Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NSG3TCN Copyright Regulations 1969
WARNING
This material has been reproduced and communicated to you by
or on behalf of
La Trobe University pursuant to Part VB of the Copyright Act 1968
(The Act).
The material in this communication may be subject to copyright
HFNP & NIPPV under the Act. Any further reproduction or communication of this
material by you may be the subject of copyright protection under
High Flow Nasal Prongs & the Act.
Non‐Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation.
OVERVIEW Revision of O2 Delivery
There are two means by which oxygen may transported within the
circulation:
Revision O2 Delivery
High Flow Nasal Prongs (HFNP) 97% bound to Haemoglobin (measured by pulse oximetry as Sa02)
Noninvasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV) 3% dissolved in Plasma (measured via ABG’s as PaO2)
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP) Having assessed your patient’s 02 status via either of these means you
may find they require supplemental O2 to maintain satisfactory
levels:
PaO2 80 – 100 mmHg
Sa02 > 90%
3 4
A Brief Revision High Flow O2 Delivery
Simple variable methods of oxygen delivery may include: Becoming more common are hi‐flow nasal cannula/prong
(HFNP) systems:
Delivery System Flow (L/Min) % O2 Delivered
Requires oxygen and air source to generate a blend of air
Nasal Prongs 2 – 5 al
L/Min 24 – 40% & O2 but can deliver up to 100% O2
Through the use of wide bore tubing can deliver up to 60
Simple (Hudson) mask 5 - 10 L/min 35 – 50%
L/min (needs specialised wall spigot)
Rebreather mask 6 – 10 L/min 40 – 70% Flow delivered via a humidifier
Usually an active heated humidifier capable of providing
Non-rebreather mask 10 (minimum) – 15 60 – 100%
L/min 100% body humidity
Use of high flows with HFNP can produce low levels of
PEEP (positive end expiratory pressure), reducing WOB.
5 6
1
High Flow O2 Delivery High Flow O2 Delivery
Any adult patient in respiratory compromise who is not
responding to simple oxygen therapy
When O2 >40% & flows >15L/min may be required to
keep saturations above >94%
• Exacerbation COPD
• Pneumonia
• Pulmonary oedema
• Asthma
• Acute lung injury Including
7 8
CPAP CPAP
At some point in the care of the patient with respiratory During normal unassisted respiration the lungs generate a negative
compromise, it may become necessary to provide more support pressure to draw air into the lungs.
than is possible via the use of simple methods
By creating and maintaining a positive pressure in the upper
In these cases Non‐Invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation may airways and lungs are splinted open, air is forced in, thus reducing
become necessary the effort of breathing for the patient (WoB), dependent on the
amount of flow.
NIPPV is generally delivered via a tight fitting face or nasal mask.
This positive pressure also facilitates alveolar recruitment, and so
NIPPV is an increasingly common sub‐acute therapy for use in FRC, and adds to PEEP (Positive End Expiratory Pressure) because it
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea increases the volume of air left in the lungs at the end of
expiration, improves alveolar gas exchange, and improves
NIPPV can be delivered either as Continuous Positive Airway oxygenation without the need to increase oxygen delivered.
pressure (CPAP) or as Bilevel Positive Airway pressure (BiPAP)
9 10
CPAP CPAP
NIV CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) involves the Indications for the use of CPAP may include:
application of continuous positive pressure via a face or nasal • Acute exacerbation of Asthma/COPD
mask.
• Severe LVF
The mask is connected via wide‐bore flexible tubing to a flow
• Severe Acute Pulmonary Oedema
generator, which may then be connected directly to the wall
medical gas outlets. Contraindications include:
The mask is then tightly fitted to the patient’s face. Air leaks can • Hypovolaemia/low circulating volume
compromise the efficacy of the treatment. • Facial fractures
CPAP can deliver oxygen levels up to 100% and at flows of up to 100 • Nausea & vomiting
– 150 l/min (dependent on the machine used).
• Recent upper airway or GIT surgery
In acute care CPAP makes use of HME filters to humidify the oxygen
delivered.
11 12
2
CPAP BiPAP
So…CPAP takes care of the work of inspiration, but
what about expiration???
Breathing out against the positive pressure and high
levels of flow can be uncomfortable, but is
facilitated by the use of an expiratory valve in the
circuit.
Another means of easing this is to provide two
levels of positive pressure, ie: BiPAP (Bi‐level
positive airway pressure)
13 14
BiPAP CPAP/BiPAP
BiPAP offers high levels of positive pressure during inspiration
and lower levels during expiration. (IPAP & EPAP) CPAP BiPAP
Non-invasive Non-invasive
The pt is able to exhale more comfortably against less resistance Full face or nasal mask Full face or nasal mask
Equal pressure in insp & exp Pressure variable in insp & exp
As with CPAP, these pressure levels can be set by the clinician to
suit the patient and their presenting complaint. Appears more effective in APO Appears more effective in CAL
BiPAP is becoming more popular in the clinical setting as it is Both CPAP and BiPAP may be delivered as an invasive ventilation mode using a
generally more adaptable to suit the situation and more mechanical ventilator with a spontaneously breathing patient.
comfortable for the patient.
15 16
CPAP/BiPAP References
Patients using CPAP must always be carefully monitored Aitken, L., Marshall, A. & Chaboyer, W. (2015) ACCCN’s Critical Care Nursing (3rd ed). Mosby
Elsevier, Sydney.
Patients should be kept in direct visual contact
Australian Rescucitation Council (2014) Guideline 11.6.1: Targeted oxygen therapy in adult
Complications of use may include: advanced life support. Available at: http://resus.org.au/guidelines/
Reduced cardiac output. McCance, K., Huether, S.,Brashers, V. & Rote, N. (2010) Pathophysiology: the biological basis for
disease in adults & children (6th ed). Missouri: Mosby.
Feeling of ‘suffocation’
Meier, P., Ebrahim, S., Otto, C. & Casas, J. (2013) Oxygen therapy in acute myocardial infarction –
Discomfort/Patient intolerance of very tight mask. good or bad? [editorial]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013;(8):
http://www.cochranelibrary.com/editorial/10.1002/14651858.ED000065
Gastric distension.
Respiratory Care Series ‐ Part 3 (2009) Available at:
Lung barotrauma. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UxCB7FKGcA
Dry oral and nasal mucosa. Royal North Shore Hospital (2013) High Flow Nasal Cannula. Available at:
http://www.ecinsw.com.au/sites/default/files/field/file/NSLHD%20Nasal%20Prong.pdf
Inability to communicate
Urden, L., Stacy, K. M., & Lough, M. E. (2014). Thelan’s critical care nursing (7th ed). St Louis:
Pressure areas (bridge of nose, etc) Elsevier Mosby.
17 18