Today’s plan

• Salts, Acids and Bases

Salts, Acids and Bases
• Quiz
Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry • Introduction to Organic Chemistry and
Biochemistry
9/23/09

Salts, acids and bases: common properties

Salts, Acids and Bases
• Common properties
• Salts • Ionic compounds (contain cations and anions)
• Acids • Dissociate in water
Na+
• Electrolytes Cl -
• Bases
• pH
• Buffer

Figure 2.12

Acids
Salty!

Ascorbic citric acid Acetic acid Hydrochloric

acid C2H3O acid HCl

HCl H+ + Cl-
NaCl KCl CaCO3 CaPO4 Proton Anion
(sodium chloride) (potassium (calcium carbonate) (calcium phosphate)
chloride)
• Substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+)
Ionic compounds • Proton (H+) donors
(not containing H+ cations or OH- anions) • Acids increase amount of H+ in solution (the acidity)
 pH Basic
Bases High
[OH– ] [H+] pH
1M Sodium
Low H+
10–14 14
100 hydroxide (pH=14)
Oven cleaner, lye
10–1 10–13 13 (pH=13.5)

10–2 10–12 12

Household ammonia
10–3 10–11 11 (pH=10.5–11.5)
Bleach Sodium hydroxide (lye) Household Ammonia 10–4 10–10 10
Household bleach
NaOCl NaOH NH3 (pH=9.5)

Concentration
10–5 10–9 9

Examples
(moles/liter)
–8 Egg white (pH=8)
10–6 10 8
NaOH Na+ + OH- Blood (pH=7.4)
Cation hydroxyl 10–7 10–7 7 Neutral
ion Milk (pH=6.3–6.6)
10–8 10–6 6

10–9 10–5 5 Black coffee (pH=5)

• Substance that accepts H+ 10–10 10–4 4

OH- + H+ = H2O 10–11 10–3 3

Wine (pH=2.5–3.5)

Lemon juice; gastric

10–12 10–2
• Bases decrease the amount of H+ in solution 2 juice (pH=2)

10–13 10–1 1
(increase alkalinity) Low 10–14 100 0 1M Hydrochloric
acid (pH=0) High H+
Figure 2.13 Acidic

Strong vs. weak acids

Buffers
• Maintaining homeostasis of acid-base balance

• Too much OH-, add H+

Blood (pH=7.4)

• Strong acids: completely • Weak acids: do not

• Too much H+, add OH- dissociates, change pH completely dissociate
of solution (ie. HCl) (ie. acetic acid)

Strong vs. weak bases

Summary of salts, acids and bases
• Salts, acids and bases dissociate into ions.

base pH 14
Bases protons (H+ ) alkalinity pH
cation

anion Buffers balance protons (H+) and pH in body.

pH 7
base base

• Strong bases: completely • Weak bases: do not

dissociate and bind to H+ completely dissociate
Acids protons (H+ ) acidity pH
(ie. NaOH) (ie. HCO3-)
pH 1
 Quiz Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry

Please write your • Inorganic vs. organic compounds

• Name • Carbohydrates
• Quiz form (1A or 1B) – Structure and function
• Section (Wed or Fri lab) – Classification

Biochemistry Inorganic vs. organic compounds

• Chemistry: study of matter • Biology: study of life • Inorganic • Organic
– Lack carbon – Contains carbon
Atoms
1 Molecule 2 Cellular level
Chemical level Water
Why carbon?
3 Tissue level Salts
Many acids and bases
C
4 Organ level
6 5 System level
Exceptions:
Organism level
Carbon dioxide 4 covalent bonds
Carbon monoxide
Biochemistry: the study of chemical Carbides
processes in living organisms

Organic compounds Organic compounds

• Making large organic molecules: polymers
– Carbohydates
(a) Dehydration synthesis
– Lipids (fats)
Monomer 1 + Monomer 2 Polymer
– Proteins
Monomers linked by covalent bond – Nucleic Acids
(b) Hydrolysis

Polymer Monomer 1 + Monomer 2

Monomers linked by covalent bond

Fig 2.14
 Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates:
Structure classification by size

• Monosaccharides
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
• Disaccharides
1:2:1
• Polysaccharides
“Hydrated carbon”
Glucose
C6H12O6

Function: provide an easy-to-use source of energy

Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
(a) Monosaccharides Fig 2.15 (b) Disaccharides Fig 2.15
Consist of two linked monosaccharides
Monomers of carbohydrates
Example
Example Example
Sucrose, maltose, and lactose
Hexose sugars (the hexoses shown Pentose sugars
(these disaccharides are isomers)
here are isomers)

Glucose Fructose Glucose Glucose Galactose Glucose

Glucose Fructose Galactose Deoxyribose Ribose
C5H10O5 Sucrose Maltose Lactose
C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C6H12O6 C5H10O4

• Simple sugars, contain 3-7 carbons • Double sugars

• Dissolve in water, direct fuel for cells • Too big to pass through cell membranes
• Isomers = same molecular (chemical) formula,
different structure

and removal of H from the other at the site of bond formation.

+
Carbohydrates Carbohydrates
(c) Polysaccharides Fig 2.15
(b) Disaccharides
Example reactions
(c)
Long branching chains (polymers) of linked monosaccharides
Dehydration synthesis of sucrose and its breakdown by hydrolysis Example
This polysaccharide is a simplified representation of
Water is glycogen, a polysaccharide formed from glucose units.
+ released

Water is
consumed
Glucose Fructose Sucrose
Glycogen
Figure 2.14c

• Chains (polymers) of monosaccharides

• Not very soluble, storage of carbs
• Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose
 Summary of Biochemistry Next time
• Inorganic compounds mostly contain no carbon. They
include water and salts, and many acids and bases. More organic compounds:
• Organic compounds contain carbon. lipids and proteins
• Carbohydrates are a category of organic compounds
that we use as a source of energy. We classify them
by
disaccharides

mono- polysaccharides
saccharides