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AlbertoTeacher:
Lorenzo Miguel
Prieto Angel Hernández Lorenzo.
Sets of Numbers:
In English books of Maths, the set of natural numbers is {1,2 ,3 ,4 ,...} , while the set of whole
numbers is {0,1,2 ,3 ,4 , ...} , so there is a tiny difference between both sets, including or not the
number zero.
The set of integers is formed by the natural numbers including zero and the negatives, the opposites
of the natural numbers.
– An exact or terminating number is one which does not go on forever, so you can write
2
down all its digits. For example: =0,4
5
– A recurring, periodic or repeating decimal is a decimal number which does go on forever,
but where some of the digits are repeated over and over again. For example:
0,125252525...=0,1 25
We can distinguish:
- Decimals that the repeating part or period starts just after the decimal point (pure periodic
2
or recurring decimal). For example: =0,6666...=0, 6
3
- Decimals that the repeating part or period does not start just after the decimal point (mixed
1
periodic or recurring decimal). For example: =0,16666...=0,1 6
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Irrational Numbers: I . Irrational numbers have decimal expressions that neither terminate nor
become periodic.
Examples: 2 , 3 , 5 …
π=3,141592 …
1,030030003...
2,010011000111...
Your
Turn
Classify the following numbers into the corresponding set:
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Unit 1: Real Numbers. Mathematics 4th E.S.O. Teacher: Miguel Angel Hernández Lorenzo.
Rational Numbers:
As we know, the set of rational numbers is formed by all the numbers that can be written as a
a
fraction , where a and b are integers and b is not 0.
b
An exact or terminating decimal, if after the simplification of the fraction the numerator only has
as prime factors either 2 or 5.
A pure periodic decimal, if after the simplification of the fraction, 2 and 5 are not factors of the
denominator.
A mixed periodic decimal, if after the simplification of the fraction, 2 and/or 5 are prime factors of
the denominator, and it has other prime factors.
Your
Turn
Without doing the division, try to say what kind of decimal the following fractions generate:
3 7 9
a) b) c)
20 3 2
5 3 16
d) e) f)
12 15 30
4 3 5
g) h) i)
25 75 21
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Unit 1: Real Numbers. Mathematics 4th E.S.O. Teacher: Miguel Angel Hernández Lorenzo.
• Exact or terminating decimals: Write on the numerator the number without decimal point
and on the denominator the unit followed by as many “zeroes” as decimal digits the number
has.
17 246 123
Examples: 0,017= 2,46= =
1000 100 50
• Pure periodic decimals: Write on the numerator the number without decimal point and
subtract the whole part of the number. Then, write on the denominator as many “nines” as
decimal digits the “repeating part” of the numbers has.
12−1 11 32−0 32
Examples: 1,2222...=1, 2 = = 0,323232...=0, 32= =
9 9 99 99
• Mixed periodic decimals: Write on the numerator the number without decimal point and
subtract the whole part of the number followed by the “non repeating part”. Then, write on
the denominator as many “nines” as decimal digits the “repeating part” of the number has,
followed by as many zeroes as decimal digits the “non repeating part” has.
1023−10 1013
Examples: 1,0232323...=1,0
23= =
990 990
123−12 111 37
0,123333...=0,12 3= = =
900 900 300
Your
Turn
Convert into fractions the following decimal numbers:
a) 1,2 b) 0, 7 c) 0,66
d) 1,1 6 e) 1,
72 f) 0,45
g) 0,1
56 h) 2,
795 i) 0,00 3
2, 9 10, 9
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Unit 1: Real Numbers. Mathematics 4th E.S.O. Teacher: Miguel Angel Hernández Lorenzo.
d 1 cm
1 cm
Real Numbers: The set of real numbers ℝ is formed by the set of rational numbers ℚ and
the set of irrational numbers I.
ℝ=ℚ∪I
Real numbers ℝ
{Racional numbers ℚ
{ {
Integers ℤ Natural Numbersℕ
Negative Integers
Terminating and Periodic decimals
Irrational Numbers I
Order in ℝ :
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Unit 1: Real Numbers. Mathematics 4th E.S.O. Teacher: Miguel Angel Hernández Lorenzo.
Using the distributivity of real numbers: a ·ba · c=a · bc , we can extract common factor to
do easily some operations:
a) 63+27
2 3 2 1 3 2
b) · − · ·
5 4 5 5 10 5
1 3 1 1 5
c) − · − ·
2 5 2 2 7
Your
Turn
b) 0,03 1
0,0 31 0,
031 0,031
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Unit 1: Real Numbers. Mathematics 4th E.S.O. Teacher: Miguel Angel Hernández Lorenzo.
b) 0,92 0,9 2
0, 92 0, 2 0,
922
c) 5,9 ̂
17 5,9
71 5,97 1 5,91 7 5,
917
a) 102030405060708090
2 5 2
b) · 3− · 25·
7 7 7
1 3
c) · 7−7 · 27 ·
4 2
1 1 5 1 1 1 4
d) · · − ·
3 2 6 3 3 3 3
Real Line:
The real numbers may be thought of as points on an infinitely long number line. Each point of the
real line corresponds to a real number, and each real number corresponds to a point of the real line.
Examples:
3 5
7 3
−3 14
8 3
−5 −8
2 5
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Unit 1: Real Numbers. Mathematics 4th E.S.O. Teacher: Miguel Angel Hernández Lorenzo.
Examples:
2 5
10 3
13 6
Intervals:
A real interval is a subset of real numbers that corresponds to the points of a segment or a half-line
on the real line.
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Unit 1: Real Numbers. Mathematics 4th E.S.O. Teacher: Miguel Angel Hernández Lorenzo.
Examples: Write as intervals and represent on the real line the following set of numbers:
c) Less than 0.
Your
Turn
1. Represent on the real line and write as intervals the following set:
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Unit 1: Real Numbers. Mathematics 4th E.S.O. Teacher: Miguel Angel Hernández Lorenzo.
Approximations:
An approximation of a number is a representation of this number that is not exact, but still close
enough to be useful.
Approximation Methods:
1,2345 0,03968 1,
382
0,0 53
Rounding: The figures are deleted from a considered order, and the last figure is increased by one
unit if the following digit is greater than or equal to 5.
1,2345 0,03968 1,
382
0,0 53
The approximation error in some data is the discrepancy between an exact value and some
approximation to it; an approximation error can occur because
One commonly distinguishes between the absolute error and the relative error. The absolute error
is the magnitude of the difference between the exact value and the approximation. The relative error
is the absolute error divided by the magnitude of the exact value.
Example:
a) The height of a house is 4,7 m. If we say the height of the house is 5 m, calculate the absolute
error and the relative error of this approximation.
b) The height of a skyscraper is 115,3 m. If we say the height of the skyscraper is 115 m, calculate
the absolute error and the relative error of this approximation.
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Unit 1: Real Numbers. Mathematics 4th E.S.O. Teacher: Miguel Angel Hernández Lorenzo.
Your
Turn
1. Skeeter, the dog, weighs exactly 36,5 pounds. When weighed on a defective scale, he
weighed 38 pounds.
a) What is the absolute error and the relative error in measurement of the defective scale?
b) If Millie, the cat , weighs 14 pounds on the same defective scale, what is Millie's actual
weight?
2. The actual length of this field is 500 feet. A measurement instrument shows the length to be
508 feet. Find:
a) The absolute error in the measured length of the field.
b) The relative error in the measured length of the field.
250 feet
c) The percentage error on the measured length of the field.
500 feet
3. Find the absolute and relative error of the approximation 3,14 to the value π.
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Unit 1: Real Numbers. Mathematics 4th E.S.O. Teacher: Miguel Angel Hernández Lorenzo.
Keywords:
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Unit 1: Real Numbers. Mathematics 4th E.S.O. Teacher: Miguel Angel Hernández Lorenzo.
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