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Multiple Choice
Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided.
_____ 1. Which of the following descriptions about the organization of an ecosystem is correct?
a. Communities make up species, which make up populations.
b. Populations make up species, which make up communities.
c. Species make up communities, which make up populations.
d. Species make up populations, which make up communities.
_____ 2. The lowest level of environmental complexity that includes living and nonliving factors is
the
a. biome. c. ecosystem.
b. community. d. biosphere.
_____ 3. Which of the following is NOT a basic method used by ecologists to study the living world?
a. experimenting c. modeling
b. animal training d. observing
_____ 4. Plants are
a. primary producers. c. herbivores.
b. primary consumers. d. omnivores.
_____ 5. Compared to land, the open oceans
a. have less zooplankton. c. are nutrient-poor environments.
b. contain unlimited nitrogen. d. are rich in silica and iron.
_____ 6. All the interconnected feeding relationships in an ecosystem make up a food
a. interaction. c. network.
b. chain. d. web.
_____ 7. The total amount of living tissue within a given trophic level is called the
a. organic mass. c. energy mass.
b. trophic mass. d. biomass.
_____ 8. A word that means the same thing as consumer is
a. producer. c. heterotroph.
b. autotroph. d. carbohydrate.
Figure 3-1
17. Describe the flow of energy to a third-level consumer if the producers provide 1500 calories of
energy to the first-level consumers.
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Figure 3–5
20. Draw Conclusions Are there any omnivores in Figure 3–5? Explain your answer.
21. Draw Conclusions Which species would be MOST affected if a disease killed off most of the
trees in the ecosystem shown in Figure 3–5? What other species might be affected? Explain your
answers.
22. Apply Concepts Would the snake obtain a greater percentage of energy from the grass after eating
a frog or a grasshopper in Figure 3–5? Explain your answer.
Figure 4-1
_____ 23. Figure 4–1 shows succession in an ecosystem. What organisms are found in the climax
community for this ecosystem?
a. lichens and moss c. weeds and grasses
b. trees and shrubs d. volcanoes and soil
_____ 24. Which biome is characterized by very low temperatures, little precipitation, and permafrost?
a. desert c. tundra
b. temperate forest d. tropical dry forest
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35. Interpret Tables Which biomes in Figure 4–3 have a relatively stable amount of precipitation all
year long?
36. Analyze Data Which biomes in Figure 4–3 have little variation in temperatures during the year?
Multiple Choice
Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided.
_____ 37. There are 150 Saguaro cactus plants per square kilometer in a certain area of Arizona
desert. To which population characteristic does this information refer?
a. growth rate c. age structure
b. geographic range d. population density
_____ 38. What does the range of a population tell you that density does not?
a. the number that live in an area c. the births per unit area
b. the areas inhabited by a population d. the deaths per unit area
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Figure 5–1
_____ 41. The graph in Figure 5–1 shows the growth of a bacterial population. Which of the
following correctly describes the growth curve?
a. logistic c. demographic
b. limiting d. exponential
_____ 42. During some kinds of population growth, the size of each generation of offspring is larger
than the generation before it. So, as the population gets larger, it grows more quickly. This
situation is called
a. logistic growth. c. exponential growth.
b. growth density. d. multiple growth.
_____ 43. The various growth phases through which most populations go are represented on
a. a logistic growth curve. c. a normal curve.
b. an exponential growth curve. d. a population curve.
_____ 44. For most populations that are growing, as resources start to become less available, the
population
a. declines rapidly. c. reaches carrying capacity.
b. increases more rapidly. d. enters a phase of exponential growth.
_____ 45. Sea otters live in the ocean. Which of the following is NOT likely to be a limiting factor
on the sea otter population?
a. disease c. drought
b. competition d. predation
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Number of births
15.2 15.4 14.7 10.0 8.6 14.5 14.2 8.9 7.1 6.9
over deaths
Life expectancy at
47.3 50.0 54.1 59.7 62.9 68.2 69.7 70.8 73.7 74.8
birth (yrs)
Increase in longevity
2.7 6.8 12.4 15.6 20.9 22.4 23.5 26.4 27.5
since 1900 (yrs)
Figure 5–2
52. Interpret Tables According to Figure 5–2, which year had the highest number of live births per
thousand of population?
53. Analyze Data Compare the number of deaths per thousand in 1960 and 1970 as shown in Figure
5–2.
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54. Interpret Tables In which year was the number of births over deaths at its lowest point, according
to Figure 5–2?
55. Draw Conclusions Examine the data in Figure 5–2. Does the number of births over deaths since
1950 increase or decrease?
56. Draw Conclusions How does the life expectancy at birth affect the deaths per thousands? Use
Figure 5–2 to explain your answer.
Short Answer
57. What is a limiting factor? Give three examples.
Multiple Choice
Write the letter that best answers the question or completes the statement on the line provided.
_____ 59. Imported plants and animals in Hawaii have
a. caused native species to die out.
b. increased the native bird species.
c. improved soil fertility.
d. increased crop yields.
_____ 60. An example of a renewable resource is
a. oil. c. coal.
b. natural gas. d. trees.
_____ 61. When farming, overgrazing, climate change, and/or seasonal drought change farmland into
land that cannot support plant life, it is called
a. desertification. c. deforestation.
b. depletion. d. monoculture.
_____ 62. Farmers can reduce soil erosion by
a. increasing irrigation. c. grazing cattle on the land.
b. contour plowing. d. plowing up roots.
_____ 63. The gray-brown haze often found over large cities is called
a. acid rain. c. particulates.
b. greenhouse gases. d. smog.
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_____ 68. The goals of biodiversity conservation include all of the following EXCEPT
a. protecting individual species.
b. introducing exotic species into new environments.
c. preserving habitats and ecosystems.
d. making sure local people benefit from conservation efforts.
_____ 69. The land and water ecosystems that provide the resources that a person uses and that
neutralize that person’s wastes is part of that person’s
a. biodiversity.
b. ecological footprint.
c. habitat.
d. ecological sustainability.
Figure 6–2
71. Compare and Contrast Which group in Figure 6–2, Table I is the most diverse?
72. Interpret Tables Which group in Figure 6–2, Table II has the most endangered species?
73. Analyze Data Which table in Figure 6–2 tells you about the numbers of species whose population
size is declining in a way that places it in danger of extinction?
74. Predict After 10 years, if conservation efforts to protect entire ecosystems succeed, how would
Table II in Figure 6–2 likely change?
Short Answer
75. Using the systems diagram model, explain how removing the Elwha Dam will support our
sustainability goal in Washington State?