Kul-24.

3200 Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics

Resistance: Overview

Lecturer: Satu Hänninen, D.Sc. (Tech.)

Senior scientist at VTT
skhannin@gmail.com

Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 1 / 45

Content of the course

1 Resistance
I Overview (Sept. 14)
I Modelling the flow (Sept. 18)
I Frictional flow and wave making (Sept. 21)
I Evaluation of the resistance (Sept. 25)
2 Propulsion
3 Ship dynamics

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On the learning outcomes and literature

Lecture concerns the following learning outcome of the course:

Remember flow phenomena responsible for the resistance of a ship

After this part, you can

define basic terms concerning the resistance of a ship.
memorize flow phenomena that relate to the resistance of a ship.

Additional reading
Matusiak, Jerzy (2008). Short Introduction to Ship Resistance and
Propulsion. Sections 4.1-4.5. (English lecture notes in Noppa)
Matusiak, Jerzy (2010). Laivan kulkuvastus, M-289, Chapter 1.
(Finnish lecture notes in Noppa)

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Outline

1 Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?

2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?

3 In which environmental conditions do we study the resistance of a ship?

4 What is the definition of the resistance of a ship?

5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena

6 Summary

Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 4 / 45

Outline

1 Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?

2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?

3 In which environmental conditions do we study the resistance of a ship?

4 What is the definition of the resistance of a ship?

5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena

6 Summary

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Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?

Drag
is the retarding force acting on a body that moves through a fluid.
acts opposite to the relative motion of the body.

Resistance (drag) Thrust

Buoyancy

Weight

On the terminology
Drag of a body, drag of a flat plate, drag of a wing, ...
Resistance of a ship
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 6 / 45
Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?

Drag
is the retarding force acting on a body that moves through a fluid.
acts opposite to the relative motion of the body.

An example: drag of a sail

LIFT

DRAG

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Outline

1 Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?

2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?

3 In which environmental conditions do we study the resistance of a ship?

4 What is the definition of the resistance of a ship?

5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena

6 Summary

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Resistance in the operation and in the design of a ship

Direct influence on the costs of operating the ship (fuel)

Optimizing the hull form → Low resistance
Prediction of the resistance → Choosing the machinery

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Predicting resistance as a part of the design of a ship

Low resistance General arrangement

Stability Cargo capacity
Seakeeping ability ...
→ Hull form is a compromise
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Outline

1 Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?

2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?

3 In which environmental conditions do we study the resistance of a ship?

Ideal conditions
Realistic conditions

4 What is the definition of the resistance of a ship?

5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena

6 Summary

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Resistance of a ship in ideal conditions

Still water
Constant velocity of the ship
No drift angle

The hydrodynamic design of a ship begins using the ideal conditions.

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Resistance of a ship in realistic conditions

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Outline

1 Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?

2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?

3 In which environmental conditions do we study the resistance of a ship?

4 What is the definition of the resistance of a ship?

5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena

6 Summary

Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 14 / 45

Resistance of a ship: towards the definition 1/2

Resistance (drag) Thrust

Buoyancy

Weight

Forces acting on a ship

Weight of a ship
Environmental forces
I acting on a hull
I acting on a propulsor

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Resistance of a ship: towards the definition 2/2
Environmental forces
include both the hydro- and aerodynamic forces.
~.
are expressed as a distribution of the stress q
~ over the surface of the hull yields F~ and M.
Integration of q ~

Reaction force and mo-

ment
Z
~
F = ~ dS
q
S
Z
~ =
M (~r × q
~ ) dS
S

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Resistance of a ship: definition
The x-component of the force F~ , is called the total resistance of a ship
with an operating propulsor.

Total resistance with

the operating propulsor:
Fx = RT + ∆RP

Total resistance with no

propulsor: RT

In the first part of this course, the main focus is in the total resistance
with no propulsor. It is called ”the total resistance”.

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Resistance of a ship: related terms 1/2

Effective power PE = RT · VShip

Thrust deduction

Thrust of the propulsor:

T = RT + ∆Rp = Fx
Origin of the term ’thrust
deduction’ is the
formulation:
RT = T − ∆RP = T (1 − t)
t: thrust deduction factor

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Resistance of a ship: related terms 2/2

Non-dimensional resistance
Resistance and its components are usually presented in a
non-dimensional form
Dimensional analysis (presented later) forms a background to it
Total resistance in a non-dimensional form:
RT
CT = 2 S
0.5ρVship

I ρ: density of water
I Vship : velocity of the ship
I S: Wetted surface area of the hull

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Outline
1 Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?

2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?

3 In which environmental conditions do we study the resistance of a ship?

4 What is the definition of the resistance of a ship?

5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
Frictional and pressure resistance
Froude’s hypothesis: CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)
Detailed division of the resistance
Practical example

6 Summary
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Outline
1 Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?

2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?

3 In which environmental conditions do we study the resistance of a ship?

4 What is the definition of the resistance of a ship?

5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
Frictional and pressure resistance
Froude’s hypothesis: CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)
Detailed division of the resistance
Practical example

6 Summary
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Total resistance = frictional + pressure resistance
~ can be split into shear stress τ and pressure p.
Stress q

Z Z Z
RT = qx dS = τx dS + pnx dS
S S S

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Total resistance = frictional + pressure resistance
Shear stress
is an effect of friction between the hull surface and the flowing water
results in the local deceleration of the flow and in the formation of a
boundary layer

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Total resistance = frictional + pressure resistance
Pressure:
Hydrostatic pressure
Dynamic pressure
I due to a varying flow velocity on the hull
I dynamic pressure due to the wave making of the hull

Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 24 / 45

Outline
1 Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?

2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?

3 In which environmental conditions do we study the resistance of a ship?

4 What is the definition of the resistance of a ship?

5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
Frictional and pressure resistance
Froude’s hypothesis: CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)
Detailed division of the resistance
Practical example

6 Summary
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Froude’s hypothesis: CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)

William Froude was the first to conduct and analyse model tests of a
surface ship in a reasonable way in 1871
He divided the total resistance into two components
CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)

Residual resistance coefficient CR

I With an aid of dimensional analysis, Froude has concluded that CR
depends solely upon a single quantity which later on was named the
Froude number Fn.
CF frictional resistance coefficient
I CF is calculated as a function of the Reynolds number.

Vship Vship · Lship

Fn = p Re = √
g · Lship νwater

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Froude’s hypothesis: CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)

Compare:

CT = CR (Fn)+CF (Re)
and Z Z Z
RT = qx dS = pnx dS+ τx dS
S S S

Froude resistance division can be regarded as a simplified version of

the clause, where the pressure coefficient of resistance has been
replaced by the CR residual resistance coefficient and the frictional
resistance coefficient is calculated by a simple expression CF .
Despite the simplicity, Froudes hypothesis is used, in a slightly
modified form, even today.

Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 27 / 45

Outline
1 Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?

2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?

3 In which environmental conditions do we study the resistance of a ship?

4 What is the definition of the resistance of a ship?

5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
Frictional and pressure resistance
Froude’s hypothesis: CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)
Detailed division of the resistance
Practical example

6 Summary
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 1
Detailed division

Froude’s hypothesis

RP + RF

1
Chart according to Larsson & Baba (1996)
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 2
Detailed division

CT(Fn,Re,Wn)
Total resistance
Depends mainly on Fn Depends mainly on Re

* CW(Fn,Re) CS(Fn,Wn) CV(Fn,Re)

Viscous resistance
Wave resistance Spray

* CWM(Fn,Re) * CWB(Fn,Re) * CVP(Fn,Re) * CF(Fn,Re)

Wavemaking Wavebraking Viscous pressure Frictional
resistance resistance resistance resistance

CWP(Fn) CWV(Re) CVPT(Re) CVPW(Fn,Re) *C F0(Fn,Re) *C F3D(Fn,Re)

Wave, potential Correction due True pressure Additional Friction of the Correction due
to the viscosity resistance wave making flat plate to 3D effects

* examples on these.
2
Chart according to the lecture notes of Matusiak
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Detailed division: On the effect of the free-surface

CT(Fn,Re,Wn)
Total resistance
Depends mainly on Fn Depends mainly on Re

*Wave
C (Fn,Re)
W CS(Fn,Wn) CV(Fn,Re)
resistance Spray Viscous resistance
————
C (Fn,Re)
* Wavemaking
WM C (Fn,Re)
* Wavebraking
WB CVP(Fn,Re) CF(Fn,Re)
Viscous pressure Frictional
resistance resistance resistance resistance

CWP(Fn) CWV(Re) CVPT(Re) CVPW(Fn,Re) CF0(Fn,Re) CF3D(Fn,Re)

Wave, potential Correction due True pressure Additional Friction of the Correction due
to the viscosity resistance wave making flat plate to 3D effects

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Detailed division: On the effect of the free surface

Symmetric flow over a hydrofoil

An example using a simplified physical model of the flow
Symmetric two-dimensional object
Inviscid flow

1. No boundaries
→ no reaction forces
2. Vicinity of the free-surface level
→ different pressure distribution, deformed free surface
→ drag of the body: wave resistance

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Detailed division: Wave resistance
Wavemaking resistance and Wavebreaking resistance

CT(Fn,Re,Wn)
Total resistance
Depends mainly on Fn Depends mainly on Re

*Wave
C (Fn,Re)
W CS(Fn,Wn) CV(Fn,Re)
resistance Spray Viscous resistance
————
C (Fn,Re)
* Wavemaking
WM C (Fn,Re)
* Wavebraking
WB CVP(Fn,Re) CF(Fn,Re)
Viscous pressure Frictional
resistance resistance resistance resistance

CWP(Fn) CWV(Re) CVPT(Re) CVPW(Fn,Re) CF0(Fn,Re) CF3D(Fn,Re)

Wave, potential Correction due True pressure Additional Friction of the Correction due
to the viscosity resistance wave making flat plate to 3D effects

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Detailed division: Wave resistance
Wave making resistance
Transverse wave
Divergent wave

Wake

Wake due to wave breaking

The energy is needed

I to generate the waves
I to transport the wave pattern with the velocity of the ship.
According to the Froude’s hypothesis: the wave pattern depends only
on the hull form and on the Froude’s number.
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Detailed division: Wave resistance
Wave making resistance

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Detailed division: Wave resistance
Wave breaking resistance

Steep waves break.

The wave breaking resistance is usually much smaller than the wave
making resistance.
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Detailed division: Viscous resistance
Viscous pressure resistance and Frictional resistance

CT(Fn,Re,Wn)
Total resistance
Depends mainly on Fn Depends mainly on Re

CW(Fn,Re) CS(Fn,Wn) CV(Fn,Re)

Wave resistance Spray Viscous resistance
————–
CWM(Fn,Re) CWB(Fn,Re) C (Fn,Re) CF(Fn,Re)
Wavemaking Wavebraking
*Viscous
VP
pressure
* Frictional
resistance resistance resistance
——–
resistance
——–
CWP(Fn) CWV(Re) CVPT(Re) CVPW(Fn,Re) C (Fn,Re)
*Friction
F0 C (Fn,Re)
*Correction
F3D
Wave, potential Correction due True pressure Additional of the due
to the viscosity resistance wave making flat plate to 3D effects

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Detailed division: Viscous resistance
Viscous pressure resistance and Frictional resistance
Symmetric flow over a hydrofoil
Effect of friction on the resistance of a streamlined body

Inviscid flow
→ no reaction forces (compare the former example on a hydrofoil)
Frictional flow
Shear stresses affect the object → Frictional resistance of the object
(RF )
The velocity of the flow is decreased due to the viscosity of the flow.
This affects the pressure at the rear edge of the hydrofoil. → Viscous
pressure resistance (RVP )

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Detailed division: Frictional resistance
Frictional resistance of a flat plate and Frictional resistance due to 3D
effects

CT(Fn,Re,Wn)
Total resistance
Depends mainly on Fn Depends mainly on Re

CW(Fn,Re) CS(Fn,Wn) CV(Fn,Re)

Wave resistance Spray Viscous resistance
————–
CWM(Fn,Re) CWB(Fn,Re) C (Fn,Re) CF(Fn,Re)
Wavemaking Wavebraking
*Viscous
VP
pressure
* Frictional
resistance resistance resistance
——–
resistance
——–
CWP(Fn) CWV(Re) CVPT(Re) CVPW(Fn,Re) C (Fn,Re)
*Friction
F0 C (Fn,Re)
*Correction
F3D
Wave, potential Correction due True pressure Additional of the due
to the viscosity resistance wave making flat plate to 3D effects

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Detailed division: Frictional resistance
Flat plate

The resistance of the flow over a flat plate is well known.

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Detailed division: Frictional resistance
3D effect

Depending on the hull form, the retarded area of the flow can be
large and strongly 3-dimensional in the area of the stern.
Separation of the flow affects both the frictional and pressure
resistance.
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 41 / 45
Outline
1 Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?

2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?

3 In which environmental conditions do we study the resistance of a ship?

4 What is the definition of the resistance of a ship?

5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena
Frictional and pressure resistance
Froude’s hypothesis: CT = CR (Fn) + CF (Re)
Detailed division of the resistance
Practical example

6 Summary
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 Example: Importance of different components
Tanker Container Trawler Hydroplane
Fn=0.15 Fn=0.24 Fn=0.34 Fn=1.5 Friction
(flat plate)
Effect of
the form
Effect of surface
roughness
Wave resistance
Air resistance
Resistance due
to appendages

Length L

Vel. V

Why are the Froude numbers (Fn = √Vg ·L ) different?

How does the significance of different components vary between
different ships? Why?
Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 43 / 45
Outline

1 Are you already familiar with ”the drag of a body”?

2 How does the resistance matter in the operation and design of a ship?

3 In which environmental conditions do we study the resistance of a ship?

4 What is the definition of the resistance of a ship?

5 What does the resistance consist of? / On the related flow phenomena

6 Summary

Aalto University, School of Engineering Introduction of Marine Hydrodynamics 14 September 2015 44 / 45

Summary

Which terms relate to the resistance of a ship? How do you define

them?
Which components does the resistance consist of?
Which flow phenomena relate to different resistance components?

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