DFD

ADAO, Daniel Ivan Paulo B.
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Legal Techniques and Logic G02
CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS
4. FOUR KINDS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS

4A.
*1.
Subject Term: Historians
Predicative Term: Extremely gifted writers whose works read like first-rate novels
Form: Particular Affirmative Propositions (I)
2.
Subject Term: Athletes who have ever accepted pay for participating in sports
Predicative Term: Amateurs
Form: Universal Negative Propositions (E)
3.
Subject Term: Dogs that are without pedigrees
Predicative Term: Candidates for blue ribbons in official dog shows
4.
Subject Term: Satellites that are currently in orbit less than ten thousand miles high
Predicative Term: Very delicate devices that cost many thousands of dollars to
manufacture
Form: Universal Affirmative Propositions (A)
*5.
Subject Term: Members of families that are rich and famous
Predicative Term: Persons of either wealth or distinction
Form: Particular Negative Propositions (O)
6.
Subject Term: Paintings produced by artists who are universally recognized as masters
Predicative Term: Not works of genuine merit that either are or deserve to be preserved
in museums and made available to the public.
7.
Subject Term: Divers of automobiles that are not safe
Predicative Term: Desperadoes who threaten the lives of their fellows
Form: Universal Affirmative Propositions (A)
8.
Subject Term: Politicians who could not be elected to the most minor positions
Predicative Term: Appointed officials in our government today
Form: Particular Affirmative Propositions (I)
9.
Subject Term: Drugs that are very effective when properly administered
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Predicative Term: Not safe remedies that all medicine cabinets should contain
*10.
Subject Term: People who have not themselves done creative work in the arts
Predicative Term: Responsible critics on whose judgment we can rely.
5. QUALITY, QUANTITY, AND DISTRIBUTION

5A.
*1.
Quality: affirmative
Quantity: particular
Subject and predicate terms are both undistributed.
2.
Quantity: universal
Only the subject is distributed
3.
Quality: negative
Only the predicate is distributed
4.
Subject and predicate terms are both undistributed
*5.
Quality: negative
Quantity: universal
Subject and predicate terms are both distributed
6.
Quantity: universal
7.
Subject and predicate are both undistributed
8.
Quality: negative
Quantity: universal
Subject and predicate are both distributed
9.
Quality: negative
Only the predicate is distributed
*10.
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Quantity: universal
6. TRADITIONAL SQUARE OF OPPOSITION

6A. If we assume that the first proposition in each of the following sets is true, what can
we affirm about the truth or falsehood of the remaining propositions in each set?
B. If we assume that the first proposition in each set is false, what can we affirm?
1.
A: First proposition in each of the following sets is TRUE
B and D are FALSE
C is TRUE
B: First proposition in each of the following sets is FALSE
B and C are UNDETERMINED.
D is TRUE.
2.
B and D are FALSE
C is TRUE
B is TRUE.
C and D are UNDETERMINED.
3.
B and C are UNDETERMINED
D is FALSE
B and D are TRUE
C is FALSE
4.
B is FALSE
C and D are UNDETERMINED
B and D are TRUE.
C is FALSE.
7. FURTHER IMMEDIATE INFERENCES

7A.
*1. No people who are considerate of others are reckless drivers who pay
no attention to traffic regulations.
No reckless drivers who pay no attention to traffic regulations are people who are
considerate of others.
2. All graduates of West Point are commissioned officers in the U.S. Army.
Some commissioned officers in the U.S. Army are graduates of West Point.
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3. Some European cars are overpriced and underpowered automobiles.

Some overpriced and underpowered automobiles are European cars.
4. No reptiles are warm-blooded animals.
No warm-blooded animals are reptiles.
5. Some professional wrestlers are elderly persons who are incapable of
doing an honest day’s work.
Some elderly persons who are incapable of doing an honest day’s work are professional
wrestlers.
7B.
*1. Some college athletes are professionals.
Some college athletes are nonprofessionals.
2. No organic compounds are metals.
All organic compounds are nonmetals.
3. Some clergy are not abstainers.
Some clergy are not non-abstainers.
4. No geniuses are conformists.
All geniuses are nonconformists.
*5. All objects suitable for boat anchors are objects that weigh at least fifteen pounds.
No objects suitable for boat anchors are non-objects that weigh at least fifteen pounds.
7C.
*1. All journalists are pessimists.
All non-pessimists are non-journalists.
2. Some soldiers are not officers.
Some non-officers are soldiers.
3. All scholars are nondegenerates.
All degenerates are non-scholars.
4. All things weighing less than fifty pounds are objects not more than four feet high.
All non-objects not more than four feet high are non-things weighing less than fifty
pounds.
*5. Some noncitizens are not nonresidents.
Some residents are not citizens.
7D.
*1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. UNDETERMINED
4. TRUE
*5. UNDETERMINED
6. TRUE
7. UNDETERMINED
8. FALSE
9. TRUE
*10. FALSE
7E.
*1. FALSE
2. TRUE
3. UNDETERMINED
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4. FALSE
*5. UNDETERMINED
6. FALSE
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. TRUE
*10. FALSE
7F.
*1. UNDETERMINED
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. FALSE
*5. FALSE
6. UNDETERMINED
7. TRUE
8. FALSE
9. UNDETERMINED
*10. UNDETERMINED
11. TRUE
12. TRUE
13. TRUE
14. UNDETERMINED
*15. TRUE
7G.
*1. UNDETERMINED
2. FALSE
3. TRUE
4. UNDETERMINED
*5. UNDETERMINED
6. FALSE
7. UNDETERMINED
8. UNDETERMINED
9. FALSE
*10. TRUE
11. TRUE
12. FALSE
13. TRUE
14. UNDETERMINED
*15. UNDETERMINED
8. EXISTENTIAL IMPORT AND THE INTERPRETATION OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS
8A.
EXAMPLE
A. (1) No mathematician is one who has squared the circle.

therefore, (2) No one who has squared the circle is a mathematician;
therefore, (3) All who have squared the circle are nonmathematicians;
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therefore, (4) Some nonmathematician is one who has squared the circle.
SOLUTION
Step (3) to step (4) is invalid. The inference at this point is conversion by limitation (that is, from
“All S is P” to “Some P is S”), which was acceptable in the traditional interpretation but is invalid
in the Boolean interpretation. This step relies on an inference from a universal proposition to a
particular proposition, but the preceding discussion has shown that the classes in a universal
proposition cannot be assumed to have members, whereas the classes in a particular
proposition do have members. Thus the invalid passage from (3) to (4) permits the inference
that the predicate class in (4) is not empty, and therefore that there is someone who has
squared the circle! In inferring (4) from (3), one commits the existential fallacy.
B.
Steps 4 and 5 are invalid. The argument is from a universal proposition to a particular
proposition. The classes in a universal proposition cannot be assumed to have
members, whereas the classes in a particular proposition do have members. Thus, one
commits an existential fallacy in inferring steps 4 and 5 from step 3.
C.
The above argument commits an existential fallacy. Based on the Boolean model,
universal statements make no claims about existence, while particular ones do. Thus, if
the syllogism has universal premises (such as the one in (1) and (2)), they necessarily
say nothing about existence. But if the conclusion is particular, such as the one in (3),
then it does say something about existence. In which case, the conclusion contains
more information than the premises do.
D.
Step (3) is invalid. Step (1) already states: there are no unicorns found in the Bronx Zoo.
Step (2) confirms that it is false that all unicorns are found in the Bronx Zoo. Hence, it is
invalid for there to be at least some unicorns in the Bronx Zoo.
*E.
Step (1) to step (2) is invalid: (1) asserts the falsehood of an I proposition; (2) asserts the
truth of its corresponding O proposition. In the traditional interpretation, corresponding I
and O propositions are subcontraries and cannot both be false. Therefore, if the I
proposition in (1) is false, the O proposition in (2) would have to be true, in that
interpretation. But because both I and O propositions do have existential import, both
can be false (in the Boolean interpretation) if the subject class is empty. The subject
class is empty in this case, because there are no mermaids. Hence the inference from
the falsehood of (1) to the truth of (2) is invalid. Corresponding I and O propositions are
not subcontraries in the Boolean interpretation, but the inference from (1) to (2) assumes
that they are.
9. SYMBOLISM AND DIAGRAMS FOR CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS

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9A. Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing

each class by the first letter of the English term designating it, and symbolizing the
proposition by means of a Venn diagram.
EXAMPLE
1. Some sculptors are painters.
2. No peddlers are millionaires.
PM = 0
P M
3. All merchants are speculators.
MS = 0
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M S
4. Some musicians are not pianists.
MP 0
M P
5. No shopkeepers are members.
SM = 0
S M
6. Some political leaders of high reputation are scoundrels.
PS 0
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P S
7. All physicians licensed to practice in this state are medical school graduates who have
passed special qualifying examinations.
PM = 0
P M
8. Some stockbrokers who advise their customers about making investments are not partners in
companies whose securities they recommend.
SN 0
S N
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9. All puritans who reject all useless pleasure are strangers to much that makes life worth living.
PS = 0
P S
10. No modern paintings are photographic likenesses of their objects.
MP = 0
M P
11. Some student activists are middle-aged men and women striving to recapture their lost
youth.
SM 0
X
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S M
12. All medieval scholars were pious monks living in monasteries.
MP = 0
M P
13. Some state employees are not public-spirited citizens.
SC 0
S C
14. No magistrates subject to election and recall will be punitive tyrants.
MT = 0
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M T
15. Some patients exhibiting all the symptoms of schizophrenia have bipolar disorder.
PB 0
P B
16. Some passengers on large jet airplanes are not satisfied customers.
PC 0
P C
17. Some priests are militant advocates of radical social change.

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PM 0
P M
18. Some stalwart defenders of the existing order are not members of a political party.
SP 0
S P
19. No pipelines laid across foreign territories are safe investments.
PS = 0
P S
20. All pornographic films are menaces to civilization and decency.
PM = 0
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P M
CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISMS
10. THE FIGURE OF THE SYLLOGISMS

10A.
EXAMPLE
No nuclear-powered submarines are commercial vessels, so no warships

are commercial vessels, because all nuclear-powered submarines
are warships.
SOLUTION
Step 1. The conclusion is “No warships are commercial vessels.”
Step 2. “Commercial vessels” is the predicate term of this conclusion and is therefore the major
term of the syllogism.
Step 3. The major premise, the premise that contains this term, is “No nuclear-powered
submarines are commercial vessels.”
Step 4. The remaining premise, “All nuclear-powered submarines are warships,” is indeed the
minor premise, because it does contain the subject term of the conclusion, “warships.”
Step 5. In standard form this syllogism is written thus:
No nuclear-powered submarines are commercial vessels.
All nuclear-powered submarines are warships.
Therefore no warships are commercial vessels.
Step 6. The three propositions in this syllogism are, in order, E, A, and E. The middle term,
“nuclear-powered submarines,” is the subject term of both premises, so the syllogism is in the
third figure. The mood and figure of the syllogism therefore are EAE–3.
1. Conclusion: Some evergreens are objects of worship.

Predicate term: Objects of worship
Major premise: Some objects of worship are fir trees
Remaining premise: All fir trees are ever-greens
Standard form:
All fir trees are ever-greens.
Some objects of worship are fir trees.
Therefore, some evergreens are objects of worship
Mood and figure: AII-3
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2. Conclusion: Some important scientific inventions are not US inventions.

Predicate term: US inventions
Major premise: Some artificial satellites are not US Inventions
Remaining premise: All artificial satellites are important scientific achievements
Standard form:
All artificial satellites are important scientific achievements.
Some artificial satellites are not US inventions.
Therefore, some important scientific achievements are not US inventions
Mood and figure: AOO-3
3. Conclusion: No TV stars are people of good business sense.

Predicate term: Good business sense
Major premise: CPAs are people of good business sense
Remaining premise: No TV stars are CPAs
Standard form:
CPAs are people of good business sense.
No TV stars are CPAs.
Therefore, no TV stars are people of good business sense.
Mood and figure: AEE-1
4. Conclusion: Some conservatives are not advocates of high tariff rate.

Predicate term: Advocates of high tariff rates
Major premise: All advocates of high tariff rates are republican
Remaining premise: Some republicans are not conservatives
Standard form:
All advocates of high tariff rates are republicans.
Some republicans are not conservatives.
Therefore, some conservatives are not advocates of high tariff rates.
Mood and figure: AOO-4
5. Conclusion: No CD players are suitable toys for children.

Predicate term: Suitable toys for children
Major premise: No delicate mechanisms are suitable toys for children
Remaining premise: All CD players are delicate mechanisms
Standard form:
All CD players are delicate mechanisms.
No delicate mechanisms are suitable toys for children.
Therefore, no CD players are suitable toys for children.
6. Conclusion: Some maladjusted individuals are products of broken homes.

Predicate term: Products of broken homes
Major premise: Some juvenile delinquents are products of broken homes
Remaining premise: All juvenile delinquents are maladjusted individuals
Standard form:
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Some juvenile delinquents are products of broken homes.

All juvenile delinquents are maladjusted individuals.
Therefore, some maladjusted individuals are products of broken homes.
Mood and figure: IAI-3
7. Conclusion: Some good teachers are not well informed people.

Predicate term: Well informed people
Major premise: Some well-informed people are stubborn individuals who never admit a
mistake
Remaining premise: No stubborn individuals who never admit a mistake are good
teachers
Standard form:
Some well-informed people are stubborn individuals who never admit a mistake.
No stubborn individuals who never admit a mistake are good teachers.
Therefore, some good teachers are not well informed people.
Mood and figure: IEO-4
8. Conclusion: All enzymes are proteins.

Predicate term: Proteins
Major premise: All proteins are organic compounds
Remaining premise: All enzymes are organic compounds
Standard form:
All Proteins are organic compounds.
All enzymes are organic compounds.
Therefore, all enzymes are proteins.
Mood and figure: AAA-2
9. Conclusion: No sports cars are automobiles designed for family use.

Predicate term: Designed for family use
Major premise: All automobiles designed for family use are intended to be driven at
moderate speeds
Remaining premise: No sports cars are vehicles intended to be driven at moderate
speeds
Standard form:
All automobiles designed for family use are vehicles intended to be driven at moderate
speeds.
No sports cars are vehicles intended to be driven at moderate speeds.
Therefore, no sports cars are automobiles designed for family use.
11. THE FORMAL NATURE OF SYLLOGISTIC ARGUMENT

11A. Refute, by the method of constructing logical analogies, any of the following
arguments that are invalid:
EXAMPLE
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1. All business executives are active opponents of increased corporation taxes, for all active
opponents of increased corporation taxes are members of the chamber of commerce, and all
members of the chamber of commerce are business executives.
SOLUTION
*One possible refuting analogy is this: All bipeds are astronauts, for all astronauts are humans
and all humans are bipeds.
2. No medicines that can be purchased without a doctor’s prescription are habit-forming drugs,
so some narcotics are not habit-forming drugs, because some narcotics are medicines that can
be purchased without a doctor’s prescription.
No soda bought from the school’s vending machine are sugary, so some juices are not
sugary, because some juices are soda.
3. No Republicans are Democrats, so some Democrats are wealthy stockbrokers, because

some wealthy stockbrokers are not Republicans.
No Filipino are thrifty, so some thrifty people are workaholics, because some
workaholics are not Filipino.
4. No college graduates are persons having an IQ of less than 70, but all persons who have an
IQ of less than 70 are morons, so no college graduates are morons.
No basketball fan are mature, but all mature people are interested in golf, so no
basketball fan is also interested in golf
5. All fireproof buildings are structures that can be insured at special rates, so some structures
that can be insured at special rates are not wooden houses, because no wooden houses are
fireproof buildings.
All pro-wrestlers are actors, so some actors are not singers, because no singer is a pro-
wrestler.
6. All blue-chip securities are safe investments, so some stocks that pay a generous dividend
are safe investments, because some blue-chip securities are stocks that pay a generous
dividend. (All A are B, so some C are B, because some A are C)
All Canadian deli are high quality, so some countries invest more on high quality,
because some Canadian deli are the subject of investment of some countries.
7. Some pediatricians are not specialists in surgery, so some general practitioners are not
pediatricians, because some general practitioners are not specialists in surgery.
Some singers are not theatrical performers, so some dancers are not singers, because
some dancers are not theatrical performers.
8. No intellectuals are successful politicians, because no shy and retiring people are successful
politicians, and some intellectuals are shy and retiring people.
No actor is arrogant, because no busy people are arrogant, and some actors are busy.
9. All trade union executives are labor leaders, so some labor leaders are conservatives in
politics, because some conservatives in politics are trade union executives.
All Renaissance artists are idealists, so some idealists are scientists, because some
scientists are Renaissance artists.
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10. All new automobiles are economical means of transportation, and all new automobiles are
status symbols; therefore some economical means of transportation are status symbols. (All A
are B, and all A are C, therefore some B are C)
All Apple products are high-end products, and all Apple products are more user-friendly;
therefore, all high-end products are user-friendly.
12. VENN DIAGRAM TECHNIQUE FOR TESTING SYLLOGISMS

12A. Write out each of the following syllogistic forms, using S and P as the subject and
predicate terms of the conclusion, and M as the middle term. (Refer to the chart of the
four syllogistic figures, if necessary, at the beginning of Section 5.) Then test the validity
of each syllogistic form using a Venn diagram.
12B. Put each of the following syllogisms into standard form, name its mood and figure,
and test its validity using a Venn diagram:
*1. Some reformers are fanatics, so some idealists are fanatics, because all reformers are
idealists.
Standard Form:
P1: Some reformers are fanatics
P2: All reformers are idealist
C: Some idealist are fanatics
Mood and Figure: IAI-3 Disamis
Venn Diagram:
2. Some philosophers are mathematicians; hence some scientists are philosophers, because all
scientists are mathematicians.
Standard Form:
P1: Some philosophers are mathematicians
P2: All scientists are mathematicians
C: Some scientists are philosophers
Mood and Figure: IAI-2 Invalid
Venn Diagram:
3. Some mammals are not horses, for no horses are centaurs, and all centaurs are mammals.
Standard Form:
P1: No horses are centaurs.
P2: All centaurs are mammals.
C: Some mammals are not horses.
Mood and Figure: EAI-4 Invalid
Venn Diagram:
4. Some neurotics are not parasites, but all criminals are parasites; it follows that some
neurotics are not criminals.
Standard Form:
P1: Some neurotics are not parasites.
P2: All criminals are parasites.
C: Some neurotics are not criminals.
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Mood and Figure: IAO-2 Invalid

Venn Diagram:
*5. All underwater craft are submarines; therefore no submarines are pleasure vessels, because
no pleasure vessels are underwater craft.
Standard Form:
P1: No pleasure vessels are underwater craft.
P2: All underwater craft are submarines.
C: No submarines are pleasure vessels
Mood and Figure: EAE-4 Invalid
Venn Diagram:
6. No criminals were pioneers, for all criminals are unsavory persons, and no pioneers were
unsavory persons.
Standard Form:
P1: All criminals are unsavory persons.
P2: No pioneers were unsavory persons.
C: No criminals were pioneers.
Mood and Figure: AEE-2 Camestres
Venn Diagram:
7. No musicians are astronauts; all musicians are baseball fans; consequently, no astronauts
are baseball fans.
Standard Form:
P1: No musicians are astronauts.
P2: All musicians are baseball fans.
C: No astronauts are baseball fans.
Mood and Figure: EAE-3 Invalid
Venn Diagram:
8. Some Christians are not Methodists, for some Christians are not Protestants, and some
Protestants are not Methodists.
Standard Form:
P1: Some Christians are not Protestants.
P2: Some Protestants are not Methodists.
C: Some Christians are not Methodists.
Mood and Figure: OOO-4 Invalid
Venn Diagram:
9. No people whose primary interest is in winning elections are true liberals, and all active
politicians are people whose primary interest is in winning elections, which entails that no true
liberals are active politicians.
Standard Form:
P1: No people whose primary interest is in winning elections are true liberals.
P2: All active politicians are people whose primary interest is in winning elections.
C: No true liberals are active politicians.
Mood and Figure: EAE-1 Celarent
Venn Diagram:
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*10. No weaklings are labor leaders, because no weaklings are true liberals, and all labor
leaders are true liberals.
Standard Form:
P1: All labor leaders are true liberals.
P2: No weaklings are true liberals.
C: No weaklings are labor leaders.
Mood and Figure: AEE-2 Camestres
Venn Diagram:
13. SYLLOGISTIC RULES AND SYLLOGISTIC FALLACIES

13A. Identify the rule that is broken by invalid syllogisms of the following forms, and
name the fallacy that each commits:
EXAMPLE
1. AAA–2
SOLUTION
Any syllogism in the second figure has the middle term as predicate of both the major and the
minor premise. Thus any syllogism consisting of three A propositions, in the second figure, must
read: All P is M; all S is M; therefore all S is P. Since M is not distributed in either of the premises
in that form, it cannot validly be inferred from such premises that all S is P. Thus every syllogism
of the form AAA–2 violates the rule that the middle term must be distributed in at least one
premise, thereby committing the fallacy of the undistributed middle.
2. EAA–1
Answer: Breaks Rule 5; Fallacy of Drawing an Affirmative Conclusion from a Negative
Premise
Solution: The middle term is the subject of the major premise and the predicate of the minor
premise. If either premise negative, the conclusion must be negative. 1st premise is negative
therefore, the conclusion should have been negative.
No M is P
All S is M
Therefore, all S is P
3. IAO–3
Answer: Breaks Rule 2; Fallacy of Undistributed Middle
Solution: The middle term is the subject of both the major and minor premises.
Some M is P
All M is S
Therefore, some S is not P
4. OEO–4
Answer: Breaks Rule 4, Fallacy of Illicit Minor
Solution: The middle term is the predicate of the major premise and the subject of the minor
premise.
Some P is not M
No M is S
*5. AAA–3
Answer: Breaks Rule 3; Fallacy of Illicit Minor
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Solution: The middle term is the subject of both the major and minor premises. The conclusion
makes an assertion that all S is P when the premises make no such assertion. The conclusion
goes beyond what the premises warrant.
All M is P
All M is S
6. IAI–2
Solution: The middle term is the predicate of both the major and minor premises. The middle
term should have been distributed in at least one premise. Both the 1st and 2nd premises did
not distribute the middle term.
Some P is M
All S is M
Therefore, Some S is P
7. OAA–3
Premise
Solution: The middle term is the subject of both the major and minor premises. If either premise
negative, the conclusion must be negative. The 1st premise is a negative therefore the
conclusion should have been negative.
Some M is not P
All M is S
Therefore, All S is P
8. EAO–4
Answer: Breaks Rule 6; Existential Fallacy
Solution: The middle term is the predicate of the major premise and the subject of the minor
premise. From two universal premises, no particular conclusion may be drawn. Both the 1st and
2nd premises are universal while the conclusion is particular which makes the argument invalid.
No P is M
All M is S
Therefore, Some S is not P
9. OAI–3
Premise
Solution: The middle term is the subject of both the major and minor premises. If either premise
is negative, the conclusion must be negative. The 1st premise is a negative while the 2nd is a
positive. The conclusion should have been a negative, which makes this an invalid argument.
Some M is not P
All M is S
Therefore, Some S is P
*10. IEO–1
premise. The conclusion makes an assertion that some S is not P when the premises make no
such assertion. The conclusion goes beyond what the premises warrant.
Some M is P
No S is M
11. EAO–3
Answer: Breaks Rule 6; Existential Fallacy
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Solution: The middle term is the subject of both the major and minor premises. From two
universal premises, no particular conclusion may be drawn. Both premises are universal while
the conclusion is particular, making it an invalid argument.
No M is P
All M is S
12. AII–2
term should have been distributed in at least one premise. Both premises did not distribute the
middle term which makes it an invalid argument.
All P is M
All S is M
13. EEE–1
Answer: Breaks Rule 4; Fallacy of Exclusive Premises
premise. Both premises are negative which makes it an invalid argument.
No M is P
No S is M
Therefore, S is P
14. OAO–2
term should have been distributed in at least one premise. Both the 1st and 2nd premises did
not distribute the middle term.
Some P is not M
All S is M
*15. IAA–3
Solution: The middle term is the subject of both the major and minor premises. The conclusion
makes an assertion that all S is P when the premises make no such assertion. The conclusion
goes beyond what the premises warrant.
Some M is P
All M is S
13B. Identify the rule that is broken by each invalid syllogism you can find in the
following exercises, and name the fallacy that is committed:
2. All criminal actions are wicked deeds.

All prosecutions for murder are criminal actions.
Therefore all prosecutions for murder are wicked deeds.
There is an existential fallacy because no conclusion can be drawn from the given
premises
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3. No tragic actors are idiots.

Some comedians are not idiots.
Therefore some comedians are not tragic actors.
There is an undistributed middle because the term “idiot” was not distributed between
the given premises
4. Some parrots are not pests.

All parrots are pets.
Therefore no pets are pests.
There is an illicit minor because the term “parrots” does not necessarily refer to all pets
*5. All perpetual motion devices are 100 percent efficient machines.
All 100 percent efficient machines are machines with frictionless bearings.
Therefore some machines with frictionless bearings are perpetual motion devices.
There is an existential because the premises do not connect
6. Some good actors are not powerful athletes.

All professional wrestlers are powerful athletes.
Therefore all professional wrestlers are good actors.
There is a fallacy of four terms, as there are four terms being spoken off
7. Some diamonds are precious stones.

Some carbon compounds are not diamonds.
Therefore some carbon compounds are not precious stones.
There is a fallacy of an illicit major because any term that is distributed in the conclusion
must be distributed in the premise
8. Some diamonds are not precious stones.

Some carbon compounds are diamonds.
Therefore some carbon compounds are not precious stones.
There is a fallacy of undistributed middle because the term “diamonds” was not
distributed between the given premises
9. All people who are most hungry are people who eat most.
All people who eat least are people who are most hungry.
Therefore all people who eat least are people who eat most.
There is a fallacy of four terms, are there are four terms being spoken off
*10. Some spaniels are not good hunters.

All spaniels are gentle dogs.
Therefore no gentle dogs are good hunters.
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There is a fallacy of illicit minor because the term “spaniels” do not necessarily refer to
all dogs.
13C. Identify the rule that is broken by any of the following syllogisms that are invalid,
and name the fallacy that is committed:
2. It breaks Rule 3, and it commits (the fallacy of) illicit minor.

3. It breaks Rule 3, and it commits (the fallacy of) illicit major.
4. It breaks Rule 2, and it commits (the fallacy of) undistributed middle.
*5. It breaks Rule 3, and it commits (the fallacy of) the illicit minor.
6. It breaks Rule 5, and it commits (the fallacy of) drawing an affirmative conclusion from a
negative premise.
7. It breaks Rule 3,and it commits (the fallacy of) illicit major.
8. It breaks Rule 6, and it commits (the fallacy of) existential fallacy.
9. It breaks Rule 4, and it commits (the fallacy of) exclusive premise.
*10. It breaks Rule 1, and it commits (the fallacy of) four terms.
14. EXPOSITION OF THE FIFTEEN VALID FORMS OF THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM

14A. At the conclusion of Section 3, in exercise group B, [REFER TO 12A] ten syllogisms
were to be tested using Venn diagrams. Of these ten syllogisms, numbers 1, 4, 6, 9, and
10 are valid. What is the name of each of these five valid syllogisms?
 IAI-3 (Disamis)
 AOO-2 (Baroko)
 AEE-2 (Camestres)
 EAE-1 (Celarent)
 EAE-2 (Cesare)
14B. For students who enjoy the complexities of analytical syllogistics, here follow some
theoretical questions whose answers can all be derived from the systematic application
of the six rules of the syllogism set forth in Section 4. Answering these questions will be
much easier if you have fully grasped the deduction of the fifteen valid syllogistic forms
presented in this appendix.
EXAMPLE
1. Can any standard-form categorical syllogism be valid that contains exactly three terms, each
of which is distributed in both of its occurrences?
SOLUTION
No, such a syllogism cannot be valid. If each of the three terms were distributed in both of its
occurrences, all three of the syllogism's propositions would have to be E propositions, and the
mood of the syllogism would thus be EEE, which violates Rule 4, which forbids two negative
premises.
2. In what mood or moods, if any, can a first-figure standard-form categorical syllogism with a
particular conclusion be valid?
AII - 1, EIO - 1
11324937
3. In what figure or figures, if any, can the premises of a valid standard form categorical
syllogism distribute both the major and minor terms?
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th
4. In what figure or figures, if any, can a valid standard-form categorical syllogism have two
particular premises?
None
*5. In what figure or figures, if any, can a valid standard-form categorical syllogism have only
one term distributed, and that one only once?
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th
6. In what mood or moods, if any, can a valid standard-form categorical syllogism have just two
terms distributed, each one twice?
AAA-1, EAE-1, AEE-1, EAE-2, AEE-4
7. In what mood or moods, if any, can a valid standard-form categorical syllogism have two
affirmative premises and a negative conclusion?
None
8. In what figure or figures, if any, can a valid standard-form categorical syllogism have a
particular premise and a universal conclusion?
None
9. In what mood or moods, if any, can a second-figure standard-form categorical syllogism with
a universal conclusion be valid?
AEE-2, EAE-2
*10. In what figure or figures, if any, can a valid standard-form categorical syllogism have its
middle term distributed in both premises?
1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th
11. Can a valid standard-form categorical syllogism have a term distributed in a premise that
appears undistributed in the conclusion?
Yes. AII-1 is an example.

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ADAO, Daniel Ivan Paulo B.

4. FOUR KINDS OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS

5. QUALITY, QUANTITY, AND DISTRIBUTION

6. TRADITIONAL SQUARE OF OPPOSITION

7. FURTHER IMMEDIATE INFERENCES

3. Some European cars are overpriced and underpowered automobiles.

8. EXISTENTIAL IMPORT AND THE INTERPRETATION OF CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS

A. (1) No mathematician is one who has squared the circle.

9. SYMBOLISM AND DIAGRAMS FOR CATEGORICAL PROPOSITIONS

9A. Express each of the following propositions as equalities or inequalities, representing

1. Some sculptors are painters.

2. No peddlers are millionaires.

3. All merchants are speculators.

4. Some musicians are not pianists.

5. No shopkeepers are members.

6. Some political leaders of high reputation are scoundrels.

10. No modern paintings are photographic likenesses of their objects.

12. All medieval scholars were pious monks living in monasteries.

13. Some state employees are not public-spirited citizens.

14. No magistrates subject to election and recall will be punitive tyrants.

17. Some priests are militant advocates of radical social change.

19. No pipelines laid across foreign territories are safe investments.

20. All pornographic films are menaces to civilization and decency.

10. THE FIGURE OF THE SYLLOGISMS

No nuclear-powered submarines are commercial vessels, so no warships

1. Conclusion: Some evergreens are objects of worship.

2. Conclusion: Some important scientific inventions are not US inventions.

3. Conclusion: No TV stars are people of good business sense.

4. Conclusion: Some conservatives are not advocates of high tariff rate.

5. Conclusion: No CD players are suitable toys for children.

6. Conclusion: Some maladjusted individuals are products of broken homes.

Some juvenile delinquents are products of broken homes.

7. Conclusion: Some good teachers are not well informed people.

8. Conclusion: All enzymes are proteins.

9. Conclusion: No sports cars are automobiles designed for family use.

11. THE FORMAL NATURE OF SYLLOGISTIC ARGUMENT

3. No Republicans are Democrats, so some Democrats are wealthy stockbrokers, because

12. VENN DIAGRAM TECHNIQUE FOR TESTING SYLLOGISMS

Mood and Figure: IAO-2 Invalid

13. SYLLOGISTIC RULES AND SYLLOGISTIC FALLACIES

2. All criminal actions are wicked deeds.

3. No tragic actors are idiots.

4. Some parrots are not pests.

There is an existential because the premises do not connect

6. Some good actors are not powerful athletes.

7. Some diamonds are precious stones.

8. Some diamonds are not precious stones.

*10. Some spaniels are not good hunters.

2. It breaks Rule 3, and it commits (the fallacy of) illicit minor.

14. EXPOSITION OF THE FIFTEEN VALID FORMS OF THE CATEGORICAL SYLLOGISM

1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th

1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th

AAA-1, EAE-1, AEE-1, EAE-2, AEE-4

1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th

Yes. AII-1 is an example.

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