Advanced II

BOOKLET
Advanced II
“ A new concept in effective

communication
“
www.selexidiomas.com
Unit 1
LEADERSHIP
Objectives:
Skills:
• Discussing leading skills
• Talking about the differences between natural and learned
leadership
Vocabulary:
• Daily interactions
Reading:
• Five Behaviors You Must Practice To Cross The Leadership
Threshold
Grammar:
• Relative Clauses
Writing:
• Born vs. Learned Leadership
Listening
• Leadership Styles
Speaking:
• What makes a good leader?
Speaking practice
What makes a good leader
What is your definition of a leader?
What makes an excellent leader?
How is the leadership in your company/industry/country?
Describe the best leader you have worked for/with.
How good of a leader do you believe you are?
Why do some people think it's a bad thing to always follow other
people?
What characteristics does a bad leader have?
Are some people natural leaders and other people natural

followers? Why?
Vocabulary
Daily interactions
Think about your daily interaction with the people who you lead.
Generally speaking, determine the actual behaviors that define that interaction.
Using the list of behaviors below, determine the amount of time (in percentages)
that you generally spend on each behavior.
Then in the second column, determine what you feel would be ideal distribution
of time (in percentages).
Behavior Percentage of time Ideally the

spent on each percentage of time
behavior you would devote to
each behavior
Informing
Directing
Clarifying or Justifying
Persuading
Collaborating
Brainstorming or
Envisioning
Reflecting (Quiet Time
for Thinking)
Observing
Disciplining
Resolving interpersonal
conflicts
Praising and/or
encouraging
Is there a gap between how you should spend your energy and how you
actually spend it?
Are there some behaviors that are taking up too much of your leadership
time? Why?
Are there some strategies that you can employ that would move you
closer to your ideal distribution of behavior?
Reading comprehension
Five Behaviors You Must Practice To Cross The Leadership
Threshold
Leadership is not defined by a title or a position, a record of experience or

an accumulation of knowledge. That's why there are many in positions of
power who have great expertise and experience, yet are poor leaders.
Leadership is a practice that requires mastery of several key behaviors that

transfer vision and motivate action. Like any behavior, they are meant to be
learned, practiced, repeated and sharpened. Leadership should be pursued
primarily as a set of practices to be developed and not as a position to be
attained. When leaders learn to make this distinction between position and
practice, they are crossing what I call the leadership threshold: a conceptual
line that divides leadership grounded upon expertise, experience and
authority (positional leadership) from leadership grounded upon behaviors
and practices (behavioral leadership).
One way to nuance this is to say that experience, expertise and authority
serve as crucial supplements to leadership, but generally do not themselves
create leadership. Like logs in a fireplace, an accumulation of knowledge and
experience provides fuel for the fire of leadership, but it is only behaviors
such as conviction, communication and influence that provide the spark to
set it ablaze. Crossing the leadership threshold means learning to view
expertise, experience and authority as supportive but not primary.
I often tell my clients, "You know you've crossed the leadership threshold
when you see yourself as an influencer more than as a superior." But what
is the difference between leadership and influence? This is an interesting
question in that there do not seem to be many immediate distinctions,
etymologically speaking. To influence is to lead and to lead is to influence.
Your title might provide a platform for you to influence others, but it is your
ongoing behaviors as a leader that make influence happen.
So what are these behaviors? What practices must a leader commit to taking
on in order to genuinely influence others, to inspire action, to cross the
leadership threshold? In my view, there are at least five: conviction,
connection, communication, passion and vision. A leader must take on these
practices and prioritize them to substantiate their leadership.
Five Behaviors You Must Practice To Cross The Leadership
Threshold
Connection means delivering your convictions according to the language

and paradigms of those around you. Ask, "Have I found the common ground
between what I want and what my people want? Have I created a path
forward that helps them see their contribution to the big picture?"
Communication is packaging your message into clear, action-oriented
language and committing to consistently expressing what's most important.
Understand that language creates culture and shapes behavior, and stay on
message.
Passion is the meaningful expression of one's conviction. It's a genuine,

ongoing communication about where you want to go and why you want to
go there. When others sense your passion, it gives them passion as well.
Vision means that a leader understands and communicates a clear picture

of success, including how the team contributes to it and achieves it at each
step. Know how to combine big picture with
small steps, to bring together vision and contribution. Vision without
contribution is merely poetry and contribution without vision is merely a job.
The higher you rise in an organization, the more essential these people and
leadership-related skills become. In crossing the leadership threshold, you
must move from executing and performing tasks on your own to motivating
and influencing others. This need for new skills as a leader progresses is the
leadership gap many companies struggle to negotiate.
In the beginning of a leader's journey, raw skills and task-related knowledge

largely determine success, but as the leader progresses, the ability to
motivate and inspire others increasingly determines success
because they carry a larger influence over the total direction of others' skills
and knowledge within the organization. The irony is this: As a leader grows,
their personal ability to execute a skill or knowledge-related task becomes
less crucial for success because they are increasingly responsible for
empowering others to do this.
The problem is that many leaders don't conceive of behavioral leadership as

a skill set to be developed the way their technical skills were once
developed. Often leaders see these items as personality or intangible
qualities that some "just have." This is deadly because every company rises
and falls on the abilities of its leaders to empower and engage their people,
and if leadership is only a rare personality trait or a lucky quality bestowed
on a few, then our companies are at the mercy of the gene pool.
Listening comprehension
Leadership style
Watch the following video and think about what your leadership
style is.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8YtpTK-AFoQ
What are the six leadership styles described in the video?
Describe each style.
Grammar
Relative Clauses
Relative clauses
What is a relative clause?
We can use relative clauses to join two English sentences, or to
give more information about something.
I bought a new car. It is very fast.

→ I bought a new car that is very fast.
She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.
Defining and Non-defining

A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:
I like the woman who lives next door.
(If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we don't know which
woman I mean).
A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about

something. We don't need this information to understand the
sentence.
I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.
(Everybody knows where London is, so 'which has some fantastic
parks' is extra information).
Defining relative clauses:

1: The relative pronoun is the subject:
First, let's consider when the relative pronoun is the subject of a
defining relative clause.
We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use 'who' for people and
'which' for things. We can use 'that' for people or things.
The relative clause can come after the subject or the object of the
sentence. We can't drop the relative pronoun.
Grammar
Relative Clauses
For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

I'm looking for a secretary, who / that can use a computer well.
I’m looking for a secretary. The secretary can use a computer well.
She has a son, who / that is a doctor.
She has a son. Her son is a doctor
We bought a house, which / that is 200 years old.
We bought a house, which is 200 years old.
I sent a letter, which / that arrived three weeks later.
I sent a letter, that arrived three weeks later.
More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

The people, who / that live on the island, are very friendly.
The man, who / that phoned, is my brother.
The camera, which / that costs £100, is over there.
The house, which / that belongs to Julie, is in London.
2: The relative pronoun is the object:

Next, let's talk about when the relative pronoun is the object of the
clause. In this case we can drop the relative pronoun if we want to.
Again, the clause can come after the subject or the object of the
sentence. Here are some examples:
(Clause after the object)

She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.
She loves the chocolate. I bought the chocolate
We went to the village (which / that) Lucy recommended.
We went to the village. Lucy recommended the village
John met a woman (who / that) I had been to school with.
The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill worked with.
(Clause after the subject)
The bike, (which / that) I loved, was stolen.
I loved the bike. The bike was stolen.
The university (which / that) she likes is famous.

The woman (who / that) my brother loves is from Mexico.
The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked lives in New York.
The doctor lives in New York. My grandmother liked the doctor
Grammar
Relative Clauses
Non-defining relative clauses:

We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to
use 'which' if the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to
a person. We can't drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause,
even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.
(Clause comes after the subject)

My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.
My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about cars.
My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten years, is falling apart.
My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very small.
(Clause comes after the object)
Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in New York.
The photographer called to the Queen, who looked annoyed.
Last week I bought a new computer, which I don't like now.
I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last
night.
Prepositions and relative clauses

If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at
the end of the clause:
For example:
listen to
The music is good. Julie listens to the music.
→ The music (which / that) Julie listens to is good.
work with
My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.
→ My brother met a woman (who / that) I used to work with.
go to
The country is very hot. He went to the country.
→ The country (which / that) he went to is very hot.
come from
I visited the city. John comes from the city.
→ I visited the city (that / which) John comes from.
apply for
The job is well paid. She applied for the job.
→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well paid.
Grammar
Relative Clauses
Whose
'Whose' is always the subject of the relative clause and can't be left
out. It replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.
The dog is over there. The dog's / its owner lives next door.
→ The dog whose owner lives next door is over there.
The little girl is sad. The little girl's / her doll was lost.
→ The little girl whose doll was lost is sad.
The woman is coming tonight. Her car is a BMW.
→ The woman whose car is a BMW is coming tonight.
The house belongs to me. Its roof is very old.
→ The house whose roof is old belongs to me.
Where / when / why
We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative
pronouns and prepositions.
I live in a city. I study in the city.
→ I live in the city where I study.

→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.
The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.
→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.

→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still
there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.
The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the
summer.
→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and

hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was
long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.

Grammar
Relative Clauses
Choose the correct relative pronoun
1.This is the bank (which/whose/who) was robbed yesterday

2.A boy (which/whose/who) sister is in my class was in the bank at
that time
3.The man (which/whose/who) robbed the bank had two pistols
4.He wore a mask (which/whose/who) made him look like Mickey
mouse
5.He came with a friend (which/whose/who) waited outside in the
car
6.The woman (which/whose/who) gave him money was young
7.The bag (which/whose/who) contained the money was yellow
8.The people (which/whose/who) were in the bank were very
frightened
9.A man (which/whose/who) mobile was ringing did not know what
to do
10.The car (which/whose/who) the bank robbers escaped in was
orange
Complete the sentences using relative clauses

1.A Scot is a person (live in Scotland)
____________________________________________
2.Nessie is a monster (live in Loch Ness)
____________________________________________
3.A fridge is a thing (keep food cool)
____________________________________________
4.A DJ is someone (play music in a disco)
____________________________________________
5.A bee is an insect (make honey)
____________________________________________
6.A lemon is a fruit (be yellow and sour)
____________________________________________
7.A watch is a thing (tell the time)
____________________________________________
8.A ferry is a ship (carry people across the water)

____________________________________________
9.A shop assistant is someone (work in a shop)
____________________________________________
10.A key is a thing (can open and lock doors)
____________________________________________
Writing practice
Born vs. Learned Leadership
Watch the following video and answer the following questions
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xELLAw6QIkc
Do you agree with the statements presented on the video?
Can you tell the difference between born and learned leaership?
Write a short text justifying your answers.
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Unit 2
BEING DISMISSED
Objectives:
Skills:
• Talking about the different ways of ending an employment
• Discussing the aspects that lead to a termination
Reading:
• The Difference Between Getting Fired and Getting Laid Off
Grammar:
• Phrasal Verbs
Listening:
• Signs you might get fired
Writing:
• Termination vs. Layoff
Speaking:
• The experience of being terminated
Vocabulary:
End of employment
•
Speaking practice
The experience of being terminated
Have you ever been terminated?
How does one get terminated at your job?
Have you ever had to terminate anyone?
How can you prevent getting terminated?
If you were terminated, what would you do?
The Difference Between Getting Fired and Getting Laid Off
Being fired and being laid off are two distinct ways of leaving a
position. Being fired vs. laid off can impact your eligibility for
unemployment as well as your hiring prospects for the future.
Therefore, it's a good idea to be very clear about the precise nature
of your termination, should you lose your job.
If that sounds like it should be an easy distinction to make, you're
right: ideally, your former employer would be very clear about the
nature of your separation from the company.
But as we know, the real world is often far from perfect.

Here's what you need to know about the differences between being
fired and being laid off, and how to know where you stand when
you lose your job.
When an Employee Is Fired

An employee is fired when his personal performance is
unsatisfactory, or if he does not comply with company standards.
He might also be fired for damaging company property,
embarrassing the organization publicly, or otherwise failing to
adhere to the terms of his employment contract. Here are
more common reasons employees get fired.
When an employee is fired, there is no expectation of being rehired
at a future date.
When an Employee Is Laid Off

When an employee is laid off, it typically has nothing to do with the
employee's personal performance. Layoffs occur when a company
undergoes restructuring or downsizing, or goes out of business. In
some cases, a layoff may be temporary, and the employee is
rehired when the economy improves.
In some cases, laid off employees may be entitled to severance
pay or other employee benefits provided by their employer.
The Difference Between Getting Fired and Getting Laid Off
Were You Laid Off, or Were You Fired?

The first thing you need to figure out, as a newly terminated
employee, is how your former employer will characterize your
separation from the company.
If you are an at-will employee – and workers in most states in the
U.S. are – your employer is under no obligation to furnish you with
a reason for your termination. But it's still appropriate for you to
ask them how they'll refer to your termination when speaking to
future employers and the state unemployment office.
Release of Claims
Typically, employers will ask laid-off employees to sign
an employment separation agreement, sometimes (but not always)
in return for a severance package. It's always a good idea to take
time to read and consider the agreement before signing. Don't sign
anything in the heat of the moment, directly after learning of your
termination. In addition, it's often wise to consult an employment
attorney.
Collecting Unemployment
To collect unemployment, you typically need to have lost your job
"through no fault of your own." People who are laid off are likely to
receive unemployment because they left due to restructuring rather
than personal performance.
People who are fired are less likely to receive unemployment
because they left due to issues with their personal performance.
However, if a fired employee can argue that their firing was
unfounded or unrelated to performance, he may be eligible for
unemployment.
If you are unsure whether or not you qualify for unemployment,
check with your state unemployment office.
Writing
Termination vs. Layoff
Use the underlined words in the previous section to describe, in

your own words, the difference between termination and being
laid-off
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
____________________________________________
Vocabulary
End of employment
Match the concept with its definition.
A. LAYOFF 1)An employer terminates the employment of

10 employees or more of the same
establishment over a period of 2 consecutive
months or lays off at least 10 employees of the
same establishment for a period of more than
6 months.
B.COLLECTIVE DISMISSAL 2)Permanent severing of the employment
relationship at the employer’s initiative for
reasons related to the competence or
behaviour of the employee.
C. RESIGNATION 3)It suspends the contract of employment
between the employer and the employee.
D. DISMISSAL 4)It is the permanent severing, at the

employee’s initiative, of the employment
relationship between an employer and an
employee. At the time of the dismissal, the
employer must make sure that the employee
receives all of the sums owing to him: wages,
overtime, vacation indemnity (4% or 6%), etc.
Complete the sentences with the suitable concept.
a. After his ________________ for stealing from his

employer, James found it very hard to get another job.
b. Following Jerry's ____________, the company had to

start looking for a replacement.
c. I caught up on a lot of reading during my __________.

d. There were several strikes on the streets because of

the ____________.
Signs that someone is about to be fired
Watch the following video and answer the question below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kLDsk_qoE8o
What are some of the signs that someone is about to be fired?
Do you think is it always clear that you are going to be fired?
Match the beginnings and the ends.
a. We´ve got a number one 1.He will be on co

client coming in here, office logistics coordinator and
specialist.
b.This is Steve 2.What would it be.
c.If I have to explain to 3. Be honest with me.
someone what your job is,
d. We need to talk about your 4.They specifically asked for
career in the company, toasted bagels.
Grammar
Phrasal Verbs
across along around down in

into off on out over under up
1. My job starts at 6:00 AM, so I have to get _____ really early to make it
to work on time.
2. Don't put your homework off until tomorrow. Just do it now and get
it _____ with.
3. James came _____ a lot of money when his grandfather passed away.
He could retire right now if he wanted to.
4. When the alarm went _____, everyone proceeded calmly to the

emergency exits. The fire chief was very impressed with the
organization of the drill.
5. If you have an old blanket, bring it ______ so that we have something

to sit on at the beach.
6. Although the team was both mentally and physically exhausted

because they had not slept in almost 48 hours, they
kept_____ walking so they could reach the Eco-challenge finish line
before dawn.
7. Hey, check_____ Tina's new haircut. Doesn't she look great?
8. I don't have time to clean the kitchen right now. Maybe I can
get_____ to it later.
Fill in the blanks with the correct phrasal verbs
1. In the 60's, like so many young people in that era, he ______ for a
while and went to live in a hippy commune.
a) dropped off b)dropped in c) dropped out d) dropped by

2. I wanted to get married, but he wasn't ready to ________.
a) Back down b) break down c) play down d) settle down
3. We __________ Monica in the post office.
a) Came across b) drawn out c) gotten across d) made out

Unit 3
WORK APPRAISALS
Objectives:
Skills:
• Discuss the structure of Work Appraisals
• Preparing for performance evaluations
Vocabulary:
• How to prepare for your performance appraisal
Reading:
• How Performance Reviews Lead to Winning
Grammar:
• Future Perfect
Listening
• Performance Evaluations and Appraisals
Speaking
• Performance reviews
Writing
How to write your performance appraisal
•
Speaking
Performance Reviews
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_7CEmBZyGF8
Do you have performance reviews in your company? How often?
How do you feel about them?
What do your performance reviews cover?
How important do you think appraisals are?
What happens if you have a good/bad appraisal?
How do you feel about feedback about yourself?
Vocabulary
How to prepare for your performance appraisal
Complete the text with the following words:

Career - performance - opportunity - development - process - standards
What are appraisals?

Appraisals tend to happen either every six months or annually and allow you
and your boss to discuss your _______________, identify your strengths and
weaknesses, find out what your ambitions are and work out how to get you
there. All in all, they’re an opportunity to build your ______________, and
perhaps leading to a pay increase if you know how to make the most of them.
How it works
Each company has its own way of doing appraisals, but they tend to follow a
similar ___________. There will be a written section where you get a chance
to assess how you think you’ve performed. Then you’ll have a meeting with
your manager, which will either be formal or relaxed depending on the type of
job you have.
Do’s and Don’ts

• Don’t be tempted to compare your performance with another employee.
Instead, compare your performance to the expectations, ___________ and
goals set when you were recruited.
• Do blow your own trumpet. Employers are looking for the best talent to
promote and retain so now is not the time to hide your talents.
• Do appear enthusiastic. If you don’t feel ready for promotion, you should
still appear keen to pursue personal _______________. It always serves
you well to appear keen to progress within the company – even if you
suspect you will be moving on.
• Do say if you’re disgruntled about something, but remember to do this
constructively.
• Do use your appraisal as a canny ______________ to learn more about
your employer and to decide if you want to build a career there.
Writing
How to write your performance appraisal
Think about these questions:

• What do you consider your best achievements this year?
• How would you rate your performance?
• What objectives would you set for yourself?
Prepare a short text to be used as the written part of your

annual performance appraisal. Use the answers to the
previous questions in order to help you.
Performance Evaluations & Appraisal
Watch the following video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KcGhX7Htk9U
Who is in charge of performance evaluation?
How many performance reviews are described in the video?
What and how does it evaluate each one ?
Why is this process important?
How this affects your professional development?
How could multiple sources be positive in a performance evaluation?
Reading
How Performance Reviews Lead to Winning
In a work environment, it’s not uncommon for anyone with even a thimbleful
of confidence and a drop of self-esteem to believe that they are doing
everything or darn near everything perfectly right.
These people don’t feel the need for criticism or input on how they are doing.
They can include business owners, CEOs, managers at every level and title,
as well as frontline employees.
Even people who don’t know what they are doing often put on the airs of
showing that they know what they are doing.
This is exactly why every employee needs to have a review of their
performance from time to time. Every company has a different terminology so
I’ll call it a performance review.
These are a strange thing in many businesses. Employees need reviews, but
don’t want to have them. Managers and supervisors know that they must
complete this assignment for each employee but put off doing it because it’s
not easy to have a difficult conversation with an underperforming subordinate.
It’s just as uncomfortable to give an employee an outstanding review and then
not be able to answer the inevitable follow-up questions about getting a salary
increase, a bonus, a promotion or other information about the employee’s
future in the organization.
All this gets worse with the passage of time as the tenure of the employee
and the length of time between reviews grow.
Fear plays a large role. When I performed a review, I did my best to make
certain that the employee knew what they were responsible for and met with
them regularly to coach them to achieve their goals.
Reading
No surprises
I always thought it was best to make certain that none of those that worked
for me were surprised in their annual review.
My objective was to take the fear out of the process for those that worked for
me.
I say this because I didn’t like being surprised by my bosses when they were
doing their reviews of me. I made an assumption that those that worked for
me wouldn’t care for it either.
To avoid surprises, and to reduce the fear factor, I conducted on-going dialog
with each employee to improve the review process, make it less stressful and
the tough conversations, if I had to have them, easier to conduct.
During my time in corporate America, I received, fairly regularly, performance
reviews. Some were conducted well, some were not done well at all, but the
intent was always the same: to provide an evaluation as to how I was doing
against my specific areas of responsibilities and long-term and short-term
objectives and to provide me with a clear path for improvement going forward.
On the other hand, I usually had the same response to these conversations
and the related documents generated by the human resource department:
one part shock, a dash of denial, a pinch or so of anger, and a hint of
grudging agreement.
After some time passed, I accepted what was written about me, and the
shock, denial, and anger more or less dissipated into acceptance of what was
said about my performance.
I calmed down and took in stride what I needed to work on to become a better
employee, leader and team player.
No excuses
There are a lot of reasons for not having performance reviews on a regular,
scheduled basis with every employee. Every one of those reasons is simply
an excuse.
People working want to know the score: How am I doing, how can I improve
and what more can I do to contribute?
Regularly held performance reviews provide clarity to the employee and
strengthen the role of the manager.
More importantly, by conducting reviews, as the owner, you know what your
team consists of and is capable of doing. From that you can decide if you can
win with your current team, or need to make changes so your company will
win
Grammar
The Future Perfect Tense
The future perfect tense is only used in a few situations, but it's still good to
know it. Here's how to make it.
The future perfect is made with the future simple of 'have' (will have) and the
past participle. For regular past participles add 'ed' to the verb ('play' becomes
'played'). Here's the positive:
By six pm tonight:
I will have finished this book
You will have studied the English tenses
She will have cooked dinner
He will have arrived
We will have met Julie
It will have stopped raining
They will have left Japan
For the short form, we change will to 'll. But, when we are speaking, we also
make 'have' shorter, so it sounds like I'll've finished (don't write this!). Here
are some examples for you to listen to:
I'll have finished this book
You'll have studied the English tenses
She'll have cooked dinner
He'll have arrived
We'll have met Julie
It'll have stopped raining

They'll have left Japan

Grammar
1: We use the future perfect to say 'how long' for an action that starts before
and continues up to another action or time in the future. Usually we need 'for'.
We can also use the future perfect continuous here so we often use the future
perfect simple with stative verbs. If we use 'when', we usually need
the present simple When we get married,
I'll have known Robert for four years.
At 4 o'clock, I'll have been in this office for 24 hours.

Sometimes we could also use the present perfect in the same situation. But
we like to use the future perfect to make the time an easy number.
I've lived here for 11 months and three weeks. (This is correct, but the time is
not an easy number.)
On Tuesday, I will have lived here for one year. (A much easier number.)
2: We use the future perfect with a future time word, (and often with 'by') to
talk about an action that will finish before a certain time in the future, but we
don't know exactly when.By 10 o'clock, I will have finished my homework. (= I
will finish my homework some time before 10, but we don't know exactly
when.)
By the time I'm sixty, I will have retired. (= I will retire sometime before I'm
sixty. Maybe when I'm fifty-nine, maybe when I'm fifty-two.) www.selexidiomas.com
Grammar
Make the future perfect. Choose positive, negative or question.
1. (I / leave by six)
______________________________________________________
2. (you / finish the report by the deadline?)
______________________________________________________
3. (when / we / do everything?)
___________________________________________________
4. (she / finish her exams by then, so we can go out for dinner)
______________________________________________________
5. (you / read the book before the next class)
______________________________________________________
6. (she / not / finish work by seven)
______________________________________________________
Think of some goals that you will accomplish in the future:
1. By 6 o’clock tomorrow,_______________
2. By the time I retire,______________
3. By this time next week, ___________
4. By the end of the year, __________
Make the future perfect. Choose positive, negative or question.
1. By this time tomorrow, I _____ (finish) the project.

2. By 8 o'clock, the kids _____ (fall) asleep.
3. By tomorrow morning, he _____ (sleep) wonderfully.
4. By next year, she_____ (receive) her promotion.
5. Robin_____ (sell) his car by next Sunday.
6. Morgan_______ (clean) the entire house by lunch.
7. We _______ (dance) a few dances before midnight.
8. At this time tomorrow morning, they________ (begin) working.
Unit 4
WORKING OVERTIME
Objectives:
Skills:
• Discuss the effects of working long hours
• Talk about the pros and cons of the different types of work
compensations
Reading:
• Studies Show Working Overtime Is Basically Pointless
Grammar:
• Parallelism
Listening:
• Work compensation
Speaking:
• Working time
Writing
Do you need to work less?
•
Speaking
Working time
How much overtime do you usually work?
How do you feel about working overtime?
What is the overtime policy like in your company?
Describe the worst overtime experience you have ever had.
What is a solution to reducing overtime?
Reading
Studies Show Working Overtime Is Basically Pointless
How many hours per week do you work? If you run a business, there’s a good
chance you’re putting in more than 40 hours. My guess is you’re working 50
or more hours per week -- maybe more.
Don’t feel bad, you’re not alone. Despite the recent popularity of passive
income and business automation, most entrepreneurs still work irregular
hours and put in at least 60 hours per week.
For some of you, it may be tough to even answer the question about hours,
because your workday blends seamlessly with the rest of the day. You’re at a
point where you don't even know what to call the part of the day you’re not
working. (Maybe you just call it the "rest of the day.")
It's a sad reality, but somehow we've come to believe that it's not only okay to
work all the time, but that successful people actually strive to put in endless
work hours. After all, opportunity never sleeps, right?
Opportunity does sleep.

Well, as it turns out, opportunity does sleep. It also takes breaks. It knows
when it's time to turn work off and it prefers that you do too. Researchers
have found that putting in all those extra hours of work, specifically more than
50 hours, can end up being a waste of time from a productivity standpoint.
Here's what research from IGDA says: "Productivity drops immediately upon
starting overtime and continues to drop until, at approximately eight 60-hour
weeks, the total work done is the same as what would have been done in
eight 40-hour weeks."
So, if 60 hours is too much, how many hours per week should we strive for?
Well, a Stanford study found that when people worked more than 50 hours,
output per hour started to fall. Fifty hours is the ideal range, according to that
research. But what does that look like for an entrepreneur?
If you're part of the normal working world, you start at 6, 7 or 8 a.m. and
actually stop at 4, 5 or 6 p.m., respectively. For entrepreneurs, that’s a novel
concept. If that sounds like it’s not enough time to get everything done, you
might need to change how you work in order to maximize productivity.
Reading
For example, try breaking up your work hours into multiple shifts to help keep
your brain refreshed during the time you’re actually working. Studies have
found that working for one to two hours, then taking a 20- to 30-minute
break, keeps your brain fresh and enables you to accomplish more in less
time. The fancy word for this is "Ultradian Rhythm."
Regardless of how your work hours are structured, the main thing to
remember is you’re better off planning to work reasonable hours. That means
no sending tweets while you brush your teeth and no speech-to-text notes
and blog posts while you’re cooking dinner.
Of course, like most everything else in life, there’s always ebb and flow to
your work schedule. Sometimes you need to put in those extra hours to hit a
project deadline or launch date; and that’s different. The problem comes
when there’s only “ebb” and no “flow.” Phases are one thing, but justifying
workaholism with whatever project you’re working on at the time can turn into
a major problem.
Ultimately, science has shown that you need a little balance in your life if you
want to maximize your productivity and your happiness at the same time. So,
as bad as it hurts to admit, your spouse is right. You do work too much. Eight
to 10 hours a day is reasonable, and you won't get much more accomplished
by working past that.
And, let's be honest, no matter what anyone says, you’re probably going to
push it a bit over the 50-hour mark on any given week. I mean, hey, you’ll
take a cut in productivity in order to pump out a few extra hours, right? So,
throw in a few hours on Saturday to wrap up the week, but be aware of the
number of hours you’re putting in so you don’t let it get out of hand.
And don’t forget to give yourself at least a day-and-a-half a week to rest (i.e.,
Saturday afternoon and all day Sunday). Turn it all off and spend time in the
real world, with your family and friends. In short, have a life.
Vocabulary
Extra hours
Complete the story. Use the vocabulary words in the box
faster hours machines money schedule boss fix fixes

delivered overtime
Philip and Leo work in a factory that makes picture frames. Philip is
a mechanic. He (1) __________ the machines and he keeps the
conveyor belt moving. Leo is his (2) __________. He is in charge
of all the factory workers. Leo makes sure that orders are (3)
__________ on time. “Hi, Philip. Listen, we have a big order for
100,000 boxes of picture frames. They need to be shipped by
Saturday afternoon. Can you make the conveyor belt move a little
(4) __________?” says Leo. “I don’t know. Last time we sped it up,
it broke and it took three hours to (5) __________ it,” says Philip.
“I remember that day very well,” says Leo. “It put us even further
behind (6) __________.” “Yeah, and what if it breaks again like
last time?” asks Philip. “It might take more than three (7)
__________ to fix it.” “Okay. Can you work overtime this week?
That way we can keep the conveyor belt and (8) __________
running an extra three hours a day, and you’ll make time-and-a-
half for working (9) __________,” says Leo. “Sure. I can do that. I
need extra (10) __________,” replies Philip.
Work compensations
Watch the following video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwNrQRffCow
Answer the questions:
Is it better to be salaried or hourly? Write your answer below
What are the ways to get paid?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of being an hourly

worker?
What is the USA government requiring?
What are the choices that employers have when they face
expensive reglations?
Who is affected by the overtime rules?

Grammar
Parallelism
The balance between two or more similar words, phrases or clauses

is called parallelism in grammar. Parallelism is also called parallel
structure or parallel construction. Parallel construction prevents
awkwardness, promotes clarity and improves writing style and
readability.
Examples:
Mary likes to hike, to swim, and to ride a bicycle.

OR
Mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a bicycle.
"She likes cooking, jogging, and to read."

"She likes cooking, jogging, and reading."
Rules of parallelism
Parallelism is used to balance nouns with nouns, prepositional
phrases with prepositional phrases, participles with participles,
infinitives with infinitives, clauses with clauses.
Parallelism is used with elements joined by coordinating

conjunctions.
My mother likes cooking and to read.
My mother likes cooking and reading
Parallelism is used with elements in lists or in a series.

This task can be done individually, in pairs, or can be done in
groups of four.
This task can be done individually, in pairs, or in groups of four.
Parallelism is used with elements being compared.

She is mad about watching TV more than to read a book .
She is mad about watching TV more than reading a book.
Parallelism is used with elements joined by a linking verb or a form

of be
To learn is understanding the world.

To learn is to understand the world.
Parallelism is used with elements joined by linking words.

The teacher not only wants his students to keep quiet but also to
do the task .
The teacher wants his students not only to keep quiet but also to
do the task .
Grammar
Parallelism
Choose the correct answer
1. Tom has:
a) A beautiful wife, a big house, and he has lovely children
b) A beautiful wife, a big house, and lovely children
2. Complaints were made by:

a) Teachers and administrators also
b) Teachers and administrators
3. I learned
a) To be attentive to my teachers and to do my homework
b) To be attentive to my teachers and do my homework
4. She was known

a) For her beauty and generous
b) For her beauty and generosity
5. This is what I want

a) To study hard, to get the best grades, and getting a good job when I
graduate
b) To study hard, to get the best grades, and to get a good job when I
graduate.
6. I advise you
a) To sleep early, eat healthy food and exercise regularly
b) To sleep early, eat healthy food and to exercise regularly
Writing
Do you need to work less?
Watch the video and answer the questions:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XNj-n-jhVUQ
Do you have any illness related to your job?
How do you think working too much could affect your health?
Write a short text describing your experience and opinions about this
topic.
________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________
_
________________________________________________________
_
Unit 5
COMPETITION
Objectives:
Skills:
• Dealing with Competition in the business environment
• Recognizing advantages and disadvantages of competition
Vocabulary:
• Competition in Business
Reading:
• 6 Things Your Competitors Can Teach You About Your Business
Grammar:
• Quantifiers
Listening
• Why competition is good for business
Speaking
• Dealing with competitors
Writing
• What makes a business more competitive?
Speaking
Dealing with competitors
Who exactly is your company’s competition?
What advantages/disadvantages does your competition have?
How can your company overcome the competition?
How competitive is your industry?
How competitive are you in general? Why?
Vocabulary
Competition in business
Match the concepts with their definition.
a. Competition a. the field of trade or business.

(n)
b. Rival ( n) b.the act of competing; rivalry for
supremacy, a prize, etc.
c. Unfair ( adj) c. to move ahead of in achievement,
production, score, etc.; surpass: to
overtake all other countries in steel
production
d. Market ( n) d. not conforming to approved standards,
as of justice, honesty, or ethics
e. Overtake ( v) e. making an all-out effort to win or
succeed; competitive
f. Monopoly ( n) f. a person who is competing for the
same object or goal as another, or who
tries to equal or outdo another;
competitor
g. Aggressive ( exclusive control of a commodity or service in

adj) a particular market, or a control that
makes possible the manipulation of
prices
Reading
6 Things Your Competitors Can Teach You About Your Business
Your competitors are likely at different stages in their development

than you are. Maybe you launched a year ago and they are a
legacy brand that you are chasing that has been in business for 60
years. Or perhaps you had a competitor enter the market at the
same time you did. Whatever the case, you should definitely keep
an eye on what they are doing in terms of branding, marketing, PR,
and just general business decisions.
We often hear “imitation is the sincerest form of flattery,” but many
people still get upset if a great idea is stolen. While I would never
advocate for stealing a great idea and taking credit, it is a good
strategic move to see what is working for your competitors and
adapting some ideas to match your unique brand and style. It’s not
about stealing ideas, it’s about figuring out their strategy and why
it is working for them. If you know something is working really well
for a competitor, it’s kind of hard to ignore it when you have a
similar (if not the same) audience you are trying to reach.
Here are 6 things you can learn from watching your competitors.
#1: Create a better customer experience
If you take the time to listen to what your competitor’s audience is
saying about them and to them, then you can use that info to
make your customer experience better. For example, if they aren’t
happy about something, fix the issue in your own business. By
creating a solution for their discontent with your competitor, you
are making your business more attractive.
#2: How to interact with your audience
Audience interaction is key when it comes to customer service and
building long-term loyalty among your audience. Does your
competitor have a better relationship with their audience than you
do with yours? Figure out why. Do they respond faster and solve
customer problems better? Are their policies more customer-
friendly?
It can also come down to what channels they use to interact with
their audience that maybe you are missing out on. Do they
use social media (what channels)? Email? Direct

marketing? Experiential? Media and influencers? If they are using
specific channels to successfully reach their audience, then you
should seriously consider those channels.
Reading
6 Things Your Competitors Can Teach You About Your Business
#3: How to build trust

If your competitors are trusted and respected in the industry, it is a
status you should also strive for. What tactics are they using to
build that trust? Sometimes it’s as simple as making themselves
more available for public-facing opportunities.
#4: How to use social media
If you aren’t on social media and your competitors are, then you
are at a disadvantage from the start. Look through your
competitors’ social media profiles to get a sense of what they are
doing right and what they are doing wrong. Do they have branding
continuity across platforms? Do they offer exclusive specials for
social media followers? What content has gotten the most
engagement when they post? When do they post and how often?
When do their followers respond on social media?
#5: How to create content
Content should be a major focus for your marketing strategy. If
you take a look at your competitors, you should be able to tell a
few things such as blog layout, readability, the types of calls-to-
action, they type of content they share (video, blogs, listicles, etc.).
You can also look at the timing of content in terms of how much
they post of each content type. Once you identify these things, look
deeper to see whether their content strategy is effective in terms of
audience engagement. This should form a solid foundation for your
content planning strategy.
#6: What not to do
Mistakes are always easier to identify than successes when it
comes to competitor research. Finding out what a competitor is
doing wrong is just as important as identifying what they are doing
right. There is no point in repeating mistakes others have already
made if you can avoid doing so.
True or False?
Many people is glad when you have the same ideas.

Customers 'opinions are not essential and you don´t have to consider
them.
Creating customer-friendly policies can assure best results.
The competitor´s mistakes are not your business.

Why Competition is Good for Business
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jN-8Gag7vBQ
What is it necessary to win customers?
What forms of "cheating" are mentioned in the video?
What are the aims of protection laws?
Listen and complete:
Businesses compete some things like __________________ to win

new customers who could be other businesses as well as confused
being competitive and more customers choose you ___________.
where business is concluded don't compete, this can
__________________________, I mean customers, and not
paying more than they should. This is a form of cheating and can
stop customers from getting a good deal.
Competition law ________________________________ and

protect consumers and other businesses from being ripped off.
Anti-competitive collusion can lead

________________________________________________
.you should report anti-competitive activity to the competition
markets authority by calling the number on screen and if you're

unsure of the types of activities that are illegal.
Grammar
Quantifiers
What are quantifiers?

A quantifier is a word or phrase which is used before a noun to
indicate the amount or quantity:
'Some', 'many', 'a lot of' and 'a few' are examples of quantifiers.
Quantifiers can be used with both countable and uncountable
nouns.
Examples:
There are some books on the desk
He's got only a few dollars.
How much money have you got?
There is a large quantity of fish in this river.
He's got more friends than his sister
Examples of quantifiers
With Uncountable Nouns
much
a little/little/very little *
a bit (of)
a great deal of
a large amount of
a large quantity of
With Both
all
enough
more/most
less/least
no/none
not any
some
any
a lot of
lots of
plenty of
Grammar
With Countable Nouns

many
a few/few/very few **
a number (of)
several
a large number of
a great number of
a majority of
* NOTE
few, very few mean that
there is not enough of something.
a few means that there is
not a lot of something, but
there is enough.
** NOTE
little, very little mean
that there is not enough of
something.
a little means that there
is not a lot of something,
but there is enough. www.selexidiomas.com
Grammar
Fill in the spaces below with the correct quantifier
-Much -many -any -lots of -a lot -little -a little -few –most
1.They have had _____ homework in mathematics recently.
2.How _____ time do you need to finish the work?
3.There are too _____ students in the library.
4.Have you visited _____ foreign countries?
5.Although he's very ill, he didn't take _____ medicine.
6._____ people know as much about linguistics as John does.
7.They say _____ knowledge is a dangerous thing.
8.He's having _____ of trouble passing his driving test.
9.I spend ____ of my time reading novels.
10.He knows _____ English. He knows enough English to manage

Writing
What makes a business more competitive?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5h7WUot1m0
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Unit 6
CUSTOMER SERVICE
Skills:
• Discussing Customer Service principles
• Talking about the importance of customer service
Speaking:
• Customer Service
Reading
• Ten Principles For A Stronger Company Culture
Grammar:
• Participle Phrases
Listening
• Why Customer Service matters
Vocabulary
• Customer Service Keywords
Writing
• Answering a complaint letter
Speaking
Customer service
What is your definition of “customer service”?
What is excellent customer service?
What is poor customer service?
Have you ever had to deal with customers? How was it?
How do/would you deal with customer problems?
Ten Principles For A Stronger Company Culture
As a customer service consultant and speaker, I find myself fielding inquiries

about internal customer service almost as often as external. These two concepts
aren't precisely the same and have different subtleties of execution, so here are ten
internal customer service best practices: principles for transforming your company
culture into one where internal customer service is a powerful force.
1. Without each other, there is no company. By serving our fellow employees, we

empower them to serve their customers, and make magic happen.
2. Fine points of etiquette don’t have to be the same internally as externally (for
example, we can informally answer an internal extension with "Purchasing–Jim"
rather than “XYZ Homewares, Jim speaking, how may I help you today?”), but the
spirit of kindness must prevail.
3. Through lateral service, we do more for each other, and for the company.
By moving out of our assigned positions to help fellow employees when they are
temporarily short-staffed, we build a stronger company for employees and external
customers.
4. Language matters, internally as well as externally, because feelings matter.
“Please” and “Thank you” are not forbidden phrases. Use them often.
5. Respect is expected. With no exceptions. Bullying has to be addressed
immediately, no matter how high up in the organization it occurs
6. Expressed and unexpressed wishes are both important. Example: a fellow
employee makes a specific request, by email. You can either send them exactly
what they asked for (and nothing more), or you can also, thoughtfully, include the
attachments that they will need to begin working on X, even though they didn't
explicitly ask for them.
7. As with external customer service, there are three stages to every service:
beginning, performing the service, and closing the service. If you only do the middle
item (perform the service), you will fail. (Don’t be the tone-deaf manager who gets
all the bills paid, processes payroll and completes the month-end reports but
doesn't say “good morning" or "have a nice evening.”)
8. What gets celebrated gets repeated. By celebrating the times when our fellow
employees succeed at work, we inspire further success.
9. People have a right to grow at work. Be a company that works with its
employees to identify opportunities for their professional learning and
advancement.
10. People have a right to be involved in the design of the work that they do or that
affects them. Ask for the opinions and input of affected employees prior to
launching a new initiative.
Vocabulary
Customer service key words
Complete the sentences using one of the words below
a)over-the-phone customer service

b)technical support/tech support
c) automated customer service
d) product sales support
e) face-to-face customer service
f) customer service training
g) outsourcing
h) call center
i) customer loyalty
j) customer base
1.Since Sally has an over-the-phone __________ position, she doesn’t

have to wear formal clothes. She never has to meet customers in person.
2.I’ve had different types of customer service positions, but I

prefer__________________. I like being able to help customers who are
physically present.
3.We’re having problems with our internet connection. I’m going to call
___________ to see if they can help.
4.If you aren’t sure which software program is correct, why don’t you call
_____________ and ask them your questions?
5.__________ helps many companies cut costs.
6.The new _________ be able to handle thousands of calls per day.
7.As part of our _______________, we learned listening skills, empathy,

problem solving, and friendliness.
8.Our goal is to provide excellent service to our entire______________,

not just our biggest customers.
9.We offer a great product and back it up with the best service in the
industry. Because of this, we have been able to achieve ______________.
10.Even though it’s cheaper, we decided not to offer__________________.

Why customer service matters
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nxtaMdu55Ug
What are some of the ways that customer service can affect a
business? Write your answer below:
True or False?
A) Sixty - six percent of customers felt the customer service is still

too slow.
B) forty-two percent of customers felt that they have to speak to

many people before their problem is resolved.
C) study revealed a staggering 38 million UK consumers made a

complaint last year.
D) happy customers become loyal customers.
E) the traditional competitive advantages such as price location

and products still remain.
Complete:
...nobody wants ______________ and even worse if

__________ there might not be a business at all. Poor customer

service is____________ that go bust with __________ on the rise
in today's connected world...
Grammar
Participal Phrases
Recognize a participle phrase when you see one.

A participle phrase will begin with a present or past participle. If
the participle is present, it will dependably end in ing. Likewise, a
regular past participle will end in a consistent ed. Irregular past
participles, unfortunately, conclude in all kinds of ways. Since all
phrases require two or more words, a participle phrase will often
include objects and/or modifiers that complete the thought.
Here are some examples:

Crunching caramel corn for the entire movie
Washed with soap and water
Stuck in the back of the closet behind the obsolete computer
Participle phrases always function as adjectives, adding description
to the sentence.
Read these examples:

The horse trotting up to the fence hopes that you have an apple
or carrot.
Trotting up to the fence modifies the noun horse.
The water drained slowly in the pipe clogged with dog hair.
Clogged with dog hair modifies the noun pipe.
Eaten by mosquitoes, we wished that we had made hotel, not
campsite, reservations.
Eaten by mosquitoes modifies the pronoun we.
Grammar
Participal Phrases
Don't mistake a present participle phrase for a gerund phrase.
Gerund and present participle phrases are easy to confuse because

they both begin with an ing word. The difference is the function
that they provide in the sentence. A gerund phrase will always
behave as a noun while a present participle phrase will act as an
adjective.
Check out these examples:

Walking on the beach, Delores dodged jellyfish that had washed
ashore.
Walking on the beach = present participle phrase describing the
noun Delores. Participal Phrases
Walking on the beach is painful if jellyfish have washed ashore.
Walking on the beach = gerund phrase, the subject of
the verb is.
Waking to the buzz of the alarm clock, Freddie cursed the
arrival of another Monday.
Waking to the buzz of the alarm clock = present participle
phrase describing the noun Freddie.
Freddie hates waking to the buzz of the alarm clock.
Waking to the buzz of the alarm clock = gerund phrase,
the direct object of the verb hates.
After a long day at school and work, LaShae found her roommate
Ben eating the last of the leftover pizza.
Eating the last of the leftover pizza = present participle phrase
describing the noun Ben.
Ben's rudest habit is eating the last of the leftover pizza.
Eating the last of the leftover pizza = gerund phrase, the
subject complement of the linking verb is.
Grammar
Participal Phrases
Punctuate a participle phrase correctly.

When a participle phrase introduces a main clause, separate the
two sentence components with a comma. The pattern looks like
this:
Participle
+ Main Phrase
phrase,
Read this example:

Glazed with barbecue sauce, the rack of ribs lay nestled next to
a pile of sweet coleslaw.
When a participle phrase concludes a main clause and is describing
the word right in front of it, you need no punctuation to connect
the two sentence parts. The pattern looks like this:
Main Participle
Clause + Ø + Phrase
Check out this example:

Mariah risked petting the pit bull wagging its stub tail.
But when a participle phrase concludes a main clause and modifies
a word farther up in the sentence, you will need a comma. The
pattern looks like this:
MAIN CLAUSE + , + PARTICIPLE PHRASE.
Check out this example:
Cooper enjoyed dinner at Audrey's house, agreeing to a large
slice of cherry pie even though he was full to the point of
bursting.
Grammar
Participal Phrases
Don't misplace or dangle your participle phrases.

Participle phrases are the most common modifier to misplace or dangle. In
clear, logical sentences, you will find modifiers right next to the words they
describe.
Shouting with happiness, William celebrated his chance to interview at
SunTrust.
Notice that the participle phrase sits right in front of William, the one doing the
shouting.
If too much distance separates a modifier and its target, the modifier is
misplaced.
Draped neatly on a hanger, William borrowed Grandpa's old suit to wear to
the interview.
The suit, not William, is on the hanger! The modifier must come closer to the
word it is meant to describe:
For the interview, William borrowed Grandpa's old suit, which was draped
neatly on a hanger.
If the sentence fails to include a target, the modifier is dangling.
Straightening his tie and smoothing his hair, the appointment time for the
interview had finally arrived.
We assume William is about to interview, but where is he in the sentence?
We need a target for the participle phrase straightening his tie and
smoothing his hair.
Straightening his tie and smoothing his hair, William was relieved that the
appointment time for the interview had finally arrived.
Grammar
Participial Phrases
Locate the participle in each sentence
1. We should help to rebuild houses destroyed by the storm.
2. Wearing a lei around her neck, the hula dancer moved to the rhythms of
the ukulele.
3. Books placed onto the cart will be put back when the library closes at 5:00
p.m.
4. As of tomorrow, anyone carrying a suitcase heavier than thirty pounds will

not be allowed on the train.
5. The student carried her completed exam to the instructor.
6. Be mindful of the people sitting over there.
7. Announcements posted on this bulletin board must receive approval from

the dean.
8. My coffee mug, chipped from years of use, still means a great deal to me.
9. The falling leaves remind us that winter is coming.

10. Terrified by the series of events, the child sat on the ground and wept.
Writing
Answering a complaint letter
Imagine you work in Customer service. Read the following

complaint and write an email offering a solution:
Faulty (xyz) product

I'm afraid that the enclosed (xyz) product doesn't work. It is the
third one I've had to return this month (see attached
correspondence).
I bought it from ABC stores at Newtown, Big County on (date).
I was careful to follow the instructions for use, honestly.
Other than the three I've had to return recently, I've always
found your products to be excellent.
I'd be grateful if you could send a replacement and refund my
postage (state amount).
I really appreciate your help.
Yours faithfully
signature
J Smith (Mrs)
Enc.
Unit 7
CONSULTING
Objectives:
Skills:
• Recognizing and discussing the characteristics of business
consultants
Vocabulary:
• Consulting jargon
Speaking
• What do consultants do?
Reading:
• Beware The Power of the Business Consultant...
Grammar:
• Reducing Adverbial Clauses
Listening:
• The Consulting Industry
Writing:
The role of the business consultant
•
Speaking
What do consultants do?
What is your definition of “consulting”?
What is your opinion of consultants?
What are the advantages/disadvantages of consultants?
What area of advice are you an expert at? Why?
“Sometimes you need a consultant to tell you the obvious.” Do you

agree/disagree? Why?
The consulting industry
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D4oCZRHPUm0
Describe some of the work that a consultant does:
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Grammar
Reducing Adverbial Clauses
An adverb clause can be shortened to an adverb phrase. This can be

particularly helpful when you want to express your ideas in a more concise
manner. Before you reduce an adverb clause into an adverbial phrase, make
sure that the adverb clause (subordinate clause) and the main clause have
the same subject.
Study the examples given below.

I slept for ten hours. I felt marvelous.
The two sentences given above express a cause and effect relationship and
hence can be combined into one using the conjunction as / since.
As I had slept for ten hours, I felt marvelous.
Both clauses have the same subject and hence we can reduce the adverb
clause into a phrase.
Having slept for ten hours, I felt marvelous.
Another example is given below.
He worked hard. He passed the test.
Because he worked hard, he passed the test.
This can be reduced to:
Having worked hard, he passed the test
There are many different kinds of adverb clauses and it is not possible to
reduce all of them. Generally speaking, the adverb clauses of time,
cause and contrast can be reduced. www.selexidiomas.com
Grammar
Reduced Adverb Clauses of Time
After he did military service, he became a monk.

The sentence given above can be reduced to:
After doing military service, he became a monk.
He wrote his first book after he recovered from a major illness.

He wrote his first book after recovering from a major illness.
He feeds the cats before he goes to work.

Can be reduced to
He feeds the cats before going to work.
Reduced Adverb Clauses of Cause
Because she was late, she didn’t get tickets for the show.
Being late, she didn’t get tickets for the show.
Because I worked fast, I finished early.

Having worked fast, I finished early.
Because I was feeling a bit tired, I didn’t go to work.

Feeling a bit tired, I didn’t go to work.
Grammar
Choose the correct answer below
1. I was driving past the bank. I saw Jeffrey.

I saw Jeffrey ________________.
a) after driving past the bank
b) before driving past the bank
c) while driving past the bank
2. I was camping in the Mojave Desert. I saw lots of snakes.

I saw lots of snakes ________________ in the Mojave desert.
a) before camping
b) after camping
c) while camping
3. She knew I didn't have any money. She paid for my meal.
________________, she paid for my meal.
a) While knowing that I didn't have any money
b) Knowing that I didn't have any money
c) Upon knowing that I didn't have any money
4. She was worried about her son. She called the police.
________________, she called the police.
a) Before worrying about her son
b) Worried about her son
c) While worrying about her son
5. He looked at her. He was hoping she would say something.

He looked at her, ________________.
a) hoping she would say something
b) before hoping she would say something

c) since hoping she would say something
Grammar
6. Brush your teeth. After that, go to bed.

Don't go to bed ________________ your teeth.
a) after brushing
b) before brushing
c) brushing
7. He finished his homework. He went to bed.

________________, he went to bed.
a) After finishing his homework
b) While finishing his homework
c) Before finishing his homework
8. I finished the book. I lent it to my sister.

________________ the book, I lent it to my sister.
a) Since finishing
b) While finishing
c) After finishing
9. Fiona fell asleep. She was watching TV.

Fiona fell asleep ________________.
a) watching TV
b) since watching TV
c) before watching TV
10. He came to The United States. He has gained 10 pounds.

He has gained 10 pounds ________________.
a) before coming to the United States
b) since coming to the United States

c) while coming to the United States
Beware The Power of the Business Consultant...
Let me start by saying that I am not a fan of some of the most highly regarded
business thinkers of our time. I read what they say - carefully, and with an
open mind - and I think, What? That is simply not my experience. I can't
imagine that's the best way to think/act/respond.
I have an especially hard time with folks who propose complex systems of
approaching business based on what I perceive to be faulty assumptions
about the nature of human beings. In my early years as a consultant and
business coach, I would often sit in rooms where a highly paid guru from Bain
or McKinsey or Accenture would pontificate to a group of execs about their
business and how they should run it. And even though some of the managers
were clearly skeptical (and would voice their skepticism afterwards in private),
they would follow the consultants' advice...too often to their detriment.
Because the guy (pretty much always a guy) was highly paid, had multiple
degrees, sounded smart, implied (or stated outright) that he knew more than
they did. It always reminded me of the story of the Emperor's new
clothes: nobody wanted to say anything about the Emperor's nakedness,
because everyone else was talking about how wonderful the clothes were...
Here's an example: I have always had a hard time with Michael Porter's
theories about strategy. He proposes that the core of strategy is defeating
the competition. He looks at an industry as a defined pool of money, with the
goal of strategy being to figure out how to get the biggest share of that money
and keep others from getting it.
Of course it makes sense to be aware of the competition, what they're doing,
and how successful it is - that's a critical part of understanding your current
state, which is the best starting point for envisioning a successful future.
But whenever I read Porter on strategy, I felt that he was thinking about
business in an outmoded way; as a zero-sum game where winners and losers
were battling each other for defined market share. It seemed applicable to
me only in the most monolithic, commoditized industries. It also seemed to
me to be completely tone-deaf to the human element; the fact that the more
fully you can engage people's hearts and minds in an enterprise and its
success, the more likely you are to be able to create a powerfully successful
organization. People and their passion don't figure much in Porter's view of
strategy.
Beware The Power of the Business Consultant...
But whenever I would say that out loud, lots of people would
immediately tell me that I was misinformed/thinking too small/just
plain wrong.
Therefore, it's been fascinating to me to observe the bankruptcy
filing of The Monitor Group, the strategy consulting firm founded by
Porter and five others 30 years ago, and the primary proponent of
Porter's theories.
I was thrilled, on reading Denning's post, to find that his
assessment of Porter's theories is so similar to mine (I have a lot of
respect for Steve's thinking). Here's one of my favorite paragraphs
from the post, where Steve shares his point of view:
Instead of seeing business—and strategy and business education—
as a matter of figuring out how to defeat one’s known rivals and
protect oneself against competition through structural barriers, if a
business is to survive, it must aim to add value to customers
through continuous innovation and finding new ways of delighting
its customers.
I completely agree: I've always felt that the goal of strategy was to
enable you to consistently make core directional choices that would
best move your business toward your hoped-for future. It seems
unlikely that, for most people, the 'hoped-for future' about which
they'd be most passionate would be defeating the competition. As
I've reflected on my own motivations, spoken with leaders I coach,
and observed truly successful businesses (Amazon,
Zappos, Apple, Google) I saw that the most vital hoped-for futures
revolved around providing or creating something new or better and
offering it to customers in a way that excited them or solved a big
problem for them.
I'm happy to find that my own sense of what makes good strategy
seems to be working for my business, for our clients' businesses,
and for many of the businesses I respect the most.
And therein lies the point of this post. There are good, even great,
business consultants, and using them can be very helpful (if I
didn't think that we provided real value to our clients, my partner
and I would close our business tomorrow). But when you use a
business consultant, don't automatically assume that they're

smarter than you, or that they know more about your business
than you do, or even that their advice is necessarily true. As you
work with any consultant, continue to apply your own common
sense, reflect on your own experience, stay fair witness about the
benefits of their recommendations.
Be like the one little kid in the story of the Emperors' new clothes;
the only person in the kingdom who was willing to call out, "But
Writing :the role of the business consultant
What should the role of the business consultant be?
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
____________________________________________
Vocabulary
Consulting Jargon
https://targetjobs.co.uk/career-sectors/consulting/advice/283453-
consulting-jargon-a-graduates-guide-to-jobspeak
Unit 8
HARD TIMES
Objectives:
Skills:
• Discussing the good and bad aspects of going through hard
times in business
Speaking:
• Surviving Difficult Times in Business
Reading & Writing:

• Hard times can lead to your best times
Grammar:
• Embedded Questions
Listening:
How a Business Can Survive Tough Times
Speaking practice
Surviving difficult times in business
What hard times is your industry/country going through?
What difficulties have you experienced?
What have you learned from hard times?
What are the benefits of hard times?
Tell me about what you did when you went through some hard
times.
How a Business Can Survive in Tough Times
What can companies do to survive in hard times?
Watch the following video and write the advices given.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wHTOVOGEpTQ
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
Vocabulary
Write a sentences for each of this synonyms of Hard Time
• calamity:
• catastrophe
• crunch
• difficulty
• disaster
• hardship
• misery
• misfortune
• mishap
• sorrow
• suffering
• trouble
• affliction
Readingcomprehension
Harvey Mackay: Hard times can lead to your best times
After the New England Patriots defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers to advance
to the Super Bowl, star Patriots quarterback Tom Brady was asked what
makes his team so special. His answer was short and succinct, "Mental
toughness."
Not exceptional physical strength, not training, not even superior talent.
Mental toughness.
In the Journal of Applied Sports Psychology, Graham Jones, Sheldon
Hanton and Declan Connaughton interviewed elite athletes, as well as elite-
level coaches and sports psychologists, to arrive at the following definition
of mental toughness: It's "having the natural or developed psychological
edge that enables you to: generally, cope better than your opponents with
the many demands (competition, training, lifestyle) that sport places on a
performer; specifically, be more consistent and better than your opponents
in remaining determined, focused, confident and in control under pressure."
There are many characteristics that contribute to mental toughness. It all
starts with training and preparation. If you aren't prepared to do your job,
you have no chance. The will to succeed is preceded by the will to prepare.
Consistency goes hand-in-hand with preparation. Getting started is hard
enough, but consistently carrying out your plan is more difficult. Even the
best business plans will fail without a dedication to consistency.
Other important traits are concentration and focus. It's a topic I hear about
frequently in business. The most common complaints? Too many irons in
the fire. Too many projects spinning at one time. Too many interruptions.
Too many phone calls. Too many emails. Too many things to do. Too little
time. To deal with this, you must stay focused as best you can, and don't
let things happen to you -- not when you can make things happen.
Poise under pressure is another important attribute. It's easy to

show poise when everything is going well. It's a lot tougher to
maintain your poise when things are not going well. But the minute
you lose your composure, the chances of defeat increase. Focus on
what you can do or control.
Forget the past.
Next, everyone must have goals. What is it you want to achieve?
Truly dedicated individuals won't let anything interfere with the
attainment of their goals. That's why so few people become
champions in their fields.
Determination almost goes without saying. If you don't have a
deep-down burning desire to achieve something, you won't
accomplish it. Sometimes, desire is more important than talent.
Determination can turn the ordinary into extraordinary.
This old quote says it best: "Some people succeed because they are
destined to, but most people succeed because they are determined
to."
To be mentally tough, you've got to love competition. It's healthy.
It keeps you sharp, makes you better and improves quality. You
should not only welcome stiff competition, you should actively seek
it. You'll never realize your full potential in business or sports
unless you are challenged. The breakfast of champions is not
cereal, it's competition.
Adversity is very important as well. There are many things that can
go wrong in life, so you must be mentally prepared for whatever
happens. At some point, you will need to perform at your best
when you're feeling your worst.
Similarly, people who are mentally tough are resilient. The strong
survive not because they are determined to conduct business as
usual, but because they find ways to rise above the issue at hand.
You can't live life with an eraser. You can't anticipate every possible
problem, no matter how hard you try. But you can resolve to face
challenges as they arise. Keep your mind wide open for solutions,
listen to those around and under you, reprogram your brain for
success and dig in. Don't let hard times turn in to end times. Let
them lead to your best times.

You've heard the old saying: "When the going gets tough, the
tough get going." Believe it. That's what separates the winners
from the losers.
By the time you read this, the Super Bowl will be over. But I
guarantee, the winner will be the team that understands the
importance of mental toughness.
Writing
After ….How can hard times in business be both positive

and negative? Write your answer below
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
____________________________________________
Grammar
Embedded Questions
Introduction
An embedded question is a question that is included inside another question
or statement. They are common after introductory phrases, such as:
I wonder
Could you tell me
Do you know
Can you remember
Let's ask
We need to find out
I'd like to know
Could you tell me
I'm not sure
Would you mind explaining
Five Rules for Using Embedded Questions
Rule One
If the embedded question is part of a statement,
use a period and not a question mark at the end of the sentence. Also, if the
question is in the present or past simple verb tense, omit the auxiliary
verbs do, does, and did and change the verb to its appropriate form, as in
the example below.
Direct Question: What time did he leave?

Embedded Question: I wonder what time he left.
Rule Two
If the embedded question includes an auxiliary verb or the verb "to be",
reverse the positions of the subject and the auxiliary verb, as in the
examples below.
Direct Question: What did he say?

Embedded Questin: Could you tell me what he said?
Grammar
Embedded Questions
Embedded Questions
Rule Three
Do not use a verbal contraction at the end of the sentence.
Direct Question: Where is he?

Correct Embedded Question: Do you know where he is?
Incorrect Embedded Question: Do you know where he’s?
Rule Four
Embedded questions are introduced by whether, whether or not,
and if when there is no question word in the sentence (yes/no questions).
Direct Question: Will he be there?

Embedded Question: Do you know if he will be there?
Do you know whether or not he will be there?
Do you know whether he will be there or not?
Rule Five
The infinitive can follow a question word or whether in embedded questions,
as in the following example.
Direct Question: What should I do?

Embedded Question: Please tell me what I should do.
With Infinitive: Please tell me what to do.
Using Embedded Questions

There are times when native English speakers prefer to use embedded rather
than direct questions. Here are two examples.
1. Politely Asking for Information

Direct Question: What time does the bus arrive?
Embedded Question: Could you tell me what time the bus arrives?
2. Talking About Something Which Is Unknown to the

Speaker
Direct Question: Why did she decide to come with us?
Embedded Question: I don’t know why she decided to come with
us.
Grammar
Embedded Questions
Choose the correct sentence
1.
a) Have you decided what are you going to order from the menu?
b) Please tell me what your plans are after you graduate.
c) I was wondering if you knew what time is it.
2.
a)I have no idea how long does it take to get there.
b)I wonder how long it takes to get there.
c)Do you know how long it is taking to get to the university from
here?
3.
a)Have you decided will you accept the offer or not accept it?
b)Can anyone remember what did we learn about coordinate
conjunctions in class yesterday?
c) Does anyone know what the topic of today's lecture is?
4.
a)Do you know what the weather is supposed to be like on the
weekend?
b)I was wondering are they going to get married.
c)Please tell me what did he say about my project.
5.
a)Does anyone know why was today's meeting postponed until
next week?
b)I wish I knew where I left my glasses.
c)Does anyone know what is the color of an eagle's egg?
Grammar
Embedded Questions
Choose the correct sentence
6.
a)Have you decided when are you returning to your country?
b)I wonder what should I buy my girlfriend for her birthday?
c)Do you know if many people are coming to the party?
7.
a)I wish I knew what is the time now.
b)Have you decided whether or not are you going to buy a new
car?
c)Does anyone know why Carol was absent from class yesterday?
8.
a)Do you know where are they going to stay while they are visiting
Vancouver?
b)I wonder why is the cafeteria is so crowded today?
c)Do you know whether or not they are going to have a large
wedding?
9.
a)Can you remember what the name of the author who wrote "The
Old Man and the Sea" was?
b)Have the decided how long are they going to stay in Hawaii?
c)Does anyone know is the test tomorrow going to be very difficult?
10.
a)Could you tell me when the next train is supposed to arrive?
b)I wish I knew where is the best place in Victoria to buy shoes.
c)Are you are of the reason why is he not in class today?

Advanced II

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Advanced II

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BOOKLET

“ A new concept in effective

What is your definition of a leader?

What makes an excellent leader?

How is the leadership in your company/industry/country?

Describe the best leader you have worked for/with.

How good of a leader do you believe you are?

What characteristics does a bad leader have?

Are some people natural leaders and other people natural

Behavior Percentage of time Ideally the

Leadership is not defined by a title or a position, a record of experience or

Leadership is a practice that requires mastery of several key behaviors that

Connection means delivering your convictions according to the language

Passion is the meaningful expression of one's conviction. It's a genuine,

Vision means that a leader understands and communicates a clear picture

In the beginning of a leader's journey, raw skills and task-related knowledge

The problem is that many leaders don't conceive of behavioral leadership as

What are the six leadership styles described in the video?

Describe each style.

I bought a new car. It is very fast.

Defining and Non-defining

A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about

Defining relative clauses:

For example (clause after the object of the sentence):

More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

2: The relative pronoun is the object:

(Clause after the object)

The university (which / that) she likes is famous.

Non-defining relative clauses:

(Clause comes after the subject)

Prepositions and relative clauses

→ I live in the city where I study.

→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.

→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and

→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.

Choose the correct relative pronoun

1.This is the bank (which/whose/who) was robbed yesterday

Complete the sentences using relative clauses

8.A ferry is a ship (carry people across the water)

Watch the following video and answer the following questions

Do you agree with the statements presented on the video?

Write a short text justifying your answers.

Have you ever been terminated?

How does one get terminated at your job?

Have you ever had to terminate anyone?

How can you prevent getting terminated?

If you were terminated, what would you do?

But as we know, the real world is often far from perfect.

When an Employee Is Fired

When an Employee Is Laid Off

Were You Laid Off, or Were You Fired?

Use the underlined words in the previous section to describe, in

Match the concept with its definition.

A. LAYOFF 1)An employer terminates the employment of

D. DISMISSAL 4)It is the permanent severing, at the

Complete the sentences with the suitable concept.

a. After his ________________ for stealing from his

b. Following Jerry's ____________, the company had to

c. I caught up on a lot of reading during my __________.

d. There were several strikes on the streets because of

Watch the following video and answer the question below:

What are some of the signs that someone is about to be fired?

Do you think is it always clear that you are going to be fired?