UNIT - V

Design of Experiments
 Basic Principles in the DoE
• Randomization:

A set of objects is said to be randomized when they

are arranged in random order.

• Replication:

The independent execution of an experiment more

than once.

• Local Control:

To provide adequate control of extraneous variables,

another essential principle used in the experimental design
is the local control.
 Types of Design of Experiment

• One way Classification or Completely Randomized

Design (CRD)

• Two way classification or Randomized Block Design

(RBD)

• Latin Square Design (LSD)

 One way Classification or Completely
Randomized Design (CRD)
Procedure
1) Null Hypothesis H0
2) Alternative Hypothesis H1
3) Test Statistic FC
Step 1:
Find N, the number of observations
Step 2:
Find T, the total value of all observations
Step 3:
T2
Find , Correction factor
N
Step 4:
Calculate the total sum of squares
T2
TSS =  X12 +  X2
2+
2
X3 + X2
4 ̶
N
Step 5:

Calculate the column sum of squares

SSC =
 X  +  X  +  X  +  X 
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
̶
T2
N1 N1 N1 N1 N

Where N1 is number of elements in each column

 One way Classification or Completely
Randomized Design (CRD)
Procedure
Step 6:

Calculate Error sum of squares

SSE = TSS ̶ SSC
Step 7:
SSC SSC
Mean sum of squares between columns = MSC = =
d. f C 1
SSE SSE
Mean sum of squares within columns or error = MSE = =
d. f NC
Step 8:
MSE MSC
FC = or (FC value is always greater than 1)
MSC MSE
4)Level of significance 

5) Write expected value F (v1, v2) , where v1 is d.f of Nr and v2 is d.f of Dr

6)Conclusion:

If FC < F , we accept H0
If FC > F , we reject H0
 Problem Based on CRD

 The following are the numbers of mistakes made in 5 successive days of 4 technicians working
for a photographic laboratory:

Technician I Technician II Technician III Technician IV

6 14 10 9
14 9 12 12
10 12 7 8
8 10 15 10
11 14 11 11
Is there any significant difference among technicians? Answer at 1% level of significance.
 1) H0: There is no significant difference between the technicians
2) H1: There is significant difference between the technicians.
3)

X1 X2 X3 X4 X12 X 22 X32 X 24
6 14 10 9 36 196 100 81
14 9 12 12 196 81 144 144
10 12 7 8 100 144 49 64
8 10 15 10 64 100 225 100
11 14 11 11 121 196 121 121
ΣX1 = 49 Σ X2 = 59 Σ X3 = 55 ΣX4 = 50 2
 X1 =
2
 X2 =
2
 X3 =
2
 X4 =
517 717 639 510
Step 1:

N = 20

Step 2:

T = ΣX1 + ΣX2 + ΣX3 + ΣX4 = 49 + 59 + 55 + 50 = 213

Step 3:

T 2 2132
= = 2268. 45
N 20
Step 4:

T2
TSS =  X12 +  X 22 +  X 32 +  X 24 ̶ = 517 + 717 + 639 + 510 ̶ 2268. 45 = 114.55
N

Step 5:

SSC =
 X  +  X  +  X  +  X 
1
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
̶
T2
N1 N1 N1 N1 N

49 2 592 552 502

= + + + ̶ 2268. 45
5 5 5 5

= 2281.4 ̶ 2268. 45 = 12.95

Step 6:

SSE = TSS ̶ SSC = 114.5 ̶ 12.95 = 101. 55

 Step 7:

SSC SSC
MSC = = , where C = No. of Columns = 4
d. f . C  1

12.95
= = 4.3167
3

SSE SSE 101.55

MSE = = = = 6.3469
d. f . N  C 16

Step 8:

MSE 6.3469
FC = = = 1.47 ( Since FC value is always greater than 1)
MSC 4.3167

4)  = 1% = 0.01

5) F ( 16 , 3 )  26.87

6)Conclusion:

FC < F
So we accept H0