ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS AND ALGEBRAIC FORMULAS , 7 2 crs MSDs ae | i ane When operations of addition and 3 | . subtraction are applied to algebraic terms Say + (x#0) are algebraic expressions. we obtain an algebraic expression. For (NE A polynomial in the variable x is an algebraic expression of the form PU)= ag" + hy 8 dy 2k? ++, dy £0,000) Where n, the highest power of x, is a non-negative integer called the degree of the polynomial and each coefficient ay is a real number. The coefficient a, of the highest power of xis called the leading coefficient of the polynomial. 2x*y? +x? y?+8x is a polynomial in two variables x and y and has degree 7. Reduce the following algebraic The oti a. © sutent fractions to their lowest forms. polynomials p(x) and g(x), where g(x) ® b+ mx—-ly-my_ (i) is a non-zero polynomial, is called a 3x?-3y? rational expression, as" jibena7 For example, 2**! 34840 isa Peta? ” 3x48" Sa°—A5 rational expression. | betmenly— Th the rational expression es , | ® SS" (2) is called the numerator and q(.x) is _ xd tm—yil+m) known as the denominator of the rational expression 2) ‘The rational expression - yy ay 3ert y)(x—y) PE) eed not be a polynomial. _ tem a) - 3Gry)Which is in the lowest forms, 3x43) w 3x7 418x427 _3(x2 +6249) 5(x-3) 5x7 45 5(x?-9) Which is in the lowest forms (x43) (x43) 5(x43){x—3) Simplify (i) Gi) 1 1 @ +--+ x-y oxty rod 2x x-y xty (xt+y)(x-y) (L.C.M of denominators) Aty—Aty+2x @+y)@-y) 2x+2y (rt y)(e-y) Axty) _ 2 (ery)@=y) "ary 2x? kx i 241 x46 x?—4 x42 ii) = GP +4)(x2=4) Pa” x42 =e CP +4 x42)@—2) FDO 2era xP sae tay(r2)_ 2 — P — ahs M+ ak -2e 8 2? +4)x+2)(x-2) (2? +4)(x42)(2—2)-8 © +E DO_D 8 8 * ae 4) 16 E: Find the product 77 LG x42 4x? —9y? 2x—3y xyt2y x42 4x? -9y? _ (x42)[(2x)?-Gy)'] Ixy (4+ D(-2) 2x-3y xy+2y Ox-3ylatd2)y 25-4) * lay x(x+2) GAB Qx+3y)( 20-39) = x=?) yA) (2-39) 2 2x+3y Bvaluate 2° V9 +6 ig 4 and y=9 - 5+) Penn . Simply a ey i We have, by putting x = —4 and y= 9% Pfy+6 _ Ay VO+6_306K3)+6_150_ ‘Slty) 59) 5) 25 Identify whether the following algebraic’ expression —are polynomials (yes or no). @ 324125 No z Gi) 3x°~4x?-xvx4+3 No Gil) x? 3x42. Yes (iy) No 2, State whether each of the following expression is a rational expression or not, @ a No Wx+5 4 ag? (i) wax? 98 Yes 243x- 2 x +6x49 Yes x792x +3 io Wx-3 3. Reduce the following rational expression to the lowest forms. fe 120x? y?z* o 30x? yz? ax y! 52 axty’z? Ay? x wy ADL dalx 4949 = aby => 58 =~ 2@?+b*) > DM = a+b, (b) ~ To find the value of ab, we make use of the formula (a+b?-(a-bY = dab = P-GP = 4ab, 49-9 = dab 40 4ab, > 0 = ab , Hence a?+b?=29 and ab=10. If a+b? 407=43 and abtbe+ca=3, then find the value of a+b+c. u u We know that (atbtcy =a" +b" +e? +2ab+2be+2ca (atb+cy =a" +h? +07 4+2ab+be+ca) => (atbtey? = 434+2x3 (Putting a? +5? +c? =43 and ab +be+ca=3) => (atb+e)? =49 > atbte =4/99 Hence atb+c = +7 If a+b+ce=6 and a?+b?+c7=24 then find the value of ab+be+ca. We have (atb+c) =a? +b? +c? +2ab+2be+2ca (6) =244-(ab+he+ca) => 3=244+Aab+be+ca) = 12=2ab+betca) Hence ab +be+ca=6 If atb+c=7 -and ab+be+ea=9, then find the value of a? +b? +07,We know that (atb+c)’ =a? +b? +c? +2ab+2be+2ca Slatbte) =a? +h +07 +2ab+be+ca) => (=a? 4b? +07 +219) => =a? +b? +c7 418 => Blea? +b? +c? Hence a? +b? +c?=31 Example If 2x~3y=10 and xy=2, then find the value of 8x°-27y?, Bite We are given that 2x-3y=10 => (2x-3yy = doy? => 8x9 —27y? -3x2.xx3y(2x—3y) = 1000 => 8x3 -27y -18xy(2x—3y) =1000 => 8x7-27y9-18x 2x10 = «1000 => 8x7-27y3 360 = 1000 Hence gc-27y3 = 1360 Example if x4 128, then find the value of x3 4 x 2 We have been given ++ +=8 x 1y > (+4) = x => Sa btaenl (set) =512 x Be > Pehes(t) = 512 ¥ x = oakaae = 512 # => +a = 512 x 3,1 > xt = 512 -24 3 x > eet = 488 x Tf x— = 64412 Paes Factorize 64x° +343? We have 6427 +343y?= (4x93 +(7y)?= 4x4 Ty)(4x) -(42)(7y) +797} = (4x+7y) (16x? -28.x7 +49?) Leeroy ue Factorize 125x° -1331y? We have 12533 —-1331y? = (50°C 1yy> = Bx-11y)[52)? +(50) 1y) +€1y)?] = (Sx-Hy) (252? +55 xy+121y?) 14) Ifa+b=10 and a—b=6 then find value of a” + b?. Solution: 2(a4b?) = (arb)? +)? 2(a2+b?) = (10)? + (6)? 26a") = 100 + 36 a+b? = 136 26g 2 Example Find the prod( 3) 37 ay (82 +3) 25 16x’ (-2\Ee czas +) 5S” 4x25" “16x? “(-2(S3) “(FSET CET] “ej(ase 8 Find the continued product of (Ct YOr- yO? +ayty7)\(2 -ayt yy (xt y)r-y) 0? +2y+y7)(2? -ayty?) = (+ 9)? ays y\r= ye? +ay+y?) P+ yay =~F)-(7P axf—y6 @ = Ia+b=5,a—b= Vi7 then find value of ab. Solution: dab = (at by’ ~ (aby? 4ab = (5)? - (Vi7)° 4ab = 25 ~ 17 dab = 82 Wattb'+c'= 48 andat+b+e= ~I find value of ab + be + ca. Solution: atbte Squaring (atbte)’ = (1? a+b} tc7+2ab+abet2ca = =I a?+b*40742(abtbet+ca) = 1 45 + 2 (ab + be+ca)=1 ab + be + ca) = 1-45 2(ab + be + (a) = ab+be+ca= Han 1 3. If mensp = 10, mn + np + pm = 27 find value of m?+n?+p*, Solution: mtntp =10 ‘Squaring both sides (mtn+p)’ = (10 m?+n°+p+2mn+2np+2mp=100 m?4+n?+p"+2(mn+np+mp)=100 m?4n24p%42(27) =100 m?4n74p"4+54 = 100 m?+n7+p" = 100-54 m4n?4p7=46 4. fx? 4y? 42? = 78 and y+yze2x=59 find x+y +2 Solution: Qctyta)? = x44y"42"4 2xys2yzt2en = x74y"4z"42(xytyzhox) = 784259) =78 +118 = 196 Vxty+2¥ =Vi96=(414)? xt+yte=414 5 Wixt+y+e2=Iand xP 4y?+7= 64 find value of xy+yz+2x. Solution: x4y+2512 ‘Squaring both sides (ryt p= a2? Xity"42? + DnysDyat2ex = 144 x + y'4242(xytyztzx) =144 64 +2 (xytyztzx) = 144 ny tyz4zx) = 144-64 Any + yz+zx) = 80 XY +YZ + 2x = 2 = 40. 6 Ifx+y=7 and xy = 12 then find value of x? + Solution: xty=7 arya x+y? 43xy (x+y) = x'+y'43(12) (7) = 343 x? ty? +252 = 343 x+y) = 343-252 ay =91 7. If. 3x + 4y = 11 and xy = 12 then find value of 27x + 64 y*. Solution: 3x+4y=11 (3x4 4yy’ = (11)? (Bx) #E4y)43(Bx 4x) BxHy)= 1331 2H +64y*436xy(3x+4y) = 1331 27x°+64y°436(12)(11) = 1331 27x°+64y'44752 = 1331 27x7+64y" = 1331 - 4752 = 3421 8 Ifx—y =4 and xy = 21 then find value of x’ —y’. Solution:x-y=4 4 if x-427, then find value of x oy? = xy" 3xy(-y) = 64 ie xy 3214) = 64 at yes 9. If 5x - 6y = 13 and xy = 6 then (-4) = find value of 125x° - 216y°. ; i Solution: x3 soo{ Lx ~t)es 5x-6y=13 % * => (5x-6y)'=(13)" enix) = (5x)*= (6y)*-3(5x)(6y)(Sx-6y)=2197 SS XK, 125x° ~216y*_90xy(5x-6y) = 2197 125x*-216y?-90(6)(13) = 2197 125x*-216y*-7020 = 2197 125x*-216y* = 2197 + 7020 125x?_216y? = 9217 10. it x+123 thenfind x3 + x 432343 x xtdig Cubing both sides x 12 It StS, then find value of x 1 LY _ hes x+—] =@) ms 21x + 1 1 27x 3(x)| ~ jf x44 J227 xx ( vals otha x 1) _ 43 axa] = (5 3. os x84 43@)=27 2 21x83 tyests@=ns ‘ Be +E 419-125 xzax8+4 =125-15 2x oats =110 2x 1B. ws x)= 6, then find value of 125x8—1b eg 5x5 1 Sx-|= (-z)=6 Taking cube of both sides (5 - zy =(6) our(2} 9 1 ld) ‘216 125) ; -a(x-)= 216 x 125%? ~ pa 3 =216 125x325 -18=216 x =216+18 iat 125x3 =234 125x3-—1 125% 14. Factorize (i) x*- y°-x +y @ = x-yeoxty = (x= yx? exyty?)-1e-y) =@-y)[x? Hxy+y*-1] @ a- 27 iy 1y =x) - (3) 3y, es lorod}ts)) 15. _ Find products, using formulae © otryyairysy = 02) (92) Ref =(a+b)(a?—ab+b) =a? +b® =xe+yo WP -y aS H y+) =r P-(°? Ref.(a—by(a? +ab +b) =a? —b* =-y (lil) (x yx + yx? +9? (x? + xy+ y?) (2? -xy+y704 Py? yy BOR yx? + xy ty Kt YR? ay ty?) OP ty? xt —x?y? +y4) 08 -YyPsy [P4677] = [0-0 |(x°+y9) =(x° — yx +y%) iz xe? _ (y®? axtay? 16. (2x*=1)(2x? + (4x4 +2x? +1) (4x*— 2x? +1) = (2x? = 1)(4x442x7+ D274 15 (4x4 2x7 4 1) = (QR YP KQ2rY H)*)= (8x°-18x° +1) = 64x? 1 = (6° 0 ul An irrational radical with rational radicand is called a surd. Hence the radical Ya is a surd if @ — aisrational Gi) the result Ya is irrational. eg., V3,V2/5,97, 410 are surds. But vn is not surd because is m not rational. Note: Every surd is an irrational number but every irrational number is not surd feos Simplify by combining similar terms. @ — 4y3-3N27 +2075 Gi) Yi28-Y250 + ¥432 @ — 4V3-3V27 +275 = 43-3 9x3+2,/25x3 43-393 4-295 x/3 = 43-93 +103 =(4-9410) V3 =5V3 di) ¥i28-¥250 +432 = Y64x2 312524 9/216x2 = (erv-ior wo v = 492-592 +692 =(4-5 +6) 92 =592 Simplify and express the answer in the simplest form. r : 92 @ — vi4v35 O TR Defin @ Vi4v35 = fi35 = ROB = — fen*x2x5= ¥7PxI0 = VIO = 0 (ii) ~~ We have 2 v3a2 For V3 ¥2 the L.C.M of orders 2 and 3 is 6. Thos V3 = yl! = gy = R= GT ad Y= @B = = fara Wz V2 fia i Hence Vso 2794 fog V108 V9 Its simplest form is (3) as a - fy. £ 3 3) —_— 3 1. Express each of the following surd 4 1 in the simplest form. =2(2?x2?x2)? i. 4 @ iso aot ght =V2x2K3x3x5 =7(2)Px(2? P x2? = 2x5 3 =F QQ) =65 4 di) 362 =2 =3V2x3x3x3x3 (ivy Y96xy728 =3(3x3)V/2 eeepc e =2702 =(2x3x5 xyS yz): 2 Gi) FYi58 es ee ° = PERI PR YP. EIEYS 1 1123 (128) =23xxSyy5z03 ri23 1 = Oxyz 35.x5.y5 25 © (2x2x2x2x2x2x2)3 elon te lew=21 3. Simplify by combining similar - | terms: @ ¥i8_.N332 _ 32 @ VAS -3y20+4V5 V2 BB _ 058 - IS +408 ABR i565 +45 “ae Ya je =3-6+4)v5 Gi) BS Be a 3ran v5 Gi) -4V12 +877 -3V75 + V300 = 4 J3xIxSRIXS = 83 +15V3-15v3 +103 cin 2a =Q4+W-J5 +10)V3 =18y3 5 5) on (84) (it) V5 ev5 +33) toro t 2 re =P PPS IS meee =3ny'z! = v3(5v3} os cy iy 4 ys = Nix a =5(V/3x3) 1 otf gee 4 gy ML? i iy =e 1 3-2N5 B42N5 34205 3-25 3-2v5 Gy -@y5y (iv) (vy) 153144 V31—-4 3144 (vi) (wii) Be 2 V5+v3 BNR SN 5443 — 25 +V3) © 5 = 3" 2(8 15)(wilt) @ a a Gii) Gv) wy) 2 A228 2 2(2-v3) =o =2V3 VNB _ VS HNS VEINS Vs-W3 5-3 B+ V3 (8+x3)) (5P 5y (+a) (vs } ly) +2(V5 is Sa Ww, 5434 2N15 ~ 2 284205 2 2(4+vi5) 2 = 4415 Find conjugate of <+/¥ 347 Conjugate of 34-7 is 3-N7 4—-N5 Conjugate of 4—V3 is 4405 24V3 Conjugate of 2405 is 2-V3 a+v5 Conjugate of 24+V5 is 2-V5 sev (wi) (vii) (viii) Q3 a Conjugate of 54+-V7 iss—V7 4-Vis Conjugate of 4-15 is4 +15 7-6 Conjugate of 7-V6 is7+ v6 942 Conjugate of 9+-V2 is9—V2 i x=2-Vi fina 1 x 4-3 = 243 a+vi7 = = -4+Vi7) iFL qi) 1¢*=93+2, gna — ele ede MI de pe i 7 =-V3+2=2-y3 sla fi42- B42 xta=4 x Q4. Simplify (N2)(V5—¥8) (1-V2) (V5 +8) 5-3 5-3 SAB WISI | 543 -VIS—VOS =a + AO 6+ 5 A — 0 2 _2y5-2V6 2 2(5=V6) 2 2 EBVO -V6 , 5 -Vi0 V6 2 2AS) 6-8 HEA) “T EBLE 5) Ie x=2+V3, find value of x— 1 = x stare fi-(2- =Z4V3-2403 =W3 1) =(08y 4%) x (5) +(v) -2(5)() 7 $-2* yn 5t2-2vi0 3 _ 7-210 a: a3 T+ 2N10 ~ 7-20-7420 3(7+2vi0) (7) ~(2vi0) _3(7+2V10) 49-40 _3(7+2Vi0) oe q ofS “2 mele els © gates 1-210, ra2ui0 1 11 14Q6. Determine the rational numbers aand b. If Z (gene) 205) . 2~ fh +24 V8 = a4bV3 4= atbv3 => at+bV3=4 Hence on comparing the two sides, we get => a=4 and b=0Q3. Find value of x+y? and ay if x+y=5 and x-y=3 Axy= (x+y) -(x-y) 4ay= (5) -3)" Now 4xy=25-9=16 16 =a we" xtys5 taking cube both sides (+3)'=(65) wy? +3ny (x4 y)=125 ax’ +y'+3(4)(5)=125 x+y 4605125 x'+y' =125-60 w+ y=o5 Q4. We P=2+,3 find (i) P+repterste =(4)(¥3) =8V3 QS. Ifq= V5 +2Find q+ : 1 gee _ 1 Wa- 5 Gida+ s Gy) dee Solution: = q= V5 +2 1d 5-2 a VS+2 5-2 Lawley, 5 (v5) -@r LNS-2 0 py qt @ ath e2e 5-2 = WS Gi) =4 Gi) at (iv) =8 Q6. Simplify y Me e2 eve =2 va? +2—VaP =2 a? +24Va®-2 Va +24+Va? 2 er Zra—-Z+2a‘—4 4 ala t2Va*~ 4 | ale! +s?=A) © lea aleoe = ata a-Va-x’ atva’—x? _ 1 elt atva- a-Va— x 3 “(@)-e=e) (a) (=<)_atva’ x" a-Va?- x? 7 ee ee ety —x7 ax? ag Objective 4x + 3y ~ 2 is an algebraic (a) Expression (b) Sentence (©) Equation (4) In equation ‘The degree of polynomial 4xt+2x"y is @® 1 @ 2 © 3 @ 4 a? +b’ is equal to (a) (ab) (a°+ab+b?) (b) (a+b) (a? -ab +b?) © Gb) (@? ~ab +b?) (@) (ab) (a + ab’) (3+v2)(3—-V2) is equal to: @) 7 (b) 7 © A @ 1 Conjugate of Surd a+ Vb is__ @) — -atvb — (b) avo @) Vatvo @ Va-vb se is equatto a-b atb 2a 2b @ ae ab? 2a ~2b © =F © pp 2 18. li. 12. 13. b? aap Seaual to: @ (by) (atb)* ©) ath = @) ad Gen) ) (avo) is equa oo a+b? (by ab? () a-b (d) a+b The degree of the polynomial x'y"43xyey’ is @ 4° @) 5 © 6 @) 2 a4e {@) (4-2) (+2) (b) (x2) (x-2) (©) (+2) (x42) (@) None 3,1 1 4 -za[ t= x x 2 1 2 1 @ Pe) Pe © xa (d) x?= x 2a +b)=___ @ (a+b)? + (a? (b) (a+b)? - (@-by’ ©) (arb) (@) dab Order of surd Vx is ® 3 @ + © 0 @ 115. = 16. Vi4.v35 =____ @ 0 © Mo @ 248) 2-N3 © Wo @ Bio @ -2+V3 @ 2-3 17. Assurd which contains a single (arb - @~by = __ term is called surd. (a) 2b") (b) dab (a) Monomial (ce) 2ab (d) 3ab (b) Binomial (©) Trinomial (d) None pa | 2. a| 5. |b bl] 7 a | 10. [a | a | 12. a | 15. [6 ec | 17,