Overview

Platelets
Platelets and Blood Type - Overview
Cardiac structure and function - Hemostasis: 3 stages
Blood Type
11/11/09 - RBC antigens and plasma antibodies
- ABO and Rh blood groups

Platelets Hemostasis:
(thrombocytes) process of blood clotting
3 stages:
• Cell fragments
1) vascular spasm
• Megakaryocytes
megakaryocyte platelets
2) platelet plug formation

3) coagulation
• Aid in blood clotting
Figure 17.12 Figure 17.13

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 Hemostasis:
process of blood clotting Factors affecting clots
3) coagulation: 3 phases to fibrin mesh Promoting
1. Intrinsic and extrinsic pathway to Prothrombin activator - procoagulents: factors promoting clotting
2. Common pathway to Thrombin - over 30 factors involved
3. Common pathway to Fibrin

1. Inhibiting
Prothrombin Prothrombin - anticoagulents: enzymes that inhibit clotting
activator - e.g. antithrombin III
2. - e.g. heparin: inhibits thrombin
Thrombin
Fibrinogen Fibrin
3.

Disorders Blood Type

• RBC antigens (agglutinogens): surface glyoproteins
• Thrombus: large clot that blocks blood that promote agglutination (clumping)
vessel • Ie. ABO and Rh
• Plasma antibodies (agglutinins): act against foreign
• Embolus: a thrombus that breaks away into RBC antigens and cause agglutination
the bloodstream (emoblism: if thrombus
gets stuck)

2
 Blood Type
Blood RBC antigens
Plasma
Blood that can
Blood Type
antibodies
group (agglutinogens) (agglutinins) be received

A Recipient (A) Donor (B)

AB
Plasma antibodies
(agglutinins) attack RBC
O antigens (agglutinogens) =
clumping

Table 17.4

Blood Type Blood Type

Recipient (A) Donor (A) Recipient (AB) Donor

Donor (O)
No plasma antibodies
AB is the universal recipient

O is the universal donor

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 Blood Type
Summary
• Rh groups
– Rh+ (D antigen): 85% • Platelets are cell fragments that aid in
blood clotting which occurs in 3 stages.
– Rh- (no D antigen)
The final coagulation stage involves
common pathways to fibrin.
• Rh- recipient and Rh+ donor
– produce anti-Rh antibodies in 1st transfusion • Blood transfusions must match blood
– reject Rh+ blood in 2nd transfusion types ABO and Rh based on antigens to
– same for pregnancy ensure that recipient plasma antibodies do
not clump the foreign RBCs.
Erythroblastosis fetalis (anemia in the fetus):
fetal RBCs destroyed by maternal antibodies

Size and Location

Cardiology
• Anatomy
– Size and location
– Walls and coverings
– Chambers
– Blood Circuits • Size of fist (5x3”)
– Ventricles • 250-350 g
• Physiology • 2nd rib - 5th intercostal space
– Intrinsic conduction system • 2/3 to left of midline
• Mediastinum
Figure 18.1

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 Walls and coverings Chambers
Coverings of heart: Pericardium 4 chambers
1. Outer fibrous layer: tough, CT 2 atria (R and L): receiving
2. Serous membrane 2 ventricles (R and L): discharging
a. parietal layer fibrous
parietal
b. visceral layer visceral
endocardium
myocardium
Walls of heart: 3 layers
RA LA
endocardium
1. epicardium (outer)
2. myocardium (middle) RV LV
3. endocardium (inner)

Figure 18.2

Blood Circuits Blood Circuits

Systemic circulation 2a. L pulmonary artery 2b. R pulmonary artery
Pulmonary circulation
heart  lungs  heart heart  body  heart
3. pulmonary veins:
3. R 1a. Superior oxygenated blood
2. lungs 1. L vena cava LA
atria from lungs
(no O2) ventricle
3. L (O2)
1c. Coronary RA
1. R atria sinus 4. Ascending
ventricle (O2) LV aorta: to body
R L 1b. Inferior RV
(no O2)
vena cava
2. body 2. Pulmonary
Which side has deoxygenated blood? trunk: to lungs
Figure 18.5

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 Blood Circuits Valves
Coronary circulation: heart  heart Function:

Atrialventricular (AV) valves

Right coronary artery: right
1. Tricuspid (R)
heart, posterior ventricles
2. Mitral (L)
Left coronary artery: left LA
atrium, anterior ventricles Semilunar (SL) valves RA R3 L
3. Pulmonary (R) 42
1 AR AL
4. Aortic (L) LV
Cardiac veins  RV
V V
coronary sinus 
heart (R atrium)
Figure 18.5
Figure 18.7a

Valves Physiology:
intrinsic conduction system
Heart Sounds: 1. Sinoatrial (SA) node: pacemaker
initiates heartbeat with impulse (action potential)
Lub – closure of AV valves
2. Atrioventricular (AV) node
Dup – closure of SL valves
3. AV Bundle (Bundle of His): purkinje fibers
LA interventricular septum to ventricle walls for contraction
RA R3 L
Heart murmur: incomplete 42
1 AR AL SA node
closure of valves
RV LV AV node
V V AV bundle
(of His) Purkinje fibers

Interventricular
Figure 18.5 septum
Figure 18.14a

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 Physiology: Summary
intrinsic conduction system
• Blood flows through the chambers of the
Autonomic nervous system: extrinsic control
heart and the body via the pulmonary,
sympathetic: speeds up
systemic and coronary circuits.
parasympathetic: slows down

• The heart has its own intrinsic conduction

SA node mechanism to keep it contracting
AV node rhythmically.
AV bundle
Purkinje fibers
(of His)
Interventricular
septum
Figure 18.14a

Next time

Cardiology part 2:
the cardiac cycle and
controlling heart rate