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SMART HOMES

Smart Home is technology to make a house to become intelligent and automated. Usually, that
technology has automation systems for lighting, temperature control, security and many other
functions. Smart Home is the term for determining residence using the control system to
integrate home automation system. The system allows integrating electronic devices controller
with only a few buttons that are connected with the simple telecommunications system. Smart
Home includes communications, entertainment, security, convenience, and information
systems. There are several terms that are commensurate with the Smart Home such as: Home
Automation, Intelligent Building or Home Networking. Since it was first formally introduced by
the American Association of House Builders , Smart Home drives a lot of research to develop
performance, types of controlled equipment and telecommunications systems more reliable
system of room, temperature controlled cooling system, saving light systems, fire and smoke
sensors.

A new design and prototype implementation of a Home Automation System that uses WiFi
technology as a network infrastructure that connects its parts. The proposed system consists of
two main parts. The first part is the server which presents the core systems that manage,
control, and monitors the user's home. The second part is a hardware interface module. It
designed and implemented a simulation model of a simple network that is characterized by a
network Radio Broadcast Data System (RBDS) and a combination of Zig Bee / IEEE 802.15.4 and
Home Plug C & C on Network Simulator Version 2 (NS-2) that supports multiple interfaces /
channel. using Lab View software to monitor temperature, humidity, lighting, fire and burglar
alarms, gas density from the house and has an infrared sensor to guarantee the security of the
family. This system also has an internet connection to monitor and control the home appliances
from anywhere in the world. This approach combines hardware and software technologies.

Another approach focuses on a system, which utilizes good channels and avoids unnecessary
overhead, but at the same time is able to use alternative channels in case of a deep fades. The
optimal number of channels for the 2.4 GHz range is identified.

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Unfortunately, smart home technology is very few adopted in India. Most are adopted in
apartments, residential, and luxury homes. This is because it is very expensive to adopt smart
home i.e. for complex telecommunications and control systems and some equipment that are
not available in the market. This paper offers a small smart home system to address problems
above. The small smart home systems is designed with the Arduino microcontroller-based with
WLAN systems, which is able to monitor and control lights, room temperature, alarms for
detecting suspicious movements, and other household appliances.

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ARDUINO

Arduino is an open source computer hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller
kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can sense and control objects in the
physical and digital world. The project's products are distributed as open-source hardware and
software, which are licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or the GNU
General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and software
distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially in preassembled form, or as
do-it-yourself (DIY) kits.

Arduino board designs use a variety of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are
equipped with sets of digital and analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to
various expansion boards or Breadboards (shields) and other circuits. The boards feature serial
communications interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also
used for loading programs from personal computers. The microcontrollers are typically
programmed using a dialect of features from the programming languages C and C++. In addition
to using traditional compiler toolchains, the Arduino project provides an integrated
development environment (IDE) based on the Processing language project.

The Arduino project started in 2003 as a program for students at the Interaction Design Institute
Ivrea in Ivrea, Italy, aiming to provide a low-cost and easy way for novices and professionals to
create devices that interact with their environment using sensors and actuators. Common
examples of such devices intended for beginner hobbyists include simple robots, thermostats,
and motion detectors.

The name Arduino comes from a bar in Ivrea, Italy, where some of the founders of the project
used to meet. The bar was named after Arduin of Ivrea, who was the margrave of the March of
Ivrea and King of Italy from 1002 to 1014.

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The Arduino project started at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea (IDII) in Ivrea, Italy. At that
time, the students used a BASIC Stamp microcontroller at a cost of $100, a considerable expense
for many students. In 2003 Hernando Barragán created the development platform Wiring as a
Master's thesis project at IDII, under the supervision of Massimo Banzi and Casey Reas, who are
known for work on the Processing language. The project goal was to create simple, low cost
tools for creating digital projects by non-engineers. The Wiring platform consisted of a printed
circuit board (PCB) with an ATmega168 microcontroller, an IDE based on Processing and library
functions to easily program the microcontroller. In 2003, Massimo Banzi, with David Mellis,
another IDII student, and David Cuartielles, added support for the cheaper ATmega8
microcontroller to Wiring. But instead of continuing the work on Wiring, they forked the project
and renamed it Arduino.

The initial Arduino core team consisted of Massimo Banzi, David Cuartielles, Tom Igoe, Gianluca
Martino, and David Mellis, but Barragán was not invited to participate.

Following the completion of the Wiring platform, lighter and less expensive versions were
distributed in the open-source community.

Adafruit Industries, a New York City supplier of


Arduino boards, parts, and assemblies, estimated
in mid-2011 that over 300,000 official Arduinos
had been commercially produced, and in 2013 that
700,000 official boards were in users' hands.

Figure 1 A :micro controller


Arduino-compatible R3 UNO board made in China
with no Arduino logo, but with identical markings, including "Made in Italy" text.
Arduino is open-source hardware. The hardware reference designs are distributed under a
Creative Commons Attribution Share-Alike 2.5 license and are available on the Arduino website.
Layout and production files for some versions of the hardware are also available.

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Although the hardware and software designs are freely available under copyleft licenses, the
developers have requested the name Arduino to be exclusive to the official product and not be
used for derived works without permission. The official policy document on use of the Arduino
name emphasizes that the project is open to incorporating work by others into the official
product.Several Arduino-compatible products commercially released have avoided the project
name by using various names ending in -duino.

Most Arduino boards consist of an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller (ATmega8, ATmega168,
ATmega328, ATmega1280, ATmega2560) with varying amounts of flash memory, pins, and
features. The 32-bit Arduino Due, based on the Atmel SAM3X8E was introduced in 2012. The
boards use single or double-row pins or female headers that facilitate connections for
programming and incorporation into other circuits. These may connect with add-on modules
termed shields. Multiple and possibly stacked shields may be individually addressable via an I²C
serial bus. Most boards include a 5 V linear regulator and a 16 MHz crystal oscillator or ceramic
resonator. Some designs, such as the LilyPad, run at 8 MHz and dispense with the onboard
voltage regulator due to specific form-factor restrictions.

Arduino microcontrollers are pre-programmed with a boot loader that simplifies uploading of
programs to the on-chip flash memory. The default bootloader of the Arduino UNO is the
optiboot bootloader.Boards are loaded with program code via a serial connection to another
computer. Some serial Arduino boards contain a level shifter circuit to convert between RS-232
logic levels and transistor–transistor logic (TTL) level signals. Current Arduino boards are
programmed via Universal Serial Bus (USB), implemented using USB-to-serial adapter chips such
as the FTDI FT232. Some boards, such as later-model Uno boards, substitute the FTDI chip with a
separate AVR chip containing USB-to-serial firmware, which is reprogrammable via its own ICSP
header. Other variants, such as the Arduino Mini and the unofficial Boarduino, use a detachable
USB-to-serial adapter board or cable, Bluetooth or other methods. When used with traditional
microcontroller tools, instead of the Arduino IDE, standard AVR in-system programming (ISP)
programming is used.

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OFFICIAL BOARDS
The original Arduino hardware was produced by the Italian company Smart Projects.] Some
Arduino-branded boards have been designed by the American companies SparkFun
Electronics and Adafruit Industries. As of 2016, 17 versions of the Arduino hardware have been
commercially produced.

FIG 2 (a) :Arduino RS232


(male pins)

FIG 2 (b) :Arduino Diecimila

FIG 2 (c) :Arduino Duemilanove


(rev 2009b)

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FIG 2 (d) :Arduino Uno R2

FIG 2 (e) :Arduino Uno SMD R3

FIG 2 (f) :Arduino Leonardo

FIG 2 (g) :Arduino Pro (No USB)

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FIG 2 (h):Arduino Mega

FIG 2 (i):Arduino Nano


(DIP-30 footprint)

FIG 2 (j):Arduino LilyPad


(rev 2007) (No USB)

FIG 2 (k):Arduino Robot

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FIG 2 (l):Arduino Esplora

FIG 2 (m):Arduino Ethernet


(AVR + W5100)

FIG 2 (n):Arduino Yun


(AVR + AR9331)

FIG 2 (o):Arduino Due


(ARM Cortex-M3 core)

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SHIELDS

Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards use printed circuit expansion boards called shields,
which plug into the normally supplied Arduino pin headers. Shields can provide motor
controls for 3D printing and other applications, Global Positioning System (GPS),
Ethernet, liquid crystal display (LCD), or breadboarding (prototyping). Several shields can
also be made do it yourself (DIY).

FIG 3 (a):Multiple shields can be stacked. In this example the top shield contains a solderless
breadboard.

FIG 3 (b):Dragino Lora Shield allows the user to send data and reach extremely long ranges at
low data-rates.

FIG 3 (c):Screw-terminal breakout shield in a wing-type format

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FIG 3 (c):Adafruit Motor Shield with screw terminals for connection to motors

FIG 3 (d):Adafruit Datalogging Shield with a Secure Digital (SD) card slot and real-time clock
(RTC) chip

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SOFTWARE

The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application (for


Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It originated from
the IDE for the languages Processing and Wiring. It includes a code editor with features such as
text cutting and pasting, searching and replacing text, automatic indenting, brace matching, and
syntax highlighting, and provides simple one-click mechanisms to compile and upload programs
to an Arduino board. It also contains a message area, a text console, a toolbar with buttons for
common functions and a hierarchy of operation menus. The source code for the IDE is released
under the GNU General Public License, version 2.

The Arduino IDE supports the languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring. The
Arduino IDE supplies a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common
input and output procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting
the sketch and the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main()
into an executable cyclic executive program with the GNU toolchain, also included with the IDE
distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program avrdude to convert the executable code into
a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader program in
the board's firmware.

Sketch

A program written with the Arduino IDE is called a sketch.Sketches are saved on the
development computer as text files with the file extension .ino. Arduino Software (IDE) pre-1.0
saved sketches with the extension .pde.

A minimal Arduino C/C++ program consist of only two functions.

setup(): This function is called once when a sketch starts after power-up or reset. It is used to
initialize variables, input and output pin modes, and other libraries needed in the sketch.

loop(): After setup() has been called, function loop() is executed repeatedly in the main program.
It controls the board until the board is powered off or is reset.

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SYSTEM DESIGN

The system was designed by having several blocks, namely: input/output block, the
microcontroller block, networking block and controlling/monitoring devices block.

A. Input/Output Block
Input/output block consists of two pieces of PIR (Passive Infra-Red) motion sensor and an LM35
temperature sensor as inputs and some lamps, sockets, relay and buzzer as outputs.
PIR sensor is used to detect the presence of motion. The sensor readings are used to turn off the
lights if there is no activity and turn on the lights
otherwise. In addition, this sensor is also used for
security systems to detect suspicious movements. If
it detects any suspicious movement an alarm
(buzzer) will sound. An LM35 is functioning as
temperature monitoring. This sensor also serves as
an input in order to execute some sockets. The

Figure 4 (A): INPUT/ BLOCK OUTPUT socket will in on condition when the temperature
exceeds a certain limit. This condition will activate a
fan or Air Condition (AC) while connected to the socket.
Output part consists of the relays and buzzer. Buzzer serves as a warning alarm when there is
suspicious movement.
Relays connected with lamps and
socket.

B. System Microcontroller. The second


block is a microcontroller system that
serves as the center of all systems and
regulates all activities of the

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Figure 4 (B); SYSTEM MICROCONTROLLER
input/output system. The system used in this paper is Arduino. Arduino is a system that uses
ATMega 328 as its microcontroller. Arduino consists of an Arduino Board as hardware part and
an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that used C-like as its software language. All
devices form input/output and networking block are connected to this.

FIG 4 (C) :. ARDUINO SYSTEM

C. Network Block

The third is network block that consists of an Ethernet part and a wireless router device. An
Arduino Ethernet Shield is used to connect the Arduino board to the Internet via 3G/4G Wireless
Router. Arduino Ethernet Shield is made based on the Wiznet W5100 Ethernet chip which
provides the ability to network with TCP and UDP.

Fig.4 (D): ARDUINO ETHERNET SHIELD

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D. Monitoring/Controlling Device

The last block is monitoring/controlling that consists of any devices such as: HP, tablet, laptop or
PC. These devices connected to LAN or WLAN via network block using HTML5 with two-way
communication. The situation and conditions of home based on the sensor readings sent to the
monitoring device every two seconds. Status of the equipment that monitored and controlled
will be seen in the monitoring device. While the monitoring device able to control appliances at
home at any time.

E. Smart Home Designed

Fig shows the implementation of Smart Home designed. It can be seen that the system has four
lamps, two PIR sensors, an LM35 temperature sensor, two sockets and buzzer. All equipment’s
placed in each planned place. A scenario has been designed to control all equipment’s. This
scenario then was written in C-like Arduino language.

Fig 4(F): SMART HOME LAYOUT DESIGN

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CONCLUSIONS

From the above discussion it can be observed that:

• A home can be made smart using low cost technology called Arduino. Using a
Arduino for home automation is quite simple and can be implemented by anyone
having basic knowledge of programing in C or C++.
• Application of shields, available of different types, with Arduino board enhances the
capability of Arduino board and make it more versatile .
• Today Arduino has gained so much momentum that a number of Arduino boards of
different types has been made each for its specific purpose. Arduino boards can
even stitch clothes.
• Home automation has great future in India and to make it cost effective Arduino
seems to be a viable option.

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REFERENCES
[1] Wikipedia. [Online] Available: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino

[2] Arduino [Online] Available: https://www.arduino.cc

[3] T.E. Murphy, H. Dao and C. Williams. “Introduction to the Arduino


microcontroller”.[Online]Available:
http://www.handsonresearch.org/2012/PDF/IntroductionToArduino.pdf

[4] V. Hassanpour, S. Rajabi, Z. Shayan, Z. Hafezi, and M.M. Arefi. “Low-cost Home
Automation using Arduino and Modbus Protocol”, presented at the International
Conference on Control, Instrumentation and Automation (ICCIA), Shiraz, Iran, 21-23
Nov. 2017.

[5] S. Gunputh, A.P. Murdan and V. Oree. “Design and implementation of a low-cost
Arduino-based Smart Home system”, presented at the IEEE International
Conference on Communication Software and Networks, Guangzhou, China, 6-8 May
2017.

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