&")?*+O),I.?E+4-6BV;C5%;b1IJ-6BV?%)20A;V++416:2B<' ),:20Fs -G'3:253BV:A'6025('3)u;"&)2IJ)2BC5&-6;C1 ;
:2-=U&5D+ ^s '3IJ),$%`"`),:2:2+R+RI0)25%`+4)z:A+9+48`I/+Rs 87MHS_'60'3:A"%U%;<BV8¡)\+4$&BC02:2'3U%?%+R;C0+RI:z#$E'6+@0 '=Su'3"%|;<8 s BCP :\?Et+.'6),0A'3Y ;CK3-3+R)87s tt+4B~;V:A;xUDS_'3- 06'3'3IO"%0$&;CIJ+4:2++4:A;VU%7'`-68 "` :2'3jIJ8&-=:2zB )
)2#),:2+RI bQ{`$%;<-=BV5ZM s s s
s
!#"$"%"
computer
stereo display
glasses synthetic
image of
workpiece
virtual
workpiece
virtual
workspace
tool
#S_U 0A"%'6I.I£¤-=-65?(¤'6'G$EK3),+4+6`0FM -G),:2:A+4'6U%IQ0B<)uK*)2BV-="%+4;V$%tu;V'G$E) tu'6:A) 02U%:25&+BV5%'6),10A#IJ8`5*+-6:2U%#;w:A+4S_02:202'3B+Rs "&+R8`){t '3U&'3I -602Y`5&'6)28`$&St- U&'6s -60A+u5&YK#8'6BV-O5.IJ-JIJ'GK6)z'`+4:A8`IJ+40A+4+R+4;<)x53':FB<8%)T)BV)2BC)25HY6$%+4;<-J:-]s .0AU%+R$%+9-=8O02;Z'6BCN3yz5L+Ps :2tBV+R168@'6"%0A'60AY#+5*)2:2$&9'J-%MC-O +^IJ?EM BC+4Z0A;V02'GU&'3t +0
:2S_"%U&;V+;CIO:ABV0A0A- 02'3Y60R+RM 8/Z Z -6U%5&+8H'6$EBC:A+4)|0F-GBCI.:A'6-=0X13I.+B<-=)u5%$%BV$%0A"%'=;<yz-G+ :A+R:2)+98/-O?&:A'*- '3Y;m?('6+R5*;C:A'G'.t¥:2:2U%U%++IJIJBC0ABV02020A'3'60^09)2¨#'.:2U&:2+U&-=$(:^'*),:A+\U%+'=S'3$(:2U&+R+\0A-=:2:2'#'6'60^;ms 02B<+ ) s+4-6BVK602+9+0)\
K#'60ABV)213"&-6-65Z;bMS_P|+4s+RBC8%}E?&+R02- +Rs 53Yw:M :2Z+ U%U%+J5%'3&;C13'3"%160ABV+J+R))2-]U%K]'G-6tuBC;<)\-=?&s-=;C5>+S_'3'3$(0T+R:A0As U%-=:2+\'6N60\P $%0F:2- '#s '6:2;wB s -=BV0A5%+^1/13I.BCK3-=+4Y#5.BC5&?E1/+4;V'G-6t5 M BV5 s ;CBV+9)2-=BC'30A;C5>3r*'6- 5>-/"&0AK*- s BV02:2O"&'=-6S;
N'66?#P K#BV$('6'*"&),) +-=-6$%5&$%8H;VB ),-G$E:A+4BC+9'385&s ){'=S{S_'3),0T+R5&:AU%),BV+5%$%1L0A-6- 5&:A8B "%+u$E'68&0-G$%:2+;<-='=5%S5%:25&U%BC5%+18%'=BV)2S$%)2;<"%-][0A16-=+40A0A+6r*s ),0A" B~:AB U@s -=-;m)2:A`'J)z:2:AU%+4IQ+),IJ`),BC:213+4U3I/:s4sM?(+ "&+9s),)2B<+8`S_+9"%) ;
t '3BCIJ:2U%!*IOBV:A5[+4'30A5@+4u'L8`IJ+9K#),B<+BV),:A16BV+4'65&0F5 )x)S_-6B<'6)5&0X8$()z+R:AB<02)+4U(0A:2+4-=U%'$&+)^8%$%BV:20A)2U%+R$%+O8`;<'3-]IJ#IJ)R'3BCM5&),:|¤-65*BVIJB~::AU@IJ$('3+R'60,-6$(:F5&-6-=)5**:"%'=S%+^K#S_B<|+R),+R"( 8`-=?&P|; - s)Rs "%r`Y+),+RS_02S_$&'6'3-=0\I0F-G),|+R:A5&+u§),BVBVIJ5%)2`1-6)z16:AN6+9+4P) I.)R'6-6M ?`5LZyz+ ?EU%s +|:F+R)u02$%+X0A:A+RU&-=)20A-G+4+x:5*:z:A-=t+R0A8'+
:2'6s '?%yz:2+ U%+::zIJt'#'8%+4+43;+R"&)R¨6),BV:A5%U%1.+u:A;V+U%Sf+:XI.-=5&-=8J:2U%0A+RBC13IJU*-=:x:2BCB I.-6-=;13IJ+R)x'`-68`02+4+u;)2'=#S 5* :2U%U(+9-=),$`B 4:A+9+480t BC:2MJUL|$:2(U%-6+u*$&"%02+'3$(|+R 0T8`P|B<s ),) $&-6-=025HBC:z$%0AS_0A'`'68`I" :2+U&-+
s s s s
cI k
L *
8`)2U*B<),"%$&:,^;V:2-]B<+R)2`02"&)O+9-=8L:2;'>13'6;V"`-3:AU%:A)2$%)2+ +R"`)R"&:M )2S_+40209'3U%rI B<)+4BC'6-L:2U%"`|+R:A$%0L"`K#:),BV`-DB<) ),:2:A+RU%'6I+ "%$%rw^;V-6+R )8LP8`:2+9') '6s:20@U%02BV+?(),:A+9"&-68 )25&+48%-=0?E-6K#0A'GBV8 K6-O+3s),r&+R'3:z5&IO#)2$%$&'6B 0F"`s ){:2-6+R:2;C;V0@U( -G8`:s B<'3),),$%5&+R;<5&),-]B<),),¢+:A)|"&K#'=BV)2+4+4STt0),+R:2$(8+4'*0A),+4:2+'*U%)BV0A5Ls '6'6"&:2$%16U&B U +s
RQ )2'O:2U&-=::2U%+8`B<)2Z $%;V-]@$('30,:A0A-]`) :2s U%+-6$%$%0A'6$%0AB<-G:2+K#BC+Rt$('3BC5*:9M
U%+40F+9) -6^8m-6r`B<)25 '3"&0-=$%?(;0A'G'`BCK#5&8`BV$%[8%"`+$&:O-=1*:202- ':A4)+J-7-68`5&|BV8@02£+ $&02:A),'GBC`'3K#),5ZB<:28`M+4BCI/5&P|1Or{+4K#BC$ES^B '3$%)2+R+0A) +R-6)2+4)X-=5*5DBV:R5%r{?($%"("`+J),:FBV"&)X5 -6:2;C'J'3;V 02:A$EU%s '6+'30F5&-G- ),:As B<+R:2),87BV:AK#)B~BC:z5*'6L:2Su'H?E:2+40F|-BV5% s 1.Y#P|BVIJ5%)\1/'`'38`:20 U&+4;V+[+R-=8Z"&5DM )2+4?EQx0F+6)+4:A+4:2'=60F:F- + -=s ;V) Y;C
\ r
):22U(+4$&-G-6:^s 0A:A-=0A:2- +.Y`S_0A)u'6),I¦$E+ :2U&BV-6+[;Z'3S_+9$(-G+R:20A"&-=02:2+s'609$EM '6BVZ 5*0A:A-)^s '6Y#5/BC5%s :21HU&+U&s+R^-68§7P$('*Mw),+[+ s "&)2+4BC5*5%:|1 t^'6 0AY@PBV5H)OBVR )OQ $E)u'3U&)A),-3BV?%)^;V8`+@+R"&IJ)2s '6BC5&5&1 ),:2-0F-G:As +R-=8IJ:2+4U&0F-+
:2^U(7-G:N6P|P -=)R0Ar4+u$Eyz'G'3U%`)2+4B~),;<:A8m:2BCB '3M 5Y`)4)28%r=+4-6+45(165&),0A8O'3+40A+05%)O\q+4'6t),S'+R\j+4S_5&0x0A)2+48`+[+9+R8`:AK#'6U%B I+/+R){$(),+R)2'*5&" ),)2BC:2'6U.BV0F'6)x-65 )BV5 :2-=s U&5(;V+"&8¢8`F'6+^kG0Ag&:2BV8`+4U%5*+9+\:A) b-=02:2'6BVBV?E;V'6#5§+RU%8+4'6I?*S| "&U#)T"%I.)202+4+R-=5&+455J)2'6-=0?(5&'`s 8J'68`IJ§|IJ-=$&;V-='6;CB<025&8%:A;C-])JJ@'3"&,0)2 +R:A8.'#'6'3;<5 ) M
#$E\q'3 )A\ ),uBV?%$E;V+6'3r)2B~-6:A;~BC:A'3U%5@s'6),"%+R135&U )2'65&0F'=){: BC5 s '3;VIJ"&8`IO+|'3:25ZU%rm+s S_),'3$&0 -602'6Y#s IJBV5%$%1"%),:2:z+4#0F;C);V"&:2)T'/-6'35&"`8.:2s$%KG-="%0A:BV'6$("&'*)T),+JIO:A+ '/s U&--=5&U#B "%s -=I.;(-=8%5D+4K#?#B 7s +R$E)RMb'3)2 : B~:ABCB<'3) 5%-6BV;V5%)2'1
s s
!#"$"%"
JIB<)+ 8`s +RU&) -65%0ABCB ?Es -=+R;#8yz?E'3BC+45*;V'G:F)t:2M U(-G:|-602+-G:2:A- s U%+R8[:2'J:AU%+U#"%I.-=5M Z U%B<)uB<)0A+4;<-G:2+98[:2'JS_'60 s +\S_+R+R8`?(- s Ywr%tU%B s U
s
hMo V mn U i=,
BVU&5 -3)xI.!#:A$E-=U%5#+4++H-3s U 8`BV5*KG:2BC-=5&+45*02$%:AS"`- -6:\s 16+R+u:2)R'/'6rwSZBC- 5 ?(s s +R;C'6BC"(5&IJ8`1BC$%5&5&"`1[-=:A:2+4:A"%0\+40F;VU&+4-=$%-6;qr*U&)|+4'6?E15%+4+J5&+45D'=),:X`-]),02KG:2+9-=+R3IJBV"&;V-6BC)\0A?%BC-6;C5&+5&187S_'6),$E0U&+ '6'GIJK6BV-6+R+O0;(;V 9+RL-60265&-=+9BC$&5%-=$%0F1(;C)^r*B s -6-=-=5&5(:28.8HBV'6I.5&BV))R-]M5%J'G!#?(t $E++4-6+5%$%s + U7$E+R+RBV-=)A5%)A0A$%-=BV5%"`0A1 :
t)2$(U%+R+R+ 5 U-=57'6"`'6:A$E$%+4"`0F:u-GB<:2)u'30R- W )'6+R5#6+RK3)+45%-=BV5(+45*8H: U&-='35(IO8%I)|"%-6025%+B BC-=5#:2K3BV'6'65;VK6+R8/U&-=BV5%5 5&'6+4:2;mU%BV5&+Rs 0^8`+4:F$E-6+4)2Y#5()8`+4-=5*5(:u8H'="%S5&:2U&-]KG+-=8`BV;<BV-=)2?%$%;V;<+6-]M\6M !#BCIJs BV;V-602;V6r
s s s s s
'Bs 3'65`5&uM.0A"(I. 8`:)XB~:A-=:2'6;<U&0A), -=':|'6+4-O"%5&:2U&&$%-=;V"`+5 :U&+RIO-3)\)uBV:A16?EU%U*+4+L:+45 8`+R+R5%8%16U&+40A-=;V+4+5 +J:2s +9'=+L8/SX-=tBC5#IJU% IJ+4BV5 5*+40F:2-O+R)2BC0,S_'3S'3-5 ;Vs8%+BV+45¡0^ -/B s S_'6'3R05/Qu+4U&w%-6:A-=)U%IJ+L?E$%+4'3;V+R+6$(57r+R0A-/8`-=0F:2IJ-='613+40\16:A+R'6-=8@SX;VB s -:2'J?&K#-=:ABC02U%5%:2+13"(BC-=:A5&0A;x1/-3K3),)2+4U '6U%"&sB 5&-6;V58 +
s)2s +4-65&5L)2+U%+9:A-=U%0 +O:2-6U%IJ+'6),'3"%"%5*5&:|8.'6sST'6SZ0F-6:2U%8`+BV'3+4- 5&s 16:2BVBVK#5%B~+|:z-65&$%8J0A+R:2)2U&+4+|5*:|tK#U%B<+R-.+4;<:A) U%)A+O*8%"%+4+R16-60A;CBV+45%+1'=:ASx'OS_0A-+45)z:A4'6/$Z+4M 5 |0s '`9r*8`-+R87:2+RBC;C5 +R'6I$E+4"&0F)2-GB s :2'3?(0 +Rs BCs 5&-651
$%;<-]6+98mM
g kGg d )
=g
Ek=gji`
eAkGlflopU ) Gm i I[j%p]8nt( m U d )[g nn t[Gd Dd &g b) Gi I[ F [3kGg k G)e (gje GlTd Ge &.kGgqd
!
p ncm j
8`u"%+R+|02uK3:2+R"&'O)|IJ5%BC57+R-6025&K3:2) U%+Rs) +J'3BC;V5%5[BCI5%:2+ ?&U%s )\+\::A-=)2'Y*5&BV87:25LU%I:A+XU&0A"&-G+R) : -=;*;Vs +Rt-6) 5['60A)2-6;V+485 5&K*)2)2+|B<+4-^5&:2:2)2+4U%+IJ+R;V$EBCBV0bI+4K#0F?D-GBV-^:A$("%:2'*02'3+3)," +Or*s &UZ-=025&r]IJS_87'35%0 I+9s )2+"&)R)-6r`5&-=;V8+5&8[IJ:A+4),'65&IJ:2)2BVBV'#'6'6'=5Z5 :AMbU%;C!#5%+R+45%+95&)21=) )2:A+XU7'='=S-=S%)25&:A"%8 '602" S:2- s U%sU+R+RBVBC)R0) M
s U&-65%16+9)4M u+R02K3+R)XBV5[:AU%+K6+9)z:ABC?&s "%;V-60s ),`),:2+4I s -65)2+45&)2+\?('`8`[IJ'=:2BV'6s 5M
g n .) n )4
Cn )
' c
[=p n)hdfgjd ]i &.k =4e lXFpn )- nt=m j e & W =gjd W7d (c; #=d =Enloc]C)FCn g)gn4g >n d >)4n )4)n )n n'?g( =Ti ; g 8k 4gqdflC>n )n )4n ? k v[
!
!
^BV5&B<8`)2""&u-="&+[;IJ8%IJ-6BV)2'=5 $%:A;<BC$E-]'3#+45§0)Rsr%)2+RB-6$`)uY#:25%BVBC'65+95 )2:2)RU&'=M +S\\IJIJBV'G5%'=K*:A+9BVBC)z+R'3:A)X5U%+'3B<:A0u).B ),-GBVI)z}w:A+ "&BCIs ;V:2-="%+R:28 ;V'6-=0F:2?#)RBVr'6¡5s :2-=U&5K*+HB<-H$%BC0A5*:A'G02:2K#+9+RBV16-68`0F8`+\-GIJ:A+RBCBV5%'3;C;<'65§)R"%r{13'=02UHS'3?(I.)z:A'6-=BC:2I5#B §"%;V;V-=BC)25%+4:2YG5&BV'6-6)2516BC5&+R:21>)R'Lr{)2- '6`s 0)z:A:A"&$%+4-=;<I.-G;V;C: )R \ M
S_BV5'60AI.0A+Rs )X-3),'6+0 :As U%+4+5*:28%0A+4BCS_16"%0A16s+4+9+)'=:2SxU&BV-=IJ:^IO- s +R:A0A"&)2BV-='6;V;V5 L-=IJ?Es 'G'GK6K6++:2:2U%U&+-=:'6$E$%0A+4'G0F-GK#:2BV8%'3+R0X8/BV)?#+RIJ:2$%U%;C+'G3K*+RB<8[)2"&BC-=5/;bKG8`-=B<),0A$%BVs '6;<"&-]6)XM7uQ¤;C:2),+R`025&),:2-=+4:2I.BVK6)+R;C:A3' r
:2 U&'6s +.IJK6$%+R"%),:2:2BV+4?%0"%K#;<-=BV)20BV'6)25 `)z:A-=+45@I $&IJ;V-]BVJ16U*-:),:2?(0A+.'65&-610,:A02B~'3;Cs +|BV-6BC;C5@;V7IO),'6:2:2BVIBV'6"%5;<-G),:A+R+R5&8 ),BV5%"&1()2BCM5%z1H8`+9-/-=;V),;C:230Ar`+R--=I U#"%'=I.S -=s 5['#'6'6;x$E-=+40FBV0-G:2'6'30\0TtXt-G'6:A"%+4;<098 M
s s s s
cI k
L #©
*U:,BC:A13$Z"%0A+ tt]`tMVRM t N%+R ?&N68ZM '3¤021 BC0A+K#S_020FIJ-=IJ; + '3?%;CBVIJ?Z'#M U*8%:2+4I/; M '=S - s -=0 fS_0A'6I :2U%+ |^ +4$E'3)2B~:A'60Aw
K#BC+Rt|5$('3s BC+75*:Ft)+7-=5&U&8-]K3t+HBC:2:2U/U%KG+>-=0AN6BCP '3"&)XIJ8`'`B~8`}w+4+4;q0Ar^+45*t:u+7;VBCt13U*'6:2"%BV;<5%8¤13)R;VBCM Y3+7:A'§?E+D-6?%;V+ :2' 8`B<),$%;<-] B~:S_0A'6I -=0A?%BC:20F-=0A
.
d g n Ee Fn )) ' 4e2nFkGgqd @d'&Jk 3nC)Fe & & c[3nl )1(
W VXW ikm u )
+R5&8`+40ABV5%1 s -=5?E+\:2U%'3"%16U*:'=SbBC5:zt'O),:2+R$&)R
3MuP^+4:2+40AIJBC5&+tU%B s U/)2"%0,S- s +9)X'=S:AU%+IJ'`8`+4;-602+K#BV)2BV?%;C+\:A'O:2U%+)2+4;V+ s :2+R8K#BV+4t$E'6BV53:9M
MuP^+4:2+40AIJBC5&+\:2U%+ s '60A02+9),$E'65&8%BC5%1$%BC#+R;ZKG-=;V"%+R)X'6S:AU%+ s 0A+R-=:2+98LBVIJ-616+3M
!#"$"%"
`S8 - +9),+BV 02$E+9'68/'65 BVs 538`+4:|BC$%0A+:2:2U&s"&:2-=-6BV:|;C'6;V5/6trx:ABV;C),'.;:2+R?E:2$¥U%++@K#'6BV)2B<?`)JBVyz?%+ -;Cs+s :RU%-=M BV;V+4Z'6K35%U%+R1.+8¡:A&?#U&0F -G)z::us 0ABV'35*-]5&:23),+4M :20F0A)2" + U%ss :A:ABV)BCBC5%'31D5H'35'=-7Sb0F+R:2-]$`U& :^+B<S_0A) 02-]'3[I -=t;V;C+9:2B~U%:A8>U/+e2:2kGK#U%p[BC+R+tgj'6eABCk8?`5%4yz1Dd+ s $E6:^'6rwB<BV-6)535&:J:A8U%BV+5¢:2U&)2:2+4"%U&0A0++ \
-=-60As +^;C;V+RI.8-6- 5*. )2'=i Sf^:ztXn4e -=0A:2+|' -6;C-61302'60A0A.B~:A'6U%"`I.:){:A:2U%'OB<)$E)z+4:A02+4S_$/'60A0AI-6$%BCB<:R8`M ;C3Z M '`Z 8%-]wW )s s '3s IJ$%"`:2+R0As) "&)2+-U&-60A8`tX-=0A+uIJ+ s U(-=5%B<),I
s s
!*:A+4$ -=5 ?(+L)2BCIJ$%;V+J'60\K6+R02 '6IJ$%;V+mM 5 :2U&+L),BVIJ$%;C+ -6)2+6rw:2U&+.'6?`yz+ :\U&-6)-[$&-=02:2B "&;V-60
ss '3'3;CIJ'30x+R)X-=5&S_0A8O'6I B<){s I.-J-6$(8`'3+BC5*'6:^Sw;V-\BC13$(U*-=:^02),:2'3B s "%"%0 ;<s -=+\0{BCI.5 s -G-J:A+4$&0A-6BV-60,;`:AB ts "%U%;<'3-=)20^+X8`02BV+00A*&+ +s s:A:ABC'3-65Z5 Ms +s!`$%'6IJ0A'6+$E+4-=02IJ:2BV'6+R"&){53-6:u02+Xs '6Y#Sx5%-='GIt?&5ZBC+RM 53Z :uU%;VBV+16s ;VU*BC13:uU*BV:)
:2-=9U&;<%)2+4MC'5 $&"&02)2)2+9U%+R),'G8+Rtu53:A:9)\'@M-/78`+4),-G:2BVIJ:2+4U&0A$%IJ+4;CI.+JBC5&-G0A+:A+4B 5&:2s U%8%-=+;%+40AIJ$%BC5%BC'`#18`+R+4;'=;<S s)T'6:2)2;VU%" '6+.s0 U.ts '6-6BV0A0A)02+:A+9S_U%0F),-=+^$EIJ'6T5&+ U%8%'6BC5%5%-=0\11JIJ)2:AU&'@'`-6-L8`8%+4BC)25%;qI.MO1-= IJ;V;'6'`-=0A8`0A+O+R+R;&0A-J+R16'6-6BVK6S;CB<+R),:A5:2U%B +BV5 '3BVI. ?`yzU&-=+ -616s $`+9:R):2Mu+R0 -=BV5D16"%-=?E0A0A+++
s)2'60A+R"%-=0 :2s +9+98§)4r`)2-=U&:\-68`:2U%'G+tu)Rs r*'*:2)z:0F-='65&S )2$&),$E-602+4+R+9538&:)2?#"% 0,S-6- 8%s +98%)4BC5%r%1H-65&)28@" sBV5*U :2+RS-020As C+:As *&'60F+ )s :A-3BC'3)5&I)4M "%;C:2BV$%;V+.;CBV16U*:),'3"%s 0 s +R)RrZ-=0A+R-6s ;;VBC13U*:
):22+4'6#IJ:2+"%BC0A13'6+R"%Sx8 0A:2+L),U%"%+O902%S'6-MC?%]Jyz+R+ )),s U%:FBV5*)^'GK3tuBV'65 )u;VK#:2:zBCU%t 5%+9'@1 ),+02+R'3BC5&I.IO8`-=$&+4130A;C+4+R+R )|8 t $&BCI.-G+R02:2-=+:213+4+R020A+R5&)^5&)^"&8`:2),+RU&BV025%-=+91.:8 :At -6U%'3)+ "%8`s ;V+R87-=) 0|s ?(0AIJ+JBV?('#K3+98%+487+40A;b/-=-=?E)25&;V'G'G8HK6t+3'6rE:2:2)2U%'/'6+RIJ020^+R+IJ5&8`'='`+RSx8`0R:A+4MLU%;<)R+4qM|!#I +4¤+OU&U%-]:2U&BVK3;V+++
?%?E"%+4+4BV;<5 8`BCg5&n 1@3gq'6i`5/e2n :AU%&Js+k S-6&0un[O;V+SfBC:\5&),'=:2Sb+9-6:2U%8 s +'=;CST+4Sf?E:|+4BVBVI.5%1/-=160A++45&-=8`5&+R802+9:A8mU%M +)2BV+8%#+4:AtX"%02-=+O;VY@I.5%-=+4$%*$&:|BC5%:2'L1BCt:RM BV ;C;{Z ?EU%+.+98`),+BV) )2"%"(02)2S)2- +Rs8 +R)BC5 U&-]:2U&K3++
5%+4*:^)2+ s :2BV'65ZM " Z s
cI k
L
G?E-!#:#+.5*02"&:2+9),U%-=+9+4;V8 BV:2)2B I s:A'/0AIJ+4?(5(-6'68`Y6:2+4U>+0ABCBCBC5&:\IJ1 K6$%s+40A-60A'G[5@K6+O:2'6BV5&IO0A;C+RJ+0-=\ ;V16sB<),''6I 5&),)2'"%-6S5&IJ-=8>09BV5%M ),1&$E^M|+4'=+9 :X5&87'6)z:A"%5%+R$D;V-3J8m:ABVU%r() +J+4BC:`02BV5%+R),5&:2'6BV8`:X5%+41@)20A" BVBV5%I.1&s -=MJBV13+4%5*+R)u'3:A;C0\J'6S:20AU%s+RB<'3-=)IO;VB<$%)z$&:A"%B;C0A+4s $Er3'3?%:A)2"%++6:#r:2-=-D"&:,02:Ag +9+4n )IJ3gqs $`i`-6:Ae25 )n
0A'6s +4-60 5&5¡8`$(?(+R-=02+BVBV535%-=:91JWm5¢-.-J-616),0,"%:ABVK6B~02 +RS-s5HBVs -6+6:2;C+4r`;V7*BV5&:A13"%),:2+40A+R5%+-3+R'68@0A5*-='6:A:2S'@+98 s BC'6:R$(;VM '6-G0A:,BC:A5%U%+41OBV0A)|5¢BC;V:u+R'6-6t08&B~-¢:A)uU/:A_'L$E-J'6:2)202U&BC:25&+BV16'6$%;V5¡+ 0A' '6s '6S^+9;V-3'6)2)^0X\'=KG0ASu+R-=-6;Vg"%;xn +63BCr`I.gqi`t-6e2+\16n+6t &.MH'3k "% 5>;<E8@d:A;VU%BC=Y3+@rZ+$&t:202' U&' +4s 0A$(+9+-6)2)),:2:2U&'=+6+ S W
"
W
ntoi W T p % m u d ) g n we ACn )) ' &kGd (gjd k¡g n 3gqi`e2n &g §k )& Gg
)hi`e k8F1n Tg #i )P4e2nFkGgqd k.g n 6gqi`e2n [O'd &.k *n Fg kGg )hi`e k8FMn (
"
" !
BV)2+R"%),0,:SZ - )2U%"%+9+O02)4Srb-),"%s ),+R02" S)^- U¢:2s '[+R-6)|:2)+'=#$(S :A-="%BV53BV0216:A0+ "%BC\q5&I.0A17+@-6$Z-H]`M 0AMV'69Z O"%+13#:AU U&:2"&-G02:\$E+Ot+4I.+4+4;<0A-=+$%:2$%:2+4+4BV#5%*:21:A"%"%0As 0A+@-6+5 '3I.5¢-=-=;<)2$&-='[5¡$(+9?E'68 +.0F-=t8`5&+4'6160A5%+6++OM/$%'6¤;<5 -=5&U%IJ-6+R0|'65¡0A$E+:2'6U&;Vs +@#'616IJ'6'3?%$%5&yz;V)4+ +r( ::2U&s BV+"&)02+9S_K302-6+R+R) 8 + \
S_'6'6?%0AyzI + s :F-=)45&r`8>t+0A+4s5%$%+R0A+R+R8)2+4IJ5*:A'6+R0A8 +\?*)2>'6$&-HU%BVIJ),:2+RB )2-=UZ:2rb+98@t
+ IJs +-=:A5¢U%'`8%8%'H)RMx:2U%B<)02+ BV5¢+45*-H:A;C$%@BV+ 8%s +4+4K6t+RB<;C),'3+L$(+9S-68[)2U%:2+ BC'3U&5Z5%M/BV* "%"%+\:BV5S_'60s '68`IJB $%"%s :2"%+4;~:0
16)2U%0F-='G$&tus U%)|B s -[)0A"&'6)2"%+R13)U702+9IJ-=+R; )2BCU7I.IJ-=13'`+R8`)+4;{'=S'6Sx:2U&s :2+@U&+O'6?%0A+ yz+ '6s :5&),:2:2' 0A" $%02:2'G+RK#8 B<8`8`+J'6s 1D:2U&f+[S_0A'65%I+R+R8` +9U(8>-=:2$`+4:A#+4:20J"%R0A+RN*s )RhM7rZ-=5(BC8713"%0A+7BC13s"%90A%+[MC ]`MV-*
!
!
'6?E?%+:zyzt+ I.s +4:9+4-=rw513?*C+ :AH\ U%?&),+4-6:2I '3)2+R028:2BV5%'.0A1[$%+45&-@0A'`8`K68`+R+R02" 02BV5%+1 ;V-6-6s 0202-=?%135 BC+:20F- 5#-=s "%0A:2I."(-=?EK#;V+4BC;C+R0tu'=?()4S +JM{BC^-I.sR'G-=s t 13'3+R+RIO)|K6$&+4-G09;C:B<r#),U&B~8`S{+RB~}wt8/+4+\t0A+4U&BC5*:2-]U%:K6'3+\K*"`BV-J+4:tIJ-@$E+R16'6)2+4BVU5*'3:AIJIJ)\+'`-=:28`5(0AB+R8Hs ;mBC'=IJ5*S:A'#:2+48%U%0A+4$(+;'3'3'=;V-=?`S{:2yz:2BV+ 5%U&1+:
-+=:A5(028O/-\$%)2;V"&I.)|-=:2;VU&;`+O5*"&BVII.?E-=13+40x+R) '6SE-=0As+R5 -6?(;*BV+OI."&-=)213+R+R8H):A:2'[U(-G$&: 02s'`'G8`K3" +40+:2U&K3+u+40A),+4:x0A+R'=-6Sw;C$(B<),'6:2:2B +45*02:A+RBV5&-68`;`+RK*02BV+4BV5%t13$E)R'6M BV5*:AU%)R+r=:A0AU%+ +45O'65&:2U&),:2+0A" 16+4:2'3BVI '6s 5 \
)2#),:2+RI 8%+R) s 0ABC?E+R8HBV5 s U&-6$`:2+R09N%rEtU%B s UH$&02'`s 8`" s +R8H0A'6"&16U/IJs +R)2U IJ'#8%+4;<)^'6SbZ '3?`yz+ s :As )uS_02'3I s-@),+4:
!#"$"%"
(a) (b)
'=)2+4S;V+0A-6:A5%+R1687+|K*BCI.BV+4-6t16$E+R'6)XBV5*-65&:A)R8[rw-3"&)2),)2BV5%' 1s B<-G-L:A+R:A8+ sU%'65%;VB<'6*0X"%BC+ I.-6-=16;V;C+R+9)R8¢r s c9-6d5[n12 -= ;<F)2kk')0An+4[/5&g8%n +460gqi`:2ehU%d +\6'3M\?`yz+ BVs 16:A"&)02S_+[0A'69I`MV]KG©.-=0A),BCU%'3"&'Gtu))^"&)2:2+4U&0+ \
?&I.-3-=),5%B s s BV$%$%"%02;<BV-G5 :As +RBC8J$%;V?#+?E:2+4U%U%+|BV5&"&8O),+R:2U&0TBVt)xBC-6:2$%U@$%-\0As '3IJ- s'3UZ"&M%),+u|5:2Os ':20AU%'=+:F-G;V:2++^Sf:9B~r*: -|:2S'-6-;V)2+C8%\ +Rs )2'3BC;C0A'3+R08O0AK#+4BC5(+R8`tB~:A$(BC'3'3BC5J5*:9'=MS&:A5LU%+u:2U%'3+ ?`yz+ +4s 5*: :2+Rs 0R-=r35J:2?EU&++
"
`8)2+'#: +R%'6)uSZ"&5%;C02'=;E+R:^N616PB<- )zs :A:2IJ+4"(0A+9+R-=),8O;VU.;CL0FIJ-=5&5%'`+413+R8`+ 8[+4;<:A)x'6U%'6;V+'6Sm0bS_02"%+9BVIJ;V-=;;%-613'316+4?`+9'6yz)4IJ+ Mbs +4:A:2)bBC0A13B:Fs "%-=02Y6IJ++u'`9-8``;C+4MV'3;q5%¨%\1\BV5&BV;V:2)z;CBV"&:AIJ+R),-3:2+0F8[-G:2':ABC:+Rs)Ts '6:2-=5&U%5),B<:2) t 0A$%" '302s 02':RYLMt+R^)ABC)bBV:2+4UHS_rt '6'30 \ ?&5%:2-6;VU%.)2++R:288`U%'6+:21+4'6#IO0A:2BC"%13'`0ABC8`BC5&5&+R-6;j1 ;M
IJ5&+R),)2:2U%+9-6+R8L) '6-6S5L-?ES_"&+|;C"&;m)2IJ+R8.+R)2:2UZ'6r`13-s +:A$(U%-=+4020:2B<t-=B~;E:AIOU.+9:2),U&U[+ BV) '6s;V'6020T+9-GBV:2I.+98J-=13S_+R'6)x0X'6+9SZ- :2s U&UL+|'6'3SZ?`:2yzU%+ +\:T)A-=:2IJ'$%$%s;V0A+^'#8%K#"BC+Rtu+|)402M +R5&Z 8`U%+4+90A),BV+5%13$&)x-6:20,U&:ABV-=-6: ;
¤IJ'`U%8`%+R+45"&;x0,-=:AtU%5 '6+4"&'60A;VIJ?`8 yz'6+ U&0As +6-]:\K6rRU&:2+OU%-6:A+R)^'H02:2+U&?(-=BC+.0A5D+T'6$&),S'3-=+4IJ02*:A:A)R+T02rm0A+R),+RIJ" -=s;3+4U7;V'6 ?`-6yzU%)|+ BVs 16:2:FU&U>)Z+O:A02U&+9)A-=),-G'3BV:b;;C-="%'60A:2S +xBV'6-[5%5 '=?(:b:2'*' ),-G"&:|B~-6:F'3-=$`0?%:2"%:2;V+xU%0A+J+OS_'3;C:20+9U&$%-G+JST0A'`:2'6'68`S $E" -L'6s BC;V$&5%'6;V131|-6653),ML'3:9;Crw!#B<8:2BV5U%IJ+O+.'`IJ8`BC:@+4+R;<)2)4d U ) M
$E?E'3+O)A"(),BV),?%+9;V8H+u:2:2''s$%-60A$`'`:28`"&" 02+u+O0FK6-=+R5&0216/+ 0As+R'3-6;C;C'3B<)z0T:AB8%-GBC:FI.--6S_0A16'6+RI)|'=-S 5#:2U%"%+OI?('6?%+R0 yz+ '6S:K#S_BC0A+R'6tus I )4r*-=K#0ABC?%+RBCtr:20F\q-=?(0A-6[)2+R'38O02BV:2+4+45*#:F:2-G"%:20ABV'6BC5&5(1 )4Ms s -=5@BV16),"%:20ABV;C+ ;
9%MC BV;V;C"&),:20F-G:A+R):AsU%BV)u$%02' s +R)A) '35s-J?(-6)2Y6+:X'=S*&'Gt+40F)4M s
cI k
L
-6BC135 "%?(0A++ ]"(`),MV+9 8§%:A'¡+4$%130ABV),'#:28%+R"02+98.+ 0F->-=5%U%13BV16+|U -=\ 5(*8"&-6s ;C'3BC:z;C§'30 0ABV+4I.5&-=8%13+4+R0A+R)T8 S_02'3BCI.I -=13-+6)2rXI.t-=BC;V:2;EU%5#'3"%"`I:@?(+4+RK30X+40 '=SK#'6BV5&+4),tu:20A)" '=S:ABC-65&5@1>'3-D?`yzS_+ "&s ;C: ;
IJs +R'`5*8`:2+4+40h;Eh'=r Sm:A'6U%;V'6+^0\'38%?`-Gyz+:Fs-.:RS_Mb0Ab'6I '=s :2+R:25*U%:2+.B<-=)A;&-=K#IJBV+4+tK#$EBV'6+4tBV5*$E:A)^'6BV5*;C+4:OSf:Ff:Ar`'6$D0A-65%02BV1616+uU*:h8%h-=rw:AIJ-+RS_02)2'3U I'3'35&5%),+^:20A'6" SE:A:As U%+R+^8/K#S_BV0A+4'6tI s $E'6:2U&BV5*+:A)0F-=f5%:2'313$ +
N6PBC13"%IJ0A+D'`8`]+4`;{MVB<)5%+RZ -602U&;V+ /)2BCIJ-6IO$E+/'3)A:A),+BV?%s U%;V+65&rBV*8%"%"%+ +:A-6'@$%$%:AU%;VBC+O+98§:2U%:ABV'¢5%5%-=+95 )2)\'6'6?`STyz+ $&s -6:.0,:FS_'3)^0L'6STt:2U%U&B +s U '3?`s yz'6+ 5&),:R:2M 0A" s U%:2BV0A'6+45 +J'=8`SBC}E-7+R02S_+R"&5*;C: ;
ss '3'3;C5&'3),0:20ABV" I.s -=:A+R168+9)?#'6SIJ:2-6U%$%+[$%'6BV5%?`1uyz+ :As U%:+T$&"%B~$%`$E+4;<+4)0J'=;VS`+:2SfU&:F+Tr{:A:2U%U&0202+R+R+x+@'6BV0AIJBV16-6BV5&16-=+9;3)BCI.S_0A'6-=I 13+R)-7'65*8`:2BC}E'+R:A02U%+R+T5*:R5&rx+4s t¡)2+4;VK#+ BCZs +R:At+R8¡$('3K#BC5*BV+4:Xt_;V$E'G'6t BV5*+R:0
;VBV+IJSf:F-616r+9-6)5&_8 0ABC13&U35&:h-6h;{M 02 +R'65&"&8`0,+4:A0A+R+R)28 LBV'=IJS -616-=+30ArBZtxU%"%B s;V;CU BqM B<)-t+4BV16U*:2+98 s '6I?&BC5&-=:2BV'65D'=S:2U%+J:AU%0A+4+ s '35&),:20A" s :A+R8
$:2%U&0A+^BC5*:A:'6:A$@U%+'6SmBCI.:2s U%-6+ 16+ "&s ?('3+35*r`:At-=BVU%5%B BV5%U[1O),:2U%U%'3+"%$&;<8 B~`+4'3;<)X53s :FS_-=0A'6BV5.I :2U&:2U%+|+$%0ABC`+R+4-6;<; ) s S_-602s ;C'3BVI?%0F-G:A:2U%BV+'65/IO) '`s 8`+4+R5&;w+'=+RSmK6:2+RU&02+#s t8`BVU%+|+RS02- +\++3 M{s +4$`+4:$E+RS_'3-=:0
:2BVIJU&+^-616-=+3?Er`'G$(K6+R+X02$%U&0A-6' $&s )Xs +R)A'=)bS"&6)2'3BC"%5&01\'G:2s tU%+^5@)AS-=- IJ+3+M I.s -=$&$%BC5&1\S_"%5 s :ABC'35 ?%"`: "&),BV5%1-65J-602?&B~:A0A-602)A*"&-=s 0A+u) s -=5%5&+R8
s
'=S0A+R:2U%-G:A++8%-=BC+5/-6BVIJ)XBV-6516+:2U%-6+\)u$%BC5H0As +4$&K#BV-6'60,"&:)Xj-3$&02r&'3?%+ ;C+Rs I/s +4$`MX::A U&-G :^'3+5%#+:A"%'=02S+\:2I.U&+-=$[S- :zs t+R)'O'6'6SS:A:AU%U%+ +\s S"%- ?(+R+)X)2tU%BC'3:2"%U[;V8/:zs t ?E'.+\8`:2BCU&}E++R02S-+R5*s +:
s Z s
$%U%'6:2'*)X'=SbU*"&IJ-65@S- s +9)4M
cI k
L N
+-,/. 4f :XHMd 3
; DC; (
ACde4D ::832!:
E?B< )+;V+R:z:2t'H-=0A+4;V$%+460A5@rG'G:AK#IJU%BV+48`-60A+J5[+u-/-6-=5&0A*+X8."&IJI.-=;V-6B~- :z5#s7U%BVBC'65%IJ$&+|IJ$("&'3+4),0,0FBV:A5%),"%BV1OK65%+J8`BC:2+4+4BV+RK##)bB $Es :A+4+R'0A)BV+4+48`5%5 +9U&) +Js-6025 -3BVs?()++9BC8.:A5*U%:2BV+^+R5L5&*:28`"&U&+9-=BV8m) ;VBCM :zs U&|-=-="&$%5(-=:28+4;VBC09?&:zMb -6 5&BC5L5*8`:ARt+4B<Q^0F8#- r6:2U.:A:AU%BC'6'3+S(57$%:A"&U%02BV)2+uI.BV5%BV-=5*1 0A:2+4),02BV13S16- '3U*s -6:9+ ;r
:2U#'3"%" I.s UZ-=5&rb) -=5&8D02+9-GS_'3:A+J0 s 8%+LB B<)5%"&+R;~:A+RBC8`+9+9)8DBC5>S_'6+R05%K#16BVBV0,5%:A+4"&+R-=02;BV5%),1"%0A|16s Q+R023)2rZ#S_),'3:20+RI.+%)4¨-=IJS_'6$%0;V+6+4M/`-6 IJ5&8%$%BC;CK#+3B<rZ8`:A"&U%-=+L;8`8`s BCBC}E}E+R+R0202+R+R535 :s +9)2)B R-=+R)IJ-6'35&5%81
)2U&-=:2-=+9$E)O+R):2U%'=+ STs :2U%'3+J5*:2U%0A'6+9-6;X8 '=S\s s '68`IJBV)2$%$%;<;VB-]s `-G):A+R?()|-6:2)2U%+R8+.8`'6+95 ),BV)z16:A5 +40A'=+4S ' |S_"& ),BVP'65)M -=5&^87;V)2K*'&B<)2rBC'38`5B~}w+4)2#0A+4),5*:2+R:LI $E+48`'3BC}E$%;C+R+/02+RU&5 -]s K3+9+) s)2'6;VBCIJ13U3$%:A;V;CB \
#?|u5P|'GBV)|K6"%+R0ABV02;V5 - K#s BV;V+4U "&t8`-=+95&'=8 87S{BV:A5 U%+.:2-]U&K6)z+['3:F-G0R :2MX+ '= Sx?%:A0A'6U%'3;V-3+J;C+ 8H-=:A02),BC:|+4'3:^5 BV57'=+RSxK#8`$(BCBC02:2-=:2+9$E"(8 +4-=0F;?#)uH020A+9+4-=X$E;V-=B~'6:z02/02&:2+4BVB<5%)^;<8 1.$%-=0A02'G+5(K#s 8 +RBV8%53%+R:|"%8H0At 5%BV'35 +902)2Y[:A)RU%M'6+[5 '6KG:2-=U 0AJBV?E'602"&'#+R)u'6$(Y`'3-3)^0,),:$E$&+ 02+Rs 'G8`:AK#BC)^:2B<+98`'=8 + S
+
:A"%+4025&+9)2)BCK3-=+5&s 8 ?&- s -=Y#:216+R0A16'6'6"%0AB5&48Z+R8@r&BV502+4s S_;V+4"&0A8`s +4BV5 5%1[+Rs) 8%:2+R'J) s :A0AU%BC$`+:ABC;V'3B~:A5 +40F'=-GS:2"&8`02+4+3K#M B s +R)Rrw8`+&5&B~:ABC'35&)4rw+4 s +4;V;C+R5*:+4`-6IJ$%;C+9)^-65&8
^-=5(BV028\:2"&BC5-6;`BV5*02:2+9+R-=0A;V- B~s :z\:2BVU&K6-3+x))2+48%13BCK3IJ+4+40F),5*+X:A-=-=:2$%BV'6$&5\;CBs s '=-=S%:2N6BV'6P§5&BC)I.BC5O-616IJ+40A+R^8`B B<s )ZBV5%13BC+3K3Mb+4P|5\B<BV)5s "&-)2$&)2-6BV'6$(5+R0Z'6S&?#BC:A)bb"&'*)2)z+X:A+4BC55O-=$%5&;<-=85%!`5%+4BV0A5%0A1\-),,"& 0213+40A M
I.$%0A-=+RY3)2+4+J5*:2:2U%+98m+RZ I¦u)2)2+4B+s Y :AU%'6+J0-=BV0202:20ABBC:A;V-G+:A+R?#8mHr^+R)2BV$EBC0A+ +@s B< -=;V;V ©`MB~Su),:2U%+R+O02+R?(' s '#'3-=Y5&8D?# IJ!*'=:A:A"&BC'3-=5D02:OBVI., -=13+40A 7B<'6)5*5%:A-6'=BC:5()^K3+4I.0A -=5#s s /-=0A"&+)2S_"%+S_;V"%;C ;
:A8`-6+R?%K*;VB +R)u+ )2"%U(IJ-=0FI.- -=:A0A+4B 0ARBVBC),5%:21OB :A)U%5%+s +R+R$%8`0A+9'68$E+4S_02'6:20xBV+R)X '6S)2`U#)z"%:AI.+4I.Z -=5H)RM )2+45&U%)2+u'60A8% BV) s -="&$&)A)2-6BC?%'3BC5O;VBC:2'6BVSE+R)uK#BV-6+45&rt 8[\ ?&:2s -6U%)2++R8BV5%:2$%+4"`#::2"%-=0A5&BC5&8/1 '3"`'6:2IJ$%"%+9:)
S_U%0A+R'602IQ+\s B<:2) U&s +tm
'6W#0As Y.V '=SxW p "%s Y ;Vm;Cn-Bx, , ?* ©=|U*M:Av-H0An+ gs kG+45*l~M : Hs '6d *;V;Cn+ [@s :AZ e2BC'3nFkG5Llodf:2gqU(p\-GBVs :)BC-65 5%s '=;V"&:AU%8`+4+R0X):A)2+4'60AIJI +S_'='3SZ0:AkGU%i +\%t &J'3n 02&gYLn 8%[.BV) e2s s nF"&kG)Al~)2dfgj+RpG8 r
:2U&+IO+R0213BC5&1'6S0A+R-6;Z-=5&8[K#BC02:2"&-6;mt '302;<8%)RM
#" !
3MnM]WXi -60,p &j +RW ;V8 -=W5&t8 m u Z TM]r &^"%0A#5%S_+R'6)A0F)8@,a^, 5% BVQTK6+48&0F)A)2 B~:zz@ T023+9 )2)R* M mincop Y Nmi U XT W n5p V h V p j W#V
Mu M%BV' s4s -J-65&8/ M +4K#7, 6 (U TFT o m j%p]ntm U m ntl W hMu WbU *
N&Mu¡h MP^+Rr`+40A{BC5%'3;j1(Mxr|N BC: r Z ^U%'&+¡MT`ur%'37;C'*-]), Y3+ : s U¥|r#$% $ !# Y6\+4: s6U%M BV5%1 !`#),:2+RI/r (UvT T o m j$p]ncm U U ntl W
!#"$"%"
M Y U M&u P|m j%"%p 0AY ;V- s Ulp -6Y 5&Y 8[W u M(W r-]|K3-G'6:A0\BC'3 Q 5&-=8%;Z)A\+9,),+9-=06U r * '3m it"%nt5 oXp BV;qY r^-=W :2p BVY'6m 5&n$,-6;Z j%-3m 8`W +4Intm @ j3x0Ap +RX)A)RV r`DW -3j),lU%BV5%U 1% \
s s s
:2'65r%PM |M
%Mu¡< dfM ehgqi&02kG+Rl +4^57nF-6kG5&l~df8 gjpG!wr MZ>|Uv-=T ;V;CB<T 8%-]o ¡zm j$p]ncm U hr B U un kntl&.W ngqehh d trb[6n4{lod'3;jM k N v[ r uB '(&dM '&.`kGrgqd -]¤U p )hg Cn & r{$%=$ e
\z=N&M
©`M Zh Mb'*)zr`:A{'65¡'3;j-=Mx5&N 8 r^M{'&!#MT+4`0A0Ar%-§7z-] hr r#$%n 3$HgjeN#=©t#i \ ) `< M dfehgqi&kGl =4e #Gr (UvT T o m j$p]ncm U U ntl W
"
&M J^n M*v[T6"%n4;Ceh;VBqd r*¡ M < d '3)hi&U%kG+45Zl~d r d Z M`P^|" nFskGU&l -=S IJ64$Zn$r`4g ) M#Feuk'3& $%$EU +6Fr k M`En!#U&[ -6|$%BVk 02'(*r*nO-65&k 8.v[ M%G!*l =:2"&e+: Rk=;Cg+3k=r r < diWn 2U j AW#kk W#)4Vn [
MuPU MZnt!*l :A02W B s h Y#;V-65&8¡r% Q {8&'3;jM , %r ^©= '&MU &%$n r&4^dkG"%l 1/R ) )Fi&n ©#M < k v[nFkGlog {k=e2n4r >UvT T o m j$p]ncm U
63eM {Qu'6ME;q^M BVBC0A%+Hr ^z '&M %©6r%^"%nF1HkGl~g k ©`v[r*$&$U 'k nk4gj\ p 6RM ))hi&Cn ): Ge < \r (UvT T o m j$p]ncm U U ncl W h r
,*J'+=!] -,>R!G"!$+=-L+^#%+='&)#C&)8?>_( SB+.*,> >V+.;-*,*,33-,8B/0+>T+1!,!G*,#.F0+1-,!G#%3*,24 +.+13AUV!5J *7/0+165!W+189!G*,38XSB/0>9;!G:<8?*L+=D;'M?-,+=&I+5>?*-L*@+=3>?&B#.*LD08B+.&)A9S?( -LA9(&)D3*,+."+=-%#.!`#C&I"*L/0&);aDE8?:E>Y!G+.F0-L('!G+.*,-,>V+.8?*]AH2 'D;!5+=&)AH*,-%4/0!.&I6Z[*$&)J'-L +@!,+=+K&)!,+$>'#.8B/P&)A9( &B(( D;S?D3J0"8B#.*L-L+.&Ia-*L*L; MN8?AH3>Y!,3!.!,8BZ[8B>OD3bcJ0&B*,8?>'3!G8B/P*=>4dV(4!\2 &ID;J0+.*G**Q
>#.&?8B!G*5+Y&)!7D3De*LdVJ'A9/03+C+=*L/c 80"!@/ !fm7nJ'bp!,+=o/9!@4q\&gr.MBs?+$sNt2<r.+.q]+.t >9u%t v *L-,wT+1!,&IF0*L+=!7*L/9+.Ax3>Piy!G8B8?-AR3+^/ +.( >V-,*,+=;MNl4;#.8?&)J'*,!f38B!,>c+=#h8B*L;if8?(>9-,8)80iE/0*,J4 #C"+T!`&)*,+C*@jN*,*L 24+R8N8B!GJ'kE(4Z\+=-,AH +$&)l'-LkB-%+.!G**
8)#%i+1&R#%kB(48B+=J -L*!,8B!7>*%o&I!]*L;"8?/0>z+.>VZ{*,;*7FO'+Y&)*^!,+=&)#C>|8?>'/|$"b!{&BA9> &?3-,#%" !@3> "/0+K+.8B>V-@*Lal4!,+=#=#C&IJ'*L-,;8?+{>}i&B!G#.F0;!GD3;*,*7+=FBA~Z iy8B-^M?+.-Lal<#.&I*L;8?>c8B--,+1#C8BS?> ;*,38B>
[/0";!GS?('J D3-L&g+ F?+=/O;Z >|#.&?!G+K+=!,N;S?J > AH+.-1&)o >|!§3!,>?kB*L+C+.*%-%#%&B #C*,8)38BiT>_l'">'!$&)> DX+=!,+=J /0(<+1/Â+.-LZ 9A9¼5&B-,8?k?J +C-,*|*,+=!G!,F0FP!G*,8B+.i[A|»XZ Z'n]eªz8?D;3D3kB+X+.D3&)F·>'/§( -L¹'8NZE/ ¼5J'8B#C+«> > a+=*L+.D;D AHZ !|&)-L+
& (' )'*(+
/.
-,
Produce Placed on
Glass Plate
Polarizing
Two Filter
circular
light tubes
Orthogonal
Camera Polarizing
Filter
Scale
3D[;S?;S??J *@-L!,+ 8BJ -%Z#C+K6$·;*,M? +.3-,>|*,"+C#.j0&)"DN!7#C*L-L;> 8?SH!L!\!L!G#.+1&B#hD;*L+X;8?&)>Y>4/_8Bi 2'*,&B -G+@Q¨#C!L80#./0&B>+K> -L+=+=-\&?/0/ +.+=-1!,;Z S?>Y!, 8I6@!\#C8BD38B-#=&)A9+.-%&^&B>'/T(<8BD"&)-L3À.3> S
& 0' /12*
Ã)Ä
"!#%$&'(*)+,-./+$&+ 0
NM»$/03<8?/;PJ J'#CSB&)J D]D;D3*5AHF2( &)14-L-L8BkB2'36+CD;*¢+=A5 "!YÃ8iy7 D;8?3kB-]/0+=;&B:<D;FµJ0+=*,-,*,8?+=8«A9>V*¢!G&)+=*,( D;3D]-,> 80SX8B/0> ( J4D3-LF¬#C80+H/0&);J'2<*,#C8B+.+^AHJ0* 3!¢/0+=&B8Ã>V-,7*,+H;l4;!,*,#.8B+=&)D"AH/µ*,3!.8B&?Z:>z#C-LZ\9@8?m¨!L+.>P!;*,8?'*,-L +./0+_-R+=-¤^8)i$*,> 8Y*,;*,'24+=+=+/p!,+_+=¦V#.>N*%8B&IJ> *LAT8?+=AR!=2<dW+."#.2-%&B!¢J De*TdV('&)-,&)+1>P>¬!G+=&B;>?J0>4*R*,/08Ba& QQ
'
AH> 8P&I*LA9+=/P8?-,!,+¢F0#.!7*L8?+.!GA¾*,D3FPAT*,J'4!G&)*>cA96$&B'kB&)+^*^&B3>P!"&)/0D3-,+.+1>V&B*,/0;l4FO#=&I;> *,38B#.>_J -L;-,>§+=>?&)*^2<!,8BJ J0(<*]+.8B-L> AH+{&)!G-L+1kB#C+C8B*^>4!L/H#.&BJ'> !,>;> +=SR-L!@#C8?&BAR>'/|('J0#C8?*,3AR> ST('J0+1*,UV+=J -L;!=('ZARm *^+=>V3*!
+=/0UV+1J!G33-,( +1A9/H+.*L>V'*^&I*$&B>'&)/P>NFH*L'> &I+=*@6 >'+=8PUV#%J '3( &)A9> S?+.+=>V!]*$> 24+=+K+=/_&B/'*,/08H+=2</O+X;>VA9*L8T&?/0*L+{ +{*,89!L&)*LA9 +X+K+C!Gj0(4"&B!7*L#C;+K> &BSH!5!G80*,8?#.-,#.+KJ ( +.3>N+=MN/O3-,2V8?FP> A9#.J +.-L>V-,*=+=Z >?*!7*L8B-L+
*,!,8?+=&B-L!=!,Z8B>O[+T;&)-%!,>'!GF0/O*=!7d<*L+.>+.M?A¶8)+.*>_AT&B2ND;J'D[F_!G!7*^/'*L8B&g2<-LF9+Y+=!iy&B8B/'#.-]&)&)*,-L(0 -L*%+XFP&)2!L*,&)'D3+KA9+T*,+K!,8P&B!7A93*L>'8B+¢/0-L+@3( MN°-L3/8N/J'#.J'&)8BD[#C>'+¢!7!,*L3;8B/*,-L+=+.+XAH-1d?+.!.iy>NZ8?MN-¦0;-L+=+C8B#Cj >8?&)A9>'A9/Â+=( d<>?D3(*%+B!$-Ld08N&92</ +=!GJ'#.'#C&B;+¢J'( !,A9;+X*,+=+=8)AH>?if*$!!G8B+=#%iMB'2'+=&B-L&)> &B>4SBDÂ&)+Xi>'&B2N&?#CF !Q
&
AT!,!,8B J4A98I#%6@+X !\-,A9*,+1'&B8B+^!,-L8B+¢/0>z+=+=Zf!,;P3-,#C+1'3/9+.+X>V8I8I*MBMB+.*,+.-%'-%&)&B&)D3> D3D0DÂ!G*,!GF0F0'!G!G+T*,*,+=+=AHA A§&)\d4>N&K;J'>4*L&B#C8BDzD3J'J'*,#%+1/0P#%3> !,S9> +.">'*,UV!, J ;+T*,+Y3MBA9#.+@J &?-,/0#%-L" +.!G3('>V> *LD3+¢&gD;F|FY&)>'J'3!`/O!,+=;>'*L/c#.D;3+XJ4> /0NA9J+=/RAH8?!G*L&)*{8T>c!G!G*,8B'8?(<8I-,+.6¿+1-%!.&I-LZ *L+=8BW!,-1J 3dNSBD;*LJ'AT!-,J'*L+ 8X!G*^*,2<'Z ++
0& ' '
?> @ AB0CD+$ !#+0E%
FHGDIKJMLNGDIKO:PRQTSVU%QTWMOWXZY
(A9-L+.80>V/0*LJ'!T #C+{6$+µ!,a#=&)*L&)>'>8B/ >J 3*Y!L> #.&)SY&B>N> 'Fµ> &)3-%!,> /0(<Sp6+=#C2'&)"-L&)&)+$-,D5Q¨'#C&)&B80D;*,/P/0+.+=-%*,!=&I8¢Z*L;l'8?bc*]>'6$!=8BZ -L;*,+.[ 8I33M?>|SB+.J -1!G-Ld`('+ &?;*O#C+^'Z !,&?§3/®AR!, 3*,D"8I8&)6@-58?!K*,(48Y*,+='*,-L'&)+_*,&)+c!,*]#=&)&)3> >D3-L>'+=MI+.&B&)-X/ -LFY;*L8?'J'J'&I!,!H*T+=/P!76*L8Biy&B8B-L!X-]+ / 65+.+=+=>N!,;;MNS?S?3>-,8?3+=> >0/ÂS Q Z
[\8BD"&)-L3À.3> SPl'D;*,+=-L!K6]+.-L+RJ'!G+1/}8?>µ2<8)*L«*, +9D3;S??*T!,8BJ'-L#.+R&B>'/ *L +H#.&BAR+=-L& ^*L +P/03-,+1#h*L;8?>}8)i]*,'+
& ' 1
-L#.#%+.&BA9A98V!G8I+.+=MB-%>¬&X+R*,l'!G8}(<D;*,+=+1+=#.#C-$J 8?3D3> !&B8B-K8?A9-G-,*L+]"#.\'&)8B+=D3S?#CD38BFµ*,3>'8B(<&B>'+.D'!-,*Liy8Tiy8B-L-L8B*LAA~+¢;*,/0AH'3-,+R&)+1S?('#h+_*,-,380(8B/0>O-L80J'8)#C#.iW+1+B!,ZR*,!, ;>'+{Scl'/ D;8B;*,S?(<+=a-$+.*%&)-%J'&IDf!G*,!,+13;8B/_S?>4>'8?!¢&)>PD\6$*L( ; *,-L+K 803#C;>D3+=D;J'!L*L!,AR ;> +O3S§>'8?&)#%> *, 3+O8B3( >|!,+=;#.>§{8B>'¦D8B/p[-%/0#.+=F0-`6]#C*L&?D38+!
*
,+ .
*,*,3+=A9-=d?+R6$*L &)"-L#%SBY+.*=8?ZX> D;FY > +9+.+1#C/ 8?!D;8?&)-{>9#="&)/0A9+.>V+.*L-%a&_l'+=&B-`>'&)/ >4K/YD¦ &K[ 6]&B+.3#hSB*XV&B*\!{iy8B&O-D;+18I&B6#%R-%a&I*L*L+.+TA3> 8B( i<J0('*¢-,80/0/0+=J'MV#."#C+$+Y( iyD"8B&B-{#C+1*L/T +R8?>R#=&B*,!, }+@-L!L+.#.S?&B3D;+?!GQ Z
+
^_O`UIKO`YaOWXZGDXabcQTWGWMJ#^dOefQTghWbiXabcQTW
Liy- 8B+=-{!,+=[f*L&) -L-%3+.#%!KµMN3('8B&B-,J'>'8?!Y/¬2 D;&)+=/0( A|+.('M?dzD;+."!G#.D38B8|&)( *,!G3A98?8BA9>'+=>?!R+T*¢!G( '#.-L8B8I8B>0652 l'+1D3-L+./¬A9AR*,+=Q¨'!G/}&)(<*9*,+= #.#.a"8Bl<!=D3Z|#¢8B-Riy¼5+1D"&I&B*,"!L!7J'!G*L-,"8B#.+1SB&B!-%DW&)6]*LAH+.+C-LjN!T+9*,(J'/0-,-,+.8?+9M?A9+.iy+1D338B!,&I+=(<*,/¬J'+=-,/}*L+18µ!¢&?!/02<"/+|/µ+=+C!L>':E#C8)-L+=;*¢#C2<*,(<+=3MB/µ+.+O-,iy248Biy+=+=-LD;&IA³8I*L6XJ 65ZY-L+=+= ! D;D *
!,/0;J'A9#.(+HD3+_;AH!,&B'SB&)+9(<+H65+=iy+=-,&)+H*,J#.8B-L+HAT2'6;&B> !¢+1/ &BD3*L!,8|8ciyJ'8B!,-L+=A /ÂZ &O¼5iy+=8B&)D38B*,J-1dz-L+9*L+CMBjN+1*,#hJ *,-L8?+B-Rdj¾!,'&)8B(<i+P/03&)A9>4+./p>'!G!,33À.8B+H>V km"!Gl*,8BS?-L7C&B7 AH*,!{8|iy8B-,+=-Y( &|-L+=('!,+.-,>V8B*Q '
Ã)Ä
"!$##%#
&
[";!7S?*LJ 8B-LS?+ -L&BA9Z !5 5&B-,¼5+8?iyD;8B8?-@-$N J "!7+?*Ld 8B!,SB&)-%*,&)J AH-%&I!]*Liy;8?8?-^>O&)&B( >'('/§D;+1;!>V*,D;+=+.>'i * !,$a*7&BF?>'Z5/§¼58B8BJ-%&)-,>*,+1S?!G+=FH! y8B-Li\;S?»X?*Z4hn5Z 8?'D;-,D3+X8?AÁ&)>'*,/§8?(|¹4Z<*,¼58H8B2<> 8)>'*,+.*,8BD3DeA¶Z *,'+
' * , . , . &
*,&)'('+R( D;J'+1>! kND;+.> i 8I* 6$>}&B>'( /|-L80!G/08?ARJ'#.+K+Y8?8?-L>}&B> *LSB +1+H! !,-,#=3&)SBD3V+B* Z CZ [3SBJ -L+ Z 5_!, 8I6@!8B> D3Fc*,'+9#.8BD38B-{ "!7*L8BSB-%&)AH!^iy8B-X!,8BA9+
, . , .
& '
l4&)-L#=+X&I*,!73*L8BJ 8B>c+$-L+=*,!L/§8¢#% 3*,+.> A9+&H+X> !G+.63A9+1&B/R!@( iyD;#%8B+X'-fA98?*L!, +=+.AR+^>zZ]!,8?F0-,ª!7F§*L&)+.2<&)A -L+.-LD3+=&g*,/cF?8TZ&?!Lº &)/ A9&)a(0*L( |*`D3+=*,*,!@8¢ 8)+TMIi\&)A9iy-L+=FN&)&);j0>'*,;J S¢AY-L#C+XJ 8BA MB>4+1/0#h8Ba*,*Li 8?;1*8?-L!]>'!=iy3 -Ld?8B&X5 Ax8Ã> 7 +1kN&)#C> -LD"8I+=&B6$!G!L*f!,>|+=> !(+.3+=-LSB&?8NN#%/ 2<|J'8B#C6$-`+Xa#.*L;D3*,c&?+=!,A9J !,;( !Q
+
*,MB8 +1#h*L8B7 - !Lj &)A9*,(8¢D3&B+=!=D;DTd 5 5 Ã8fà 7C7f7 7 D"&)!L&)2<A9+.D3(+=/HD3+=!X!L&)#=A9&)>µ( D3+=24!f+H6$!G*,a*L8B -L;+=>_/zZY8B> +@ !,+ +=#.K8B>'D¦ /R[ 3>H#.&)8B>«-%/0+=+.&?-\!G3*LD38XF l'#C>'8BA9/H('&X&B!,-,+C+9*`&§8Bi4U?*LJ' +.+ -LRF|> iy+=+1&I&)*L-LJ +=-L!G+*
' +
>AH+=&);S?k?V+=!52<8BJ -%(<!=/'ZP&I*,+X !,+.;-LA9+9( 3!XD3+B>'Z 8 5&B!G(<#%_+=#.!L3&)&BA9D`/ ( &ID3+*%&|M?+=!7#C*L*,-,8BJ'-]#C*,"J !]-L!G+H*,8?J'-,!,+1+=/P/µ6$*,;8c*,§8?-,&BSV!L&)!G>80#C3À."&I+Y*L*,+='/H+93>0*,-%iy8?&)-,3>AH;>'&I*LS ;8?!,>O&BAR!,8¢('D;*L+1'! &IK**L*, '3+!
*
*,"!]'+¢#.8B/0A93!G(+T*LJ0&B/ >'*L3+=#C!G/§*L+ &B&Bk >'!]#C+¢3>c2<¼5+C*7'6]&B]+.(0+="*,!>|+=-*L*, +¢+RZf&)¦NUV2'3J >'!,+.8B#C-LD3+XFOJ0*L&)M?+{D3+=D<MI#C*,&B*, 8BD;+KJ - +K3j>'8B/0iW&B3MN*L>'3 /§/0+¢J4*,/0&)'DE;+@:<iy+=´¨+=Q-,&)*,+=*,c>?J *@-L*L+=-L#.!&B8B;J&B> -,>V3+{> *L!SP#C8B!LJ'&)>?A9&B*%>'(!5/ D3iy+¢-,8?8)AÁi`B#.Z &TD3&? !,"! !G*,@8Bd S?-L&BA|d
, .
k 3 k , . 3 k ,$ &% . , ' )'. Z
! !"#
*,>N'J -,AT+1!G2< +.8?-L-5+=D3/ 8)!,iE\8B> *,D"+./'3!YSB&)N*#C2<8B/08B>V+.-%l'*L!f-,> 8?#C+1DfD3!`8?*,!,6$'++_ *,+.8 "*,/0 +.+=>V-5!,*,+.;8?l4D3-5+=#=#C>'&I*,*,8)+13* /R8B>®j iy-,&)8?"!>'A /¯A9/0+.+CA9*L+.8?-LAR-,F?3Z[> +OX a*,*%+^8Y!R3/0!,#.8B+=+.A9>V-,*L*,+{&B;l4;!,>V#.&B*7&)ARFB*,Zµ3('8BD;>9+ ( ! +.-L8N-L+_#.[+="/0D;!Y+.J'* &µ-,+$/0""!f!724*%S?+&);M?>'*,'+.#.> ++
(' )+*-,/.
0
12,/3!54 6 879%* :!;
= >C(+ D@?%BA / +(.-B/+
¦N8? AR+|+Y8IMB8)+=if-L*L&B D;D]+9&)!7D3*LSB+.8?('-,!{;*,&) -LA+Y/0iy8?+1!,-9#.-,3/032<+=+=>V/c*,;iy3FV>}3> A9S«8B*,-L'+Y+§/ +C('*L-,&B80;/0D[J'2<#.+.+OD38I8?6X>ZK*L¤ !G+c+Y!,8)#=if&)D3*L+O +R"!9> SB+=3&BMB-,+=+1>¯!7*{3>®> +.^3SBD;NS?2<8B8B-La-%*L!@ 3A > *,' + Z DC
*,-%&)3> 3> SH!,&BA9( D;+1!]*,89"/0+.>V*,;iyFP*L +X( -L80/0J'#C+X"!$!,kB+C*%#% +=/O3> [3SBJ -L+ Z 4Z & ' C
FE G /+ !#+ D0m% IHB+JA / +00
KL XZG bcWbcWgNM]S GgTO`Y Q2OP IKQJRQefO
Ã)Ä?Ä
M=JOWXZb O XOHUMIKQJ QefOHUcGeCOJ#QhWXMOHYZXZQhIKO2eMOehQ2QXdYZeCGcO
C 4Z$m3/0i+=*,>V *,+9;*7#CF«D38?8B!,i +=!G³* &B>'>'/¬+.*,3SB'N+O24"8?/0-L+.!>V&)*LaD3l4DW#=4&I&g*LMB;8?+¢>*L 3!+Y!L&)A9.+YZµD3m¨&B>¯24+=*,D ^"!Yd4#=*L&B !,+.+B>µd\D3*L&B 24+§+=D!,F0!7*L3+.!A -L+C#.*,&BJ'>-,> AH+1/ &)k?&B+P!^*,*,''++
/0+=#.3!,;8?>§&BJ0*,8?AH&I*,"#.&BD;D3FBZ
. 3
&
Z$*,m iW +¢*L !,+¢8B-,/0*,+=+1#./P3!,D3338B!G>§*$iy38B!$-$>'8?8)(4*^+=!,-LJ &)-,*,+{8B-$iy8?/0-+1*,#C"!G+¢38B!,>+=Z#.8B>'/_*,3A9+ `/0"!,( D3&gF_J (§*,8 #% 8B"#C+1!8)i\D3&B24+=D3!]iy-L8BA %*
Z$m i5&)( ('-,8?( -,"&I*L+BdE#C8?>?*L-,32 J0*L+ j*L8_*L +H!G+.*{8Bi*,-%&)3> 3> S§!L&)A9( D3+=!{&)>4/ (<8?!L!G32 D3F|/ +.D3+C*,+98B*, +=-
*,-%&)3> ;>'SR!L&)A9( D3+=!=Z
?ghQhIKbiX S MB+=-L&BD;TD \'8I6 8)iW('-,80/0J'#.+X3/ +.>V*,;l4#.&)*,38B>§J'!,+=/§;>Oq\r.sBs0t rCq]t uht v w
#*L.&B&BkBA9+=m¨+.>§AH-%&T&)6$S?6$;+=*,|!;*,> *L3+=>§+=+X/§*,( *,-L+X8_80/0!L24#.J'+X&B#CD;+X*%+K&)8?6$k?>§+.3D;>|Dz*, !,6$+T+.a>'*L!L!,c#.+K&BD;D;D;;+?3*GSB*Ld VD;8B+R*>'#Ciy+X-L8?8B>?J'AÁ*L!G-,3> 8?8?SRDÂ-]8)*,-Li\'+=+¢*,\4'+=D;+T#h3SB*L!7V;*L>'*^8BSY-L!,+X8Biy-LJ +.8B-%>NA¾#CMN+K;*L-L6$ 8B+¢;>'*,AR#C+=3+=>|;>VD33*=*,> 'Z`S'+Tm¨Z>c!,#=(46]&)&)D38R+-,*,3"yAH#CD3;J S?&)D"VS?&)*L+=-1!G!d0Q 8?*,&)'> -L++
*,2'&)'>4&?+T#%/pkV( S?8B-L-,> 808?+§/0J J'>'6$#C/9;+T*,-L-,+.8?+=S?J0SB;3*Y8?8B>P>|*L '3"!&B!Y!]/ D33!,&)SB;-LA9Vk_*R3D33&B>c!,8B-5*LJ 2 -%-L+¢#C3+ SBD3V;S?y*,D3?>;S?*%+1V!7!,Q *L!58)!G:«3Q >_8B:;2<AHC8)Zp&B*,SBO+¢*, &)'+P>4+/|*LD3;S?2 -,V-,+=3*L+OSB!GVQ -L8?*^+.>_S?3>c;&)8?>'>'*L/_ !X+¢D;*L38}D3SB;S?V2<?*%+§!`*%!78B!,Q :|8B+.S?>c3A9AH3AH+.&)>VS?&)*,+=S?+1!=+B/¯dVd &B&)>'-L]+_/ *,'5 +
, .
, . '.
1.
;3i>¬&O*, ( +OD"&BD;!G3*,SB"V#Y*L!G24Q &)8BS§>¬+.;>'AH#.&BD;8VSB!G+B+1Z§!{º *, ;+9*,p( -L*L80 /03!TJ'#C+.+?> dzS?;;*K>'+."!K+.-L> 3> 8BS'*TdW/ *,&) -L-Lkc+=!,; >µ8?D3*,/ '!T+H#.D;3&)SB>pV*L2<!{+_8B!,:+C*Y;AH!,8c&)S?*L+H'&I&)*¢>'/µ*L > +P8)(*X-L2 80-L/03J'SBV#.+* .
&*,)8O>V*1iyd18B2'+1-LAJ0&I*L*WJ &_> -,8B+1!,*[!;>'!,&)SB;-LÀ=D3++`+Y#C3M?>N8?+=MgA9#h&B*L(-,8B"J0-&)*,>V+1*1/_Z-L¥@8?+.> ("!7D3-LF9*L+=8B!,iyS?+.8B-L>V-]&B*,*,A93> !zSH+K8)(*Li0 -Liy80+R8B/0J'J J'-z> #.*7kN+{FN> (4-L8I+.+16$S?!;> 8B8?iN> ( iy+=-L! 80&IZ *L/0J 'J'-L+=#.+=&)+B![*,ZX&)J -L-L+f+= !]#C+Y-LAT+=iy8B&IJ4J*L!7+=*$-/X2<iy+=&B+{&)>'*,-L/¢J8)*%-L#C+=&I8?!K*L>';#.8?&)&)>P-L*,+T+=;>N>'#.MI8B&I&)D3*L8B-L+=-1;/ Q d
& 6 @7 &
MID38I&)6D3J +&) -Lz+TB+ d eC> P&Q 8B?*{)Q >'J'I{/ !,8)+=$iÂ/µ+=3/0!X&?J#%#.9+Y8B>V(*,*,8§aj0-L3>N+=2 DJ J03A9*,!f+1+.*,/c-L-%3&)*L#=>'8|&)!GD[iy&O8B;>'-L A9!G"*L!7&B+=*L/Y28B3S?iyD;-L-L;*7&B8BFcAA 8)»if( *LK; jNn¿+9+=D3-,#C!K+=8B(6$>N-LM?'+=+.+.!,-%-L+.!G+T>V38B*L*L>z&) *,ZK+938B;>Y>V *,*,+Y+=8 >'*,!, a-L*7+.F +R8? -X"!7;!,>P*L&)8B*,¥{S?J -L-%¦N&B&ImhA9*LZ ;58?!> &B&)#%-L3 +!
$
%" *
, !#" .
f7C7
"!$##%#
C C C B
C B
C B B
AA CC B B
B AQ A
C AQ
B A A A
B B A A
B A A
( a ) sure ( b ) unsure
& [!, ;S?8IJ6$-L>P+ 6$ Z+=-,@+1&B¦N!kB*L+. *L#%+c&?#h8)*Li]J'#C&)8BD4>4iy#C+=+.&)( *,J*L!-L+8)i`!,('/0&B+1#.#C+^"!G"3!58B>0/0Q Q AH/03&)A9kN+.3>>'SH!,38B;>}>'&BiyDe+=Z &)*,&J `-L+Y !,('&B!,J #.+-L+ @K& "/0+.>V*,iy;+=l4&I#=*L&IJ *,-L38B+Y>O!,('-,+1&B!G#.J'+¢Da*%3!!
' C * %* 1%+
6$8)*L +=+.>|-L6$&B"D;!GDE+ *L@-L&B+.;;>'*, ;> +=S9-K!L*,&) A9+R(( D3-L+=80!/06$J'#C;*,+R "3>!X!,5#=8B&)i> > +1/ &)-L&)+>'iy+.-L6X8BA dÂ8B8B-{> *LD3FP+R8B!,>'F0+K!7*L#.+.D3&?A½!,!=&?Z !Gyk02 !^*, +R'+K8B(</ +=+.#C-%&I"!,*L;8B8?->O*,"8|!J#%>'8N!,J8?-L!,++
'
, .
, .
,*> '8?-,-,+=AH+K&)!,D3+.3À.(4+=&)/¬-%&I6$*,+X;*,#.¿8BD3-,8B+1-!G(< +="!7#C*L*T8BSB*L8c-%&)*,AH !5+Oiy*,8B8B-@*L&B&BD]( ( &BD3-,+=+1!&|M?8)+.i$-%!G*,J''!]+O8?( -L-L&B80> /0SBJ'+1!.#.Z+_-L+.SB38B>4!.Z [3SBJ -L+ Z 5 !G'8I6@!X*,'+ & '
*,*,'+.jN+R*,²J8?-,-L!G3+SBAHiy3+=>'&)&)D3&BDÂ*,D\J !G#.+.-L8B*]+=D3!=8B8BZ\-KMi ¼5Xa3A9+=O >?&B*LX SB+.-,+?QIKZ9!,O9J ¼5-Liy+.+1-,8?>V&IJ*L*LJ+.>'-,-,/TQ +1!,!5A9J &B-L&?-,-,!G8?+Kk0J #C!>'8?&B/cA9-,+WAH( ´7J0&BJ'*,!,!G+1k0*5/_!{&K&)8)#C*]i]+.+1>V/ &B*La:E#%+._-+.-L2<('+.8ga>Vj0jT*¢+.-,DE!G+=38BSBÀ.i+138B!X8B>R> &)D38)-LF9+Yi<*,(4J4'8V!G+{!G+1;/ S?*,3-,MBiy+=8?+$+.-K>_6]#.#%+.8B43SBA9&)V> ( *L> J0!\+=*L&BDE;>'>'8)/S i
Q
!2<,AR8BJ 8N>'8B/'*,!, &);+1-LA9F§/p( !,&)D3+¢+.>'S?/«!,AR#%'iy+=8?+.>VD;A9*LD38I!{+X65&)3+1-L!@/«+¢J'J'*,!G8}!,+1+=/O#./Â8B*,©<8HA9*,'(A9+TJ0+=*L3&?A9+O!GJ &B#.-LJSB+ +T-,MIY iy&)-L*,&BGDJ ARU%-L+P+YO<Z`&I&)*T>'/c+1'&B+X('#%D324p&?8?#C2<J +=8B!>'J / 6$>4&B /-,3+=&)+=-,-L!+¢Fµ8B('('iW-,a*L80j0 /0+.+¢J'D Z #.( +T-L80;*,>/0+=D3J'A9F}#C+X!^*L -L*,+_+.8?S?J'+.;#%8?jN >'*,+.!+1-L&B>'&)#%-L&B + D
%
*,*,8)8_8«*L FV*L+.3-+.+cD"&B/|-,-L+5&?2</0> +C38)*GJ'*L*\+.!.J'-{©]!,*L#C+= D3/ÂJ'+ Z\!7*L&B+.#C-L *,;+J'>'&BS'!,UVD$Z$J'D;¦N80&B( #.-,+5&)+=*,8)3-,i'8B"#.>®+1&B&BD#.#%T&)( >·-L#.80J /0/0-,;J'MI:<#C&)+=+¢*,-,J +=!,-L>V +5*,8?"MIJ&I&B*,D3/|D;+cJ +]-L2<+="+C!,![*7J 6]#.D;8B*^+.>V+=3*,> >¿-L3&9D32 +.J0A9>'*,&)+18?-L/X>'-,8I!R*L6 8{iy-,&^(48?A+1&)3!Gk|*,SB8?-%#CSB&)8?-%(<-,&)-L+CA +=iy-L!,J(43>T;8?*L>'!=8Bdf/0-%/03iy> 8?+=S --
+C&)j>4&B/OAR&9('(<D;+?+=Z &B`kPD;> 8?+=> &BS?-$&)*,À.+1+=/P-,84( Z[-Lª80+=/0&IJ'iy#CFO+?d0MB!G+=J'SB#%+C|*%&)&B2 !]D3+=2'!]&BS?>';M?&)>4+&B2 !]-L8?&)&?>'/O/§/ #.&B3!G-,*,-L-L8);2'*%!.J0dV*,-,38B+1!G>'J'!Da*8Bi\;>|#.J &R-LMg2 &)-L*,8?J &B-L/ +B+.Z -!G+.*8BiMI&)D3J +=!
(SB-L;j08B+.J'D0>' &)/c+5>'/YAHiy8B>&BJ 8B!,-,kc*,*4Y´7;J'>}iy+=!G*\&)iy8B*,iyJJ8B--X-L+]&)/0S?3-LSB3!G+=-L*,#h+.8?*LSVSB;&I8?-%*,>'&)+1!A9!Ây8)A9 i<+=8?( /X-,;3jNÀ."!+=8?D3>?YZ!=b*%ZWf&)»@O<D dEZ\J MB>0+.Q -,D;*,+=!G"> #.3À.S)&B+*LDe'^dÂ!&BMI>'&)&)/c-LD3J +5+]*L#. 8B3!\+TA9#.*7(8B6]A9J08|*L( +=/0J0/Y3*L&B6$+=SB/Ta8?*L>'iy 8B&);-\>YD"! +=*,C&?'d<#%+5#.¢-,2 +1iy38B&I>'-L*L&B+.;>-,S?FKS_-,8?iyiy8?J 8B-,>'J +./ -Q
D*,3/0+.'3> -,+^+1SB#hA9*,*L};;8?>'8B>';i`AY&)*LDJ A3+YAH-L&)/0J SB;-L>µ+1+=!.#C8)ZR*,i53m¨8B6$>¬>''&B+=3D &?#%MIµ#%&)«D3aJ*K/0+33-L!X&)+=*f&_#h*L*,;('48?&)&I>'-,*5&)*=D('ZYa3j0AH+. &)D +RZS?+B!,dÂ3À.20*L+R´7 +=+P8)#Ci5*5/0&_!,3;-,À=+1iy+@8B#h-L*,3+.3!f8BS?*,>4-,N8?&)J'JD!]>'!G3/0/cÀ.+C+H(l4;8B> j0i]+=+./HD\&§"6$(!^;;*,*Lj0' +.8B+.Df>µJ0"!{*`*L(4&B*, &)kB+H-%+=&)> 8IA9M?*,+C8§+.*L-%-,&)2<"D3+# D
, .
f7 '
L*A98B&)J 80*,*L3/0!,8B3+.>z/0D"!ZH+T&)2>'J /_A92 J 6$('>4!a*L#%«SB8B+C*{8BJ0i5*$!GAHS?&)-L>N&)&BFPD3(4D+1!,-L+.!{J S?>0!,AR+.Q D3S?+=+.A9>V> *LSB+.&I*,>V*L'*L;8?!{!^>P6$3>?2< *L+.8c;D3FB+X8?& >'*LB /9(+T*LJ03 :E>V+K*,F}+.8B-L#C-L3D3;8B8BS?-@J4;>'/( &BO;j0D +.iyiy8?8BD"!@-,-L+=+.S?SBSB+C-L-L*8B8BJJ'AY>'>'J'//c#%cAH2'&?D3&B8B#%!,> kVkES?S?Z +.-,-@8?[`J -La>'j0J +./R>0D"Q !K!GD;+=+=8B>SB>µA9S)*L*,+.''> !=+ Q Z
*,;*L'!^N+_J'#%8I!T4MB&)*,+=-% -L&B+|&B#hD;*LDf!G+.3-L!,À.33+_!GÀ.*,+P "#{38B!Gi]6$*,8?*L3SB/0 -%*,+_&)zA2'dEJ 6$>'6$ #%;"zD3#%DcZ ''¶&g&)MB('+P#.(4&)*7+=-L65-L>'8)8 !$*¢*L(<6$8P+=&B324D;k0D5+Y! 'H!G&g3A9MB8?+_> ;D"+H&)& -$iy8B>'*L-Y&)8H-L*,-,*,'8I'+O6 +T36$>'(4/0"+1/N&)3MN*,k« 3/0;8BJ4>if&)*,D]#% SB+_+.-%-L&)!,-,(<3FPÀ.+=+P!=*,8Bd\ AH&B"!G>'&)*,/p8B*,8NS?8?+=-L!=&B> d4A+P&Biy>'8?&)/ *-
*
*,&O8?(4AH+1&I&)*,k}8N+1&B!-,8?65J 8?>'J /cD3/OÀ=+.> -L8B8§*@#.'J &g-,MBMI+?&)Z *,J -L+T3>}*L +H!G4&)(<+R'3!G*,8?SB-%&)A~A9+=&)>';> SO*,4&I*Xa*X"!{+.D38B> SV&I*,+1/ÂdÂ6$ "#%
QU%O`IbcYaOJ%OGDIKWMb?WMg
)+.& -%>4&)/OD0+.!, j;A9+¢&)A9( J4D3!G(+K+¢D3+=*,8B-%!\i&)8)3> >i<+=3*,>&B'-,S9+@+1!7&)MI*@>'&)-L/|> ;+=8?&B;J'S?/'!\N&)24((0-L8?*%8N&I-^/*,#C3J'8BD"&B#C>+!LZ[!G;;m¨*,l4>'+.#=AHa&I*L3*,!&B38BD;3D3>9>|FBdN*,( '*L-L +@8I+¢MN!7*L3!G/8BF0-L+=!G+!*,+=&BiyA 8?>'-@/R#.24&B( 8B>O-L*,8I 2<MV+K"2</0*,8B3>-%J'&)S{>'3>/0*,+=+=/O+@/}#.2N#CD3F_8B&?A9!,!,!\ ( "8IJ/06$*L+=&I>?;>'*L*L;SYa8?l<>|;#.*^&I*,*L!G3;+=A98?MV> + Q
iy;y*R+=3>N&)"MB*,!RJ+=>?-L-,+K+1*L8B/0MB-LJ +1Fc>'#h/*,#C8?&B80- >V/0*R+ C-LZX2<+.D"º+X&I*L&B;/M?+./+P>µ+=*,/O*,8µ'*,+9*,8R'!,*,+OF0'!7S?+¢*L+.+.!G8BA +.A9*"+.8B!{*,iW-L;*L3>µ#O-L&BJ'!7;*L!G>'+?-,;J'>dE#CSH*,*, J!L+9&)-L+§A9NJ (8BAH-RD3+=&)!=J'>µZ!G+18B&)(<S?!,+.+P&B-%AR&Ii&B*L('#C8BD;*,-+X8?#=-Y#.&)&B8B>µ>Oi@-,2<*,+1+¢ U?+|J'/0;+=!L-LD;&)+¢+.A9*,*L+='( /OD3&I+=2<*X!R+=&_#.8)&Bi^>'J'+.;!,*L6 +!
,
.
A9#C&)D"D3&BD3+.8I!LA96@!=Z[8B!-Lº 3AYÀ.+='J /µ+.D;*,>O3;(i*,D;-%;+9*T&)3A9"> !X;80>'6$/0S'+=;d0*,!{&T*L3>p>'8§+.iy/06 8B3-L!G!LA³*L&)&BA9>';#C>µ( + D3iy+^+=P&)*L'*,8)J &Ii]-L*$+H*," !!G+H(4#C&B8B2<#C-L+=-L+?!G+=©z*T#hiy*LAH8?D;FH-{&I+.*%#.j#%D3&?z&)!,©WA9!,a8B(l4*,D3+= +B/P+=dz-,J48?6$>!G"3+R!,> +BSRiyd8B+C;-K*¢j023"!G!X-L*,8N3A9> #=#CS9+.8?A9!,D;\&B8BA9 -L;+1( À=&B+=D;/+1/Â!]!XZO3&B!]D;8?> > 8B3+!*
'
&)#CD">4&B/_!L!=8?d > *,+{'+ iy8B-D3+=2 &?-L!78N*#=#CJ'8?!GD;+1E/ 6$P;*,!L|&)A9D;8?( > D3+¢S9"!7!^*%&)+=D3-LkN&?!=!GZ\+1º/ÂZ@ +.>§J'*L!, +=&B+XSBD;+¢3A9#.a8B*$J 8B>Vi *^"!^3!L>'&)#.A9-,+=( ARD3+=+=!>V4*,+=&B/|!]242NF+=+.>|-L+=6$&B#%''+.+=> /H+=MBiy8?+.--$&&
A9&«+./0>VaW:E*L-L!^+.&B-L';+.> &g>V3MB>*H+¢Sc!7!,*Lq\ 8B8Ir.-L+O6$s?sN>§&Bt r.-,*,q]+§4t &Iu%J't*^!,v +=wH-L/Â+=iyZ#.-L8B8BSB¥^A >'8Ia65*L!L;#C+=8?-%MB>§&I+.*%-1(<#%d\+.p-,*,iy';8B>+§-LAH!,+=F0MB&)!7+=>'*L-,#.+.F¬+XA!76$*L#.8B;D3&B-LD>¿+_2<&)+T&?('/ /0(4&)+=(0+1( &)*1-L-%d`+=!K!L&B!G*,!9+18µ/O/024+1;i!,+§#.*,-,J -%3>&)2<3> +=> /+13#C> +1&BSP!,24!L!L8I&)&)M?-LA9+BFBZZ ( D3f+=¥@!jNJ'iy(<A9-L+.8B&B-LA ;> Q
3( >?-L*L80+./0-LMBJ'+=#C>?+R*L&B;8?#C>*,J'6$&BD;3D3D;FcD2<D;+1+§&gMN';;> S?SP¯*,3 >+9*,!7'*L+§8B-L2<+BdE+.S?2 ;J0>'*{> ;*,>''S«+R&?8I!¢M?+.*L-% &)+cD3Dz!GNF0J !GAH*,+.&)A >µ&?+C:E/g´78BJ'-,!G*{*L!9!, ;8B*LJ!YD"*,/ -%&)2<3+R> 3AT> S}J'#%2'µ&?!GD;+1+O!,!^*,8µ*,'*,&B'> +
2<+.SB3> > 3> S9iy-L8BA !L#C-%&I*%#%zZ
A +/ / $&+
,*J'3!,A9 ;>'+^+BS Z/ +.ÃMB5 +C+=7C*LD;7 8?&B(4;;D"AH!\+=-L8)&)!\i<S?4*,+=&g'!MB+$8I+$A9M?( +.&BJ->N2'iyF¢8BD;"J'!GMI'-^&)+=-L/0/R3&B;:<2*,+='D;+1-,+^+=!\>?-L!7+=*^*L!,J'!GJ /0*,Da8?*%3+=!-,/9+18)!.iz#.d &B!,*,>Y+. M?+T2<+.+-%!,&)F0iyD08B!7*L+CJ +.j0>4A¶(</Y+.6]-L3>R;A9&?*,! += B>?+$!,*%-LJ !+C-,(<iy+ +=+.9-,-,+=iy&)>'8B>'-L#C/|AR+1!.#C+1ZW8?/9m¨-,>H8I-L+=MB&#C+=* -L-f+=BÄ&K#.+.(4>V+=*f-,8)3!780i\*L/9J'*,/0'8)F + i
+
*,8)3iA9*L+B d +¢6*L&B;A9!+?+=d4a*L8? -^+.-@6#.&B8B!@-L-,+=+1a*L#h *$+.8B-{-$#C48?&B-,-L/_+=#C*,*@ +¢8B-^#.8B4-L&B-,/§+1#h*,*$'#.+Y&I*L#C+.8?S?-,8B-L+=-L#CFP*&B#.!]&)*,*,'+=SB+K8B*,-L8BFP(cD33#%!G *,8?+1/ 3#.+{!,8BiyA98B-+.*,6$' +X+=8B-,+X(<+.3>c-%&I*L*,8?+¢- Äl'5 -%!G*
iy( 8B-LJ'80-{/0J'8?#C(4+?+=Z\-L&)m i*,8?q\-r.#%sB s08?t rC3q]#.+=t !uht v Ä wK3!]J8Bif>'!,*,J -L+Y+*,33>OA9*7+B65ZT8Y*,'-L+Y;+1!.8?dN(4"+=/0-L+.&)>V*,*L8Ba-l4#=AH&I*L&g;F§8?>O2<+9#.&B&B>_!,kB2<+=+K/ '8B&)>'>'#./ +TD;+1*L/_8O2N-LF9+.(<*,8?'!,+Ka*L#%;8?'>c+=#%*,kB'+=+-
%
*,+.8?M?J'+.>§#% a3i[> *,SP'&)+¢>|#% "#C+=8?#%>§k?+.8?->c65&H8?J /0D"3/_!,( AHD"&g&)FBk?Z5+Xm *^&)D3&)Dz( /0(<+=+=#.&B3!,-L;!8?>'*L'!&IJ'*$!,;*L>' S9+T&R!,F0*L!78B*LJ'+.#%A Q 6]!,+.8B>'J'!,D3;/§*,3MB-L+=+¢/0¼]J'»[#.+XKD3Z &B248?-^#C8?>'!,3/0+=-L&B2 D3F
¦#.N&)J *,('3OC8B(4IK>|8VeC!Gbc!G+TYaF0O !G&H*,+=#.AÁJ'!G*,248B+¢A9&B+=2 -@D3+K#C8B*,AY892 '3&)> >4+=/0B! D;5H+K*L&B ( "( !LD3±|+=!@m i&B!,>'8'/ d098I8B6^-%&)± >'SB+=!]3> &9( D"&B!G*,"#K2'&)S4Z]¦N 8?J D"/O8?J -@"/0+.>V*Lal Q
1
"!,/08B+.>§>V6$*,;l4a*L#='&I/0*,-%38B&g>H6$;AY> SHJ'!G#=*f&B24!,_+@+1iy-L!78B*%&)A 2 D3&R"!G2' +1&B/R> kOiy8B&?-`#.#.#.8B8BA9J >VA9*+.8B-L-@3#=#%&)'D &B&B> >'SB/93> D;+=S9S?&)&B>cD0*,&B-%/&)>'/ !L-,&B+1!,#C!]*,38)8Bi\>'!=-L+=©I!,iy8?3/0-f+=+C>'j #C&)+?A9Z`¼5( D3J +B-,dV-L&K+.>V(4*L+=D;-GF?Q d
*,#C'+=-G3!^*Lal<3!$#.&I8B*Li *,+¢+=> *L8§/0&B8B> > 8)+X*L2N+.FO-{*,(4 +=+T-L!,(48B+=>}-L!,6$8B>| 8O!G'#.8I8B6$>V;*,> -LSP8BD"!^!,8B3A9>µ+¢!,8B/0A980#.+YJ 6]A9&g+.F§>V**,'!,+RJ'#%&?c#h*,&B38B!@> &H*,/08§-L324MB+Y+.-1*Lo !&BkBD;"+.#C>+=Z{>'!Gm¨+X>}8?*,-@80/2 &g3-GFE*Lo !
6]&)-L8B+_-LD3J4/R!GAHJ'&B&)D;>ND3FpFY( *,-%-L&)8I>'MN!L3/0&B+1#C/p*,38B2N>'F¬!&B*, -,+^+|/ (<8B+.> -%+@!G8?MN> "&KeAH& T&BkV#% >'38I> 6$+=!`;> 8BS«-`&}#.8BJ'A9> ( 3UVJ0J *L+.+c-5&?> #.+C#C*78?6]J 8B>V-L*Yk0! >NJ !,AY+=#.24J +=-L-Ya*7*LF98BS?&)+C>'*,/9'+.('-9-,3MI6$&Ba#C*LF *
6$>y2 8?;^*,-,AH& 8?&)J0 DÂ*{-L(<+=!,+. (<-LA98B>'T3!,!L;!,8?2';- 8?;D3>za*7dÂFP2N&BF§>'&?8B/|!,*,!, 80#C8?+=#C-K>?"&I*L(4*,-,+1+=8?/|-LDeZ!,6$8B>'a*L! 6$*L 8§+YAH&?#.&g#CFO8?J *L>V *=+.Z^>«/0'8O+=*,!,-%+Y&)#C>'80!L/0&B#C+1*,!38B#=>'&)>c!^*,2< +Y+=-,8?+=202N*LF§&B;2'>'-,+=+1/Â&)d<kN6$;>'aSP*L}*,'8?+-
, .
, . 5.
. ,
6*,]48B&I-L*Xm¨k<>HZA9&B[;/ S?3/?> a*XSB*L+=;"8?-,/0('>Y+.-,>V*L3*L8K>Va*Liy*,Fµ!@ 4+^(4&g+=MBMB-L+.+¢!,-L8BF¢2<>'+.3!{A9+=>}6$(48?#C8§-G8?*%AR&)6]>VA9+.*f-L8?+T&)> ( *LD;(F§ D3+."J'-L#.!,+B&I+=Z*L/Â;8?[ZX>';¼5>!S?-,3>93+.A9-L+.( +TD3-L+=;!L#h>V#C*L*L+.-,!K8?>'>+=&B!{"-,#]+9&)#.-L&)8B+XD"A9!G+C8§A9j J'&)+.A9!,-%+=#C3/µ+@> +=&B;>¬/|-,+]#Ciy8?*,8?'-@>V8?*,l'!,+C>'+$jNSB*%;+.>9!K-L6$(<( -L8B ;D3>V+.3#.-L*%++!
&
*,6]'8B+c-LkB(4+.+=-%-L!!,38B>O>·&R#C!G8N+18B#C(<J +.-L-%+^&I*L+=+=>N!9MV33-L>®8B> *,A9 +c+.>V"*1/0Z +.>V[*L3a> l4SB#=+=&I-,*L( ;8?-L3>z>?©$*%!`iy8B4-H&gMB+.+^j &)2<A9+.+=( >_D3+B+.d5jV*,*L +.>'+=F¿!,3MB&)+.-LD3+|FH8)!7*Li *LJ'+./0>·3+=J'/§!,&)+=>'/¿/P*,8p'&g"MB/0++.>VJ'*L!Ga+1iy/F
&
iy( 8B-L-{;>V8I*%MB!\+=iy-^-,8?8?A > +T&¢N#.J 8N>'8B/ (<-,+.+1-%/c&I*,FB3>+1&)SK-%(<!.ZK+.-%¦N!G8?+.M?>9+.#=-%&)&)>9D+=2<D;+1+@#h+=*L&?-,8?!G3> D;FY3#T;>'/0(+.MNJ0"*f#C+=*L8T!'#C8?&gARM?+T('J02<*,+.+=+.-f>«> /0+C+.*7M?6]+.8BD3-L8Bk0(<!\+=/ 8B-f!,8B8H*,*L'+=-`&I*{!,FNl'!G> *,S?+=AH+.-,!Q
&
,
&")/0!,>4+.+./§+R>V*,&B¹?;J0iy&BFN*,;;>}'>'+.S¢+C>V*{*,(4"&B+=#.D8B&)( *,3D3ÄB8B+@Ä?> 6$Ä h;&B*,Z J0'8?*,&B'J0#.8B*f+T-L*L;-LÀ1+=&I+.#.3*,-`8B38BSBkN> >'> a8I*L!G6$;8?F0D3>c!G+=*,/0+.3S?!{AH+B&)!=dBD"Z5!,!GJ'8_#%JH>'+1&B!G/0+X!`+=-;+=>PMB3>V8?&B*,D;>HMN+.3>4&)> !G3SP-,+R(<!G/08BF0+.-,!G*=M?*,d?+.+=2'D3A98B&)( !@> A9kE'+.d?&g>V8BMB*-f+{iy*,8B'8B-^*,+T+="#./0DeZ\&B+=('>?&)*LNa2 l<J'3#.!D3a&I*7*L*LFO ;8?+.8)>F i
' . 0&
, .
>
)+,-/ +$&+ D0 /(+ ? "0CAB0fD+$ 0
º«#C8N+P8?(4#C+=8B-L>4&)!G*,"3/0> +.SP-¢8B!,-F0!7> *L8)+.*1AHd<!Kiy-,(<8?Ax+.-,iy&_8B-LD3AR&B-,3>S?+TS|!G8B+.>'*+H8B8)ifi](4*78V65!,!,8|;2'kN;;D3>4a*L/ ;+1!K!.dE8)i&)>48B/ (<+.y-%2 &I@*L;*,8?8§>'! #C8?>0el'& -LA *,8c*L'"/0&I+=*X>?&P*Laiy#CF«8N8?&|(4(4+=-L+=&)-L!,*,8B3> >S d * , .
(<¦N8?+.-%AR!G8?+X>_8BiW"!5*L3 >'+X/0-L+=+=+=UV/_J *,3-,+=+KAR8?+=> >V+K*L!$ + &)-L!G+K > +K8)#C*@D"&)8?32NAHMV!538B*,J48R!.d24!,+?89Zf65+X +K3>'D3#C&)D3*GJ'*,+=/0-$+¢#.&9&B!,D3"+{!7*@3!]8B8)iWi *L*L+.>|+.A|#.&BZ5D;D3+='/ +¢!GF0 !G*,+.Ax /0+= !, 3SB'> Z , .
N/3 F4I
1 ) , 1
AH&B#%i &B3#.> +B+Kd\J'&)!,>'+B/ Zfc5 {-L+.;-L+{"!K3AR8)i(<8B*,-,*L+H&B>V+=*FB+?2'ZP;8?m AR*¢+.6$*,-L;D33D`#=!$2<&)+P-L&)+{-L*,SB J'+X+=/µ&)('24(4+=+1D;&)8I-%6 &)>'*,#.'+&)*X8Bi*,*,'+_+X;-LV3J'!KA98Bi5&B> *L +P5+=FBl'+H>'SB( +.-L-L8I( MN-L3;/0>V+1*1! d ,' .
*,8)8Hi 8)&)*L> 8B+.*,-W (4+=+=-=-LZ !,8B>4!.Z +]!G+.*W8)i4(4+=-L!,8B>'!z*,824+/0"!,#.-,3A9;>'&)*,+1/K6$;D3DNMg&B-,Fiy-L8BA 8B> +]&)( ('D;"#.&)*,38B>
/.
,
?BZ ef.QT9W hOy(<WM8Nb?8BO-WMheCZ@O ¼5b? W +=&BQ ( /0XZ3GSBb?;WM*L&)b?WMDWg!,#=&)bc>W > Qh+=-LIK!S +.GDj0Xa3!Gbc*@QTW iy8BY-@l'l'> > S?SB+.+=-L-,( ('-,-,33>V>V* *Ly!i&)2 3J0- C*^©*,i &B+¢#.+ J4y!GS?+=8N-@8NAT/ hJ'©f!G3*-,"#=! &)y-LSB+C8Niy80J / D3D;CF ©
' L O * , . , . , .
+
(6$-,a+1*L_!G+=>VD3a*X*,*,&§D3+Xl4;>'> #.SB8B+=>N-KMB*,+=8|> 3*,+.'>'+.#.A|+ [ZOAR8?-,i+&?#C+C+Pj0(<#.+.&B>'>µ!,;2<M?+P++.8?:<(0+1*,"#h#.*,!3MB&B+=>'D;F«/_!GA9+=>'8?!,-,+=+{/µ#C8B2V>VF«*L-,&c8?D4#%" !+=>&B(µ+.+1/0MN+="/0/P+.8c*,8R#=8B&)20A9*%+.&)-%3>&
, .
(&}-,UV80J'#.+=&)/0D3;J *7F«-L+B3dNAHJ'!,&)J'S?&B+_D;D38)FPi^-L*,+= !,+§+.-LMB;-L+="/_!.Z 8B> D320FH*%iy&)8?3-$> ;;>'A9S (<8B-,9^*L&)x>V*^3!=#.df8BJ8B-,i^*@#C#.8B&BJ'!,-L+=!,!=+BZ df&B>+Cj0(<+.>'!,;M?+O8B:4Q D3;> +OD3&B2
%*
+
1 Z c9@Q8)L *L+bcW*,'XZ&)I G*5e !Gc*,G -L8BYZ>Y SXGD/0IK+.b?iy8BG-LWMA9eCO&)*,Â3l'8B>'> !S?+.&B-L-,( +$-,&?3>V/ * /0+=SB/R8N803>9/ h*L©1&BikV&B3#.> + SKyil'&)3>'- SBC+.©1-L3-L( 3-L! ;y>V+.*%j0!#.+.&)D3>'D;+=/Y>V*,* 4h©&I*fi9^&?#C"&)y+CD j &)#.('+.(4D3D;+1+=&)>?-,* Q hZ
* , . , . , . + , .
C4BZ +.JM-%b&) DÂe!GF0!Gi*,X +=A9XZQ !$*,Q'Q &)*@J'l4!G> +KSBl4+=>-,( SB-L+=3-,>?( * -Ly3S?>?8V*%80!]/ 8BC-©Bii&B&?#.#C+=+ !@ySB#=8N&)80>§/ 24C©?+K3-,iy"8N! 8?yD;+C+1j /O#.+.2ND3FOD;+=>?( * 3h#C©*,J -L9^+=! 8?-@+Cj !G#C3A9+=D;(D3+.D3>V+X* ARhZ`80¦N/0+=+=M?D3!Q
!Q O * , . , . , . 2+ , .
8)#%'i&)&¢> (<S?+.+=-%!5!,*,8B4>z&Io !5*^&B#.(&B>O(<+=2<&)+K-%&)*,>4-%#C&B+B#%k?Z[+=/_ 2V+{FO( &RJ ( !,3+.DE>48)!GiÂ3> *,SH'+!GF0+=!GFB*,+B+=dVA¶6$ &B"!$#%_&9"#%!` 3+1>'#%!,kP3/ &)+^SV&)*L 3>'+!7*@3-L3!,!=J d?20J'*L>'+.-,/0iy+.J -LSBSB+?8NZ +1!`!,;À=+
à BZ ef#.&)QT>HY]X2<O+%!,O+.>4e8XZ!G+1b h/HO #%E l'+=>&BS?( +.D;FE-L( ©?-L ;8I>V65* y+=iMB&)+=3- -=Cd?© iAR&?#C+.+*, i80&)/ 3- !`h8)© ;iz-L3AH! &Ii&B*%;#%- h3© >SX9^*, '+.(43-`8N-L8?+.- ( C-LZ +=[!,+.;> >VS?*L&)+.-L*,(38B-L>';>V!`*L#.!Â&)&B>H>'/2<+^i&B+.#.jN+=Q !
* , . , . , . + , . &
(43!+=+.>'jN!G3(<MB+.+?>4Z\!G¦3MB#.+K&)>'3>O> ;*L>';A9S¢*,+?'d +^NJ 3-,AH"!f&)">|!`+.D3&Bj024(48?+=-=>'d0!G3&BMB>'+^/§2 A9J0*5&)*,AH+=-,&)"*L&)#%D" !.3Z > S¢"!5!,3AR('D;+?Z\¤!G3> S .9¢dN8)iz#C8?J -%!G+?d +
f7 C
"!$##%#
'2[¼]&B;&)S?>'AYJ / -L2 ![+ -L8)3/0i S?*L+{Z Ã +]¤^H;-L> 933!MB&)iy+.-L-L-%-,8B!,8IAa6 *7F?6$Z "#%x¢*L3+CAHjN&)*,JS?+c-L+58)iyi{+=&I*,*L J +c-L+=+=![FB&)+ -L}+`;+CAHjN*L&)-LS?&?+|#h*,( +1-,/Â80Z #.+=¼5!L!G8B3>V> *,S¬-L3'2 &BJ0!P*,+13/¢/0+=2N>VF¢*,;¹?l'8B+= / > &B0/ J ;:<SB+=AH-,+=&)>V>* d
& ' * &
.
%*
, +
>
?> @ AB0CD+$ !#+0E%
&
HA8B>'8?&I+@-X*L3+.#C#@F?8B*,+$>4+.#C3D3!5-LD3+.+C!,-`*,#=+=AH&)> > +=&?> !L#%!=+1 d</H;>'6]&)+ +9>'/R/0+=*L$!L #Cb +-L;C2<ZN+Yº *,
+9+. >H
&)(*L ('+D;"#.&) $*,3b³8B>}J'8B!Gi`+= -53-,&B"a!7( Q¨1Á( !L#.-L"&)8?/0>'&B+=#%> >?';*L>'+=al4SP![+=*,*,!'8§+*L"/0+^+.$(<>Vb *,+.;-%iy!,F AH8B>9J'&B#%!,;'+.>9-%;>!{*L +?8)+dBi5*L#.&BJ'>µ+^!G*,3&B8B-LJ03A9!`*,8B+=8)-Qi
, .
-L&P+=#C(48?&B-L!L/'!G6]!.Z|8B-%/O iy+_8B-#.J'&?!7/ *L/08B;A9*,38B+.-Y>'&BAHD[&g!,F +=#.*,J '-L+.a*7>F?Z 'f&&gM?)+P-L3&)&B*,#=3#C8B+=>'!L!^!K;*L> 8c*,*, +R+§&)&B( #=( #CD38B"#.J'&I>?*L*¢;8?8?>z-TdE(<!GJ'+.-L#%'µ&)&B(4!!X8B3!R(<+.&B> !,3kB> +1S_/µ&O*,8c!G+1*7#CFNJ (<-L++
$ '
6!,8)&)i *7;*,63> &)SP-L+T*L8O"!KJ'J'!,!G+¢+1/µ*L *,+98|AH8B20&B#%*%&)33>µ> +B& Z k2>'3 #.+¢7 *L +TQ¨iy/0-L38BA9>V+.*K>'(4!,;+=8?-L>'!,8B&)>DWo2 !3>'+.F?&)+T-LF "!MBD3+180#h#.*L&)8B*,- +=/}&)-L>'+.(/µ-L!,+=#=!,&)+.>V> *L> ;+1> /ÂSOdE*,(''&I+H*L+.SB>V-L*,+.+1FV/ Q
%+
D38)+.ifMB(<+=D<+.-%*,!,+C8BjN>'*LJ!-,3+{!8)(<iW+.*,-,iy8B+K-LAR3-,"+1!=/ Z\b}UVJ &I;*,*L+Y#%'!,;3> ARST('*,D; Fc"!2NFcMB+1#C#h8?*L8BAR-5('*,J08H*,3&Y> S_!,+C*A98)3> iW3MBAT+=J#C*,A³8?-L!5¥-,&)+=A9( A9-L+=;!,> +.S§>V*,/03> "!7SY*%&)!,8B>'A9#.+B+{dEJ6$> 3"MB#%+= -L!,3+!
1 C
[&)(';S?( J D;FN-L+3> S KZ &)2<{8B-%-[&)l'( D; *,+="#.-L&B!\D?8B-Li<+./0(';-,:<+1+=!G-,+=+=>?>V*%*&I*L!,;38?À.>X+=![8)*Li 8KD;7 80#.&)*,2 3a8B*>'#C![806$/0+];*,-L +.3(>R-L*,+= !,+.+ >V*,32'> &BS^>'*,/ !+!,!G 3SB8I>46$!>T8B3i > *,W+3SB-LJ'+=-,!,+ J D;*L!WZ 8)Ã i Z
& "' * 1 C
(MN;-L+=806 #C+=!Lyº!,;> S9J >'a¢*%!.;AHd &B$SB+=&B!T>§&)8?>'(0/p*,"#.>'&B+=Dz&)( -¢D"&Il'*,+.iyD"8B/p-LA 8)i$6$MN;3*,+.|6¾*,;'AH-,+=&B+¢SB+=#.! &)A9c9 +=-L&?!]*,'h&)d *^5 K8B20*,*% &)+§3>'#C!$8B2<>V*L8)-,*L8?cDf6$J >3/0;*T+Kiyl48?+.-¢D"/|*,'8)+ i
1%.
8B( (-L80*,"#C#.+=&)!LD<!,;( > D"SR&I*,8)iy8Bi-L!GA§*,+.d0-L+.&B8R>'/ MN3/ +.8'*, Z +{MN3/ +.8T('-,80#C+1!,!,3> S¢J > ;*=d06$'3#%P4&B!]!G(<+=#.3&BD4'&B-L/ 6]&B-,+$iy8?-5-L+=&BDaQ *,3A9+
, & .
C .
, 0& . .
iy#C-L+18B!,>V!,3*,> A9 S|+O8?J!G*7*^>65;(<8µ*=+.d\-%6$6$!G38?/ >c"+O#%;«l4>|+.(<*LD"/+.-,+¢iy8)8Bl4i-L+.AHMVD"/c3!K+.6¶8)*,if'+_#.MN&)3&B+.A96X#C+=*,Z@J'-L&?&B!TDf !78?+T*L20+.*7*L-L65&B+.;8c8H>®MN( &}"-L/080MN+.#C"8_+=/0!L+.!G!,*,8«;-L> +=!7S§&B*L-,AHJ'+1!,&)!^;A>'&)Sc-L+X*,AT4('&IJ &?*9D;!,*,!,33+=-,!9+1/§!GJ'8?*L!,8PD;+=J /*,*,3'*,8B+Y8«>¬!,D;(N;80S?FV#=>'-%&I&)&)*,DzA9+O('"*,-,/ '8B!=+ Q Z
*,l''+= +.D3+H/µ>pjN8)J'Qi`!,FV+=MNQ !¢ÀH3+.*,6D3'80&)#.3&I*TAH*L;;&)>8?S?iy>¬+.8B-L-L8)FcA9i8)&)*,if*, 3+§*L8B >«/0+9+=*,+.!,8µ3FBSB+?#C>'ZT8B&)>V*,*L+=-, /«8?"D!K+=*,FB#C +HF0+_#C8)D38B+Ri(0*L#=*L &)3#=+P>µ&)(<Df24+.+9( -%D"!G(<&I8?*,+.>piy-,8Biy8B-L3!TA-LAR('!,&B+18|/ !L!G*,+1+=4/µMB&I+.*,*T-L8cF|;*R*L' #=&)+P&)D;i]>¬AH!,8B+=&)#.2038B>p*%>'&)J 3/µ>¬> !G;*,*=8O d\+_*,6$4> &I+=*X"#%&B& -
J(!,D;>-L8I80;6$*{#CD3+=!,F9!L89!]AR*,34!@8IMN&ISB*@33> MB*LS¢+. >§(<+T+.3!,>|-%(4!G+18?^#C>_D;;S?l4#.8B#X&B-L>Pa+.*LF?2<+XA +^-,*L+=-LSB&?3#%8BZ kB>c+=/z#.&BZ[>|24 +Y+>D;80+=#.&B&)-`*,+1l4/§+.D"/P&B>'8)/§iWMV*,'3+.+¢6 ;-LMN"!^"/0#C+.808Y/03+X!5+.( jN-L*,80-%#C&B+=#h!L*L!,+=+=/Â/HZ2NFR *,+¢ +{8IM?AH+.-%&)&)3>D3D
C
*,*,+=4AH&I*_9@!58B!,&B+.*,>'>'+X/9!,*L;*,'>''&ISp3*{!]3*,!HD3;'A9(4+Y&B;*L!,!L!5+.!G>'3*,MB!, +c;+{>'SP&B&)!R( '('i&)&BD;-%"-_#./0&)6&B*,!R&)38B-L*L>'+X !=3+ Z[!J'A9'!,8B+.+-L-H+T "3!_#CSB8?O#.A98B#C>'( 8?#.D;!G+.+.*`j|-L"> !`*,+='('/ &B-,|> 3AH*,6$&)'-L+c;&ID3J'FH*!,3&X+.!-O-,J'+1#.!,!G&)+=J'>®/cDa*]A938)> iÂ8IAHMB*,'+§&)+>Niy-L-LF|+.+=+.UV8)D3J*LF¯ 3-,+.3+=>·-{A9!G*,+.F0'>V!G+*Q
l'*L6]&B+=8B;D3>µ-L/pk*,8B'+.i$>N+RMVMB>'3+=+.+.D;68?+=(4/ +c!,+=+./ >'&B3!,>'AH3/¿> &)Sc*,S? +Y*,+}8 8B!,i`l'F0>'*,!7'/¬*L+R+.*LA+= FB+O+?AY!,ZTJ'J !G20*_´7 +1+9D;#h80*¢>#=&I+.iy8?*,+1+|D;/ D38I iy658?+=+1-K-=/«Z²-,+12V&)FµD; Qe*L*,";!H'A9+_-,+Y+1> UV!G+1J*,&)+=;-¢-L-,+.+=l4A98O+.+=D"3/¬A9>?*H( 8)D3>i@;+1+1MN!X#C;+1+=!G!,6(<!,a+=*%!G#.&I+=3*L&B>'+=D[!G!R34> *,&)S|'-%+ /0*L8}6]6$&B8B3-,/ 2 +?+ Q d
*
K6$;&)*,2<9^8B('!9-T&)!,6]-, *,&g8I"M?#C6$J'+.>D3D3+C&B*¢-\3> !,6$( [;-L*,+=3¬SB&?J /¢*,-L'+('+_&B-L3A9&BZAR&BSBd+.+H*,+1+=&B8B-L#%!i] *L 2 &B+P;>'*H3/ -,8)"i@!T*L&)e /0*Y+§+.&|A9;-L('803!9/0&B-GJ #.*LD"8N3&I#./ *LJ +_;8?D3&B>"!R-¢hZ\D3/ 8N+C#=*,&I+=*L+@-,;A98?#C>-L3>8?!L+=![/¿!G+12N#hFp*,3X#C8B8B>R8B-L>«-L8)+.i<*LD"*,&I '*,+_3+]> 36S}-,"&g!¢& MB&B+=>'D;+./ *
& '
, .
1 +
*,"&)!@'D38B+X& >'( STK3#C*L&)*, J4J + !,-L!,+K3&Biy/0>OJ 3>'-,6$+1#C;#h*,*,*,3 8B38B>|!,>§( FN"-L;!$+=+=&?D3& /'/ !$Kp&R&BJ'A9#.!L8B80!GA9"/0&)(J >OD3D"+C&I6$j_*La+=*L>N/||J 2NAY!,FO( 24-L&H+=+=- &?!,/ 3{> 5&B+¢!]d 66$iy8B&g D3MBD33+B8ID;+{Z6@`*,!.'Z &B+¢#%|#C-L#C8?8?!L-,!]-L+.!,+=D"&I#C*L*,;38?8B>O>|8B&)i\D38B&9> S96&g/0MB3-,+=+1D;+.#h*@*L;8?6$> a*L
, .
Z
!"!#
3
, .6 7 k k$ ,' 1.
+c #C8?A9(7 D; +.7 j¿#C8?-,-L+. D"&I*L;8?>R"!H3 #C8B>NM?+. -,*,+= /*,8«*76]R8«3 2'7 a*%!H&)>48)/i*, +cf31 -,"!9 #C80/0+c7 2N Fp7 *L+=!G*,3> S¬a*%!H!G3SB> 3 *
ρ
α β
ρ .
0
φ φ
0
& [;S?&BJ >'-L+/('D3Z&?#C+.A9eªz+=+.>?i *R* @8)¦Nik?& +C*%K#%§&)2<8Bi\8B-R&B> 6]>N&gJ M?D"+.&)D3-$+C*Y-L+.&)SB*R38BD3>480!#.&)8)*,i[38B*,> +¢3-L3!@/ +CTl'>6$+1;/§*,¿2VF§!,( &9-L+=-L&?&?/p/0"('&)&)DÂ-%-%&)&)A9> S?+.*,+ +.-%! &B>'/
' * , . -
f¼]Z&)AY»$2 -L33SB/0VS?* +{R¤^¦N'> &B3MB(4+.+O-%!,8)a*7i^F?#.Z 8BA9( D3+Cj¬Mg&BD;J'+=/ K&B248?-T6&gMB+.D3+C*1Z ¼58B>V*,-L32 J0*,+1/¬2NF«¹?8B > &BJ SBAH&)>d
, .
.
(1%+
, $ .
, +
*,' +X+ 24+1!7&I*@j0AH"!$&I3*%!#%O/0+C8Bl4i> *L+= /c+=!,3>|+K-,*,8B+=*L-,&IAH*L!^+=/§8)i\#C80*,/0+¢+1!]*,*,8H+Y&)24>N8?F_J >'#./8N&B/ -,+FOiy-L8)8Bi\AÁ*, *,+T +¢( J / ( &)3*LD[&B&B2'>'&B/§!,+*,8B'i[+¢#=8B&)J0>'*L/0+."-/ 24&)*,8?+=J !>'"/ !&BJ'-,FO!,+=/Â8)i Z
+
*,#C'+=>V+{*,3+.-L-13!Z\*L +.+=FR!,+{&)*7-L65+8Yiy8B24J 8?>'J /R>'2N/ FR&B-,;3>V+=*,!+=SB&B-%-,&I+{*L&B;> !L!GSKJ +1A9/0+1SB/H+$+=*,8RMV"2</0+=+{>'#.#C;+$-%#C3J >HD"&)AT-]J'2 #%J0R*$*L> 8B+^*$!L>&)A9+=#.+$+=!L6]!,&B&g-,F¢3D;*,FR'6$&)*f;*,*,O +@*, #.+X;-%!L#C&)J'A9D3&B+-
*
*,¥@48?&IJ *@SBAH &I*,j0-%&)3AR>'!G3À.iy8B+{-L*LAx +X/ SB8V-%+1&B!./0ZK3+.>V *$+YAH24&)8?S?J > >'a/*LJ'&B/0-,3+X+=!{&)-L&)8B-LJ'+T>'/0/P+.l'*L> +¢+=/}#C32N-%#CFOD3+ *L +Y*7658_!,+C*%!{8)if('&B-L&BAR+.*,+=-L! %*
1
% %
, R .
1
k
,' Z5 .
0AH/ "!,&)#.>'J'#.!L+X!G!,3kB&)8B+C-L>z*%+{#%d S?µ&B;D;M?8BD+.i5;>§A9*L;(<>§+H8B-,*L"*L/0&)+X+.>V>V>*@*,+C;/0l4jN+.#=*@*L&I&)!,*,+=33D"8B#h!$*L>¬;8)8?i[( >z-L*,Z 80 #C+X+1('/0-,J 80-L#C+R+1/0"!XJ S?-L+K;M?'+.>«&gMB;+{>p24@+=+.D3SB>c8?#C-,8I;*,M?'+.A -L+=/ÂZ`Z¼58?{AR;M?A9+.>¬+=>?8B*%!$J -X8B>§('-,(<+=+.MV-,3iy8B8BJ4-,!Q
C
>
= A +/ / $&+
HA$ &)+D3bxD;F9*,3!GA9"F0!`!G+^6$*,iy+.;8?*,A|'-5dI;*L>_2 J +K*,*[!G+AHF0!G-L&g*,&BFX+.> A¾SB> +@8B*L*[8B8Y2<iz&?+`8B#.> iUV&?+^J !73*,*\-,8T+{+.>'l'&)8BMB>'J+{/_S?!G¢3+1/0#C*,+=8B8{>V>4*,( / ;-Liy!.FP80Z\#C&)+=>_!L !W"3-L!5(43+=!]!,-L !,!,8?#=8BJ &)>'D3>O!W/_A9Mg!,&B&)8I-,*,MN3"+=;!7>!5iyFRS^6$*,*,;'*,O+-L8B-L#.J'+=8BSBUV>'TJ / 3#.a-,*LJ +=;8?A9-,-L>'+.+.!5>V>V&B*\*L!f>'&)/Piy38B-,(<>'-58B8B&B-,-,> *Q
!,+=#CJ'-,;*7F_!,FN!G*,+=AH!.dNiy8?-$+Cj &)A9( D3+BZ 8?-*, +¢$b&B( ( D33#=&I*,38B>dN*, +XA9+=#%4&)> "#.&BDz&B!,(4+1#h*L!8Bi[#=&)A9+.-%&
&
f7
"!$##%#
4Z ( 7-,80#.+=2 !L!G;*3> S9Ã !G8Bi 2N*76]FV*,&B+ -,+?Z 3-,"!`#.80/0+ ²8?20*L&B;> +1/9iy-L8BA;AH&)S?+@m8)iÂ*L +^+=FB+@J4!G3> ST(4&I*,+=>V*,+=/P;AH&)S?+
C "1 C ,1 .
?ghQhIKbiX MS
5m7/0+=>V*,;l4#.&)*,38B>§8)i&Y(<+.-%!,8B>§+.> -L8BD3D;+1/_3>§*, +¢/'&I*L&B2'&B!,+{2VF_;-L3!$!L#.&B> > 3> S'Z
$
#C$8?i >V*L+.*,-L-$8B*LDW &B+X-,+T3A9*,&B SB+R+KD3;"A9!$(';*,&B3> !L!,S_+=/_i&?*,#h8R*L8B*,-% ! +Y$(<&)D3+.SB-L8B'-L&);(4*, ! AHÄC!=7 dV;*$8)*Lif&BkB*L +1!+T*L;7fA97 +RAH3!G!{+1!,#{(4*,+=89>?*KD38N8B#=>«&I*L&B+K#=*,U? J'+X;-L3;-,>'"!SH2<*,8BJ+R>'3/'A9&)&B-LSB;+1+?! Z
*
&8){i\*,+.'bc-L+.-L8B8B8V-L-$!7+C*$*L-%3&I3#=AR*,&)+1D0(<!.A98BZ5-,m80*Li &B/0>V 8+.7D*l "!*G*L8)*L+=i\/R+X*,*, ( 8X+ -LAH8B2'7 &B&B>V2 FT;D;2'*,*7+1aFH*%!7!@*`8)i[AT#=&B*,J4'!,!7+=+¢*^!=d!GAHF0!G&)&B*,*L+.J #%A SB|AH;A9>c&B&B> 8?kN-L;/ > +.Ä?SH-Ä &B*,>O8HWAH+=M?-,+.&B-L-L/ 8Baiy+-F_*,3>§*, '+"&)/0iy*@8?+=>?D;*,D3'*L8Ia+¢6$l<#.;(4>'&I+=S{*L-L;!,8?+18B!7>z>§*LZ ;AH"!$-L&)*,8B*,'+=A +!
%+ ,' ! .
&
*,8B'>'+¢+K#%#.dN'D3*,&B&) ;>'A9+=#.>O+1+=/Â!*L d08B+K*,iW'i-L+.&)+7>§D"´7!,+=+K*,#C *,&?3+¢>#.#.S9#%+.4(0*,&)'*^>'+K#.&B+=*,>'-L!/PJ 8)+Kii&B(4D3&B!,+=#=+K-L#C!,+=-,8B+G(0>§´7*,+=3#C>3!^*@SH&)-L&)2<&)>§*,8B+=J0;!A9* &B(<K-,8?+K;!G> +=*,UV+=-@J'&B3d 7f!^Dz7f&I&)7 *^2<ZW8B&Bm J024i[* 8?*,J0'¢*+K#%K'*, &B#%-L>'4+=#C&)!,+K>'8B#.3> +{D"/O3> 3!$K-L+=AR7/ 3J'D3d D;#C36$+18B/P>z 3Z *LD38+
1 C
' '
' C
% ' '
iy-L8B A+º«-,+1+&)&B2<#C/08B8?+=J0>'-f* #C3D3!55J'7C/0-L+C7 +iy+.6$(4-L+=a-L*L8B+=O/Y( D3&¢*,+§8Tiy65+.*,6 +=-,+ 6]+_8B#.-%&B8B/ J A9!`SB('AH&B&B24&)-,8?+1>HJ0/p(4*5&)FN*L(<; +=+.+^D3-5/0A93iy> 8B80S}-`/0A9+=*,D< 8?+OJ4-,!G+^-,+1+1//9!G+CJ *,*L8YD;&B*L;!R+=D Z!G!,*,@3A98ID36$D4&)(<*,>+^8?!L3*,> !, ;2+K[D3&)+@;S?2<('J 8I&B-LMB+;+@-%!f('8B-,izZ8?Ä 2';Z}-L&)"!`2 m *93!LD;#.*,6]&)3+=>4&?!=!! Z
+
iy8B7CJ'7 >'d 7f/P7C*L7 '('&I&)* 3-,e&3> 5SV6$! @ +=-L&B>|> #.SB8B+1A9/c('24&B+.-,*7365> SY+=+./ > a:E7 +.Z §-L+.&)>V>'*@/ +.F?7 +=Z !=dV8B*, if+¢*, /0+R"!G2*,-L;;*L2 !=Jd *,y32 8B{>§&_8)i[2 ¥;>'&)8BA9A9A93&B;D>'/0S93!G/ *,3-L!G3*L2 &BJ0>'*,#C38B+1!>µy6$8IMBa*L+= -
, .
& '
,
(<9&)>4+.3 -L/9'-,&)3('SB!V/0*f!G+=J'+.SBF?-,-L( +^+.-L+1!L"!$!G#.3&)8)> >4iSB!\iyD3FB-Liy+.-,d'+18?*,/0A 8B+RA~*L!, &B+&)A9>'!L+X&)/ A9*7HFN+$(43 (<+Y+.7 8)8? i`(Ã D;/0+?3 "dV!7*L!,R-, 3l8I2 6$*J0*L3*,> ; 8?SK+Y>c*,8B46]2'&I&?!,*]+.!@-L!L8?MB#.2'&B+1>'/§!G+=!\-,/ iyM?3-L!G+=8B*,/§A-L;32'>}*,J0 *,#C+@38?8B*7AR> 65(48¢M?&)+.+=-L-L;FBF_> +1S9!6]8)*L+.iED3De+T*,dE'&)D3++C>4i !L*K/ &)+.A9F?# ++
1 . C , .
1 %
, .
*,*,(<-L'+.3+R-%2 !GJ0/08?*,">P3!G8B*,&)>µ-L-L;2+^8)J i`&B*,!5¥38BJ &)>}>'A9#.8BA98Bi5-L;¥^-,> +=S§&BD3&)A9/0*,+=AR"!7/H*%3>&)&?>'S§!#.*L/0+= 3!!G+*L24!L&B+.#.>'*7&B#C65>'+1+=!f!^+.iy>}2<-L8B+C#.*7A 8N6]/ +.*7+=+=6]!>µ8Y8)#./0i58N;/0/:<;+=+=:E!^-,+.+=iy-L>V-,+.*58?>VA~(<*+.(<8B*,+. ('-%+9D;!G+?8?!,Z >'&B[!A93SBy+T-LJ ;(<S?-L++.?-%*{!G8?A9>Z Ä 8N/y( D3++CD38)@i *K*L&B!`A9D;*,8?'8N> +/ S?+!,/0""/0!7+ Q
&
,
'
.
*,#C'-L8?+_!L!,#C8I-LMB8?+.!L!G-`8I(4M?8?+.;->V(4*=Z8?;m >Vi\*T&Y"/!¢3&I!G*L*¢&B('>'-,#C8?+K2'8)&)i[2 &I3D3*$a*7A9F 8?!G7 * 5 7 Z_8) iW+P*,/0+K+1#C2 "!G;*L38B!>«"!5*L*, 8?-,D;+1+=!G-L'&)8B*,+=D"/µ/zd?>'*L+. +=+./«>§> *L8B *¢+K24( +O-,8?!G2'+.&)*T2'&I;D;*X*7F9*,'8)+ i
'
(, .
22000
DECISION ENVIRONMENT
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
18000
FOR IRIS RECOGNITION
14000
Count
10000
mean = 0.089 mean = 0.456
stnd dev = 0.042 stnd dev = 0.018
6000
d’ = 11.36
Theoretical curves: binomial family
Theoretical cross-over point: HD = 0.342
0 2000
Theoretical cross-over rate: 1 in 1.2 million
0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Hamming Distance
& [y-L;3S?SBJ V-L*R+ A980Z /0Ä + hZ¯"!7*L-,3+|2 J0#C*L-L;8?8?!L>'!,!]8IMB8)+.iW-T¥(4&)8?A9;>VA9*9;3> !9S9&I/0* "!77 *%Z&)5 >' #.+^8)iiy8?*,-$ !,+§&BAR2 ;+*L!=+.d`F?6$+ y+=D3+C-,i +O*@*,A9 80+§/0( + -L`8B&B2'>'&B/_2 3/0Da*7;F¬:E+.8)-Li+.>Vi*]&)D"+=!GFB+=+1D;F !
' *+ , .
2</0"8)!G*,A9c"!,&B!,-,3+X> Sc&)2<&§8BJ #.*8B-L-,7 +1#h*KZ AH&I[*L3#%SB«J -L+=+¢UVJ'#C8?&B>?D3!{*L-,*L32 +HJ0*L( +=-L/O8B2'2N&BF_2 ¹B3D;8?;*7 Fc> 8)i]&BiJ &)SBD"!GAH+=D;&)Fµ>§&B8)#.i`#.+.¼](0&)*LAY;>'2S|-L&B3/0>µS?+{3>'¤^#.8B> -L3-,MB+1+.#h-%*K!,aA9*7F?&)Z *L#%
, . !C
*
' ,& + .
>
FE )+ +/+.+0
»XZ n]8B
D3D;+?d ¹'Z<¼5 8?>
> +=D; D d 9¢%$RZ'¥d &B&?IK!.Qd e »XZ bc8?'&)>| &)>'Qh/ I RY Z'[Qh&)UmJ 2'QT;W > UÄBU Ä cbcheCdGD XZb?QhW Y Q %PRQTSV U XaOC I
,' .
9. , 1
,
dbcYabcQTW Ä?Ä Z
/3 )
) , ! 1 ,/1 5.
P M O Q
' %
¹'YZQTZ WMG &BJ SB=JAHO`&BW> Xab ÄBefÄ GDXahbcdQT
W QhI G#HO`X LNQhI TOJ !Q eCbc#O` X d ¢Z0 ¹?&B ; >d »XhZ0dIn5;>8?RD;D3+Kb?Qh&)S >'/§OCXZ¦EIKZDbc[efY &)> kI.&)O`>VI*L
+ , ' ! .
)
, 1 1 :
. ,/1 . 4
9. :
1I. P
, `/'! Cd KD;JN6]+.-$^#=&B/0+=AR"#)Z
.
M O
¹'¤¢Z Z ¦EZ &B[J SB&I*LAH+.>V&B>* 9@8'ÄBZ Ä Ã d ?Ä n5?3d Ã8Bf7A9+."*,!L-L!G3J# +1[\/O+.-%b}!G8?&)>'-%&)#%D)m7/Bd+.>V*,ÄB;Äl4¢#.&)*L*,8P38B¹B>98?¦NF0> !7{*L+.&)AJ'SBnAH&B&)!,+=>z/XZ 8?>Tm¨-L3![@>4&)D3FN!,"!.Z
+ ,' C .
1 ' % ' ' C +
+ bp! %Z ^+=D;D"& +"1 #.#% "& d`K Z5 ¼5'AR3+.D3 +.6@!,kNed] KZ` ¼]&)ATJ4$ !.d`bZ`¦0 &)D3S?&B> 3#.8): ! &)>' /¿!% bp$ Z #9@ += SBCdW3> ;> ÄBUÄ #C d ,' .