THIAGARAJAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING - MADURAI 625 015

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SUBJECT: G62- HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER ACADEMIC YEAR: EVEN SEM 2011-12
Date of Submission: 31.01.12

CLASS WORK SHEET I (UNIT-I)

CONDUCTION

1. An oven made of Asbestos (K = 0.166 W/ m K) has the following dimensions: Inside = 46 cm

x 61 cm x 76 cm and outside = 51cm x 66cm x 81cm. The inside wall temperature is 2040 C
and the outside wall temperature is 380 C. Estimate the power input necessary to maintain this
steady state condition, ignoring the heat losses through the corners and edges.
[SD, Pr. 3.10] (Ans.: 5.387 W)

2. A brick wall (K = 0.7 W/ m K) is 0.3 m thick. If the temperatures of the inner and outer
surfaces are maintained at 500 C and 300 C respectively. Calculate the heat loss through one
square metre area. Find also the temperature at an interior point of the wall 24 cm distant
from the outer wall. [SD, Pr. 3.11] (Ans.: 46.67 W/m2; 340 C )

3. Determine the temperature gradient and temperature difference between two sides of a 50 mm
thick brass wall (K = 70 W/ m K), if the rate of heat flow through this wall is 70 W / m2.
[SD, Pr. 3.12] (Ans.: 10 C /m )

4. Heat resistant steel tubes of ID 32 mm and OD 42 mm are used in a steam superheater for
which the inside and outside temperatures are 580 0 C and 4500 C respectively. Estimate the
rate of heat flow through the wall of the tube per linear metre. Take K for steel = 14 W/mK.
[SD, Pr. 3.13] (Ans.: 42.1 kW/m)
5. A steam pipe 200 mm OD is covered with 25 mm thick layer of insulation material with an
average K of 0.08 W/mK. The temperature of the pipe surface is 400 0 C and that of the outer
surface of insulation is 500 C. Find the loss of heat from a length of 10 m of the pipe line.
[SD, Pr. 3.14] (Ans.: 7.884 k W)
6. A hollow sphere of pure iron contains a liquid channel mixture which releases 30 kW of
energy. The ID and OD of the sphere are 15 cm and 30 cm respectively. If the outside
surface temperature of the sphere is 400 C, determine the temperature at a location 2.5 cm
from the outer surface. Take K = 70 W/mK. [SD, Pr. 3.16] (Ans.: 85.50 C )
7. Compute the heat loss per square metre of the surface area of a furnace wall 25 cm thick. The
inner and outer surface temperatures are 4000 C and 400 C respectively. The variation of the
thermal conductivity in W/mK with temperature in 0 C is given by the following equation: K =
0.002 T – 10-6 T2. [SD, Pr. 3.22] (Ans.: 548.35 W / m2)
8. A wall of a house is constructed from a 11.25 cm layer of common brick (K = 0.7 W/ m K)
followed by a 4 cm layer of plaster (K = 0.48 W/ m K) , what thickness of loosely packed
rock-wool insulation (K = 0.065 W/ m K) should be added to reduce the heat loss through the
wall by 75%? [SD, Pr. 3.32] (Ans.: 4.76 cm)
9. The inner dimensions of a freezer cabinet are 60 cm x 60 cm x 50 cm (height). The cabinet
walls consists of two 2 mm thick enameled sheet steel (K = 40 W/mK) walls separated by a 4
cm layer of fibre glass (K = 0.049 W/mK) insulation. The inside temperature is to be
maintained at -150 C and outside temperature on a hot summer day is 45 0 C. Calculate the
maximum amount of heat to be thrown out assuming a heat transfer coefficient of 10 W/m 2 K,
both on the inside and outside cabinet. Also calculate the outer surface temperature of the
cabinet. [SD, Pr. 3.34] (Ans.: 510 C)
10. Considering the heating surface of a steam boiler to be plane wall of the thickness 1.2 cm and
having K = 50 W/mK, determine the rate of heat flow and surface temperature for the
following data: Flue gas temperature = 1000 0 C; Boiling water temperature = 2000 C; Heat
transfer coefficient on flue gas side = 100 W/ m2 K; Heat transfer coefficient on boiler water
side = 5000 W/ m2 K. [SD, Pr. 3.36] (Ans.: 76. 628 kW/m2; 2340 C)

Reference: 1. FD-Frank P. Incropera and David P. Dewitt, Introduction to Heat Transfer, John Wiley and Sons, 1990.
2. RCS – R.C. Sachdeva, Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer, New Age International Publishers, 2007.

Page 1 of 6
 11. The heating surface of the boiler plate (described in problem 10) exposed to flue gas, becomes
covered with a layer of soot of thickness 1 mm (K = 0.08 W/mK) and the water side surface
becomes fouled with a scale thickness 2 mm (K = 0.8 W/mK), calculate the heat flow rate and
the surface temperature of different layers. Find also the reduction in heat rate due to fouling
of the surfaces.
[SD, Pr. 3.37] (Ans.: 31. 447 kW/m2; 685.50 C; 2920 C; 284.50 C; 2060 C; 59%)

12. A circular pipe carries hot transformer oil at a temperature of T 0 C. The temperature of the
cool air surrounding the pipe is half the oil temperature. If the ratio of outside to inside
diameters of the pipe is 1.25, show that the total outward heat flow per unit length of the pipe
is, Q / L =  K T / ln (1.25). [SD, Pr. 3.38]

13. Determine the heat loss per metre length through a thick walled tube of stainless steel (K = 19
W/m K) with 2 cm ID and 4 cm OD, which is covered with a 3 cm layer of asbestos insulation
(K = 0.2 W/m K). The inside and outside temperature of this configuration are 6000 C and
1000 C respectively. [SD, Pr. 3.39] (Ans.: 680 W/m)
14. A steel tube (K = 43.26 W/m K) of 5.08 cm ID and 7.62 cm OD is covered with a 2.54 cm
layer of asbestos insulation (K = 0.208 W/m K). The inside surface of the tube receives heat
by convection from a hot has at a temperature of 316 0 C with a heat transfer coefficient 284 W
/ m2 K, while the outer surface of the insulation is exposed to the ambient air at 38 0 C with a
heat transfer coefficient of 17 W / m2 K. Estimate (i) the loss to ambient air for 3 length of the
tube and (ii) the temperature drops across the tube material and insulation layer.
[SD, Pr. 3.40] (Ans.: 1484. 4 W; 193.40 C)
15. A steam pipe is covered with two layers of insulation, the first layer being 3 cm thick and the
second 5 cm. The pipe is made of steel (K = 58 W/m K) having an ID of 160 mm and OD of
170 mm. The inside and outside film coefficients are 30 and 5.8 W / m2 K respectively.
Calculate the heat loss per metre of pipe, if the steam temperature is 300 0 C and the air
temperature is 500 C. The thermal conductivity of the two insulating materials is 0.17 and
0.093 W/m K respectively. [SD, Pr. 3.41] (Ans.: 220.5 W/m)
16. A refrigerant at - 400 C flows in copper pipe (K = 400 W/m K) of ID 10 mm and OD 14 mm.
A 40 mm thick shell of thermo Cole (K = 0.03 W/m K) is put on the pipe to reduce losses.
Estimate the heat leakage to the refrigerant per metre length of pipe, if the ambient air
temperature is 400 C. Assume the internal and external heat transfer coefficients to be 500 and
5 W / m2 K respectively. Calculate also the amount of refrigerant evaporated per hour taking
its latent heat at -400 C as 1390 kJ/kg. [SD, Pr. 3.44] (Ans.: 7.39 W/m ; 0.019 kg)
17. Evaluate the thickness of rubber insulation necessary in the case of a 10 mm diameter copper
conductor to ensure maximum heat transfer to the atmosphere, given the K for rubber = 0.155
W/m K and the surface film coefficient as 8.5 W/m2 K. Estimate the maximum heat transfer
rate per metre length of the conductor, if the temperature of the rubber is not to exceed 65 0 C
(due to heat generated with in) while the atmosphere is at 30 0 C. Discuss the effect of
insulation on the bare conductor. [SD, Pr. 3.49] (Ans.: 0.0182 m; 14.86 W/m)
18. A plane wall 10 cm thick generates heat at the rate of 30 kW/m3, when an electric current is
passed through it. One face of the wall is insulated and the other face is exposed to 25 0 C air.
If the convective heat transfer coefficient between the air and the exposed surface of the wall
is 50 W/m2 K, determine the maximum temperature in the wall. The thermal conductivity of
the wall material is 3 W/m K. [SD, Pr. 3.52] (Ans.: Tw = 850 C; To = 1350 C)
19. Nichrome, having a resistivity of 110  Ω cm is to be used as a heating element in an electric
heater. The wire used is 2 mm in diameter and the other design features include: current flow
= 25 A; surrounding air temperature = 20 0 C: K for Nichrome = 17.5 W/m K; surface heat
transfer coefficient = 46.5 W/m2 K. Calculate the rate of heat flow for one metre long heater
and also the temperatures at the surface and central line of the Nichrome wire.
[SD, Pr. 3.55] (Ans.: Tw = 768.70 C; To = 769.70 C)
20. A current of 200 A is passed through a stainless steel wire 3 mm in diameter. The resistivity
of the steel may be taken as 70  Ω cm, and the length of the wire is 1 m. The wire is
submerged in a liquid at 1100 C and experiences a convective heat transfer coefficient of 4
kW/m2 K. Taking K for the wires as 19 W/mK, calculate the centre temperature of the wire.
[SD, Pr. 3.56] (Ans.: Tw = 215.040 C; To = 231.60 C)
21. A 1 m long stell plate (  = 50 W/ m K) is well insulated on its sides, while the top surface at
1000 C and the lower bottom surface is convectively cooled by a fluid at 20 0 C. Under steady
Reference: 1. FD-Frank P. Incropera and David P. Dewitt, Introduction to Heat Transfer, John Wiley and Sons, 1990.
2. RCS – R.C. Sachdeva, Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer, New Age International Publishers, 2007.

Page 2 of 6
 state conditions with no generation, a thermocouple at the mid point of the plate reveals a
temperature of 850 C. What is the value of the convection heat transfer coefficient at the
bottom surface?
[FD, Pr. 3.7, pp144] (Ans.: 30 W/ m2 K)

22. A house has a composite wall of concrete (20 mm) at outside, fibre glass insulation (100 mm)
and Plaster board (10 mm ) at the inside. On a cold winder day the convection heat transfer
coefficients are h0 = 60 W / m2 K and hi = 30 W/ m2 K. The total wall surface area is 350 m2.
The inside and outside air temperatures are 200C and -150C respectively. (a) Determine a
symbolic expression for the total thermal resistance of the wall, including inside.
(b) Determine the total heat loss through the wall and (c) If the wind were blowing violently,
raising h0 to 300 W / m2 K, determine the percentage in the heat loss.
[FD, Pr. 3.12, pp145] (Ans.: 34.273 kW; 34.681 kW)

23. Steam at a temperature of 2500 C flows through steel pipe (chrome steel, 5 % Cr) of 60 mm
inside diameter and 80 mm outside diameter. The convection coefficient between the steam
and the inner surface of the pipe is 500 W/m2 K, while that between the outer surface of the
pipe and the surroundings is 25 W/m2 K. The temperature of the surrounding air is 200 C.
What is the heat loss per unit length of pipe?
[FD, Pr. 3.39, pp152] (Ans.: 1145.7 W/m)

24. A Bakelite (  = 1.4 W/ m K) coating is to be used with a 10 mm diameter conducting rod,

whose surface is maintained at 2000 C by passage of an electrical current. The rod is in a fluid
at 250 C and the convection coefficient is 140 W/ m2 K. What is the critical radius associated
with the coating? What is the heat transfer rate per unit length for the bare rod and for the rod
with a coating of Bakelite that corresponds to the critical radius? How much Bakelite should
be added to reduce the heat transfer associate with the bare rod by 25%?
[FD, Pr. 3.41, pp153] (Ans.: 0.01 m; 909.2 W/m0 C; 8.1 mm)

25. A hollow aluminum sphere, with an electrical heater in the centre, is used in tests to determine
the thermal conductivity of insulating materials. The inner and outer radii of the sphere are
0.15 m and 0.18 m respectively and testing is done under steady state conditions with the inner
surface of the aluminum maintained at 250 0C. In a particular test, a spherical shell of
insulation is cast on the outer surface of the sphere to a thickness of 0.12 m. The system is in
a room for which the air temperature is 20 0C and the convection coefficient at the outer
surface of the insulation is 30 W/m2 K. If 80 W is dissipated by the heater under steady state
conditions, what is the thermal conductivity of the insulation?
[FD, Pr. 3.44, pp153] (Ans.: 0.082 W/m K)

26. A plane wall of thickness 0.1 m and thermal conductivity 25 W/m K having uniform
volumetric heat generation of 0.3 MW/ m3 is insulated on one side, while the other side is
exposed to a fluid at 920 C. The convection heat transfer coefficient between the wall and the
fluid is 500 W/m2 K. Determine the maximum temperature in the wall. Redo the problem, if
the both surfaces are exposed at the same temperature of 92 0C and h =500 W/m2 K.
Calculate the maximum temperature in the plate.
[FD, Pr. 3.51, pp155] (Ans.: 1370 C; 212)

27. A copper cable of 30 mm diameter has an electrical resistance of 5 x 10-3 Ω per m and is used
to carry an electrical current of 250 A. The cable is exposed to ambient air at 20 0 C and the
associated convection coefficient is 25 W /m2 K. What are the surface and centerline
temperatures of the copper? [FD, Pr. 3.41, pp153] (Ans.: 152.60 C;152.70 C)

28. Nichrome, having a resistivity of 110 µ Ω cm is to be used as a heating element in an electric

heater. The wire used is 2 mm in diameter and the other design features include:
Current flow = 25 A
Surrounding air temperature = 200 C
Thermal conductivity = 17.5 W / m K
Surface heat transfer coefficient = 46.5 W/ m2 K

Reference: 1. FD-Frank P. Incropera and David P. Dewitt, Introduction to Heat Transfer, John Wiley and Sons, 1990.
2. RCS – R.C. Sachdeva, Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer, New Age International Publishers, 2007.

Page 3 of 6
 Calculate the rate of heat flow for one metre long heater and also the temperature at the
surface and central line of the Nichrome wire.
[RCS, Pr. 3.55, pp133] (Ans.:69657980.56 W/m3; 7690 C; 7700 C)

29. A 30 mm outer diameter steam pipe is to be covered with two layers of insulation each having
a thickness of 25 mm. The average thermal conductivity of one insulating material is 5 times
that of the other. Determine the percentage decrease in heat transfer if better insulating
material is put next to the pipe than when it forms the outer layer. Assume that the outside
and inside surface temperatures of the composite insulations are fixed.
[RCS, Pr. 3.42, pp131] (Ans.: 36.8 %)

30. The thermal conductivity of the plane wall varies  =  0 (1+ bT + cT2). If the wall
thickness is L and the surface temperatures are T 1 and T2, show that the heat flux, q, through
the wall is given by,
T2  T1 b c
q = 0( ) [1  (T2  T1 )  (T22  T1T2  T12 )
L 2 3
31. A plastic pipe (k = 0.5 W/mK) carries a fluid such that convective heat transfer coefficient is
300 W/m2 K. The average fluid temperature is 100 0 C. The pipe has an inner diameter of 3
cm and outer diameter of 4 cm. If the heat transfer rate through the pipe per unit length is 500
W/m, calculate the external pipe temperature.
[PKN, Pr.2.3, pp 125] (Ans.: 36.530 C)

32. A steel (k = 15 W/m K) tube with 5 cm inner diameter and 7.6 cm outer diameter is covered
with an insulation (k = 0.2 W/mK) of thickness 0.2 cm. A hot gas at 330 0 C flows through the
tube with hi = 400 W/m2 K. The outer surface of the insulation is exposed to air at 30 0 C with
ho = 60 W/m2 K. Calculate (a) the heat loss from the tube which is 10 m long and (b) the
temperature drops resulting from the thermal resistances of the hot gas flow, the steel tube, the
insulation layer and the outside air.
[PKN, Pr.2.4, pp 126] (Ans.: (a)7251 W; (b) 120 C, 3.30 C, 2530 C, 31.70 C)

33. An electrical resistance wire of radius 1 mm with thermal conductivity 25 W/m K is heated by
the flow of electric current which generates heat at the rate of 2 x 109 W/m3. Determine the
centerline temperature rise above the surface temperature of the wire, if the surface is
maintained at a constant temperature. [PKN, Pr.2.6, pp 126] (Ans.: 200 C)

34. An industrial furnace is made of fireclay brick of thickness 25 cm and thermal conductivity k 1
= 1 W/m K. The outside surface is insulated with material (k2 = 0.05 W/m K). Determine the
thickness of the insulation layer in order to limit the heat loss from the furnace wall to q =
1000 W/m2, when the inside surface of the wall is at 1030 0 C and the outside surface at 300 C.
[PKN, Pr.2.7, pp 126] (Ans.: 3.75 cm)

35. A hollow steel sphere (k = 10 W/m K) has an inside radius of 10 cm and outside radius of 20
cm. The inside surface is maintained at a uniform temperature of 230 0 C and the outside
surface dissipates heat by convection with h = 20 W/m2 K into the ambient air at 300 C.
Determine the thickness of asbestos insulation (k = 0.5 W/m K) required to reduce the heat
loss by 50 %.
[PKN, Pr.2.8, pp 126] (Ans.: 5.8 cm)

36. The inner and outer radii of a hollow cylinder are 5 cm and 10 cm respectively. The inside
surface is maintained at 3000 C and the outside surface at 1000 C and. The thermal
conductivity varies with temperature in the range of 100 < T < 300 0 C as k = 0.5 (1 + 10-3 T)
where T is in 0 C. Determine the heat flow rate per meter length of cylinder.
[PKN, Pr.2.10, pp 127] (Ans.:1.088 kW/m)

37. A copper rod of diameter 5 mm is heated by the flow of current. The surface of the rod is
maintained at 1750 C while it is dissipating heat by convection (h = 150 W/m2 K) into the
ambient air at 250 C. If the rod is covered with a 1 mm thick coating (k = 0.6 W/m K), will
the heat loss from the rod increase or decrease?
[PKN, Pr.2.11, pp 127] (Ans.: rc = 4 mm, heat loss increases)
Reference: 1. FD-Frank P. Incropera and David P. Dewitt, Introduction to Heat Transfer, John Wiley and Sons, 1990.
2. RCS – R.C. Sachdeva, Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer, New Age International Publishers, 2007.

Page 4 of 6
 38. A current of 200 amp. is passed through a stainless steel wire 0.25 cm in diameter. The
resistivity of steel may be taken as 70 Ώ cm, and the length of wire is 1 m. If the outer surface
temperature of the wire is maintained at 180 0 C, calculate the centre temperature. Assume k
for stainless steel as 30 W/m K. [PKN, Pr.2.14, pp 127] (Ans.:195.20 C)
0
39. A hot fluid at an average temperature of 200 C flows through a plastic pipe of 4 cm OD and 3
cm ID. The thermal conductivity of the plastic is 0.5 W/mK, and the convection at 30 0 C, and
the heat transfer coefficient at the outer surface is 10 W/m2 K. Calculate the heat loss per unit
length of the pipe.
40. A boiler furnace has the effective dimensions 4m by 3m by 3m high. The walls are
constructed from an inner fire brick wall 25 cm thick (k=0.4 W/mK), a layer of ceramic
blanket insulation (k=0.2 W/mK), 8 cm thick and a steel protective layer (k=54 W/mK) 2 mm
thick. The inside temperature of the fire brick layer was measured as 600 o C and the
temperature of the outside of insulation as 60 o C. Determine the rate of heat loss through the
vertical walls of the furnace. Also calculate the temperature drop across the steel
layer.[23.18W].

41. A high pressure steam pipe of ID 21 cm and thickness 2 cm (k=54 W/mK) carries steam at a
temperature of 450 o C. The pipe is covered with a layer of insulation 12 cm thick (k=0.04
W/mK). Considering the resistance of steam to heat flow to be infinitesimally small, calculate
the heat loss per metre length of pipe, when the outer surface temperature of insulation is 55 o
C. [147.5 W/m]

42. The wall of a house consists of 15 cm cinder blocks (k=1 W/mK) covered by 6 mm pine
(k=0.11 W/mK) paneling on the inside. The temperature on the outside surface of the cinder
blocks is 1 o C and the inside surface of paneling is 25 o C. Determine the heat flow per square
metre of wall area and the temperature at the cinder block-pine interface. [117.07 W/m2,291.6
o
C]

43. Determine the heat flow through a 5 m2 section of pine wall 5 cm thick whose inside and
outside surface air temperatures are 22 o C and 2 o C respectively. Take the value of the
convective heat transfer coefficient on the inside and outside walls to be 12 W/m2 K and 100
W/m2 K respectively. Also determine the new inside and outside wall temperatures.
[178.57W, 280.12 K, 276.70 K]

44. A hollow sphere 10 cm ID and 30 cm OD has an inner surface temperature of 300 o C and an
outer surface temperature of 100 o C. Determine the temperature one fourth way between the
inner and outer surfaces. [15(4k) Watt, 200 o C]

45. Hot water flows through a steel pipe 5 cm ID and 6.5 cm OD. The average temperature of the
water is 95 o C and that of the outside ambient air is 15 o C. The convective heat transfer
coefficient between the water and the inside surface is 1000 W/m2 K and that between the
ambient air and the outside pipe surface is 25 W/m2 K. Take the thermal conductivity of steel
to be 50 W/mK. Determine the heat loss per linear metre of pipe. [327.87 W/m]

46. A hollow cylinder 10 cm ID and 20 cm OD has an inner surface temperature of 300 o C and an
outer surface temperature of 100 o C. Determine the temperature halfway between the inner
and outer surface. [288.6(2 l k) Watt per m, 183 o C]
47. A steel steam pipe 10 cm ID and 6 mm wall thickness is covered with 10 cm of high
temperature insulation and 5 cm low temperature insulation. The temperature of steam in the
pipe is 300o C and of the air in contact with the low temperature insulation is 25 o C. The
value of the convective heat transfer coefficient between the steam and the inner pipe surface
to be 85 W/m2 K and the value of the convective heat transfer coefficient between the low
temperature insulation and the air to be 40 W/m2 K, determine the heat flow rate and the
temperature at the interface of the steel and high temperature insulation and at the interface of
the high and low temperature insulation. Also determine the inside and outside surface
temperature of the steel pipe. [469.08 W/m,
282.4 o C,282.2 o C,251.5 o C,41 o C]

48. A pipe 15 cm OD and 10 cm ID is made of steel with a thermal conductivity that varies
according to k=10 + 0.01 T (W/mK), where T is expressed in o C. The inside and outside

Reference: 1. FD-Frank P. Incropera and David P. Dewitt, Introduction to Heat Transfer, John Wiley and Sons, 1990.
2. RCS – R.C. Sachdeva, Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer, New Age International Publishers, 2007.

Page 5 of 6
 surface temperatures are 150 o C and 40 o
C respectively. What is the heat loss per metre
length of the pipe? [7568.09 W/m]

49. A solid sphere with a 50 cm diameter has a uniformly distributed heat source. The convective
heat transfer coefficient between the sphere and the environment is 15 W/m2 K and the
thermal conductivity is 8 W/mK. If the ambient temperature is 25 o C and the center of the
sphere is 65 o C, what is the temperature of the surface of the sphere?

Reference: 1. FD-Frank P. Incropera and David P. Dewitt, Introduction to Heat Transfer, John Wiley and Sons, 1990.
2. RCS – R.C. Sachdeva, Fundamentals of Engineering Heat and Mass Transfer, New Age International Publishers, 2007.

Page 6 of 6